Course Title

Computing Fundamentals

Dr Muhammad Taimoor
School of Aviation Engineering And Technology
The Superior University, Lahore
 Book Name
• Fundamentals of C++ Programming by Richard L. Halterman (2014)
Course Description
To provide an introduction to the fundamental concepts and techniques of
Course Title
programming including: algorithms and computer programs, physical and
Basics of Networking
virtual machines, language processors, data types; control structures; methods;
stepwise refinement; arrays; input/output and functions

ASSESSMENT SYSTEM:
Quizzes 10-15%
Assignments 10-15%
Mid Term 30%
Final Term 50%
 CONTENT LIST
• What is Computer?
• Who is a User?
• Data & Information
• Information Technology (IT)
• History of Computers
• Generations
• Types of Computers
• Classification of Computers

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 What is Computer?
A computer is normally considered as calculating machine that
can perform arithmetic operation at a very high speed.
Computers are electronic devices that is programmed to
• Accept data(input),
• (process) that data into useful information,
• Produce (output), and then
• (store) for later use.

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 Who is a user?
Someone that communicates with a computer

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 Data & Information
Data:
A collection of raw facts and figures is called data.
It may consist of numbers, characters, symbols etc.
Information:
Processed data is called information.
It is more meaningful than data.

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 Information Technology
Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.

Information technology is the use of systems (especially computers and

telecommunications) for strong, retrieving and sending information.

Computer is a very important component of information technology.

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 History of Computers
Mechanical computers:

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 History of Computers
Electronic Computers:

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 First Generation
Vacuum Tubes:
1. From 1946 to 1956
• It can perform 2,000 to 16,000 additions
per second
• Had main memory 100 bytes to 2
kilobytes
2. Used vacuum tubes
3. Very large machines
• Special rooms to house them with air
conditioning
• Specially trained technicians to run and
maintain
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 Second Generation
Transistors:
1. From 1959 to around 1965
2. Smaller, faster, and more reliable
• Used transistors
• 6,000 to 3,00,000 operations/s
• Main memory 6 kilobytes to 1.3
megabytes
3.One-tenth the price of a 1st
generation
4. Become common in larger business
and universities
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 Third Generation
Integrated Circuits:
1. From 1965 to around 1972
2. Used integrated circuits – many transistors onn
one piece of silicon
3. Smaller, faster, more reliable, and lower in price
• Size of stove or refrigerator, some can fit on
desktop
• Can do 100,000 to 400,000,000 operations per
second
• Cost about one tenth the amount of 2nd
generations computers
4. These Computers become very common in
medium to large businesses

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 Fourth Generation
Microprocessor:
1. From 1972 until now
2. Used large scale to very large scale integrated circuits
• Put more than one IC on a silicon chip
• Can do more than one function
3. Smaller, faster, more reliable, and lower in price
• Size of a television or much smaller
• Can do 500,00 to 1,000,000,000 operations per
second
• Cost one-tenth, or less the amount of 3rd
generation
4. Very common in homes and business
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 Types of Computers

1. Analog computers

2. Digital computers

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 Types of Computers
Analog computers:
An analog computer recognizes data as a continuous measurement of a
physical property.
It has no state
Its output is usually displayed on a meter or graphs.
Examples are analog clock, speed-metro of a car, thermo-meter etc.
Digital computers:
It works with numbers
They break all types of information into tiny units and use numbers to
represent those pieces of information.
Everything is described in two states i.e. either
ON (1) or OFF (0).
They are very fast and have big memory.

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 Classification of Computers

Digital Computers

1-Super 2-Mainframe 3-Mini 4-Micro

computer Computers Computers Computers

Workstatio
Servers Desktop Laptop Handheld
ns
Computers Computers Computers Computers
Computers

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 Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer with high level
computational capacity compared to a general-
purpose computer.

Super computers use thousands of processor at a

same time.

Used for nuclear weapon ,weather forecasting,

scientific simulation, oil and gas exploration or in
large companies.
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 Mainframe
Mainframes are huge computers that could fill an
entire room or even a whole floor!

Mainframes are used primarily by large

organizations for critical applications, bulk data
processing.

It uses for online data storage.

Mainframe used for transaction processing in

banking, airlines etc.
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 Workstation
A desktop computer that has a more powerful processor.
Additional memory (RAM, Hard drive) and enhanced
capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D
graphics or game development.
Multiple users can single workstation all together.

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 SERVER
A computer that has been optimized to
provide services to other computers over a
network.

Severs usually have powerful processors, lots

of memory and large hard drives.

Multiple CPU’s & Hard drives.

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 Desktop
A PC that is not designed for portability.

You will set the computer in a permanent

location.

Most desktops offer more power, storage

and versatility for less cost than portable
computers

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 Laptop
Also called notebooks.

Laptop are portable computers that integrate

• Display,
• Keyboard,
• Pointing device or trackball,
• Processor,
• Memory and
• Hard drive all in a battery-operated package.

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 Applications of computer
Education

Medicine And
Banking
Health

Business
Engineering
Application
Applications
Of Computer

Communicati
Architecture
on

Entertainmen Manufacturing
t

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 Computer components
• Block Diagram

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 Computer components

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 Motherboard

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 Components of Motherboard

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 System software

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MIL-STD 1553B Data Bus Networking

1-Bus Controller (BC)

2-Remote Terminal (RT)
3-Bus Monitor (BM)
 Computers Used In JF-17 Thunder

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THANK
THANK YOU YOU