Institutional

Correctional
Administration
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
—Appius Claudius Caecus
CORRECTION
from Old French “correccion” (correccioun), "authority to correct”, action
of correcting or chastising, rectification of faults (in character, conduct,
etc.) by restraints or punishments," also "a bringing into conformity to a
standard, model, or original,"
► from Latin correctionem (nominative correctio) "an

amendment, improvement," noun of action from
past-participle stem of corrigere "to put straight; to reform"
PENOLOGY defined:
► The study of punishment for crime or of Etymology of the word
criminal offenders. It includes the study of penology
control and prevention of crime through
punishment of criminal offenders.
► Penology is otherwise known as Penal The term is derived from the Latin word
Science. It is actually a division of “POENA” which means pain or suffering
and “POENALIS” which means
criminology that deals with prison punishment.
management and the treatment of
offenders, and concerned itself with the Coined by Francis Lieber
philosophy and practice of society in its
effort to repress criminal activities.
Penal Management
Refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as
in jails or prisons.
Punishment and Penalty
Punishment
It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of
society that usually involves pain and suffering.
It is also the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.
Penalty
the suffering that is inflicted by the state for the transgression of the law
CORRECTION
► A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody,

supervision and rehabilitation and reformation of criminal offenders.
► It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of
knowledge and practices of the government and the society in general
involving the processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of
offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control.
Administration
is defined as the act of managing duties, responsibilities, or rules. The
process or activity of running a business, organization, etc.
Correctional Administration
► It is the study and practice of a systematic
management of jails or prisons and other
institutions concerned with the custody,
treatment, and rehabilitation and reformation
of criminal offenders.
► Study of practice of a systematic management
of corrections.
Institutional Non – institutional
► The reformation and ► The reformation and
rehabilitation of criminal rehabilitation of criminal
offenders are held inside a offenders are provided in
correctional institution or community / outside prison
penal establishment
Parole, Probation, Executive

BJMP, DSWD, BUCOR
Clemencies –BPP, PPA and
Jails and Prisons Court
INSTITUTION
AL
CORRECTIONS
Historical Perspective on Corrections
Three main legal systems in the world

1. Roman
2. Mohammedan or Arabic
3. Anglo-American Laws.
Early Codes
Babylonian and Sumerian Codes Roman and Greek Codes
Code of Ur-Nammu Justinian Code– 6th C A.D., Emperor Justinian of

Rome wrote his code of law. An effort to match a
The Code of Ur-Nammu is the oldest known law desirable amount of punishment to all possible
code surviving today. It is from Mesopotamia and is crimes. However, the law did not survive due to
written on tablets, in the Sumerian language c. the fall of the Roman Empire but left a foundation
2100–2050 BCE. of Western legal codes.
Hammurabic Code Greek Code of Draco - In Greece, the Code of
Draco, a harsh code that provides the same
,about 1990 BC, credited as the oldest code punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it
prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, incorporates primitive concepts (Vengeance,
Sumerian codes were nearly one hundred years Blood Feuds). The Greeks were the first society
older. to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in
the name of the injured party.
The Hittites
existed about two centuries after the reign of Hammurabi and they eventually
conquered Babylon. The laws of the Hittites may also be characterized as brutal, just
like the Code of Hammurabi, because they used death as punishment for many
offenses.
Deuteronomy or the Mosaic Code
Deuteronomy is the fifth book in the Bible and it contains the basis of Jewish laws. It is
believed that it was made by Moses. These laws were in the form of a covenant
between God and the people of Israel, given to Moses on the mountains. They begin
with the Ten Commandments and go on to statutes and ordinances that God
commanded Moses to teach the people.
The Code Of Draco
is considered to be the first written law of the Greek civilization. This was
codified by Draco, an Athenian lawgiver who is considered the first legislator of
Athens, in the seventh century BC. This code is known for having severe
penalties.
The Code Of Solon
Solon, also an Athenian, was appointed archon and was given legislative
powers. During his time, he repealed almost all the laws of the Code of Draco
and created laws that provided just punishments. The term “solon” is used to
refer to any member of the Senate or House of Representatives.
The Lex Salica (Frankish King, Clovis)
► The lex salica refers to the legal customs of the ancient Germanic tribes
which invaded and defeated the Roman Empire in the Middle Ages. When
the Germanic tribes codified the lex salica, they set out a schedule of
monetary compensation for wrongdoings, called botes.
Wergild or wergeld refers to the value of monetary compensation for
human life, based on his status in life.
The Burgundian Code (500 A.D.)
Specified punishment according to the social class of offender, dividing
them into nobles, middle class and lower class specifying the value of the
life of each person according to social status.
The Laws Of Islam
The laws of Islam can be found in the Koran, the holy book of the Muslim
religion. These laws are also believed to be of divine origin. It is believed
that they were given by Allah to the prophet Mohammed.
The Bloody Code

The Bloody Code refers to the system of laws and punishments of England
between 1688 and 1815. Its name was derived from the nature of the
punishments imposed by said laws for so many crimes. The usual
punishment provided for many crimes during this period was death.
► Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective
in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the
“Conquistadores” and the “Kodigo Penal” (The
Revised Penal Code today, 1930) was introduced by
the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain.
Basically, these laws adopted the Roman Law
principles (Coquia, Principles of Roman Law, 1996).
Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices
influenced laws during the Pre-Spanish Philippines.
► Sometimes called as – “Ley Engiciamiento Criminal”
Early Codes (Philippine Setting)
a. The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the

most extensive and severe law that prescribes harsh
punishment.
b. The Maragtas Code (by Datu Sumakwel)
c. Sikatuna Law
13th Century
Securing Sanctuary –
In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40
days at the end of which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him.
Benefit Of The Clergy
a compromise between the church and the king, wherein any member of the clergy brought to trial in
the king’s court shall be claimed from the jurisdiction by the bishop or chaplain representing him and
placed under the authority of the ecclesiastical court. It was provided for the clergies in Europe during
the 12th Century by giving them exemption for criminal punishment
1468 (England) – Torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.
16th Century – Transportation of criminals in England, was authorized. At the end of the 16th C, Russia
and other European Countries followed this system. It partially relieved overcrowding of prisons.
Transportation was abandoned in 1835.
17th C to late 18th C – Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment.
1468 (England)
Torture as a form of punishmentbecame prevalent.
16th Century
Transportation of criminals in England, was authorized. At
the end of the 16th C, Russia and other European
Countries followed this system. It partially relieved
overcrowding of prisons. Transportation was abandoned in
1835.
17th C to late 18th C
Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment.
GAOLS - (Jails)
pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff.
Galleys
long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually
rowed by criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals
in the 16th century.
Hulks
decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the
18th and 19th century. These were abandoned warships converted
into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They were
also called “floating hells”.
Ancient Forms of Punishment:
1. Death Penalty / Capital Punishment
Affected by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking at the wheels, pillory and other forms of medieval
executions.
2. Physical Torture / Corporal Punishment
It is affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain..
3. Social Degradation
The act of putting the offender into shame or humiliation.
4. Banishment or Exile / Ostracism / Outlawry
5. The sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by prohibition against
coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the offender has been removed. -
Presently known as Destierro
6. Isolation or Solitary Confinement / BARTOLINA – non-communication, limited news, “the lone
wolf”.
a. BJMP = 1 TO 7 DAYS
b. BUCOR = 1 MONTH TO 2 MONTHS
c. UN RULES = 22 hours – 15 days
Forms Of Punishment Through Public Humiliation
Pillory
is a wooden or metal device mounted on a post
with three holes to fit the head and the wrists.
The offender had to bend down while standing
up, while his head and wrists are trapped in the
holes. He had to remain in this position for a
certain number of hours, depending on the
crime he committed. The crowd were allowed
and even encouraged to spit at the offender,
throw rotten food, dirt, mud, and even human
wastes to the offender, as part of his
punishment.
Stocks
is a wooden device with holes for the
wrists and legs, but not for the head. An
offender has to sit down in order to lock
his wrists and legs.
The stocks is a punishment device
that is similar to the pillory in terms of
purpose but with slight variation in
terms of its design or appearance.
Jougs, Juggs, or Joggs

an iron collar fastened by a short
chain to a wall, often of the parish
church, or to a tree or cross. The
collar was placed round the
offender's neck and fastened by a
padlock. Time spent in the jougs
was intended to shame an
offender publicly.
Branding
Human branding or stigmatizing is the
process in which a mark, usually a symbol
or ornamental pattern, is burned into the
skin of a living person, with the intention
that the resulting scar makes it permanent.
It is done by pressing a burning, hot
iron to the person’s skin or body which
would result in a wound caused by the
burning.
Early Forms Of Corporal Punishment
Flagellation or flogging
is the act of methodically beating or
whipping the human body. The word
flagellation was derived from the Latin
word “flagellum,” which means whip.
It is done by repeatedly hitting the body,
usually in the back, with the use of a
whip, cane, wood, leather or other
objects hard enough to inflict pain.
Stoning
Stoning or lapidation involves the
tossing of heavy rocks and stones
at the victim until death.
Mutilation
is the cutting off of an organ of the
body. As punishment,
mutilation is done in accordance with
the law of retaliation, or lex talionis.
Lex talionis resembles the biblical
principle of “an eye for an eye, a tooth
for a tooth.”
Iron Maiden
box-like structure with the front
half hinged like and door so
that a person could be placed
inside. When the door was
shut, protruding spikes both
back and front entered the
body of the prisoner.
The Rack
device that drags apart
the joints in the feet and
hands.
Scavenger's Daughter
(or Skevington's Daughter)
It was an A-frame shaped metal rack to
which the head was strapped to the top
point of the A, the hands at the midpoint
and the legs at the lower spread ends;
swinging the head down and forcing the
knees up in a sitting position
compressing the body so as to force the
blood from the nose and ears.
Scold's Bridle
sometimes called a Brank's Bridle or simply
Branks – an instrument of punishment used
primarily on women, as a form of torture
and public humiliation.
The device was an iron muzzle in an iron
framework that enclosed the head. A
bridle-bit (or curb-plate), about 2 inches
long and 1 inch broad, projected into the
mouth and pressed down on top of the
tongue. The curb-plate was frequently
studded with spikes, so that if the offender
moved her tongue, it inflicted pain and
made speaking impossible.
Foot Whipping or Bastinado

The undergoing person is required to be
barefoot. The beating is typically inflicted
with an object in the type of a cane or a
crop and repeated over a varying
number of times. It is usually targeted at
the vaults or arches of the foot but
sometimes the heels and balls of the feet
can be targeted also.
Early Forms of Corporal Punishment
Impalement (Impaling)
a form of capital punishment; it is
the penetration of an organism
by an object such as a stake,
pole, spear or hook, by complete
(or partial) perforation of the
body, often the central body
mass. Killing by piercing the
body with a spear or sharp pole.
Iron Boot
designed to cause
crushing injuries to
the foot and/or leg.
Milk & Honey

the person was encased in a box
from which his head, hands & feet
protrude, forcibly feed with milk
and honey which was also
smeared in his face and then
exposed to the sun seventeen (17)
days, he lingered on this horrible
condition until he had been
devoured alive by insect and
vermin.
Treadmill
prisoner is continually
made to constantly
climb stairs up to 14,000
feet.
Furca
a V - shaped yolk worn around the neck and the outstretched arms of convict are tied
also.
Ergastulum
convicts are attached to work benches and forced to do hard labor.
Shot-drill
carrying heavy loads for one place to another
Chain Gangs
prisons are chained together and work in public projects.
Early Forms Of Capital Punishment
Beheading or Decapitation is the cutting off of the head from

the body by using an ax or sword. This was regarded as the
most honorable form of capital punishment because a sword
was a symbol that was both noble and aristocratic
Early Forms of Capital Punishment
Guillotine
is a device designed for carrying out
executions by decapitation. It consists of a tall
upright frame in which a weighted and angled
blade is raised to the top and suspended. The condemned
person is secured at the bottom of the frame, with his or her neck
held directly below the blade. The blade is then released, to fall
swiftly and
sever the head from the body.
Invented by French surgeon and physiologist Antoine Louis
with Tobias Schmidt
Joseph-Ignace Guillotin – proposed to national assembly
Louis XVI - the last king before the fall of monarchy during
French revolution and who approved guillotine for death
penalty and abolish the breaking wheel
Hamida Djandoubi - the last executed by guillotine
Strangulation Through Hanging

Hanging is the strangulation by use of a rope while the body is suspended
in the air. As opposed to decapitation, hanging was the standard
non-honorable form of the death penalty
Gallows
refers to a frame usually of two upright posts and a traverse beam from
which criminals are hanged. Usually used in England
Garroting
is the strangulation through the use of a metal
collar. It is done through the use of a garrote, a
wooden chair with an attached metal in the
shape of a loop for the neck. The offender was
made to sit in the chair, bounded, and the loop
was fitted at the neck. Execution is done by
tightening the metal loop in the neck by turning a
crank or a wheel attached to it, until the person
could no longer breath, which would result in his
death.
Drawing and Quartering

This is one the most brutal methods of
execution. An offender sentenced to this
death was first hanged until near death,
taken down, their limbs tied to horses, and
then pulled apart as the horses ran in
different directions.
Disembowelment, or the ripping out of
internal organs, and the removal of
genitals often occurred while the accused
was still alive
Breaking wheel
also known as the Catherine wheel or
simply the wheel
was a torture device used for capita
punishment from antiquity into early
modern times for public execution by
breaking the criminal's
bones/bludgeoning him to death.
Death by Musketry or Firing Squad
Firing Squad refers to a group of
soldiers. Usually, all members of the
group are instructed to fire
simultaneously, thus preventing both
disruption of the process by a single
member and identification of the member
who fired the lethal shot. The prisoner is
typically blindfolded or hooded, as well as
restrained.
Early Forms of Prison Discipline:
1. Hard Labor - productive works.
2. Deprivation – deprivation of everything except the bare essentials of existence
3. Monotony – giving the same food that is “off” diet, or requiring the prisoners to
perform drab or boring daily routine.
4. Uniformity – “we treat the prisoners alike”. “the fault of one is the fault of all”.
5. Mass Movement – mass living in cell blocks, mass eating, mass recreation,
mass bathing.
6. Degradation – uttering insulting words or languages on the part of prison staff
to the prisoners to degrade or break the confidence of prisoners.
7. Corporal Punishment – imposing brutal punishment or employing physical
force to intimidate a delinquent inmate.
8. Isolation or Solitary Confinement – non- communication, limited news, “the
lone wolf”.
Contemporary Forms of Punishment:
1. Imprisonment – putting the offender in
prison for the purpose of protecting the public against criminal activities and at the same
time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to undergo institutional treatment
programs.
2. Parole - a conditional release of a prisoners after serving part of his/her sentence in
prison for the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and
supervision of a parole officer.
3. Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty

of which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions
imposed by the releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer.
4. Fine – an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.
Purposes/Justifications Of Punishment
1. Retribution
2. Expiation or Atonement
3. Deterrence
4. Incapacitation and Protection
5. Reformation or Rehabilitation
SOCIAL JUSTIFICATION OF PENALTY:
1. Prevention – the state must punish the criminal or prevent or suppress the
danger to the state arising from the criminal acts of the offender.
2. Self-defense – the state has the right to punish the criminal as measure of
self-defense so as to protect society from the threat and wrong inflicted by the
criminal.
3. Reformation – the object of punishment in criminal cases is to correct and
reform the offender.
4. Exemplarity – criminal is punished by the state as an act to deter others from
committing crimes.
5. Justice – that crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive
justice, a vindication of absolute right and moral violated by the criminal.
Juridical Conditions (Legal Requisites)
of Penalty
Punishment must be:
1. Productive of suffering – without however affecting the integrity of the
human personality.
2. Commensurate with the offense – different crimes must be punished with
different penalties (Art. 25, RPC).
3. Personal – the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy.
4. Legal – the consequence must be in accordance with the law.
5. Equal – applicable for all persons. (Uniformity in Application)
6. Certain – no one must escape its effects.
7. Correctional – changes the attitude of offenders and become law-abiding
citizens.
Penological Theories
Aristotle – (Nicomedean Ethics) “punishment is a means of restoring the balance between
pleasure and pain”.
The Emergence Of Secular Law
4th A.D. - Secular Laws were advocated by Christian philosophers who recognized the
need for justice. Some of the proponents of these laws were St. Augustine and St.
Thomas Aquinas. Laws were distinguished as:
1. External Law (Lex Externa)
2. Lex Divina (Divine Law)
3. Natural Law (Lex Naturalis)
4. Human Law (Lex Humana)
The Judean – Christian Theory
This theory of expiation believes that punishment has a redemptive purpose of repelling
sin advocated by the devil.
The Primary Schools of Penology
1. The Classical School 2. The Neo-classical The Positivist/Italian
School School
it maintains the it maintained that while the school that denied individual
the classical doctrine is responsibility and reflected
“doctrine of
non-punitive reactions to crime
psychological correct in general, it and criminality. It adheres that
hedonism” or “free will”. should be modified is crimes, as any other act, is a
That the individual certain details. Since natural phenomenon. Criminals
are considered as sick
calculates pleasures children and lunatics individuals who need to be
and pains in advance of cannot calculate the treated by treatment programs
action and regulates his differences of pleasures rather than punitive actions
conduct by the result of from pain, they should against them.
his calculations. not be regarded as Advocated by:
criminals, hence they HOLY THREE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Advocated by:
should be free from
(CESARE LOMBROSO,
CESARRE BECARRIA & punishment.
ENRICO FERRI,
JEREMY BENTHAM
RAFAEL GAROFALO)
Earliest Prisons
► In the ancient times, imprisonment was not an actual
punishment. An offender was locked away while
waiting for the actual punishment to be imposed by
the kings or by whoever was authorized to impose
the punishment. Later on, imprisonment became a
form of punishment for lesser offenses, or those
offenses that were not punishable by death or
corporal punishment.
Mamertine Prison
an underground prison was constructed as early
as 640 BC by Roman King Ancus Martius in
Rome.
A small lightless domed rotunda with a law ceiling.
Entrance was through hole in the middle of the
floor of the upper story.
Le Stinche
The first public prison in Europe Florence, constructed in 1297,
copied in several other cities.
Rasphuis
House of correction which has a sole purpose to bring the offenders
to good citizenship by the discipline of industry, education, and
religious instruction. was a prison for young male criminals. Female criminals were sent to the Spinhuis. was
founded after the torture of 16-year-old assistant tailor Evert Jansz. Jansz confessed, as a
result of the torture, to theft on two occasions from his boss. The usual punishment for this
was public flogging, but the city council decided to try to rehabilitate Jansz, who was from a
good background. Under the influence of Dirck Volkertszoon Coornhert and C.P. Hooft the
city decided, on 19 June 1589, to build a prison. Shortly after the opening, Jansz was
sentenced to a light beating and forced labour; he never took the rasp.
Peter Rentzel a private person, established a wokhouse in

Hamburg at his own expense because he had observed that thieves
and prostitutes were made worse, instead of better by pillory, and
he hoped that they might be improved by work and religious
instruction in the workhouse.
Hospital of St. Michael or
Hospice of San Michele
The first cellular prison or prison with individual

cells for prisoners in Rome, built in 1704. It was
built for delinquent boys under the age of
twenty (20) and considered one of the first
institutions to house juvenile offenders.
It was founded by Pope Clement XI and is
considered the forerunner of the juvenile
reformatories of later centuries.
Earliest Prisons
Walnut Street Jail (Philadelphia)
Originally constructed as a detention cell, converted into an estate prison and became
the first American Penitentiary.
Elmira Reformatory and Correctional Facility (New York USA)
Known as “the Hill”; it is a maximum- security prison. During the Golden Age, it used parole
extensively. Considered forerunner of modern penology because it had all the elements of
modern Penology.
Ergastulum
it is an ancient prison wherein prisoners are attached to workbenches and are forced to do
hard labor in the period of their imprisonment.
Maison de Force (1627)
a house of correction in Ghent, Belgium which separates adult from juveniles and women
from men; an innovation to prison system during the 1600s. It was established by Jean
Jaques Villian (Father of Penitentiary Science).
Earliest Prisons
Singsing Correctional Facility/SingSing Prison (New York) - The third prison built by New York
State. It is a maximum-security prison inflicted aside from floggings, denial of reading materials and
solitary confinement.
Alcatraz (The Rock) - 1850 – this prison is located on an island in San Francisco Bay. It was built
for the military in the 1850's and used by them as a fort and a prison until 1933 when it was passed
to the Department of Justice thru the recommendation of Dir. John Edgar Hoover and became a
civil prison until it was closed in 1963 thru the writings of James Bennet.
Alphonse Gabriel Capone (Al Capone) Sometimes known by the nickname “Scarface”, was an
American gangster and businessman who attained notoriety during the Prohibition era as the
co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as a crime boss ended when he went
to prison at the age of 33.
Famous Escapees of Alcatraz (1962):
1. Frank Morris
2. Clarence and John Anglin
Olin Guy Blackwell - He was the last warden of the Alcatraz prison.
Earliest Prisons
Borstal Prison (England, UK) - run by prison service and intended to reform seriously
delinquent young people.
Witzwill Prison - 1891; Almost Certainly the first open prison
Devil's island - French penal colony from 1852 to 1959 where political prisoners were
exiled.
Robben island - A prison complex located at the coast of Capetown South Africa which
served as a refugee camp for people afflicted with leper before converted into a prison.
Port Arthur - Located in Tasmania, Australia; a penal colony which was the destination
for the hardest English prisoners during the middle of the 19th century.
New Gate Prison - not a real prison but an abandoned copper mine of Simsbury
Connecticut. Inmates were confined underground (Black hole of horrors).
DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS IN ENGLAND
► The origins of jails can be traced back to England

during the time of King Henry II. In 1166, he
mandated that there must be a jail in every county
shire headed by its sheriff. During said period and
earlier, jails were called Gaols.
Newgate Prison
built in 1188 also by Henry II. By

1783, it had become London’s main
prison. Gallows were also installed
outside but near the prison for public
execution o convicted offenders.
The prison was operational until it
was closed in 1902 and demolished
in 1904.
GALLOWS
instrument used in execution by

hanging offenders in public more
than 200 crimes (from theft to
murder) were punishable by
death during the 1700’s. it is the
most prominent method of
execution.
Bridewell Institution of England
Bishop Ridley of London petitioned before the king

of England for help in dealing with the vagabonds of
the city.
Formerly Bridewell Palace, In 1553, Edward VI
gave the palace over to the City of London for the
housing of homeless children and for the
punishment of "disorderly women". The City took
full possession in 1556 and turned the site into a
prison, hospital and workrooms. In 1557 the City
authorities created a joint administration for the
Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals when Bethlem
Royal Hospital also became the responsibility of the
Bridewell Governors.
Under the bridewell system, vagrants and
prostitutes were given work while serving their
sentences.
It was established in 1557
THE PIONEERS
CORRECTIONAL
SYSTEM
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT
OF PRISONS IN ENGLAND
JOHN HOWARD
In 1773, John Howard was appointed Sheriff of Bedfordshire, a local gaol in
England. His experience as sheriff exposed him to the terrible conditions of jails
in England during his time. He is introduced the term penitentiary which is still
being used up to this day
“The State of the Prisons in England and Wales” – book written and published
by Howard in 1777. This book was instrumental in making the terrible conditions
of English prisons be known to the authorities, which paved the way for the
reforms that were badly needed to be implemented, not only in England, but in
other countries as well, including America.
He is known as the Father of Prison Reform in the world; great prison reformer
A philanthropist and the first English prison reformer.
single cells for sleeping, segregation of women, segregation of youth, provision
of sanitation facilities - abolition of fee system
Important Personalities Development of Prisons
JEREMY BENTHAM
was an English philosopher and social reformer who is known for the principle
of utilitarianism. He applied this principle when he made the Panopticon, a
prison design he proposed to be built in England in 1787.
The name Panopticon was derived from a Greek word which means all-seeing.
Its design is circular, with a tower in the center for the guards. Unfortunately for
him, the Panopticon was never built in England. However, some prisons in the
US made use of his design but with some modifications.
Important Personalities Development of Prisons
ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE
Captain Alexander Maconochie was a retired naval officer who was appointed
Superintendent of Norfolk Island in 1840, an English penal colony which is part of
Australia. He was responsible for the establishment of a mark system. He is recognized as
the father of parole.
Mark System – each inmate collected credits for good behavior, exceptionally productive
labor and courageous deeds. The mark system allowed a convicted offender to
accumulate points and when he had accumulated enough credits, he could apply for a
ticket of leave.
Forerunner of parole (derived from the French term parole d’honneur, or word of honor in
English)
Ticket of Leave – a document granting him freedom to work and live outside of prison
even before the expiration of his sentence.
Important Personalities Development Of Prisons
SIR WALTER CROFTON

► Sir Walter Crofton was the Director of the Irish prison system who used
Maconochie’s mark system as template for his own system called the Irish
system in the 1850s.
► Irish System (forerunner of the American parole system)– involved four (4)
stages:
1. beginning with nine (9) months of solitary confinement
2. a period in which convicts could earn marks through labor and good
behavior,
3. transfer to an open prerelease prison when they have accumulated the
necessary number of marks a ticket of leave.
Transportation As Punishment
(England)
In 1597, England passed a law authorizing transportation of
offenders from England to other newly discovered lands or
English colonies, including America, where most of them
were transported. However, transportation to America ended
after the American Revolution, where America gained
independence from England. Overcrowding began again
which resulted in the creation of HULKS.
Hulks
is floating prison ships. These hulks were old, abandoned
merchant ships or warships that were no longer in use and
were just anchored in harbors. The use of hulks as prison
lasted for almost eighty (80) years until England began
transporting convicted offenders in Australia starting in 1787.
Australia was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770.
Convicted offenders were transported to the different islands
in Australia, particularly, in New South Wales, Norfolk Island
and Van Diemen’s Land, now known as Tasmania. English
transportation of criminals officially ended in 1867.
Development
of Prisons in America
“As a colony of England in the seventeenth century,
America used the Bloody Code of England, as well as its
system of punishment. Except in Pennsylvania.”
William Penn
the founder of the Quaker colony. In 1682, he founded the Commonwealth

of Pennsylvania and became its governor. He made imprisonment and
hard labor the punishment for most crimes and reserved corporal
punishment for murderers only.
“The Great Law” of the Pennsylvania Quakers, providing more humane
treatment of offender.
Fought for religious freedom and individual rights.
First leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional treatment for major
offenders.
Responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of
punishment.
Jail Penitentiary
► came from the Latin word “Paenitentia” meaning Penitence, and was
coined by an English prison reformer, John Howard.
► It was derived from the English word penitent, which refers to a person
who repents, or asks for forgiveness, for the sins he committed.
Thomas Eddy
► a penal reformer in New York.

► He repealed the criminal code of England, abolished capital punishment
for almost all offenses except murder and treason.
► stopped the use of corporal punishment and instead built prisons for
offenders.
Newgate Prison
New York’s first state penitentiary built on Hudson River
established in Greenwich Village, New York in 1797 but it proved to be unsuccessful
because it was too small for the growing number of offenders being imprisoned.
Auburn Prison
Captain Elam Lynds - A warden of the Auburn and later of Sing Sing (which he built)
was one of the most influential persons in the development of early prison discipline in
America. He is described as having been a strict disciplinarian who believes that all
convicts were cowards who could not be reformed until their spirit was broken. To this
end, he devised a system of brutal punishments and degrading procedures, many of
which remained as accepted practice until very recent times.
the second state prison erected in 1816 at Auburn. It was so famous that it became a
model in the United States. Years later, it was renamed Auburn Correctional Facility.
designed by Architect John D. Cray.
Walnut Street Jail
is regarded as the first jail in America.
It was built in 1776 and was located in Philadelphia.
Originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia, it was converted into a state
prison and became the first American Penitentiary. It began the penitentiary system in
the United States when legislation was passed establishing the principle of solitary
confinement, strict discipline, productive work and segregation of the more dangerous
offenders.
The Pennsylvania System
complete separation of inmates from each other and maintained the practice of solitary
confinement of prisoners at all times.
Even the guards were not allowed to talk to them, they did not know even their names.
The Pennsylvania system or separate system was finally abolished in 1913.
Jean Jacques Villain
He is known as the Father of Penitentiary Science
Pioneered classification to separate women and children from hardened
criminals.
James V. Bennett
Director of Federal Bureau of Prisons;
He wrote about closing of Alcatraz Prison; Built the Federal Correctional
Institution in Seagoville Texas.
Elizabeth Fry
An English reformer sometimes referred to as the "angel of prisons"
because of her driving force behind new legislation to treat prisoners
humanely.
The Auburn and Pennsylvania System
► Auburn system - confinement of the prisoners in single cells at night and

congregate work in shops during the day.
► Pennsylvania system were confinement of the prisoners in their own cells
day and night.
► Both the Auburn and Pennsylvania systems observed complete silence.
► United States patterned them after the Auburn prison system, while
European countries adopted the Pennsylvania system.
The Age of Enlightenment
(18th Century)
is a century of change.
It is the period of recognizing human dignity.
It is the movement of reformation
the period of introduction of certain reforms in the correctional field by
certain person
gradually changing the old positive philosophy of punishment to a more
humane treatment of prisoners with innovational programs.
The Pioneers of Prison Reform
William Penn (1614-1718)
He fought for religious freedom and individual rights.
He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional treatment for major
offenders.
He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of
punishment.
Charles Montesiquieu (1689- 1755)
Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu
A French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an expression of justice. He
believe that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to moral
sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.
Voltaire (1694- 1778)
Francois Marie Arouet
He was the most versatile of all philosophers during this period.
He believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime.
He fought the legality-sanctioned practice of torture.
Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Beccaria (1738-1794)

He wrote an essay entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, the most exiting
essay on law during this century. It presented the humanistic goal of law.
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
the greatest leader in the reform of English Criminal law.
He believes that whatever punishment designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the
criminal derives from crime; the crime rate would go down.
Bentham was the one who devise the ultimate PANOPTICAN PRISON – a prison that consists
of a large circular building containing multi cells around the periphery. It was never built.
John Howard (1726 – 1790)

the sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who devoted his life and fortune to prison reform.
single cells for Sleeping, segregation of women, segregation of youth
provision of sanitation facilities
abolition of fee system by which jailers obtained money from prisoners.
Alexander Mocanochie
He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Island in Australia (1840)
who introduced the“Mark System”. A system in which a prisoner is required to earn
a number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in order to entitle
him for a ticket for leave or conditional release which is similar to parole.
introduced several other progressive measures which aimed at rehabilitating
prisoners
He introduced fair disciplinary trials ,but churches, distributed books, allowed plays
to be staged ,and permitted prisoners to tend small gardens for his progressive
administrations of prisoners .Maconochie should be considered one of the fathers
of modern penology.
Walter Crofton – He is the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who introduced the Irish system that
was modified from the Mocanochie’s mark system.
1st Stage
✔ solitary confinement for nine months
✔ reduced diet and allowed monotonous work .
2nd Stage
✔ assignment to the public works at Spike Island
✔ the prisoner worked his promotions through a series of grades according to a mark system and
wore a badge of distinction to show his status
3rd Stage
✔ the prisoner was sent to lurk or Smithfield which was a sort of preparation for release.
✔ work without custodial supervision and was expose to ordinary temptation of freedom.
Final Stage was the release on supervision under conditions equivalent to present day parole.
Manuel Montesimos
The Director of Prisons in Valencia Spain (1835)
divided the number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain
prisoners as petty officers in charge, which allowed good behavior to
prepare the convict for gradual release.
Domets of France / Frederick August Demets
established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing
housefathers as in charge of these boys.
The boys were housed in cottages with house fathers as in charge. The
system was based on re-education rather than force. When discharged the
boys were placed under th supervision of a patron.
Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise
The Director of the English Prison who opened the Borstal Institution for young offenders.
The Borstal Institution is considered as the best reform institution for young offenders today.
Zebulon Brockway
The Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York (1876) who introduced certain innovational
programs like the following:
1. training school type the new the new prisoner was prisoner was classified
as second grade and was promoted to first grade after
2. compulsory education of prisoners six (6) months of good behavior. Another six (6)
3. casework methods months of good behavior in the first grade qualified him
for parole. If the prisoner committed a misconduct he
4. extensive use of parole
was demoted to third grade where he was required to
5. indeterminate sentence show good conduct for one month before he could
be reclassified to second grade.
Elmira Reformatory is considered a
forerunner of modern penology because it had all the elements of a modern system.
Golden Age of Penology
(1870 – 1880)
The National Prison Association, now American Correctional Association
(ACA), was organized and its first annual Congress was held in Cincinnati,
Ohio.
The first International Prison Congress (IPC) was held in London.
Representative of the government of the United States and European
countries attended it. As a result of this congress, the International Penal and
Penitentiary Commission, an inter-governmental organization was established
in 1875 with headquarters at The Hague.
The Elmira Reformatory, which was considered as the forerunner of modern
penology was opened in Elmira, New York in 1876. The figures of Elmira were
a training school type of institutional program, social casework in the
institution, and extensive of parole.
The first separate institutions for women were established in Indiana and
Massachusetts.
Brief History of Corrections
in the
Philippine Setting
Corrections in the Philippine Setting
It was only during the Spanish occupation that formal structures were established
for the purposes of confining offenders as a form of state-sanctioned punishment.
These structures or facilities are called prisons, jails and penal colonies or penal
farms. The term penitentiary is used interchangeably with the words prisons, penal
farms and penal colony.
Penal Colony – is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the
general
populace by placing them in a remote location.
Spanish Colonization
Old Bilibid Prison
first penitentiary built pursuant to Section 1708 of the Revised
Administrative Code and by virtue of a Royal Decree issued by the Spanish government in
1865.
constructed as the main penitentiary and was called Carcel y Presidio Correccional. It was
originally located at Oroquieta Street in Manila, construction was finished in 1866.
San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
established in Zamboanga City on August 21, 1869.
specifically for Muslim rebels and political prisoners against the Spanish government.
This prison was destroyed during the war between Spain and America in the late 1800s and was
re-established during the American occupation.
American Occupation
Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm
established in Puerto Princesa, Palawan on November 16, 1904,
formerly known as Iuhit Penal Settlement,
This prison was intended for those offenders which seemed to have no more
chance for rehabilitation.
Bureau of Prisons
established pursuant to Act No. 1407, the Reorganization Act of 1905,
approved on November 1, 1905.
It created the Bureau of Prisons under the office of the Department of
Commerce and Police.
American Occupation
Correctional Institution for Women
created pursuant to Act No. 3579 on November 27, 1929.
This prison was constructed specifically for the confinement of female offenders.
Davao Penal Colony

A second penal colony under American occupation, established in Mindanao on January 21, 1932.
It was created by virtue of Act No. 3732.
New Bilibid Prison
Commonwealth Act No. 67,provided for the construction of a new national prison in Muntinlupa in
1935.
In 1940, all inmates of the Old Bilibid Prison were transferred to what came to be known as the New
Bilibid Prison.
Post-world War II
Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm

established by virtue of Proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26,
1954, located in Occidental Mindoro
Leyte Regional Prison

the first and only national prison in the Visayas which was established in
Leyte pursuant to Proclamation No. 1101 issued on 1973.
Brief History Of Capital Punishment In The Philippines
Electric Chair
as a method of execution was introduced in 1926 during the American occupation. It was used until 1976, during
the time of former President Ferdinand Marcos. Article 81 of the Revised Penal Code is the provision pertaining to
the death penalty.
1987 Philippine Constitution - abolished the death penalty except for heinous crimes, as stated under Section 19,
Article III.
Republic act 7659
An act to impose the death penalty on certain heinous crimes, amending for that purpose the revised penal laws,
as amended, other special penal laws, and for other purposes
Republic Act No. 8177
approved March 20, 1996
It is the law that designated lethal injection as the method for carrying out the capital punishment in the Philippines.
Developed in 1924 by an anesthesiologist in Nevada. Components of chemicals used in Lethal Injection are:
SODIUM THIOPENTAL – a sleep inducing barbiturate, PANCURONIUM BROMIDE – a drug capable of paralyzing
the muscles; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE – capable of stopping heartbeat within seconds and this is commonly used
in Heart-by-pass operations.
the law prohibiting the imposition of the death penalty. It was approved on June 24, 2006.
Three major government functionaries involved in the
Philippine correctional system:
1. DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries through the Bureau of Corrections,

administers the parole and probation system through the Parole and Probation
Administration, and assists the President in the grant of executive clemency through the
Board of Pardons and Parole.
2. DILG - supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal jails through the provincial
governments and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, respectively.
3. DSWD - supervises the regional rehabilitation centers for youth offenders through the
Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.
The Philippine Prison System
Revised Administrative Code, Section 1705 to 1751
is the basic law on the Philippine prison system, otherwise known as the Prison Law
Executive Order No 292 or Administrative Code of 1987
renamed the Bureau of Prisons into the Bureau of Corrections. This is an agency of the
government under the Department of Justice which is in charge of administering the
prison and penal farm facilities in the country.
otherwise known as the Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013,
Was approved on 24 May 2013.
It aims to strengthen, modernize, professionalize and restructure the BuCor by
upgrading its facilities, increasing the number of its personnel, upgrading the level of
qualifications of its personnel and standardizing their salaries, retirement and other
benefits.
Bureau of Corrections
The Bureau of Corrections, or BuCor, is an attached agency to the
Department of Justice.
It is the only primary institution in the corrections pillar that provides full
custody and rehabilitation programs for the transformation of insular prisoners,
those sentenced to more than three (3) years to life imprisonment.
Twin Objectives of Bucor
1. effective rehabilitation
2. safekeeping of national prisoners
The 7 Prisons and Penal Farms in the Philippines
1. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

established on August 21, 1869 in Zamboanga City during the time of Governor
General Ramon Blanco.
It is believed that it was Governor General Blanco who chose the name San
Ramon, in honor of his patron saint.
It is the oldest operational prison in the country.
It was built purposely for Muslim rebels and political offenders who went against
the Spanish government. Its original size was 1,414 hectares.
It was re-established in 1907 because it was destroyed during the
Spanish-American War.
It was placed under the Bureau of Prisons on January 1, 1915 and to this day
remains to be under the BuCor.
2. Iwahig Penal Colony
created on November 16, 1904 and is located in Puerto Princesa Palawan, through the
authority of Governor Luke Wright - established the institution for incorrigible criminals
Reorganization Act of 1407 – changed the policy of having incorrigible into well- behaved
criminals.
LT. GEORGE WOLFE – first prison Director; former US Expeditionary Force
Initially 28,072 hectares in size, it reached 41,007 hectares by virtue of Executive Order No.
67 issued by Governor Newton Gilbert on October 15, 1912.
Intended as a temporary place of confinement for prisoners who could no longer be received
in the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila. But by 1907, it was already officially classified as a penal
institution.
Sub-colonies : Central, Sta. Lucia, Montible and Inagawan.
Tagumpay Settlement – distributed to released inmates who desire to live in the settlement.
(six hectares)
3. Correctional Institution For Women (CIW)

On November 27, 1929, the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW),
originally called Women’s Prison,
created under Act No. 3579, to provide separate facilities for women
offenders.
It is located at Welfareville, Mandaluyong City.
All female inmates from the Old Bilibid Prison were transferred to the CIW
on February 14, 1931.
The facility was 18 hectares in size.
4. New Bilibid Prison (NBP)

established in Muntinlupa by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 67. On November 15, 1940, all
inmates of the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila were transferred to the NBP.
It became to be known officially as the New Bilibid Prison on January 22, 1941.
It has an area of 587 hectares.
it is divided into three compounds or camps: maximum security, medium security and minimum
security compounds.
Construction began on New Bilibid in 1936 with a budget of One million pesos.
a. New Bilibid Prisons (Main Building) 552 hectares – Maximum security
b. Camp Sampaguita
✔ Directorate for Reception and Diagnostic,
✔ Youth Rehabilitation Center is Located.
✔ Medium Security
c. Camp Bukang Liwayway – Minimum Security
5. Davao Prison And Penal Farm
formerly called Davao Penal Colony,
created pursuant to Act No. 3732 in January 21, 1932
located in the districts of Panabo and Tagum in Davao del Norte.
It originally was 30,000 hectares in size.
General Paulino Santos – 1st PenalSuperintendent
Gov. Dwight Davis – signed Proclamation No. 414 on October 7, 1931, which reserved a site
for the penal colony in Davao province in Mindandao. The site offered ideal conditions for
agricultural activities.
During World War II, the colony was converted into a concentration camp where more than
1,000 Japanese
It is divided into two (2) sub-colonies: the Panabo sub-colony and Kapalong sub-colony.
Tanglaw Settlement – released inmates relocated homesteaders
6. Sablayan Prison And Penal Farm

formerly Sablayan Penal Colony
established pursuant to Proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26,
1954.
located in Occidental Mindoro
16,190 hectares in size.
It has three sub-colonies: Central, Pusog, Pasugui, Yapang,
It is here in Sablayan that prisoners from the National Bilibid Prison are
transferred to address problems on overcrowding in the NBP.
7. Leyte Regional Prison

Proclamation No. 1101 issued on January 16, 1973.
It is located in Abuyog, Southern Leyte.
This prison receives convicted offenders from Region 6 and from the
National Bilibid Prison.
Youngest prison.
Non – Operational Prisons in the Philippines
1. FORT BONIFACIO
A committee report submitted to then President Carlos P. Garcia described Fort Bonifacio,
formerly known as Fort William McKinley as a military reservation located in Taguig which
was established after the Americans came to the Philippines. The prison was originally used
as a detention center for offenders of US military laws and ordinances.
2. CORREGIDOR PRISON
In 1908 during the American regime, some 100 prisoners were transferred from the Old
Bilibid Prison to Corregidor Island to work under military authorities. This move was in
accordance with an order from the Department of Instructions which approved the transfer
of inmates so they could assist in maintenance and other operations in the stockade.
3. BONTOC PRISON
The Philippine Legislature during the American regime passed Act No. 1876 providing for
the establishment of a prison in Bontoc, Mountain Province. The prison was built for the
prisoners of the province and insular prisoners who were members of the non-Christian
tribes of Mountain Province and Nueva Vizcaya.
The Two Components of Bucor
1. Safekeeping (the custodial component) 2. Reformation (the rehabilitation component)
refers to the act that ensures the public, refers to the acts which ensure the public,
including families of inmates and their victims, including families of inmates and their victims,
that national inmates are provided with their that released national inmates are no longer
harmful to the community by becoming
basic needs, completely incapacitated from
reformed individuals prepared to live a
further committing criminal acts, and have normal and productive life upon reintegration
been totally cut off from their criminal networks to the mainstream society.
or contacts in the free society while serving
The reformation of national inmates shall
sentence inside the premises of the national
include the following: moral and spiritual
penitentiary. program, education and training program,
The safekeeping of inmates include decent work and livelihood program, sports and
provision of quarters, food, water and clothing recreation program, health and welfare
in compliance with established United Nations program and behavior modification program,
to include therapeutic community.
standards.
Organization and Key Positions of the BuCor
Head of the BuCor

1st in command
Director General of Corrections (position and title)
Undersecretary (rank).
appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Secretary of the DOJ
six (6) years term
Without required rank.
Deputy Directors of Corrections (Admin, Sec Ops and Reformation)
2nd in command
Assistant Secretary (rank).
appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Secretary of the DOJ.
six (6) years term
Organization and Key Positions of the BuCor
Corrections Chief Superintendent

3rd officer in command
Chief Superintendent (rank)
Corrections Senior Superintendent
4th officer in command
Senior Superintendent (rank)
Corrections Superintendent
5th officer in command
Superintendent (rank)
The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
created by virtue of RA 6975, otherwise known as the Department of the Interior
and Local Government Act of 1990, which took effect on January 2, 1991.
Section 60 of RA 6975
otherwise known as the Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004
enacted on March 10, 2004, amending pertinent provisions of RA 6975 regarding
the BJMP.
Republic Act 9592
An act extending for five (5) years the reglementary period for complying with the
minimum educational qualification and appropriate eligibility in the bureau of fire
protection (bfp) and the bureau of jail management and penology (bjmp),
Organization and Key Positions in the BJMP
The Bureau shall be headed by a chief with the rank of Director, and assisted by a 2
Deputy Chief with the Rank of Chief Superintendent.
The Central Office is the Command and Staff HQ of the Jail Bureau composed of 3
Command Groups, 6 Coordinating Staff Divisions, 6 Special Staff Groups and 6
Personal Staff Groups namely:
Command Groups
1st Chief, BJMP (Director)
2nd Deputy chief for Admin (Chief Supt)
3rd Deputy chief for Operation (Chief Supt)
4th Chief of Directorial Staff (Chief Supt)
J/DIR. CHARLES MONDEJAR - The first chief of the BJMP way back its establishment.
Appointment of Uniformed Personnel (BJMP)
Rank Appointing authority Recommendation Attestation Endorsement
Jail Officer I Regional Director Civil Service

to (Region) Commission
Senior Jail Officer IV Chief, BJMP (CSC)
(NHQ)
Jail Inspector Chief, BJMP Immediate Superiors Civil Service
to (NHQ) Commission
Jail Superintendent (CSC)
Jail Senior DILG Secretary Chief, BJMP Civil Service

Superintendent (NHQ) Commission
(CSC)
Jail Chief Superintendent President DILG Secretary Chairman of the

To of the CSC.
Jail Director republic of the
Philippines
Appointment of Uniformed Personnel (BuCor)
Rank Appointing Recommendation Attestation Endorsement

Authority
CO1 Director General Civil Service
To Commission
Chief Supt (CSC)
Deputy Director And President DOJ Secretary Chairman

Director General Of
Civil Service
Commission
Csc
Jail
is a place of confinement for city and municipal prisoners, any fugitive from justice, or person
detained awaiting or undergoing investigation or trial and/or transfer to the national penitentiary,
and/or violent mentally-ill person who endangers himself or the safety of others, pending transfer
to a mental institution.
Types of Jails:
1. Lock-up Jails - a security facility, common to police stations, used for temporary confinement of
an individual held for investigation.
2. Ordinary Jails - is the type of jail commonly used to detain convicted criminal offender to serve
sentence less than three years.
3. Workhouses, Jail Farms or Camp - a facility that houses minimum custody offenders who are
serving short sentences or those who are undergoing constructive work programs. It provides full
employment of prisoners, remedial services and constructive leisure time activities.
4. Provincial Jails Provincial Jails - in the Philippines are not under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of
Corrections. They are managed and controlled by the provincial government.
Duties and Responsibilities (BJMP)
Warden
✔ Direction, Coordination, and Control of the Jail Assistance Warden
✔ Responsible for the Security, safety, discipline and well-being of ✔ The office of the Assistant
inmates Warden undertakes the
The office of the warden may organize the following units: development of a systematic
2. Intelligence and Investigation Team process of treatment.
✔ It gathers, collates and submits intelligence information to the office ✔ Chairman of the Classification
of the warden on matter regarding the jail condition.
Board and Disciplinary Board.
3. Jail Inspectorate Section
✔ Inspect jail facilities, personnel, and prisoners and submit reports to
the warden.
4. Public Relation Office
✔ Maintain public relation to obtain the necessary and adequate
public support.
Duties and Responsibilities
Administrative Groups
The administrative groups take charge of all administrative 4. Budget and Finance Branch
functions of the jail bureau. ✔ Take charge of all financial matters such as
1. Personnel Management Branch budgeting, financing, accounting, and auditing.
✔ Assignment of personnel 5. Mess Service Branch

✔ Procedures of selection ✔ Take charge of the preparation of the daily
menu, prepares and cook the food and serve it
✔ Preparation of personnel reports to inmates.
✔ Individual record file 6. General Service Branch
2. Records and Statistics Branch ✔ Responsible for the maintenance and repair of
jail facilities and equipment. It is also task with
✔ Keep and maintain booking sheets and arrest reports the cleanliness and beautification of the jail
✔ Keep an orderly record of fingerprints and photographs compound.
✔ Present/ Prepare statistical data of inmates 7. Mittimus Computing Branch

3. Property and Supply Branch ✔ Tasked to receive court decisions and compute
the date of the full completion of the service of
✔ Take charge of the safekeeping of equipments and supplies sentence of inmates.
and materials needed for the operation of the jail.
Security Groups
The security groups provides a system of sound custody, security and
control of inmates and their movements and also responsible to enforce
prison or jail discipline.
1. Escort Platoon
a) Escort Section – to escort inmate upon order of any judicial body; upon
summon of a court; or transfer to other penal institutions.
b) Subpoena Section – receives and distribute court summons, notices,
subpoenas, etc.
2. Security Platoon
a three (3) working platoon shifts responsible for over all security of the jail
compound including gates, guard posts and towers. They are also responsible
for the admitting and releasing unit.
Manning Level
Personnel to inmate ratio
✔ Custodial ratio – 1 : 7 inmates
✔ Court room ratio – 2 :1 inmate
✔ Escort ratio – 1 :1 + 1
✔ Long distance travel – minimum of 3 personnel
✔ Reformation officer ratio – 1 : 24 inmates
✔ Moral and spiritual personnel to inmate ratio - 1 priest: 240 inmates
✔ Education and training personnel-to-inmate ratio - 1 teacher: 120 inmates
✔ Work and livelihood personnel-to-inmate ratio - 1 vocational officer: 180 inmates
✔ Sports and recreation personnel-to-inmate ratio - 1 sports officer: 225 inmates
✔ Health and welfare personnel-to-inmate ratio - 1 health officer: 80 inmates
✔ Behavior modification personnel-to-inmate ratio - 1 behavior mod officer: 150 inmates
Rehabilitation Purposes Groups
This group provides services and assistance to prisoners and their families to enable
them to solve their individual needs and problems arising from the prisoners’
confinement.
1. Medical and Health Services Branch
Provides medical and physical examinations of inmates upon confinement, treatment of sick
inmates and conduct medical and physical examinations and provide medicines or
recommends for the hospitalization of seriously ill prisoners or inmates. It also conducts
psychiatric and psychological examinations.
2. Work and Education Therapy Services
It take charge of the job and educational programs needed for rehabilitation of inmates by
providing them job incentives so they can earn and provide support for their families while in
jail.
3. Socio- Cultural Services

It takes care of the social case work study of the individual prisoners by making
interviews, home visits, referral to community resources, free legal services, and
liaison works for the inmates.
4. Chaplaincy Services
It takes charge of the religious and moral upliftment of the inmates through religious
services. This branch caters to all religious sects.
5. Guidance and Counseling Services
Responsible for the individual and group counseling activities to help inmates solve
their individual problems and to help them lead a wholesome and constructive life.
Directorate for Reception and Diagnostics (DRD)
This is a special unit of prison (Camp Sampaguita) where new prisoners undergo diagnostic
examination, study and observation for the purpose of determining the programs of treatment and
training best suited to their needs and the institution to which they should be transferred.
It is composed of the following staff members:
1. The Psychiatrist – responsible in the examination of the prisoner’s mental and emotional make-up.
2. The Psychologist – responsible to conduct study on the character and behavior of the prisoners.
3. The Sociologist – study the social case situation of the individual prisoner.
4. The Educational Counselor – conducts orientation classes in order to change inmates’ attitude towards
education and recommends educational program for the prisoner.
5. The Vocational Counselor – to test theprisoner’s special abilities, interest and skills and recommends for
the vocational course best suited to the prisoner.
6. The Chaplain – encourage the prisoner to participate in religious activities.
7. The Medical Officer – conducts physical examination and recommends medical treatment of prisoners.
8. Custodial-Correctional Officer – recommends the transfer and type of custody of inmates.
Classification and Diversification
Classification Diversification
Is the placing of prisoners into Is an administrative device of
correctional institutions of providing
types or categories for the varied and flexible types of physical
implementation of the best plants for more effective control of the
treatment programs. It is a treatment programs of its diversified
method by which diagnostic population. It is the separation of
treatment planning and different types of inmates for sound
execution of treatment programs execution of their treatment and
are coordinated in individual custody.
cases.
The Treatment Programs
1. Prison Education – the cornerstone of rehabilitation. It is the process or result of formal
training in school or classrooms intended to shape the mind and attitude of prisoners
towards good living upon their release.
2. Work Programs – these are programs conducive to change behavior in morale by training
prisoners for a useful occupation. It is purposely to eliminate idleness on the part of
prisoners, which may contribute to “Prison stupor”, and it affects the incidence of Prison riot.
3. Religious Services in Prison - The purpose of this program is to change the attitudes of
inmates by inculcating religious values or belief.
4. Recreational Programs - The only program that is conducted during free time schedule.
5. Medical and Health Services - Medical and health services includes: Mental and physical
examination - Diagnosis and treatment – Immunization – Sanitary - inspections –
Participation in training
6. Counseling and Casework
Treatment of Special Needs or Unusual Offenders
Female
✔ The female quarters /dorm should be separated from male
✔ No male No male inmate shall be inmate shall be allow to allow to enter the enter the female
dorm
✔ Only work suitable to their age and physical condition should be assigned to female inmate
Drug Users Defendant and Addict
✔ Drug users should be segregated from other inmate especially during the withdrawal period
✔ Maintain close supervision supervision to prevent attempt to commit suicide
✔ Conduct a regular search of the inmate’s quarters and maintain constant alertness to prevent
the smuggling of narcotics and other dangerous drug
Alcoholics
✔ Place alcoholic in quarter separates from other inmates and maintain close supervision to guards
against suicide.
✔ Any symptoms of abnormal behaviour should be reported immediately to the jail Physician or
warden
✔ Exercise close supervision to guard against the smuggling of liquor and other intoxicating drinks or
product containing alcohol
Mentally ill
✔ The mentally ill should be under the close supervision of a jail medical personnel
✔ Place the mentally ill mentally in separate cells
✔ Close supervision to guard against suicide or attempt and violent attack on others
✔ The mentally ill should be transferred as soon as possible to mental institution for proper psychiatric
treatment
Sex Deviates
✔ Homosexual should be segregated immediately to prevent them from influencing other
inmate or being maltreated or abuse by other inmates
✔ Sex deviates should be separated from other inmates for close supervision control
Suicidal Inmates
✔ The suicidal inmate should be given be close and constant supervision
✔ Search their quarters and premises for tools /materials that can be used for suicide
✔ They should be subjected to frequent strip search
The Handicaped, Aged And Infirmed
✔ These inmates should be house separately and closely supervised to protect them from
maltreatment or abuse by other inmates.
✔ Special treatment should be should be given to these inmates who shall be required to work in
accordance with their physical capabilities for their own and to maintain the sanitation of their
quarters and surrounding
Non Philippine Citizen Inmates
✔ The warden The warden shall report in shall report in writing to the writing to the Bureau of Immigration
and the respective embassies of the detained foreigners the following:
▪ Name of foreigners foreigners
▪ Name of jail
▪ Nationality, number of alien certificate of registration, if any
▪ Age/sex
▪ Offense charged
▪ Case number
▪ Court/branch
Punishable Acts
Minor Offenses
1. Selling or bartering with fellow inmate (s) those items are not classified as
contraband
2. Rendering personal service to fellow inmates;
3. Untidy or dirty personal appearance;
4. Littering or failing to maintain cleanliness and orderliness in his / her quarters and /
or surroundings;
5. Making frivolous or groundless complaints;
6. Taking the cudgels for or reporting complaints on behalf of other inmates;
7. Late in formation during inmate headcount without justifiable reason; and,
8. Willful waste of food.
Punishable Acts
Less Grave Offenses 10. Exchanging uniforms or wearing clothes other than
those issued to him / her for the purpose of
1. Failure to report for work detail of sentenced inmates without circumventing jail rules;
sufficient justification;
11. Loitering or being in an authorized place;
2. Failure to render assistance to an injured personnel or
inmate; 12. Using the telephone without authority from the Desk
Officer / Warden
3. Failure to assist in putting out fires inside the jail;
13. Writing, defacing, or drawing on walls, floors or any
4. Behaving improperly or acting boisterously during religious, furniture or equipment;
social and other group functions;
14. Withholding information which may be inimical or
5. Swearing, cursing or using profane or defamatory language prejudicial to the jail administration;
directed at other persons;
15. Possession of lewd or pornographic literature and /
6. Malingering or pretending to be sick to escape work or photographs;
assignment;
16. Absence from cell, brigade, place of work during
7. Spreading rumors or malicious intrigues to besmirch the headcount, or at any time without justifiable reason
honor of any person, particularly BMJP personnel; and;
8. Failure to stand at attention and give due respect when 17. Failure to turn over any implement / article issued
confronted by or reporting to any BJMP personnel; after work detail
9. Forcing fellow inmates to render personal service for him /
her and / or to others;
Punishable Acts
Grave Offenses
1. Making untruthful statements or lies in any official communication, transaction, or investigation.
2. Keeping on concealing keys or locks of places in the jail which are off-limits to inmates;
3. Giving gifts, selling, or bartering with jail personnel
4. Keeping in his her possession money, jewelry, cellular phones or other communication devices another items
classified as contraband under the rules;
5. Tattooing others or allowing him / her to be tattooed on any part of the body, or keeping any
paraphernalia to be used in tattooing;
6. Forcibly taking or extorting money from fellow inmates and visitors;
7. Punishing or inflicting injury or any harm upon him / herself or other inmates
8. Receiving, keeping, taking or drinking liquor and prohibited drugs;
9. Making, improvising or keeping any kind of deadly weapon;
10. Concealing or withholding information on plans
11. Unruly conduct and flagrant disregard or discipline and instructions;
12. Escaping, attempting or planning to escape from the institution or from any guard;
Punishable Acts
Grave Offenses
13. Helping, aiding or abetting others to escape;
14. Fighting, causing any disturbance or participating therein and / or agitating to cause such disturbance or riot;
15. Indecent, immoral or lascivious acts by him / her or others and / or allowing him / herself to be the subject to such
indecent, immoral or lascivious acts;
16. Willful disobedience to a lawful order issued by any BJMP personnel;
17. Assaulting any BJMP personnel;
18. Damaging any government property or equipment;
19. Participating in kangaroo court, an unauthorized or irregular court conducted with disregard for or perversion of legal
procedures as a mock by the inmates in a jail / prison.
20. Affiliating with any gang or faction whose main purpose is to foment regionalism or to segregate themselves from
others;
21. Failing to inform the authorities concerned when afflicted with any communicable disease, such as tuberculosis,
sexually-transmitted diseases, etc;
22. Engaging in gambling or any game of chance;
23. Committing any act which is an violation of any law or ordinance, in which case, he / she shall be prosecuted
criminally in accordance with law and;
24. Committing any act prejudicial to good order and discipline.
Riots or Disturbance
The Anti Riot Groups
1st Group – Anti Riot Contingency Group No F/A

2nd Group – Back up group may use teargas.
3rd Group= trained to handle firearms.
General Classification of Prisoners
1. Detention Prisoners
those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or awaiting trial. A
detainee in a lock up jail. They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of Courts.
2. Sentenced Prisoners
offenders who are committed to the jail or prison in order to serve their
sentence after final conviction by a competent court. They are prisoners under
the jurisdiction of penal institutions.
3. Prisoners who are on Safekeeping
includes non-criminal offenders who are detained in order to protect the
community against their harmful behavior. Ex. Mentally deranged individuals,
insane person.
Classification of Sentenced Prisoners
a. Insular or National Prisoners
Those sentenced to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life
imprisonment.
b. City Prisoners
Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 1 day to 3 years
c. Provincial Prisoners
Those persons sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6 months and 1
day to 3 years.
d. Municipal Prisoners
Those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6
months.
Classification of Inmates as to Security Risk
1. Maximum security inmates are regarded as highly dangerous and high security risk
inmates. Included in this category are:
✔ Those sentenced to death;
✔ Those whose minimum sentence is twenty (20) years imprisonment;
✔ Remand inmates or detainees whose sentence is twenty (20) years and above and those
whose sentences are under review by the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeals;
✔ Those with pending cases;
✔ Recidivists, habitual delinquents and escapees;
✔ Those confined at the Reception and Diagnostic Center;
✔ Those under disciplinary punishment or safekeeping; and
✔ Those who are criminally insane or those with severe personality or emotional disorders
that make them dangerous to fellow inmates or the prison staff.
2. Medium security inmates are those who cannot be trusted in less secure areas and
those whose conduct or behavior require minimum supervision. Included in this category
are:
✔ Those whose minimum sentence is less than twenty (20) years imprisonment;
✔ Remand inmates or detainees whose sentences are below twenty (20) years;
✔ Those who have two (2) or more records of escapes. They can be classified as medium
security inmates if they have served eight (8) years since they recommitted. Those with one
(1) record of escape must serve five (5) years; and
✔ First offenders sentenced to life imprisonment. They may be classified as medium security if
they have served five (5) years in a maximum security prison or less, upon the
recommendation of the Superintendent.
3. Minimum security inmates are those who can be reasonably trusted to serve their
sentence under less restricted conditions. Included in this
category are:
✔ Those with a severe physical handicap as certified by the Chief Medical Officer of the
prison;
✔ Those who are sixty-five (65) years old and above, without pending case and whose
convictions are not on appeal;
✔ Those who have served one-half (1/2) of their minimum sentence or one-third (1/3) of their
maximum sentence, excluding Good Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA); and
✔ Those who have only six (6) months more to serve before the expiration of their maximum
sentence.
✔ The lethal injection chamber is also located here.
Classification of Inmates as to Priviledge
1. 3rd Class – committed for three or more times as a sentenced prisoner.
2. 2nd Class – newly arrived inmate, demoted from 1st class or promoted from 3rd class.
3. 1st class – known for character and credit for work while in detention or one promoted from 2nd
class.
4. Colonist – one year after of being promoted from 1st class who served with good conduct the
1/5 of his maximum sentence or served 7 years of his life sentence.
PRIVILEGES OF A COLONIST
1. Automatic commutation to 30 years of life imprisonment
2. Deduction of 5 days / month (GCTA)
3. Wear civilian clothes
4. Can live with his family
5. Subsidy from the Government
6. Transportation allowance
7. Use of Prison facilities
Duration of Penalties
The duration of penalties is provided
by Article 25 of the Revised Penal
Code:
Capital Punishment Correccional Penalties
Death Prision Correccional – (6m-1d-6y)
Afflictive Penalties Arresto Mayor – (1m-1d-6m)
Reclusion (20-1-40) Destierro (6m-1d-6y)
Reclusion Temporal (12-1-20) Light Penalties
Prision Mayor(6-1-12) Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days
Indeterminate Sentence
is one in which the actual number of years a person may serve is not fixed but is rather a
range of years. Penalty imposed may be in its minimum, medium or maximum period, as
provided by the Revised Penal Code.
Act No. 4103, as amended by Act No. 4203 and Act No. 4225
is the Indeterminate Sentence Law, which took effect on 5 December 1933 and currently
still enforceable. This law is responsible for the establishment of the parole system in the
Philippines and the Board of Pardons and Parole, which is tasked to administer the
parole system.
▪ E.O 83 Series of 1937
✔ Change “Board of indeterminate sentence” to Board of Pardons
✔ Has the power to assist and recommend to president in granting executive celemency
▪ E.O 94 Series of 1947
✔ Renamed to Board of Pardons and Parole
Concurrent Sentence and Consecutive Sentence
A concurrent sentence is one in which two separate

sentences are served at the same time,
A consecutive sentence is one in which two or more
sentences must be served sequentially, or one after
the other
Inmates Security Classification (BJMP)
1. High Risk Inmate
refers to an inmate who has a capability and tendency of escaping or getting involved in
violence and disturbances inside the jail as observed personally by the jail personnel and the
administration
2. High Profile Inmate
refers to a legally detained person, classified as high risk or low risk, prominent, well-known in
society or is involved in a highly confidential case or cases and sensationalized by media
through publication in newsprint, radio and television with nationwide coverage for not less
than twenty (20) days, including but not limited to prominent politicians, big time drug or
gambling lords, kidnapping syndicate leaders, police or military officers, terrorist group
leaders and members
3. Ordinary Inmate
refers to an inmate who is neither high risk nor high profile.
Color of Uniform Based On Security Classification (BuCor)
1. Maximum Security Inmates (TANGERINE)
2. Medium Security Inmates (BLUE)
3. Minimum Security Inmates (BROWN)
4. Detainees (GRAY )
Color of Uniform in City or Municipal Jail (BJMP)

The institutional color of the uniform for both prisoners and detainees in any
city or municipal jail is YELLOW.
Commitment of Prisoner or Detainees to Jails
A person can be committed to jail only upon the issuance of an appropriate order by a competent court
or authority. (BJMP Revised Manual)
a. Supreme Court
b. Court of Appeals
c. Sandiganbayan
d. Regional Trial Courts, Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, Municipal Circuit Trial Courts,
e. Congress of the Philippines
f. and all other administrative bodies or persons authorized by law to arrest and/or commit a person to jail.
1. Commitment Order – is a written order of the court or any other competent authority consigning an
inmate to jail or prison for confinement.
2. Mittimus – is a warrant issued by a court bearing its seal and the signature of the judge, directing the
jail or prison authorities to receive inmates for custody or service of sentence imposed therein.
Carpeta / Inmate Record / Prison Jacket
refers to the institutional record of an inmate which consists of his mittimus or commitment
order, the prosecutor’s information and the decision of the trial court.
Prison Record
refers to information concerning an inmate’s personal circumstances, the offense he
committed, the sentence imposed, the criminal case numbers in the trial and appellate
courts, the date he commenced service of his sentence, the date he was received for
confinement, the place of confinement, the date of expiration of his sentence, the number
of previous convictions, if any, and his behavior or conduct while in prison
Classification
refers to the assigning or grouping of inmates according to their respective sentence,
gender, age, nationality, health, criminal records, and other pertinent information
Procedures in
Classification, Admission
and Confinement of
Inmates in the Bureau of
Corrections
The Admission Process
1. All prisons maintain a registration book wherein all commitments are recorded in chronological
order. The registration book contains the following information: name of the inmate, reason for
commitment and authority therefor, sentence, date and hour of admission and date and hour of
discharge or transfer and basis therefor.
Admission of Prisoners. The BuCor, through its penal establishments, shall receive prisoners from
competent authority upon presentation of the following documents:
a. Mittimus/Commitment Order of the Court,
b. Information and Court Decision in the case
c. Certification of Detention,
d. Certification of No Pending Case,
e. Certification of Non-Appeal, and
f. Provincial Form 35 / Inmate data sheet
2. After registration, the inmate shall be photographed, front and side view, fingerprinted and
assigned a permanent prison number. The male inmate shall then be given a regulation haircut and
his beard or mustache, if any, shall be shaven off.
Reception and Diagnostic Center
1. All inmates are required to be placed in quarantine for at least five (5) days
upon admission in the Reception and Diagnostic Center. During the quarantine
period, the inmate shall be given a physical examination. The quarantine
period shall also be the time for the inmate’s orientation with prison rules and
regulations.
2. After the quarantine period, the inmate is required to remain in the Reception
and Diagnostic Center for a period not exceeding fifty-five (55) days. During
this period, the inmate will undergo psychiatric, psychological, sociological,
vocational, educational, religious and other examinations. The results of these
examinations will serve as the basis for the inmate’s individualized treatment
program.
The Admission Process
3. An inmate is allowed to bring with him some personal effects, as long as
these items are authorized and are not contraband.
Contraband – refers to any article, item or thing prohibited by law and/or
forbidden by prison or jail rules that would pose as security hazards or
endanger the lives of inmates
4. Inmates shall be issued two (2) regulation uniforms and two (2) t-shirts
upon admission. He shall also be issued the following items: one (1) blanket,
one (1) mat, one (1) pillow with pillow case, one (1) mosquito net, one (1) set
of mess kit and one (1) pair of slippers.
Confinement and Accommodation of Inmates
Section 4, chapter 4, Part II of the BuCor Operating Manual provides for the prison accommodation
standards:
✔ All accommodations for the use of inmates shall meet requirements of sanitation and hygiene with
emphasis on adequate ventilation, living space and lighting;
✔ Bathrooms and washing areas shall be provided in every prison facility;
✔ All areas regularly used by inmates shall be properly maintained and kept clean at all times;
✔ Beds and clothing shall be neatly made up in a uniform manner at all times. Beds and buildings
occupied by inmates shall be thoroughly disinfected at least once a month;
✔ Cleanliness shall be maintained at all times in all dormitories or cells, especially toilets and baths;
✔ As often as it is necessary, an inmate shall send his dirty clothes to the laundry;
✔ Every Sunday and holiday, if the weather permits, inmates will expose their clothes, beds, bedding and
so forth in the sunshine in an area designated for the purpose. Cleanliness of the premises of the
dormitories and their surroundings shall be strictly enforced. Littering is prohibited; and
✔ Inmates shall be served meals three (3) times a day. Breakfast shall be served not more than fourteen
(14) hours after the previous day’s dinner.
Classification Board
Chairman = Superintedent
Vice Chairman = Chief, DRD
Members = Medical officer
Chief, Agro-Industrial Section
Secretary = Chief Overseer
Inmates Complaint Center
The Center shall act on all written complaints that are not palpably frivolous,
as well as requests for information and assistance of inmates, within 72hours
from receipt thereof
Procedures in the
Classification, Admission and
Confinement of Inmates in the
Bureau of Jail Management
and Penology
REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMITMENT
a. Commitment Order;
b. Medical Certificate - recent medical certificate taken within 24 hours
prior to admission;
c. Complaint/Information;
d. Police Booking Sheet; and
e. Certificate of Detention from PNP and/or NBI.
RECEPTION PROCEDURES -
Gater - He or she checks the credentials of the person bringing the inmate/the
committing officer to determine his/her identity and authority. Also, he or she
reviews the completeness of the following documents before the person
bringing an inmate/the committing officer is allowed to enter the facility. The
documents mentioned earlier refer to the:
a. Commitment Order;
b. Medical Certificate - recent medical certificate taken within 24 hours
prior to admission;
c. Complaint/Information;
d. Police Booking Sheet; and
e. Certificate of Detention from PNP and/or NBI.
Records Unit-
This unit examines the completeness and authenticity of the requirements for Commitment
(Commitment Order, Booking Sheet, Arrest Report and Information) before it refers the inmate
for physical examination by the Health Unit.
Property Custodian
1. Checks the inmate’s belongings for presence of contraband. Discovery of any contraband
shall be treated in accordance with existing policies.
2. Takes all cash and other personal properties from the inmate, lists them down on a receipt
form with duplicate, duly signed by him/her and countersigned by the inmate. The original
receipt should be given to the inmate and the duplicate be kept by the Property Custodian.
3. Keeps all cash and other valuables of the inmate in a safety vault.
Said cash and valuables may be turned over to any person authorized by the inmate.
4. Refers the inmate to the desk officer.
Desk Officer - books the newly committed inmate in the jail blotter; assigns the inmate
to a reception area, if any, where he/she shall be scheduled for orientation on jail
rules and regulation, and shall undergo risk assessment and classification, evaluation
and conduct of further medical evaluation/screening by the Medical Officer.
Assistant Warden or Officer of the Day - Orients the newly committed inmates on jail
rules and regulations using the Inmate’s Orientation Sheet.
Jail Warden - Coordinates with concerned agencies regarding the case of inmate for
speedy disposition and to furnish them with copies of the available needed documents
CLASSIFICATION BOARD
Chairperson - Assistant Warden

Member - Chief, Custodial/Security Office
Member - Medical Officer/Public Health Officer
Member - Jail Chaplain
Member - Inmates Welfare and Development Officer
CLASSIFICATION PROCESS
Admission of Inmate –
Once the inmate has undergone the registration process; he/she will be
temporarily housed at the Inmate Classification and Counseling Unit (ICCU) in
jails where it is available. The inmate shall stay at the ICCU for a minimum
period of thirty (30) days but not exceeding sixty (60) days or until the
completion of the classification process. At the ICCU, the newly committed
inmate will undergo assessment by the different health professionals.
DISCIPLINARY BOARD
- A disciplinary board shall be organized and maintained for the purpose of hearing
disciplinary cases involving any inmate who violates jail rules and regulations. It
shall be composed of the following:
Chairperson - Assistant Warden
Member - Chief, Custodial/Security Office
Member - Medical Officer/Public Health Officer
Member - Jail Chaplain
Member - Inmates Welfare and Development Officer
Member - Inmates’ Representative
PROCEDURES IN THE HEARING OF
DISCIPLINARY CASES
a. The aggrieved inmate or any person (visitor, inmate or personnel) reports the violation
to the Desk Officer;
b. The desk officer shall immediately submit a written report to the warden and the latter
shall direct the Investigation Unit to conduct an investigation within twenty-four (24)
hours upon receipt of the directive. The Investigation Unit shall submit to the Warden
their report together with their recommendations;
c. The warden shall evaluate the report and if he/she believes that there is no sufficient
evidence to support the alleged violation, he/she shall dismiss the case. If he/she
believes that sufficient evidence exists, he/she shall decide the case and impose the
necessary penalty in case of minor violations. If the offense is less grave or grave,
he/she shall endorse it to the disciplinary board for hearing or decide it himself/herself
as a in his or her capacity as summary disciplinary officer in the absence of a
disciplinary board;
QUICK RESPONSE TEAM (QRT)
It is created purposely to respond immediately and efficiently and to contain,
control, and solve in the shortest possible time any form of jail
incidents/disturbance while waiting for the arrival of reinforcement from the
National/Regional STAR team/s and friendly forces.
Scope of Jurisdiction
Shall be under the command and control of the jail warden, or in his absence, the
assistant warden or the most senior JCO/JNCO.

Acts as first responder to any jail incidents.
1. Alarm -gives the alarm through siren, whistle, shouting, etc.
2. Contain - isolates/cordons the affected area.
3. Report - provides correct and precise information about the situation.
4. Evaluate - evaluates damage to equipment and facilities; - evaluates
personnel/inmates situations.
Team Composition
Team Leader
✔ A former STAR Team member or have undergone Quick Response
Training.
Assistant Team Leader
✔ Have undergone Quick Response Training.
Members
✔ Have undergone Quick Response Training.
SPECIAL TACTICS AND REPONSE
(STAR) TEAM
It is an elite tactical unit trained to perform high-risk operations that falls
outside the operational abilities of the regular BJMP personnel and is
equipped with specialized skills and sophisticated firearms and
equipment. A ready force is composed of highly trained BJMP personnel
and experts in dealing with high risk, high profile inmates and VEO’s, as
well as in controlling critical jail disturbance and incidents
STAR trained personnel should NEITHER be assigned individually in jail
NOR be given custodial responsibility. They should be assigned by teams
only in places mentioned in the preceding paragraph in order not to defeat
the primordial intent of its creation.
(STAR) TEAM
Scope of Jurisdiction
1. The BJMP-NHQ STAR Team shall be under the direct command and
supervision of the Director, Directorate for Operations.
2. The BJMP Regional STAR Team shall be under the direct command and
supervision of the Regional Director.
3. Upon deployment of the STAR Team, commands/orders shall emanate
from the Team Leader.
(STAR) TEAM
1. Shall serve as the last resort in addressing crisis in jail.
2. Shall augment the force during court hearings of high risk/high profile
inmates and other similar tasks.
3. Escorts high ranking/key officers and other dignitaries of state. 4.
Performs other task/functions as the Chief, BJMP/Regional Director may
direct.
(STAR) TEAM
Team Composition and Basic Functions
Team Leader
a. Must have the rank of inspector, at least;
b. Must be a graduate of STAR Course, CQB or SWAT;
c. Oversees the general plans during tactical operation;
d. Promotes the morale and welfare of S.T.A.R team members; and
e. Performs other functions as the Chief, BJMP/Regional Director may
direct.
Assistant Team Leader
a. Must be the most senior JNCO;
b. Must be a graduate of STAR Course, CQB or SWAT;
c. Assists the team leader regarding plans for tactical operation;
d. Assumes the duties and responsibilities of the team leader during the
latter’s absence; and
e. Performs other functions as the Team Leader may direct.
Communication JNCO
a. Must be a graduate of STAR Course, CQB or SWAT;
b. Responsible in command post operations, radio communications,
communication codes and video recording (if available) between the team
and the command post;
c. Responsible for coordination with other teams, units, media, and the
National Headquarter/Regional Office; and
d. Performs other functions as the team leader may direct.
Other Members
a. Must be a graduate of STAR Course, CQB or SWAT; and
b. Performs other functions as the team leader may direct.
Supply JNCO
a. Must be a graduate of STAR Course, CQB or SWAT;
b. Prepares request for logistical needs;
c. Ensures all equipment/gadgets are operational and accounted;
d. Ensures the availability of other supplies needed; and
e. Performs other functions as the Team Leader may direct
Outside Movement of Inmates (BuCor)
Outside movement of inmates refers to the bringing or taking out of an inmate from the prison
facility where he is confined for the following reasons:
a. to appear in court or other government agency as directed by competent authority;
b. for medical examination or treatment or hospitalization in an outside clinic or hospital;
c. to view the remains of a deceased relative.
✔ only minimum and medium security inmates can be allowed outside movement to view the remains
of a deceased relative. He is allowed only three (3) hours to visit and he is not allowed to attend the
funeral and burial ceremonies.
✔ The approval of the Secretary of the Department of Justice is required for the outside movement of
an inmate, except when the order comes from the court. There must be a subpoena issued by the
court and it must be endorsed by the Director of the BuCor.
60 days before election and 30 days after election No Release Of Prison.

Custodial and Security Procedures (BuCor)
Head count of inmates shall be conducted four

(4) times a day or as often as necessary to
ensure that all inmates are duly accounted for.
✔ If the inmate count does not tally with the list of
inmates, the matter shall be reported immediately to
the Chief Overseer.
Escort Procedures (Bucor)
Inmate’s Pass
issued stating the purpose and destination of the escort mission. At the back of
this pass are instructions which the escort guards must strictly follow.
✔ The escort guard must always walk behind the inmate, and not in front. If armed,
the guard shall not sit, stand or walk beside the inmate, or in any case, allow the
inmate to reach his firearm.
*At least two (2) guards must be provided for every inmate appearing in
court.
Custody, Security & Control (BJMP)
1. The BJMP conducts frequent surprise searches of inmates and their
quarters to detect contraband. This is referred to as Operation
Greyhound.
2. Inmate’s Subsistence Allowance (ISA), or the budget allocation for the

food of inmates is FIFTY PESOS (P70.00) a day per inmate. This is
broken down into three meals: ten pesos (P10.00) for breakfast, twenty
pesos (P20.00) for lunch and twenty pesos (P20.00) for dinner.
Movement and Transfer of Inmates (BJMP)
An inmate may be brought out from a jail in any of the following instances:
To appear as witness or as accused before any court of justice during preliminary
investigation, arraignment or hearing of a criminal case;
To appear as witness with leave of court in any investigation or formal inquiry being
conducted by a government agency;
To view with leave of court the remains of a deceased relative within the second degree
of affinity or consanguinity; and
To undergo with leave of court medical examination or treatment in an outside hospital or
clinic.
✔ The phrase with leave of court means with approval of the court.
Movement and Transfer af Inmates (BJMP)
For those inmates who wish to view the remains of a deceased relative, leave
of court shall first be obtained. But the inmate must satisfy the following
conditions:
✔ The deceased relative is lying in state in a place not beyond thirty (30) kilometers
radius from the place of confinement of the inmate,
✔ If beyond 30 km, the inmate must return to prison during daylight hours;
✔ The inmate has no record of escape; and
✔ The inmate is not classified as high risk or high profile and the jail has adequate
resources to ensure his safety and security.
▪ It shall be the duty of the inmate to pay for his transportation and meal expenses,
including those of the jail officers escorting him. He must pay the necessary amount
before he will be allowed to leave.
Escort Procedures (BJMP)
The BJMP observes the same escort procedures being observed by the
BuCor. In addition, the BJMP follows the ratio 1:1+1 verbally interpreted as
for every one (1) inmate, there must be 2 escort guards if escorting high
profile and high risk inmate.
Custodial Ratio (BJMP)

The custodial ratio of jail personnel to inmates must be 1:7, which means that
there must be one (1) jail guard for every seven (7) inmates.
Rehabilitation Programs Under the
Bureau of Corrections
1. Work and Livelihood

2. Healthcare Services
3. Education and Skills Training
4. Sports and Recreation
5. Moral and Spiritual
Rehabilitation Programs Under the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology
1. Inmates Welfare and Development Program, or IWDP – It is a set of physical,
psychological, intellectual, vocational and spiritual activities or interventions that
facilitates inmates’ well-being and enhancement in accordance with the accepted social
norms and ethical standards.
The services and activities under the IWDP include the following:
a. Provisions for basic needs
b. Health Services and Activities
c. Livelihood Services and Activities
d. Educational Services and Activities
e. Sports and Recreation Services and Activities
f. Visitation Services and Activities
g. Paralegal Services and Activities; and
h. Religious Services and Activities.
Rehabilitation Programs Under the Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology
2. Therapeutic Community Modality Program

is a part of a rehabilitation program originally designed for people who
are suffering from mental illnesses, personality disorders and drug
additions. It is a collective term used to refer to the different
approaches that are employed to address said problems.
Both the BuCor and the BJMP make use of Therapeutic Community
approaches part of its rehabilitation program.
GOOD CONDUCT TIME ALLOWANCE
RPC Art. 97
(Granted by the Director of Prison)
Years of good behavior Allowance earned
1year to 2 years = 5 days per month
3 years to 5 years = 8 days per month
6 years to 10 years = 10 days per month
11 years and up years = 15 days per month
Good Conduct Time Allowance under
R.A. 10592
Year of good behavior Days to be deducted
1-2 years 20 days per month
11 years and above 30 days per month
✔ Note: At any time during the period of imprisonment, he shall be allowed another deduction of
fifteen days, in addition to numbers one to four hereof, for each month of study, teaching or
mentoring service time rendered.
✔ An appeal by the accused shall not deprive him of entitlement to the above allowances for
good conduct.
Special Time Allowance for Loyalty
(STAL)
Deduction of 1/5
evaded the service of his sentence
gives himself up to the authority
✔ within 48 hours following the issuance of a proclamation announcing the passing away of the
calamity by the President of the Philippines
Deduction of 2/5
in case said prisoner chose to stay
Additional 1/5 and Evasion of Service of Sentence
If did not return or gave himself up
Returned on or after 48 hours following the announcement of passing of calamity by the
president
✔ This Article shall apply to any prisoner whether undergoing preventive imprisonment or
serving sentence."
Who Grants Time Allowances.
Whenever lawfully justified
1. Director of the Bureau of Corrections
2. Chief of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
3. Warden of a provincial, district, municipal or city jail shall grant allowances
for good conduct.
✔ Such allowances once granted shall not be revoked."
Period of Preventive Imprisonment
► ART. 29 of RPC as amended by REPUBLIC ACT No. 10592
Offenders or accused who have undergone preventive imprisonment shall be credited in
the service of their sentence consisting of deprivation of liberty, with the full time during
which they have undergone preventive imprisonment if the detention prisoner agrees
voluntarily in writing after being informed of the effects thereof and with the assistance of
counsel to abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed upon convicted prisoners, except
in the following cases:
1. When they are recidivists, or have been convicted previously twice or more times of any crime;
and
2. When upon being summoned for the execution of their sentence they have failed to surrender
voluntarily.
If the detention prisoner does not agree to abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed
upon convicted prisoners, he shall do so in writing with the assistance of a counsel and
shall be credited in the service of his sentence with four-fifths of the time during which he
has undergone preventive imprisonment.
Credit for preventive imprisonment for the penalty of reclusion perpetua shall be deducted
from thirty (30) years.
Period of Preventive Imprisonment
ART. 29 of RPC as amended by REPUBLIC ACT No. 10592
► Whenever an accused has undergone preventive imprisonment for a period equal to the
possible maximum imprisonment of the offense charged to which he may be sentenced and his
case is not yet terminated, he shall be released immediately without prejudice to the
continuation of the trial thereof or the proceeding on appeal, if the same is under review.
Computation of preventive imprisonment for purposes of immediate release under this
paragraph shall be the actual period of detention with good conduct time allowance: Provided,
however, That if the accused is absent without justifiable cause at any stage of the trial, the
court may motu proprio order the rearrest of the accused: Provided, finally, That recidivists,
habitual delinquents, escapees and persons charged with heinous crimes are excluded from the
coverage of this Act. In case the maximum penalty to which the accused may be sentenced is
destierro, he shall be released after thirty (30) days of preventive imprisonment."
Release of Inmates (BuCor)
1. An inmate may be released from prison upon the expiration of his
sentence, by order of the court or of competent authority or after
being granted parole, pardon or amnesty.
2. The order bearing the seal of the court and duly signed by the clerk of
court or by the judge himself must be received by the Superintendent
before he will authorize the release of the inmate.
3. The approval of the Director of the BuCor is required before the
release of an inmate can be authorized. Before an inmate is released,
he shall be properly identified by comparing his fingerprints and other
identification marks with those which were taken when he was
admitted in prison.
Release of Inmates (BuCor)
4. An inmate who is scheduled to be released shall be transferred to the

Separation and Placement Center thirty (30) days before his scheduled
release to prepare him for re-entry into free society. He shall undergo a
one(1)-day seminar in preparation for his life outside prison.
5. There is a rule that states that inmates cannot be released from prison sixty
(60) days before an election and thirty (30) days after an election, except for
valid and legal reasons.
Release of Inmates (BJMP)
1. An inmate may be released through service of sentence, order of the court, parole,
pardon and amnesty.
2. Before an inmate is released, he shall be properly identified to ensure that he is
the same person received and will be released. His fingerprints shall be verified with
those taken when he was received.
3. The release of an inmate shall be effected only upon receipt of the Release Order
served by the court process server. The Release Order shall bear the full name of
the inmate, the crime he was charged with, the criminal case number and such other
details that will enable the officer in charge to properly identify the inmate to be
released.
4. The released inmate shall be issued a Certification of Discharge from jail by the
Warden or his authorized representative.
Halfway house
Japan Nagoya halfway house with 2 hours caring institution for those who
are about to be release.(BOARD QUESTION)
What is the ultimate purpose of justification of a
sentence of imprisonment?
a. To rehabilitate offenders
b. To protect society against crime
c. To reform offenders
d. All of the above
What is the ultimate purpose of justification of a
sentence of imprisonment?
a. To rehabilitate offenders
b. To protect society against crime
c. To reform offenders
d. All of the above
The concept of reintegration to society is stated in Rule 58 of UNSMRTP:
UNSMRTP
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Treatment of Prisoners
“The purpose and justification of a sentence of imprisonment or a similar

measure deprivative of liberty is ultimately to protect society against crime.
This end can only be achieved if the period of imprisonment is used to
ensure, so far as possible, that upon his return to society the offender is not
only willing but able to lead a law-abiding and self-supporting life.”
It shall refer to the acts which ensure the public (including
families of inmates and their victims) that released national
inmates are no longer harmful to the community by becoming
reformed individuals prepared to live a normal and productive
life upon reintegration to the mainstream society.’
a. Rehabilitation
b. Reformation
c. safekeeping
d. Therepeutic
It shall refer to the acts which ensure the public (including
families of inmates and their victims) that released national
inmates are no longer harmful to the community by becoming
reformed individuals prepared to live a normal and productive
life upon reintegration to the mainstream society.’
a. Rehabilitation
b. Reformation
c. safekeeping
d. Therepeutic
shall refer to the act that ensures the public (including
families of inmates and their victims) that national
inmates are provided with their basic needs and
consistent with restoring the dignity of every inmate and
guaranteeing full respect for human rights.
a. Rehabilitation
b. Reformation
c. safekeeping
d. Therapeutic
shall refer to the act that ensures the public (including
families of inmates and their victims) that national
inmates are provided with their basic needs and
consistent with restoring the dignity of every inmate and
guaranteeing full respect for human rights.
a. Rehabilitation
b. Reformation
c. safekeeping
d. Therepeutic
refers to a large enclosed area with dormitories, sports
facilities, classrooms, medical facilities, religious
facilities, and other necessary facilities where national
inmates/prisoners are confined to serve their sentence.
a. Penal farm
b. Colony
c. Security camp
d. satellite
refers to a large enclosed area with dormitories, sports
facilities, classrooms, medical facilities, religious
facilities, and other necessary facilities where national
inmates/prisoners are confined to serve their sentence.
a. Penal farm
b. Colony
c. Security camp
d. satellite
refers to a document containing the names of all
officers in the active corrections service, arranged by
grade and in accordance with their relative seniority for
each regular component, and by service to which they
are appointed.
a. Senior and lineal list
b. Officer’s lineal list
c. Officer’s list
d. Noisy and standing list
refers to a document containing the names of all
officers in the active corrections service, arranged by
grade and in accordance with their relative seniority for
each regular component, and by service to which they
are appointed.
a. Senior and lineal list
b. Officer’s lineal list
c. Officer’s list
d. Noisy and standing list
The core diagnostics objective of DRD is to determine
an inmate’s__________”
a. Rehabilitation
b. Enhancement
c. Therapy
d. Reformability
The core diagnostics objective of DRD is to determine
an inmate’s__________”
a. Rehabilitation
b. Enhancement
c. Therapy
d. Reformability
refers to the facility exclusively used as
confinement area of all inmates within the prison
camp with specific consideration on spatial
designation.
a. Cell
b. Jail
c. Dormitory
d. Prison
refers to the facility exclusively used as
confinement area of all inmates within the prison
camp with specific consideration on spatial
designation.
a. Cell
b. Jail
c. Dormitory
d. Prison
The recommended lot area per inmate is____
a. 7.4 square meters
b. 4.7 square meters
c. 4.5 square meters
d. Nota
The recommended lot area per inmate is____
a. 7.4 square meters
b. 4.7 square meters
c. 4.5 square meters
d. Nota
Classification of Dormitory
Type A Dormitory – above 500 inmate capacity and lot area of more than 1.5
hectares
Type B Dormitory – 101 to 500 inmate capacity and lot area of 1.5 hectares
Type C Dormitory – 1 to 100 inmate capacity and lot area of 3,000 sq. m.
The recommended lot area per inmate is 30 sq. m.

What is the ideal maximum number of inmates per cell?
a. 10
b. 50
c. 100
d. Nota
What is the ideal maximum number of inmates per cell?
a. 10
b. 50
c. 100
d. Nota
Cell Capacity
Cell Capacity
Ideal habitable floor area per inmate = 4.7 square meters
Maximum number of inmates per cell = 10
Maximum number of bunks beds = 5 units two level

A combined facility where cultural and sports activities
are conducted on a regular basis.
a. Outside or ground floor
b. Recreation / Multipurpose Hall
c. Nota
d. Either a or b
A combined facility where cultural and sports activities
are conducted on a regular basis.
a. Outside or ground floor
b. Recreation / Multipurpose Hall
c. Nota
d. Either a or b
Refers to an important sector in the prison
facility where food preparation is conducted and
an adjacent area where food is served.
a. Food court
b. Walwalan
c. Kitchen and Mess Hall
d. Mess hall
Refers to an important sector in the prison
facility where food preparation is conducted and
an adjacent area where food is served.
a. Food court
b. Walwalan
c. Kitchen and Mess Hall
d. Mess hall
A one (1) storey facility shall be constructed to
accommodate an inmate’s conjugal visits from his legal
wife or common-law-wife (CLW). It shall accommodate
20 couples, cubicle-type with an area of 2.5m x 3.50m
each room. Each room shall also be equipped with the
following: Bed, ceiling fan and a comfort room.
Conjugal visit
Conjugal area
Conjugal room
Bahay na pula na walang kusina
A one (1) storey facility shall be constructed to
accommodate an inmate’s conjugal visits from his legal
wife or common-law-wife (CLW). It shall accommodate
20 couples, cubicle-type with an area of 2.5m x 3.50m
each room. Each room shall also be equipped with the
following: Bed, ceiling fan and a comfort room.
Conjugal visit
Conjugal area
Conjugal room
Bahay na pula na walang kusina
Refers to a place where employees and their
visitors on official business from different
colonies can stay temporarily for a specified
period of time.
a. Reception area
b. Visitor’s area
c. Sala
d. Transient Quarters
Refers to a place where employees and their
visitors on official business from different
colonies can stay temporarily for a specified
period of time.
a. Reception area
b. Visitor’s area
c. Sala
d. Transient Quarters

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Correctional

► from Latin correctionem (nominative correctio) "an

► A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody,

Parole, Probation, Executive

Three main legal systems in the world

Code of Ur-Nammu Justinian Code– 6th C A.D., Emperor Justinian of

The Bloody Code

a. The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the

Jougs, Juggs, or Joggs

Foot Whipping or Bastinado

Milk & Honey

Beheading or Decapitation is the cutting off of the head from

Strangulation Through Hanging

Drawing and Quartering

3. Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty

Peter Rentzel a private person, established a wokhouse in

The first cellular prison or prison with individual

► The origins of jails can be traced back to England

built in 1188 also by Henry II. By

instrument used in execution by

Bishop Ridley of London petitioned before the king

SIR WALTER CROFTON

the founder of the Quaker colony. In 1682, he founded the Commonwealth

► a penal reformer in New York.

► Auburn system - confinement of the prisoners in single cells at night and

Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Beccaria (1738-1794)

John Howard (1726 – 1790)

Davao Penal Colony

Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm

Leyte Regional Prison

1. DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries through the Bureau of Corrections,

1. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

3. Correctional Institution For Women (CIW)

4. New Bilibid Prison (NBP)

6. Sablayan Prison And Penal Farm

7. Leyte Regional Prison

Head of the BuCor

Corrections Chief Superintendent

Jail Officer I Regional Director Civil Service

Jail Senior DILG Secretary Chief, BJMP Civil Service

Jail Chief Superintendent President DILG Secretary Chairman of the

Rank Appointing Recommendation Attestation Endorsement

Deputy Director And President DOJ Secretary Chairman

✔ Assignment of personnel 5. Mess Service Branch

✔ Present/ Prepare statistical data of inmates 7. Mittimus Computing Branch

3. Socio- Cultural Services

The Anti Riot Groups

1st Group – Anti Riot Contingency Group No F/A

A concurrent sentence is one in which two separate

Color of Uniform in City or Municipal Jail (BJMP)

Chairperson - Assistant Warden

Duties and Responsibilities

60 days before election and 30 days after election No Release Of Prison.

Head count of inmates shall be conducted four

2. Inmate’s Subsistence Allowance (ISA), or the budget allocation for the

Custodial Ratio (BJMP)

1. Work and Livelihood

2. Therapeutic Community Modality Program