BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Define MUTATION
ANS: Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an
organism.
2. How do mutations affect individuals and populations?
Ans: Mutations can introduce new alleles into a population of
organisms and increase the population's genetic variation.
Mutations can impact individuals by either causing harm,
providing benefits, or having no noticeable effect, while at the
population level, they contribute to genetic diversity, natural
selection, and genetic drift, and can lead to the formation of
new species over time.
3. Are all mutations harmful? Why or why not?
Ans: Not all mutations are harmful because some can be
neutral or beneficial, contributing to genetic diversity and
potentially providing advantages for survival and reproduction
in specific environments.

4. Why are mutations essential for evolution to occur?

Ans: Mutations are crucial for evolution because they introduce
genetic diversity, which serves as the foundation for natural
selection to act upon and drive the adaptation and change of
populations over time.
5. 1. Substitution is a type of
mutation in which one
nucleotide is replaced by a
 different nucleotide. Substitution mutation is like a DNA
spelling mistake. This can impact how proteins are made,
leading to genetic disorders or changes in our traits.
2. Insertion is a type of DNA
mutation where extra genetic
material is added into the DNA
sequence. It's like inserting extra
letters into a word. This can
cause changes in the
instructions for building proteins
and can lead to genetic
disorders or altered traits.
3. Deletion is a type of DNA
mutation where a segment of
genetic material is lost or deleted
from the DNA sequence. It's like
removing letters from a word.
This deletion can disrupt the
instructions for making proteins,
potentially resulting in genetic
disorders or changes in traits.