MASONRY & FINISHING Thus, due to its numerous advantages stone masonry is

REPORT BY: widely used.

GIBB GRAJO
TYPES OF STONE MASONRY
JAMES GUARDIARIO
1. RUBBLE MASONRY
TYPES OF MASONRY 2. ASHLAR MASONRY
• MATERIALS USED IN MASONRY
BRICK MASONRY - Brick masonry is done with burnt
• QUANTITY & LABOR ESTIMATION
clay bricks, which suggests a certain quality of the unit
• FOR CONCRETE MASONRY
and hence a good performance. Though, even if a good
• SPECIAL TYPE OF CONCRETE
quality of mortar is used, the tensile strength is very
• HOLLOW BLOCKS limited. The size, position and number of openings will
play a major role in the performance of brick masonry.
MASONRY - Masonry is the building of structure from BLOCK MASONRY
individual units laid in and bound together.
• Solid Concrete - Due to wide usage of clay for
The common materials of masonry construction are
making bricks, which otherwise destroys the
bricks, stones, marble, granite, limestone, cast stone,
fertile soil of the earth, the usage of block has
concrete block, glass block, stucco and tile.
became popular. Solid concrete block are heavy
TYPES OF MASONRY in weight yet it provides a good stability. For
large work of masonry like load bearing walls
A. Based on Masonry Unit Used these solid blocks are desirable.
1. Stone Masonry • Hollow Concrete - As the solid concrete weigh
more, leading to more need of steel in RCC
2. Brick Masonry structure, and as it also requires more
3. Block Masonry manpower to lift it therefore the hollow
concrete blocks have come in use. It is specially
4. Veneer Masonry suited for low cost houses.
• AAC Autoclaved Concrete Block Masonry -
5. Gabion Masonry
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete masonry unit is a
6. Composite Masonry lightweight, load bearing, high insulating. It is a
durable building product. It overcomes the
7. Reinforced Masonry
limitation of hollow concrete blocks particularly
8. Bagged Concrete Masonry in respect to concealed plumbing, electrical
conduits etc. It is using fly ash, hence, it is a
B. Based on Bonding Materials Used
green and environment friendly material.
1. Masonry in Cement Mortar
VENEER MASONRY - Veneer masonry is a favoured
2. Masonry in Lime Mortar choice for home building and remodelling, because
it gives an appearance of a solid brick or stone wall
3. Masonry in Mud Mortar while providing better economy and insulation. It
BASED ON MASONRY UNIT USED can be used as an addition to traditional wood
frame structures and can be placed on concrete
STONE MASONRY- No any other construction material is block walls.
as durable, strong or weather resistant as stone. Stone
is rarely affected by the normal day to day actions that GABION MASONRY - Gabion are baskets, usually of
leave wear and tear on other construction materials. zinc-protected steel (galvanized steel) that are filled
Stone does not swell, bend, warp, splinter, or dent. with fractured stone of medium size. Gabions have
Wind, rain, hail, sleet and snow do not affect stone. the advantage of being both well drained and
 flexible, and resistant to horizontal pressure, flood,
water flow from above, frost damage and soil flow.
COMPOSITE MASONRY - When masonry is constructed
with two or more types of building materials is known
as composite masonry
The composite masonry may be adopted due to
following two reasons.
• Improvement in the appearance of building.
• Use of available materials to obtain maximum
economy.
REINFORCED MASONRY - Reinforced masonry is a
construction system where steel reinforcement in the
form of reinforcing bars or mesh is placed in the mortar
or placed in the holed filled with concrete or grout.
Reinforced masonry is stronger and able to resist lateral
loading better than plain masonry.
BAGGED CONCRETE MASONRY - A low grade concrete
is place in woven plastic sacks similar to that used for
sandbags and then emplaced. It was then watered and
became a series of artificial stone that conform to one
another and to adjacent soil and structure. This type of
masonry is used to protect the entrances and exits of
water conduits where road passes over stream or dry
wash.
BASED ON BONDING MATERIAL USED
CEMENT MORTAR - Mixing of cement with sand and
water will result in a paste more commonly known as
cement mortar. The primary function of cement mortar
is to combine varying sizes of masonry units for a
smoother surface finish. For its wide uses and benefits,
cement mortar owes its strength and durability to its
balanced and well mix properties. Cement mortar gives
compressive strength to meet the standards of wide
array of masonry and construction application.
LIME MORTAR - Lime mortar is made of lime (hydraulic
or non-hydraulic), water and sand. Lime mortar today is
generally used in conservation of existing old buildings
or recreation of new ones using traditional methods.
The porous and soft properties of lime mortar provide
certain advantages when working with softer building
materials such as natural stone or terracotta.
MUD MORTAR - The first mortar was made up of mud.
Mud breathes and creates a wonderful warm
atmosphere inside home in a way that concrete never
can. However, mud isn’t as water resistant as Portland
cement, it needs a roof over it to protect it from heavy
rain.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CONRETE MASONRY PRICE
PRICE OF CONCRETE MASONRY
1. What is being built with the masonry units
2. The standard of workmanship required
3. The size and weight of masonry units being used
4. The kind of mortar being used
5. The kind of bond being used
6. The complexity of the design of the work
7. The presence or lack of repetition in the work
8. The availability of workers skilled in the masonry
trade
MATERIALS USED IN CONCRETE MASONRY
CONCRETE
ADVANTAGE:
• Due to the sheer size and density of concrete
blocks, walls can be built quickly.
• If filled with concrete, blocks can have a high
insulation factor which will reduce utility cost.
DISADVANTAGE:
• Concrete blocks increase the amount of steel
required in reinforced cement structures.
• Plumbing issues are harder to solve when they
occur in a concrete masonry structure.
BRICK
ADVANTAGE:
• Resistant to fire
• Provides superior wind and moisture resistance
• Can be constructed to veneer
DISADVANTAGE:
• Due to its weight, stress can be placed on both
the structure and foundation of your home
• Repairs can be expensive
 • Once you’ve chosen your look, it’s very difficult 6. The steel reinforcements and the wires to be
to change. treated separately.

STONE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE QUANTITY OF MATERIALS

ADVANTAGE: • Improper measure of aggregates during the

block laying work.
• Stone, similar to brick, is durable, fireproof, bug
proof and free of moisture. • Sometimes the mason prepares a box for
measuring sand and gravel not in accordance
• Stone is very attractive, virtually maintenance
with the specified measurement.
free and with so many different natural color
available. • Addition of cement to over exposed mixed
mortar not used or applied on time.
• Can be constructed to veneer
• The excess mortar for installation of hollow
DISADVANTAGE:
blocks are usually dumped in a certain corner of
• Stone walls are thick and heavy, reducing floor the construction site.
space. It also have high self weight, combined
QUANTITY ESTIMATION FOR CONCRETE MASONRY
with low flexural strength, tensile strength and
seismic resistance. TABLE 2-1
Quantity of Cement and Sand for Mortar and Plaster
• Stone masonry is time consuming and it
Mixture per Cubic Meter.
requires skilled workers.

CONCRETE CLASS MIXTURE CEMENT in BAGS SAND

CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS (cu. m)
40 kg. 50 kg.
Concrete hollow blocks are classified as load bearing
and non load bearing blocks.
A 1:2 18.0 14.5 1.0
Load bearing blocks

• Thickness ranges from 15cm to 20 cm. B 1:3 12.0 9.5 1.0

• Used to carry load aside from its own weight.
C 1:4 9.0 7.0 1.0
Non-bearing blocks

• Thickness ranges from 7.5cm to 10cm. D 1:5 7.5 6.0 1.0

• Intended for walls, partitions, fences or dividers
that carrying its own weight.

ESTIMATING HOLLOW BLOCK WORKS TABLE 2-2

1. Quantity of the concrete hollow blocks. Quantity of Cement and Sand for CHB mortar per Cubic
Meter.
2. Quantity of the cement and sand for block
laying mortar.

3. Quantity of the cement and sand for mortar to

fill the hollow cell of every block.

4. The cement and sand required for plastering

one or two sides of the blocks.

5. The material for CHB footing and concrete posts

as required.
Example 1.
From Figure 2-2, determine the;
a) Number of 10 x 20 x 40 cm. concrete hollow
blocks
b) Required materials of mortar for block laying
c) Required materials of mortar filler for hollow cell
d) Required materials of mortar for plastering
e) Required materials of footing, using class “B”
mixture
TABLE 2-3
Quantity of Cement, Sand and Gravel for CHB Footing
per Linear Meter.

TABLE 2-4
Quantity of Cement and Sand for Plastering per Square
Meter.
TABLE 2-5
Quantity of Cement and Sand per 100 CHB Mortar.

LABOR ESTIMATION FOR CONCRETE MASONRY

TABLE 2-6
Quantity of Cement and Sand per 100 CHB Plastering.

SPECIAL TYPE OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

TABLE 2-7
Quantity of Cement and Sand per 100 CHB Mortar.

QUANTITY ESTIMATION FOR BRICK MASONRY

BRICK -For the rate analysis of brick masonry, we will

consider 1 cubic meter of brick masonry.

1. Number of bricks for 1 cubic meter of brick

masonry. For one cubic meter of brick masonry,
the number of standard size of bricks required is
494.
2. Quantity of mortar for 1 cubic meter of brick
masonry. For 1 cubic meter of brick masonry,
the quantity of mortar required is 25-30 %
(0.25m³ - 0.3m³) of cement masonry.

BRICK

MASON - The quantity of mason required for 1 cubic

meter of brickworks is takes as 0.94 days.

LABOUR - The quantity of labour for various works like

carriage of materials, mixing of mortar, transporting of
mortar etc. are clubbed. The labour required for 1 cubic
meter of brickwork is 1.57 days.

STONE

ADOBE STONE - Adobe stone is ordinarily used as

fencing materials as substitute to the concrete hollow
blocks for economic reasons. Lately, the used of adobe
stone was no longer limited to the ordinary zocalo and
fencing work but also extensively used as finishing and
decorative purposes for the exterior and interior of
building structures.
TABLE 2-8

Quantity of Cement and Sand per 100 Adobe Mortar.

TABLE 2-9
Quantity of stone, cement and sand for buttresses and footings.

TABLE 2-10
Quantity of Cement and Sand for plastering per square
meter.
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
TABLE 2-11
Quantity of Decorative Blocks, Cement and Sand for
Block Laying mortar.

TABLE 2-11
Quantity of Cement and Sand for Various type of Bricks
and Stone per One Hundred Blocks.
SUMMARY:

• Masonry and finishing are crucial components

of civil engineering as they play a vital role in
ensuring the strength, durability, and aesthetic
appeal of a building or structure. Masonry
involves the construction of walls, columns, and
other elements using materials such as brick,
concrete blocks, and stone, while finishing
involves the application of various coatings,
paints, and textures to enhance the appearance
of the building.

• Masonry provides the structural integrity of a

building by supporting its weight and resisting
external forces such as wind, earthquakes, and
other natural calamities. Properly constructed
masonry work can also provide insulation and
fire resistance, increasing the safety and
comfort of the occupants.

• Finishing, on the other hand, adds to the

aesthetics and functionality of a building. It
involves the application of coatings and finishes
that provide protection against weathering,
moisture, and other environmental factors.
Finishing also enhances the durability of
masonry work by preventing the erosion of the
underlying materials.

-end