Low-frequency multi-order acoustic absorber based on spiral metasurface

Deqiang Kong, Sibo Huang, Dongting Li, et al.

Citation: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150, 12 (2021); doi: 10.1121/10.0005134
View online: https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005134
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Published by the Acoustical Society of America

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 ARTICLE
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Low-frequency multi-order acoustic absorber based on spiral

metasurface
Deqiang Kong,1,a) Sibo Huang,2,b) Dongting Li,2 Chen Cai,3 Zhiling Zhou,2 Botao Liu,1,a) Guoxin Cao,1,a)
Xuefeng Chen,1,a) Yong Li,2,c) and Shengchun Liu1,a),d)
1
Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
2
Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
3
Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, China

ABSTRACT:
In this work, we propose a spiral metasurface for multi-order sound absorption in the low-frequency range
(<1000 Hz). By dividing the long channel of the spiral metasurface into a series of tunable sub-cavities and employ-
ing recessed necks, the metasurface can quasi-perfectly (>0.95 in experiments) absorb airborne sound at multiple
low-frequency orders without being limited by the number of equivalent cavities. Owing to the superior impedance
manipulation provided by the spiral metasurface, each absorption order can be tuned flexibly with a constant external
shape. By suitably modulating the sub-cavities and the recessed necks, we obtained multi-order high-absorption
metasurfaces with dual-chamber, tri-chamber, and four-chamber designs. The ratio of the lowest resonant wave-
length to the thickness is as high as 78. The samples, which are fabricated by three-dimensional printing technology,
were measured to verify the theoretical results. We also investigate the relationship between the geometric parame-
ters of the recessed necks and the sound absorption performance, which facilitates the more feasibly designed
multi-order metasurfaces. The concept can be further applied to broadband absorption with ultra-thin thickness and
C 2021 Acoustical Society of America.
has potential applications for noise reduction. V
https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005134
(Received 7 November 2020; revised 10 May 2021; accepted 12 May 2021; published online 1 July 2021)
[Editor: Yun Jing] Pages: 12–18

I. INTRODUCTION et al., 2017; Assouar et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019), a

Highly efficient sound absorption for low-frequency
noise reduction remains a challenging task because long-
wavelength sound fluctuates slowly inside materials, which
leads to weak dissipation (Hemond, 1983). The conventional
sound-absorbing designs show unsatisfying absorption per-
formance for low-frequency sound (Bo and Tianning, 2009;
Dupont et al., 2011). Some improved designs have been pro-
posed to improve the absorption performance, but they still
encounter difficulty when efforts are made to reduce their
size (Liu et al., 2014).
Acoustic metamaterials have exhibited many distinctive
characteristics and realized numerous intriguing functionali-
ties and applications (Liu et al., 2000; Li and Chan, 2004;
Fang et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2010; Liang and Li, 2012;
Fleury and Al u, 2013; Yang et al., 2013). Especially, acous-
tic metasurfaces (Li et al., 2013; Li et al., 2014; Tang et al.,
2014; Xie et al., 2014; Cheng et al., 2015; Li et al., 2015;
Jiang et al., 2016; Shen et al., 2016; Li et al., 2017; Zhu
a)
Also at: Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security
(Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information
Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
b)
ORCID: 0000-0003-2402-4042.
c)
ORCID: 0000-0001-8049-9128.
d)
Electronic mail: lsc@hrbeu.edu.cn
novel kind of metamaterials with thin and planar features,
have attracted intensive interest for their widespread poten-
tial applications in wavefront engineering, providing a great
solution to reduce the structural size of low-frequency sound
absorbers.
Recently, two kinds of metasurfaces with excellent
low-frequency sound absorption have come to the fore. One
typical design is decorated membrane metasurfaces that are
able to absorb low-frequency sound totally via deep-
subwavelength thickness (Mei et al., 2012; Ma et al., 2014).
Another effective design is the space-coiling structure on a
plane perpendicular to the incident wave, such as folded
Fabry–Perot (FP) channel (Cai et al., 2014; Zhang and Hu,
2016; Liu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2017; Long et al., 2018).
In this kind of design, the absorption peak is determined by
the resonance dominated by the phase delay (sound reac-
tance). Therefore, the folded structure generally must have a
quarter-wavelength length. Moreover, a carefully designed
cross-sectional area change associated with the radiation
loss is required to balance the intrinsic loss inside the system
for achieving perfect absorption. Besides the loss inside the
quarter-wavelength structure, desired loss can also be real-
ized by introducing a porous medium (Liu et al., 2017) or a
perforated plate (Jimenez et al., 2016; Li and Assouar,
2016; Wang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019). Furthermore,

12 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150 (1), July 2021 0001-4966/2021/150(1)/12/7/$30.00 C 2021 Acoustical Society of America
V
 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005134
the introduction of recessed necks appended to the perfo-
rated plate and in uniform gradient cross section channel
can improve the ability to manipulate the impedance and
weaken the dependence of the folding channel length
(Huang et al., 2018; Donda et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2019;
Shen et al., 2019). To realize a broadband absorber, a series
of this kind of resonators with different resonant frequencies
can be coupled in parallel to superimpose the multiple fre-
quency peaks (Zhang and Hu, 2016; Jimenez et al., 2017;
Yang et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2020). Furthermore, without
increasing the overall structural dimension, the bandwidth
of sound-absorbing metasurfaces can be broadened by cou-
pling multiple units with additional high-order peaks, which
is of great value for the achievement of the broadband
absorption (Chen et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2019a; Liu et al.,
2019b).
For a typical Helmholtz resonator, only one perfect
absorption peak and other lower- or higher-order imperfect
absorption peaks are caused by multi-order mode. To realize
a unit with two perfect absorption peaks, a perforated parti-
tion can be used to divide the cavity into two sub-cavities,
which is equivalent to a two-layer Helmholtz resonator (Liu
et al., 2019a). Therefore, if we want the unit to have more
perfect absorption peaks, we must divide the cavity into a
corresponding number of sub-cavities (Liu et al., 2019b).
In this study, we present an ultra-thin sound-absorbing
spiral metasurface with perforated partitions using recessed
necks. The introduction of perforated partitions with
recessed necks can improve the degree of freedom without
changing the shape, and the presented structure can realize
more perfect absorption peaks than the number of the sub-
cavities. More importantly, compared with the previous
metasurfaces (Chen et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2019a; Liu et al.,
2019b), we present in-depth theoretical analysis on the spiral
structure, the perforated partitions with recessed necks, and
the impedance-manipulation capacity of the proposed meta-
surface, where the theoretical and experimental results agree
well with each other. The analysis helps to reveal the under-
lying physical mechanism of the multi-order absorption and
also serves as a guide to some improved absorption
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150 (1), July 2021
performance. For instance, superior impedance manipula-
tion can be realized by modulating the metasurface’s
sub-cavities and recessed necks, which leads to tunable
multi-order sound absorption. In addition, the spiral channel
can effectively reduce the metasurface’s thickness, and the
ratio of the lowest resonant wavelength to the thickness is as
high as 78.
II. THEORETICAL METHOD
In our work, we further enhance the impedance manipu-
lation with more perfect absorption peaks by the recessed
necks. To make the structure thinner, the system uses a spi-
ral channel on a two-dimensional plane. The proposed meta-
surface is as shown in Fig. 1(a); the front panel is a
perforated plate equipped with a recessed neck (red part).
The intermediate layer is composed of a spiral channel
divided into many different small sub-cavities by perforated
partitions with different recessed necks (blue parts) as
shown in Fig. 1(b). The back wall is a rigid board preventing
sound leakage. In our case, the geometrical size of the spiral
metasurface is much smaller than the working wavelength
so that the coiled channel can be regarded as a straight chan-
nel as shown in Fig. 1(c).
The acoustic absorption coefficient, a, of an acoustic
absorber can be determined from its (normal) acoustic
impedance, Z. The relationship between a and Z can be
described by
 
Z  qc2
a¼1  ; (1)
Z þ qc
where q is the air density and c is the sound speed. Equation
(1) implies that a perfect absorption requires the impedance
matching between the absorber and air. The acoustic imped-
ance of the proposed structure consists of the impedance of
the equivalent straight channels and the impedance of the
recessed necks. As shown in Fig. 1(c), the equivalent
straight channel is divided into N small cavities. Based on
the impedance transfer theory, the impedance of the ith
cavity, Zvi, is
FIG. 1. (Color online) (a) The
exploded view of the metasurface
(diameter dz) composed of a front
panel, an intermediate layer, and a
back wall. (b) Sketch of the intermedi-
ate layer, consisting of a spiral channel
(width w and height h0) divided into a
plurality of different small sub-cavities
(length Li) by some perforated parti-
tions with recessed necks (length ti and
diameter di). The thickness of the
boundaries (involving the front panel
and back wall) is fixed at b ¼ 1 mm.
(c) Analytical schematic diagram of
the spiral channel decoupling into a
straight channel.
Kong et al. 13
 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005134

jZi1 cotðkc Li Þ þ qc cc III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Zvi ¼ qc cc ; (2)
Zi1  jqc cc cotðkc Li Þ A. Sound absorption coefficient result

where Zi1 is the terminal impedance of the ith cavity and Li
is the length of the ith channel. Here, kc qc and cc are,
respectively, the complex wave number, complex air den-
sity, and complex sound speed in the equivalent channel
(Stinson, 1991).
For an infinitely long neck with a diameter di, the
impedance per unit length is (Stinson and Shaw, 1985)
jqxJ0 ðjdi =2Þ
Zni ¼ ; (3)
J2 ðjdi =2Þ
where J0 and J2 are the zeroth-order and the second-order
Bessel function of the first kind. j ¼ jqx/g, where g is the
dynamic viscosity of air, and x is the angular frequency. In
addition, end correction of the acoustic mass, which comes
from the sound radiation of the neck into a free space, makes
the effective length of the aperture increase by di 0 ¼ 8di =3p.
Furthermore, if the neck is backed by a coiled channel, the
end correction should be corrected as di ¼ 8  ð1  1:25eÞ
di =3p, where e ¼ di =minðw; h0 Þ is the ratio of the neck’s
diameter to the narrower side of the coiled channel.
Meanwhile, the end correction of the acoustic resistance
produced by the friction loss gives the additional part of the
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
acoustic resistance as 2xqg. Thus, the acoustic impedance
of the recessed neck contributing to the rectangular channel
can be calculated,
 
ti qxJ0 ðjdi =2Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Zni ¼ u1 j þ 2 2xqg þ 2jxqdi : (4)
J2 ðjdi =2Þ
Here, u1¼ A1/A2, and A1 and A2 are the cross-
sectional areas of the rectangular cavity and recessed
neck, respectively. Note that for the last cavity of the
channel (the Nth), since one side of the recessed neck radi-
ates toward the free space and the other side is backed by
the cavity, the end correction is expressed by dN ¼ ½1
þð1  1:25eÞ  ð4=3pÞdN . According to the acoustic the-
ory, the acoustic impedance of a rectangular channel with
a rigid boundary terminal is Zv1 ¼ jqc cc cotðkc L1 Þ. The
recessed necks and the cavities can be equivalent to a
series impedance model by the equivalent acoustic circuit,
so that the impedance Zi of the ith cavity can be obtained
by an iterative method; it can be expressed as Zi ¼ Zni
þ Zvi . The input impedance of the metasurface can be esti-
mated as Z ¼ ZN =u2 , where u2 ¼ A2/ A3, and A3 is the sur-
face area of incidence.
The proposed metasurface has adjustable parameters for
designing the quasi-perfect multi-order sound absorptions.
The structural parameters of the designed metasurfaces are
shown in Table I, where the parameters are obtained from the
overall impedance optimization. The samples with a diameter
of 100 mm are fabricated by the three-dimensional (3D)
printing technique. The samples are mounted into a Br€uel &
Kjær (Nærum, Denmark) 4206 T impedance tube, and the
absorption coefficient is measured by using the standard
transfer-function method complying with ASTM C384-
04(2011) and ASTM E1050-12. Figure 2(a) shows the single-
chamber metasurface supporting a perfect absorption peak,
which is equivalent to the traditional Helmholtz resonator.
The absorption ability of the higher peak stemming from the
higher resonant mode of the system becomes weaker. By
introducing an additional perforated plate with a recessed
neck, the dual-chamber metasurface possesses more imped-
ance adjustment parameters and increases the degree of
freedom of impedance tenability. It can realize enhanced
second-order and third-order absorption, supporting perfect
absorption peaks of 146, 362, and 838 Hz, where the peak
absorption coefficients are all above 0.99 [Fig. 2(b)].
Furthermore, this metasurface is equivalent to two Helmholtz
resonators connected in series, but it can arouse three perfect
absorption peaks, breaking the traditional limitation that the
number of perfect absorption peaks is controlled by the num-
ber of resonators. The thickness of the metasurface is 30 mm
(h ¼ h0 þ 2b); it is only about 1/78 of the wavelength of
the lowest absorption peak frequency. A comparison of the
absorption coefficients between the analytical model and the
experiment is also shown in Fig. 2(b), where good agreement
is observed. The dual-chamber metasurface demonstrates
effective deep-subwavelength impedance control ability for
multi-order perfect acoustic absorption.
Further, we prove that this kind of breakthrough can be
replicated and show that the proposed metasurface has a
superior capability of impedance manipulation. By employ-
ing more perforated partitions with recessed necks, the
metasurface can increase the number of absorption peaks
and modulate the resonant frequency of high-order absorp-
tion. Figure 2(c) shows the absorption coefficient of the tri-
chamber metasurface with four absorption peak frequencies
of 146, 442, 653, and 1374 Hz, respectively, where the
sound absorption coefficients are all above 0.98, and the
fourth-order absorption peak is in the right-hand inset. In

TABLE I. Geometric parameters of the four experimental samples shown in Fig. 2 (unit: mm). L and b are fixed at 457.2 and 1 mm.

Samples L1 L2 L3 h0 t1 d1 t2 d2 t3 d3 t4 d4

Single-chamber — — — 28 5.2 5.7 — — — — — —

Dual-chamber 174.7 — — 28 34.3 7.4 5 11 — — — —
Tri-chamber 153.6 128.9 — 28 22.8 10 25.5 9.4 1.5 11 — —
Four-chamber 120 108.5 100.1 28 23.9 9.6 20.6 10.4 17 10.3 1.5 11

14 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150 (1), July 2021 Kong et al.

 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005134
FIG. 2. (Color online) Simulated and measured absorption spectra of the multi-order metasurface. Insets: Sketches of the intermediate layer and photographs
of the fabricated sample. (a) Absorption spectra of the single-chamber metasurface. (b) Absorption spectra of the dual-chamber metasurface. (c) Absorption
spectra of the tri-chamber metasurface and fourth-order absorption peak (inserted). (d) Absorption spectra of the metasurface with four chambers.
this tri-chamber design, it is equivalent to a three-layer
Helmholtz cavity, but it has four quasi-perfect absorption
peaks, verifying this breakthrough once again. Moreover,
the working frequency of the third absorption is effectively
moved to a lower frequency range compared to that in the
dual-chamber design. This tunability also shows the excel-
lent capability of impedance manipulation. Then we employ
a more tunable spiral metasurface with a four-chamber
design to generate an additional absorption peak in the low-
frequency range below 1000 Hz. Figure 2(d) shows the
sound absorption coefficients of the four-chamber metasur-
face, which has four absorption peaks at 146, 417, 671, and
921 Hz, respectively. This tunability shows the excellent
capability of impedance manipulation. The discrepancy
between the measurement and the prediction in the rela-
tively high-frequency range might stem from fabrication
error and the existing gap between the samples and the
impedance tube, which are more sensitive to sound with a
small wavelength. These results show that the introduction
of perforated partitions with recessed necks in the spiral
channel can break through the limitation of the number of
traditional equivalent cavities and can generate more perfect
absorption peaks without changing the shape of the metasur-
face. Furthermore, the higher the freedom of impedance
manipulation, that is, the more perforated partitions with
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150 (1), July 2021
recessed necks, the stronger the tuning ability of the
metasurface.
B. Sound absorption mechanism
In resonant structures, to obtain high sound absorption
efficiency, it is not only necessary to properly match the
impedance; there must also be an ability to dissipate the
incident energy. To analyze the energy dissipation mecha-
nism, we used the finite element method (FEM) software
COMSOL Multiphysics for acoustic simulation with the preset
acoustic thermoacoustic interaction module. We investi-
gated the local velocity field of the four-chamber metasur-
face at the resonant frequencies, as shown in Fig. 3. This
indicates that the velocity of air particles in recessed necks
is much larger than that in the spiral channel, indicating that
the energy dissipation is mainly concentrated in the recessed
necks. Furthermore, suggesting that the recessed necks are
in series to absorb sound, all of the recessed necks have a
specific contribution for absorption ability at each resonant
frequency.
We further investigated the influence of the geometric
parameters of the recessed necks on the sound absorption
coefficients. Taking the dual-chamber metasurface with two
recessed necks as an example, Figs. 4(a)–4(c) show the
Kong et al. 15

FIG. 3. (Color online) Local velocity field distributions of the four-chamber
metasurface at four different resonant frequencies of (a) f ¼ 145 Hz, (b) f
¼ 417 Hz, (c) f ¼ 664 Hz, and (d) f ¼ 893 Hz.
absorption coefficient with the change of the length t1 and
diameter d1 of the recessed neck [the blue part of the inset in
Fig. 2(b)] at 146, 362, and 838 Hz, respectively. In this case,
the shape of the front recessed neck [the red part of the inset
in Fig. 2(b)] is fixed as t2 ¼ 5 mm and d2 ¼ 11 mm. The
optimization results show that when t1 ¼ 34.3 mm and d1
¼ 7.3 mm, the absorption coefficients of the three frequen-
cies are the maximum value together, represented by white
FIG. 4. (Color online) The absorption coefficient as a function of length t1 and diameter d1 of the internal recessed neck designed for a targeted frequency at
(a) f ¼ 146 Hz, (b) f ¼ 362 Hz, (c) f ¼ 838 Hz. The absorption coefficient as a function of length t2 and diameter d2 of the external recessed neck designed
for a targeted frequency at (d) f ¼ 146 Hz, (e) f ¼ 362 Hz, (f) f ¼ 838 Hz.
16 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150 (1), July 2021
https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005134
pentagrams. Figures 4(d)–4(f) show the absorption coeffi-
cients with the change of t2 and d2 at 146, 362, and 838 Hz,
respectively, and the shape of the recessed neck is fixed at
t1 ¼ 34.3 mm, d1 ¼ 7.3 mm. When t2 ¼ 5 mm and d2
¼ 11 mm, the absorption coefficients of the three frequen-
cies are the maximum value together. We use the white line
as the dividing line for the absorption coefficient of 0.9. A
larger adjustment range of the parameter can be seen on the
corresponding graph at each frequency, which helps to
determine the parameter value that can be quasi-perfectly
absorbed by other frequencies. In addition, as shown in Fig.
4, to maintain the same absorption effect at each absorption
frequency, the diameter of the recessed neck is positively
correlated with the length of the recessed neck. Moreover,
only four parameters with four degrees of freedom are stud-
ied here, and the parameters such as channel length L, chan-
nel height h0, and channel width w are fixed due to the
constant external shape. Therefore, using the proposed
method to design a tunable third-order metasurface will be
achieved easily.
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we propose a multi-order sound-absorb-
ing spiral metasurface with a series of sub-cavities and
recessed necks, which can break through the limitation of
the number of equivalent cavities and arouse more perfect
absorption peaks without changing the shape of the
Kong et al.
 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005134
metasurface. The analytical formulas for predicting the
absorption coefficient of the spiral metasurface are derived,
and their reliability is verified by experiments. The introduc-
tion of a recessed neck on each perforated partition provides
more adjustment parameters for the metasurface sound
absorber, which can more flexibly design multi-order sound
absorption effects. Owing to the superior impedance manip-
ulation of the presented metasurface, the overall optimiza-
tion method can be effective to design the structures for
anticipated absorption performances and realize desired
modulation on each absorption order in the dual-chamber,
tri-chamber, and four-chamber designs, where the thickness
of the multi-order metasurfaces is only 1/78 of the lowest
working wavelength. We also investigate the relationship
between the geometric parameters of the recessed necks and
the sound absorption performance. In addition to the tunable
multi-order sound absorption achieved in this study, we also
believe this work will have an impact on broadband sound
absorption and have wide and potential application pros-
pects in the noise-reduction field with only a few dominating
noise modes, such as aero-engines and substations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11774081 and
11704284), the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship by
CAST (Grant No. 2018QNRC001), the Innovation Funding
of National Marine Defense Technology Innovation Center,
and the Stable Supporting Fund of Acoustic Science and
Technology Laboratory. D.K. and S.H. contributed equally
to this work.
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