Cyber Space

Unit 1 – Basics of Internet

 Basics Internet Architecture

..
Firewall
 Web Server

● ..
 Features of Web Server
● Logging
● Hosting one or many domains
● Authorization
● Caching
● Bandwidth throttling
● HTTP error message
● URL redirection
● …
 Types of Web Server
● Web Server
● Application Server (runs servlet)
(require web server)
● Mail Server
● FTP Server
● Database Server
 Web Server Technologies

● Client side: HTML, Cascading Style Sheet, Javascript,

AJAX
● Server Side:
● Programming language PHP, ASP.NET,
● Content Mgmt System DBMS, Wodpress, Droopal, Joomla
● Web server NGIX, Apache, IIS
● Server side follows CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete
of server resources)
Key Performance Indicators of Web
Server

● Requests / connections per second

● Response time
● Cache hit/miss
● Security (physical, network, host, cookies)
● Load balancing
 Databases
● Flat File (eg, Notepad, Msword)
● Relational Database (eg, Mysql, Oracle)
● Graph Database (eg, AWS Neptune)
● Key-Value Database (eg, Mongodb,
Cassandra)
TCP IP Protocol Stack
TCP IP Protocol Stack
 Understanding TCP through
Sockets

● Ref: https://w3.cs.jmu.edu/kirkpams/OpenCSF/Books/csf/html/TCPSockets.html#getrequestex
Understanding TCP through Sockets

Ref: https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/i/7.3?topic=programming-how-sockets-work
WWW
 Broswer

● Requests: GET to retrieve info, POST to send data to server, PUT to

replace or update data in server, DELETE

● Response: Informational responses ( 100 – 199 ) Successful

responses ( 200 – 299 ) Redirection messages ( 300 – 399 ) Client
error responses ( 400 – 499 )
HTTP
HTML
 Example HTML Request and
Response

● Ref: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Messages#start_line
 Example HTML Request and
Response

● Ref: https://w3.cs.jmu.edu/kirkpams/OpenCSF/Books/csf/html/TCPSockets.html#getrequestex
HTTP vs HTTPS
HTTP vs HTTPS
 Security
● In an asymmetric key
encryption scheme, anyone
can encrypt messages
using a public key (verified
from Certificate Authority)
● Only the holder of the paired
private key can decrypt
such a message.
● The security of the system
depends on the secrecy of
the private key, which must
not become known to any
Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography
other.
 Secure Socket Layer
Transport Layer Security
 Secure Socket Layer
(Transport Layer Security)
Digital Signature vs Digital Certificate

● Ref: https://cheapsslsecurity.com/blog/digital-signature-vs-digital-certificate-the-difference-explained/
Digital Signature vs Digital Certificate
Domain Name Server
 IP Address Version 4

● IPv4 uses a 32-bit address space. This means that there can be only
2^32(4,294,967,296) unique public addresses.
● Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 identify network part and host part
 Email
● SMTP
● POP /
IMAP
 Web Browser
● HTTP
● HTTPS
● HTML
● COOKIE
 Search Engine
● Google
● Bing
● …
 Types of Computer Attacks

● Distributed Denial of Service (Mirai botnet)

● Malware (Wannacry ransomeware)
● Phishing (email that seems to come from bank)
● Man-in the-Middle Attack (no VPN no WiFi
password)
● SQL Injection
 Questions
● HTML is the language used to create web pages.
● The "@" symbol is used to separate the username and domain name in an
email address.
● Cookies are small files stored on a user's computer that can track their
internet activity.
● The term "viral" in the context of the internet comes from the way viruses
spread and replicate.
● HTTPS is a secure protocol that encrypts data transmitted between a web
browser and a website.
● Two-factor authentication requires users to provide two forms of identification
to access an account or system.
● Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are used to encrypt data and provide a
secure connection over the internet.
● The term "firewall" refers to a security system that monitors and controls
incoming and outgoing network traffic.
 Social Media
● Twitter
● Facebook
● Whatsapp
● Linkedin
● Utube
● Instagram
● Pinterest
 Social Network

Ref: Wikipedia
 Social network analysis of the international collaboration
among the top 30 high productive countries, the size of circles
indicates the Degree of Centrality of countries, and the width
of the edges indicate the times of collaboration.

Ref: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Social-network-analysis-of-the-international-collaboration-among-the-top-30-high_fig2_356746783
 Social Media Features
● Purpose ● Image Filter
● Audience ● Algorithm
● Character Limit ● Livestreaming
● Message Type ● Follow/Friend
(Synchronous,
● Privacy
Asynchronous)
● Profile
● Video
● Application Programming
● Advertisement
Interface
● Hashtag
Unit 2 - eCommerce
 Overview of e-commerce
1. E-commerce is the buying and selling of
products or services online using the internet.
2. It allows businesses to reach a global audience
and customers to shop from anywhere at any
time.
3. There are several types of e-commerce, including
business-to-business (B2B),
business-to-consumer (B2C),
consumer-to-consumer (C2C), and
consumer-to-business (C2B).
 Overview of e-commerce
1. E-commerce platforms and marketplaces, such as
Amazon, eBay, and Shopify, provide businesses
with the tools to set up and manage their online
stores.
 Overview of e-commerce
● Logistics and supply chain management are
essential components of e-commerce, ensuring
timely and efficient delivery of goods to
customers.
● Digital marketing strategies are crucial for
e-commerce businesses to attract and retain
customers and increase sales.
● Data analytics and customer insights provide
businesses with valuable information about their
customers and their behavior.
 Overview of e-commerce
● Customer relationship management maintain
long-term relationships with customers.
● Legal and regulatory frameworks govern
e-commerce, including privacy laws, consumer
protection laws, and more.
● Mobile e-commerce, or m-commerce, has become
increasingly popular to shop on smartphones.
● Payment gateways and security measures are
critical for online transactions to protect sensitive
customer information.
 eCommerce Sales

https://www.searchlogistics.com/grow/statistics/ecommerce-statistics/
eCommerce Platform
eCommerce Marketplace
eCommerce Marketplace
 E-Commerce Models
● Dropshipping model is a retail fulfillment method where a store
doesn't keep the products it sells in stock. Instead, when a store sells
a product, it purchases the item from a third party and has it shipped
directly to the customer.

https://www.oberlo.com/blog/what-is-dropshipping
 E-Commerce Models
● Dropshipping model is a retail fulfillment method where a store
doesn't keep the products it sells in stock. Instead, when a store sells
a product, it purchases the item from a third party and has it shipped
directly to the customer.

● White labeling model is a practice where a product is created by

one company and rebranded and sold by another company as its
own.

● Subscription-based models offer customers access to products or

services on a recurring basis, such as a monthly subscription fee
(Spotify, Netflix).
 E-Commerce Models
● Freemium Model (Linkedin)

● Franchise Model (Macdonald)

● On-demand Model (Ola)

● Direct alse Model (Tupperware)

● Marketplace Model (Amazon)

● Platform Model (Spotify)

 Specific Revenue Models
● Product Sales
● Subscription
● Advertising
● Commission
● Licensing Patent, Trademark
● Freemium
● Amazon earns revenue through various sources, including product
sales, advertising fees, and subscription.
● Uber earns revenue by taking a percentage of the fare charged to
passengers for each ride.
 E-Commerce Models
● Investment and inventory: Dropshipping and subscription-based
models require little investment in inventory, as the products are
supplied by third parties. White label requires a larger investment in
inventory as the products are manufactured and branded by the
company.

● Profit margins: Dropshipping and subscription-based models

offer lower profit margins due to the higher costs associated with
third-party suppliers. White label offers higher profit margins as the
products are manufactured and branded by the company.

● Risks: Dropshipping and white label models have lower risks as

they require less investment in inventory. Subscription-based
models have higher risks as customers may cancel their
subscriptions, leading to a loss of revenue.
 Questions
1. E-commerce only refers to the buying and selling of physical
products?
2. E-commerce platforms and marketplaces only provide businesses
with tools for setting up their online stores?
3. E-commerce businesses can only operate on a single business
model?
4. Customer insights do provide businesses with valuable information
about their customers and their behavior?
5. Customer relationship management is not essential for e-commerce
businesses?
6. Payment gateways and security measures are not critical for online
transactions in e-commerce?
 Questions
1) Dropshipping models require the store to keep products in stock?
2) White labeling models require little investment in inventory.
3) Subscription-based models offer customers access to products on a
one-time basis.
4) Dropshipping models offer higher profit margins than white labeling
models.
5) Subscription-based models have lower risks than dropshipping
models.
6) White labeling models have higher risks than subscription-based
models.
7) Dropshipping and white labeling models require the same amount of
investment in inventory.
 Types of e-commerce: B2B, B2C,
C2B, C2C
● B2B: Alibaba,
● B2C: Amazon, Walmart
● C2B: Fiverr (freelancing)
● C2C: ebay, Airbnb
● C2G: (consumer grievance website)
● G2C: (tax website)
 E-commerce platforms and
marketplaces
● Some of the largest e-commerce platforms are
Amazon, Alibaba, eBay and marketplaces are
Airbnb and Fiverr.
● E-commerce platforms and marketplaces can be
differentiated by their business model, revenue
streams, and target audience.
● E-commerce platforms typically offer a range of
services, including payment processing, order
fulfillment, and marketing and advertising
tools.
 E-commerce platforms and
marketplaces
● Marketplaces, on the other hand, connect buyers
and sellers and often provide tools for managing
transactions and resolving disputes.

● Airbnb and Fiverr are considered marketplaces

rather than e-commerce platforms because they
primarily facilitate transactions between buyers
and sellers of services or experiences, rather
than physical products.
Airbnb Landing Page
Fiverr Landing Page
 Payment gateways and Security

● Payment gateways are software applications that

facilitate secure online transactions between
buyers and sellers.
● They act as intermediaries between the buyer’s
bank and the seller’s bank, processing payments
and transferring funds.
● Payment gateways encrypt sensitive information,
such as credit card numbers and personal details,
to protect against fraud and theft.
 Payment gateways and Security
● SSL encryption is a security protocol that encrypts
data transmitted between the user’s browser and
the server, ensuring that information cannot be
intercepted by unauthorized third parties.
● Tokenization replaces sensitive data with a unique
identifier, known as a token, which is used in place
of the original data for subsequent transactions.
● Two-factor authentication requires users to
provide two forms of identification to access their
account, such as a password and a security token.
 Payment gateways and Security
● Payment gateways must comply with various
regulatory requirements, such as GDPR
(General Data Protection Regulation) and PSD2
(Payment Services Directive 2)

● Payment gateways also use fraud detection tools

and PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data
Security Standard) compliance is a set of security
standards developed by major credit card
companies
 Payment Gateway and Security

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/website_development/website_development_ecommerce_payment_gateway.htm
 Payment Gateway and Security

https://www.checkout.com/blog/post/what-is-a-payment-gateway-and-how-does-it-work
 Payment Gateway and Security

https://www.checkout.com/blog/post/understanding-the-card-payment-lifecycle
 Payment Gateway and Security

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/9/3/66
 Payment Gateway and Security

https://razorpay.com/blog/online-payment-security/
 Questions
1. Contractors bid for B2B projects on government websites.
2. G2C is a type of e-commerce where government agencies sell
products or services to businesses.
3. Tokenization replaces sensitive data with the original data.
4. Two-factor authentication requires users to provide three forms of
identification to access their account.
5. PCI DSS compliance is not required for e-commerce businesses
that accept credit cards.
 E-commerce logistics and supply
chain management
● The last-mile delivery is a critical component of
e-commerce logistics and involves getting products
to customers' doorsteps in a timely and
cost-effective manner.

● E-commerce companies are increasingly using

data analytics to optimize their supply chain
operations, improve inventory management, and
enhance the overall customer experience.
 E-commerce logistics and supply
chain management
● Omni-channel retailing involves multiple channels
to shop and receive their purchases requires a
highly integrated and efficient supply chain.
● Technologies such as blockchain and artificial
intelligence (AI) are being used to improve
transparency, traceability, and security in
e-commerce logistics and supply chain
management.
● Cross-border e-commerce logistics presents
unique challenges, such as customs regulations,
language barriers, and delivery times.
 E-commerce logistics and supply
chain management
● Autonomous drones play an increasingly
important role in e-commerce logistics
● E-commerce companies are adopting sustainable
logistics practices such as electric vehicles,
optimizing delivery routes, reducing packaging
waste.
● Dynamic pricing, which involves adjusting prices
in real-time based on demand and supply, can be
used to optimize revenue and manage inventory in
e-commerce logistics.
 E-commerce logistics and supply
chain management
● The growing popularity of subscription-based
e-commerce models, such as subscription
boxes, requires a different approach to logistics
and supply chain management than traditional
e-commerce models. Eg, Stitch Fix: A clothing
subscription service that delivers personalized
styling recommendations and outfits.
● Reverse logistics, which involves handling
returns and exchanges, is a key part of
e-commerce logistics and can significantly
impact profitability.
 E-commerce logistics and supply
chain management

https://sandboxthoughts.substack.com/p/stitch-fix-strategy
 Case Study

https://sandboxthoughts.substack.com/p/stitch-fix-strategy
 Case Study

https://businessmodelanalyst.com/stitch-fix-business-model/
 Case Study

https://businessmodelanalyst.com/stitch-fix-business-model/
 Questions
1. Reverse logistics does not significantly impact profitability in
e-commerce.
2. Omni-channel retailing does not require a highly integrated and
efficient logistics and supply chain system.
3. Blockchain and AI technologies are not being used to improve
transparency, traceability, and security in e-commerce logistics and
supply chain management.
4. Subscription-based e-commerce models, such as subscription
boxes, require the same logistics and supply chain management
approach as traditional e-commerce models.
5. Delivery drones and autonomous vehicles will not play an
increasingly important role in e-commerce logistics.
 Digital marketing strategies for
e-commerce businesses
● Search engine optimization (SEO) is a crucial component of digital
marketing for e-commerce businesses, as it helps drive organic traffic
to their website.
● Pay-per-click (PPC) advertising allows e-commerce businesses to
place targeted ads on search engines and social media platforms to
attract potential customers.
● Social media marketing can help e-commerce businesses build
brand awareness, reach new customers, and foster customer loyalty.
● Email marketing remains an effective digital marketing strategy for
e-commerce businesses, allowing them to send targeted messages
to their subscribers to promote products and drive sales.
 Digital marketing strategies for
e-commerce businesses
● Influencer marketing involves partnering with influencers and
bloggers to promote products and services to their followers, helping
e-commerce businesses reach a wider audience and build brand
credibility.
● Affiliate marketing allows e-commerce businesses to partner with
publishers and influencers to promote their products and services,
paying a commission on any sales generated.
● Video marketing, such as product demos and tutorials, can help
e-commerce businesses showcase their products and build customer
trust.
● Personalization, such as targeted product recommendations and
personalized email campaigns, can help e-commerce businesses
improve customer engagement and drive sales.
 Digital marketing strategies for
e-commerce businesses
● User-generated content, such as customer reviews and social
media posts, can help e-commerce businesses build social proof
and credibility.
● Chatbots and artificial intelligence (AI) can help e-commerce
businesses provide personalized customer service and streamline
their operations.
● Retargeting, such as showing ads to customers who have
abandoned their shopping carts or visited certain product pages, can
help e-commerce businesses drive conversions and sales.
● A/B testing can help e-commerce businesses optimize their website
and marketing campaigns for better performance and higher
conversion rates.
 Digital marketing strategies for
e-commerce businesses

https://www.spiceworks.com/marketing/ecommerce/articles/what-is-ecommerce-marketing/
 Questions
1. PPC advertising is a way for e-commerce businesses to place
targeted ads on search engines and social media platforms.
2. Social media marketing can help e-commerce businesses build
brand awareness and reach new customers.
3. Influencer marketing involves partnering with influencers and
bloggers to promote products and services to their followers.
4. Affiliate marketing allows e-commerce businesses to pay a
commission on any sales generated from their partnership with
publishers and influencers.
5. Personalization can help e-commerce businesses improve customer
engagement and drive sales.
6. User-generated content can help e-commerce businesses build
social proof and credibility.
 Data analytics and customer
insights for e-commerce businesses
● Define clear business objectives: Before diving into data analytics,
it's important to define the specific business objectives that the
company wants to achieve.
● Collect relevant data: To gain insights into customer behavior,
e-commerce businesses need to collect relevant data. This can
include data on website traffic, sales, customer demographics, and
behavior.
● Use data visualization tools: Data visualization tools such as charts,
graphs, and dashboards can help e-commerce businesses make
sense of complex data and identify patterns and trends.
● Analyze customer behavior: Analyzing customer behavior can help
e-commerce businesses understand how customers interact with
their website, what products they are interested in, and what factors
influence their buying decisions.
 Data analytics and customer
insights for e-commerce businesses
● Use predictive analytics: Predictive analytics can help e-commerce
businesses identify potential customer behaviors and preferences,
allowing them to tailor their marketing and product offerings
accordingly.
● Identify customer segments: Identifying customer segments can
help e-commerce businesses understand the unique needs and
preferences of different customer groups and tailor their marketing
and product offerings accordingly.
● Use A/B testing: A/B testing can help e-commerce businesses test
different versions of their website, marketing campaigns, and product
offerings to determine what works best.
● Monitor customer feedback: Monitoring customer feedback, such
as reviews and ratings, can help e-commerce businesses identify
areas for improvement and make necessary changes to their
products and services.
 Data analytics and customer
insights for e-commerce businesses
● Use email marketing: Email marketing can be an effective way for
e-commerce businesses to stay in touch with customers and promote
new products and services.
● Utilize social media: Social media can be a valuable tool for
e-commerce businesses to engage with customers, build brand
awareness, and promote products and services.
● Use mobile optimization: With more and more customers using
mobile devices to shop online, e-commerce businesses need to
ensure that their website and marketing campaigns are optimized for
mobile.
● Track customer journeys: Tracking customer journeys can help
e-commerce businesses understand how customers interact with
their website and identify areas for improvement.
 Customer satisfaction and feedback

Net Promoter Score (NPS) measures customers’ long-term loyalty.

Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT) measures satisfaction at particular moments in the
customer journey.
Customer Effort Score (CES) measures customer satisfaction based on ease to complete a
specific task.
https://www.customer-alliance.com/en/resources/article/ecommerce-strategy-how-to-improve-customer-satisfaction/
 Questions
1. To gain insights into customer behavior, e-commerce businesses
need to collect relevant data. This can include data on website
traffic, sales, customer demographics, and behavior.
2. Data visualization tools such as charts, graphs, and dashboards can
help e-commerce businesses make sense of complex data and
identify patterns and trends.
3. A/B testing can help e-commerce businesses test different versions
of their website, marketing campaigns, and product offerings to
determine what works best.
4. Tracking customer journeys can help e-commerce businesses
understand how customers interact with their website and identify
areas for improvement.
Customer relationship management
in e-commerce
● Personalization: E-commerce businesses can use customer
relationship management (CRM) to personalize the shopping
experience, tailoring product recommendations, promotions, and
communication to individual customers based on their browsing and
purchase history.
● Loyalty programs: CRM can help e-commerce businesses create
and manage loyalty programs, offering rewards and incentives to
repeat customers.
● Customer segmentation: Using CRM, e-commerce businesses can
segment customers based on various characteristics such as
purchasing behavior, demographic information, and geographic
location. This helps them better understand their customer base and
tailor their marketing efforts accordingly.
Customer relationship management
in e-commerce
● Cross-selling and upselling: CRM can help e-commerce
businesses identify cross-selling and upselling opportunities,
recommending complementary products to customers based on their
past purchases.
● Customer support: CRM can be used to manage customer support
interactions, ensuring that customer inquiries and issues are resolved
quickly and efficiently.
● Retargeting campaigns: E-commerce businesses can use CRM to
create retargeting campaigns, showing ads to customers who have
visited their website but haven't made a purchase.
● Customer feedback: CRM can be used to collect and analyze
customer feedback, helping e-commerce businesses identify areas
for improvement and make necessary changes to their products and
services.
Customer relationship management
in e-commerce

https://www.scnsoft.com/ecommerce/ecommerce-crm
Customer relationship management
in e-commerce

https://www.whsuites.com/ecommerce-crm-software-in-india/
 Customer relationship management
in e-commerce

https://www.ecommerce-digest.com/customer-relationship-management.html
 CRM Softwares
● Salesforce
● Zoho CRM
● Pipedrive
● Agile CRM
● Insightly
● Microsoft Dynamics 365
● SugarCRM
 Questions
1. E-commerce businesses can use CRM to personalize the shopping
experience.
2. CRM cannot be used to create and manage loyalty programs.
3. CRM cannot be used to identify cross-selling and upselling
opportunities.
4. E-commerce businesses cannot use CRM to create retargeting
campaigns.
5. CRM cannot be used to collect and analyze customer feedback.
6. E-commerce businesses cannot tailor their marketing efforts based
on customer segmentation.
7. E-commerce businesses cannot use CRM to improve the overall
customer experience.
 Mobile e-commerce and
m-commerce trends
● Mobile payment options: E-commerce businesses are adopting
mobile payment options such as Apple Pay, Google Wallet, and
PayPal to make it easier for customers to complete purchases on
their mobile devices.
● Mobile apps: E-commerce businesses are creating mobile apps that
offer a seamless shopping experience, with features such as
personalized recommendations, easy navigation, and one-click
checkout.
● Mobile chatbots: Mobile chatbots are becoming increasingly popular
in e-commerce, providing customers with instant support and
assistance in the shopping process.
● Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): AR and VR
technologies are being used in mobile e-commerce to provide
customers with immersive shopping experiences, allowing them to
visualize products before making a purchase.
 Mobile e-commerce and
m-commerce trends
● Social media shopping: E-commerce businesses are leveraging
social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook
● Mobile loyalty programs: E-commerce businesses are adopting
mobile loyalty programs, offering customers rewards and incentives
● Mobile analytics: Mobile analytics are becoming increasingly
important for e-commerce businesses, allowing them to track mobile
website and app usage and identify areas for improvement.
● Mobile personalization: E-commerce businesses are using mobile
data to personalize the shopping experience for customers, tailoring
product recommendations and promotions based on individual
preferences and behavior.
● Voice-based shopping: Voice-based shopping is becoming more
prevalent in mobile e-commerce, with virtual assistants such as Alexa
and Siri allowing customers to make purchases hands-free.
 Questions
1. AR and VR technologies are being used in mobile e-commerce to
provide customers with immersive shopping experiences.
2. E-commerce businesses are leveraging social media platforms such
as Instagram and Facebook to offer customers shopping options.
3. Mobile analytics are becoming increasingly important for
e-commerce businesses, allowing them to track mobile website and
app usage and identify areas for improvement.
4. E-commerce businesses are using mobile data to personalize the
shopping experience for customers, tailoring product
recommendations and promotions based on individual preferences
and behavior.
5. Voice-based shopping is becoming more prevalent in mobile
e-commerce, with virtual assistants such as Alexa and Siri allowing
customers to make purchases hands-free.
E-commerce and the future of retail
● Rise of omnichannel retail: E-commerce businesses are adopting
an omnichannel approach that integrates online and offline channels
to provide a seamless shopping experience for customers. This
includes options such as buy online, pick up in-store (BOPIS)
● Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): AR and VR
technologies are being used in e-commerce to provide customers
with immersive shopping experiences, allowing them to visualize
products before making a purchase.
● Social commerce: Social media platforms are increasingly being
used for e-commerce, with businesses leveraging the popularity of
social media to sell products directly to customers.
● Sustainability: This includes eco-friendly packaging, sustainable
sourcing, and reducing the carbon footprint of shipping and logistics.
Survey of Pupular eCommerce Sites
● Amazon: Products ranges from books to electronics to clothing. It
has a loyal customer base and offers fast and convenient shipping
options, as well as its own payment and fulfillment services.
● Alibaba: Alibaba is the largest e-commerce platform in China and
one of the largest in the world. It offers a range of products and
services, including B2B and B2C marketplaces, payment services,
and cloud computing. It has a strong presence in Asia and is rapidly
expanding globally.
● Walmart: Walmart is one of the largest retailers in the world and has
been investing heavily in its e-commerce operations in recent years. It
offers a wide range of products and services, including grocery
delivery and pickup, and has been competing directly with Amazon.
Survey of Pupular eCommerce Sites
● eBay: eBay is an online marketplace that allows individuals and
businesses to buy and sell products. It has a strong focus on auctions
and second-hand goods, but also offers new products from
established retailers. It has a loyal customer base and offers a range
of payment and shipping options.

● Shopify: Shopify is a leading e-commerce platform that allows

businesses to create and manage their own online stores. It offers a
range of features, including payment processing, inventory
management, and marketing tools. It has become increasingly
popular in recent years, particularly among small and medium-sized
businesses.
 AR VR in eCommerce

https://www.threekit.com/blog/6-brands-using-augmented-reality-in-ecommerce
https://www.gearbrain.com/virtual-reality-shopping-online-future-2635011401.html
 Questions
1. How has the rise of e-commerce impacted traditional
brick-and-mortar retail businesses, and what strategies can these
businesses adopt to remain competitive in the current market?
2. In what ways can e-commerce businesses leverage customer data
to improve the shopping experience and increase customer loyalty?
3. How can e-commerce businesses effectively manage their supply
chain and logistics operations to ensure timely delivery and
minimize costs?
4. What are the ethical considerations surrounding data privacy and
security in e-commerce, and how can businesses ensure that they
are protecting their customers' personal information?
5. What role do social media platforms play in e-commerce, and how
can businesses effectively leverage these platforms to engage with
customers and drive sales?
Unit 3 - eGovernance
 What is eGovernance?
● As per UNESCO, "E-Governance involves new styles of
leadership, new ways of debating and deciding policy and
investment, new ways of accessing education, new ways
of listening to citizens and new ways of organizing and
delivering information and services".

https://webarchive.unesco.org/20161021003528/http:/portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=4404&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
https://edem-egov.org/docs/Chapter_1_eGov_Framework.pdf
 What is eGovernance?
● E-Governance is the application of
information communication technology
(ICT) for quick and reliable two-way
communication of information and services
between:
● Citizens or Customers
● Businesses
● Various government entities (e.g State,
Municipal-Local & Central Government)
 Benefits of E-Governance for
Citizens
● Enabling Citizen Participation in the Democratic
Process (eg, election process)
● Enhancing Accessibility to Government
Services and Information (eg, Bhoomi)
● Improving Public Safety and Security
(https://ksp.karnataka.gov.in/firsearch/en )
● Delivering Timely Services to Citizens in a
Cost-Effective Manner (exam results)
 Benefits of E-Governance for
Government Operations
● Increasing Efficiency and Effectiveness of
Government Operations (eg, Tax filing)
● Facilitating Data Collection and Analysis (eg,
Aadhaar)
● Making Better Decisions Based on Data-Driven
Insights (eg, Aadhaar)
 Benefits of E-Governance for
Sustainable Development
● Building Resilient and Healthy Communities
(eg, Cowin)
● Improving Environmental and Sustainability
Practices (https://parivesh.nic.in/ )
● Promoting Social Justice and Equity
(https://socialjustice.gov.in/scheme-cat )
● Improving Delivery of Public Works and
Infrastructure Services
(https://www.transport.telangana.gov.in/html/dri
ving-licence-addition-classes.html )
 Benefits of E-Governance for
Partnerships and Collaboration
● Building Partnerships with Other Governments
and Organizations
● Building Stronger Partnerships with Private
Sector and Civil Society Organizations
● Promoting Cultural Diversity and Understanding
● Protecting Human Rights and Promoting
Democracy
● Improving Delivery of International Cooperation
and Diplomacy Services
 Benefits of E-Governance for
Service Delivery
● Improving Delivery of Justice and Legal
Services
● Improving Delivery of Transportation Services
● Improving Delivery of Housing and Urban
Development Services
● Improving Delivery of Water and Sanitation
Services
● Improving Delivery of Tourism and Cultural
Services
 Benefits of E-Governance
● No physical signature, stamp, seal
● No paper
● No holiday
● No boundary of cities
● No public office
Benefits of eGovernment
(Self Service Kiosk)
 Types of eGovernance
(G2C)

Eg, Tax, Aadhar, Driving License

 Types of eGovernance
(G2B)
● Timely communication of business information
● Easy online access to government agencies
● Easy access to relevant forms
● Easy platform to do transaction
● Eg, Government Tender, License, Tax
 Types of eGovernance
(G2G)
● Easy electronic sharing of information
● Easy communication between government
agencies
● Eg:
● Banking software connecting banks
● Government notices
 Types of eGovernance
(G2E)
● Insurance (eg, LIC Customer app)
● Payslip
● Health Insurance ID Card
● Job Appointment Letter
● Pension
How is eGovernance Implemented?
 Challenges in eGovernment
● Kiosk agent IT training
● Citizen IT Training
● National citizen database (Aadhaar)
● IT security (eg, Digilocker, VPN)
● Electronic Money
Indian eGov Perspective
Indian eGov Perspective
 Indian eGov Perspective
● National Scholarships Portal
(https://scholarships.gov.in/ )
● PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely
Implementation) (https://pragati.nic.in/en/ )
● Jeevan Pramaan
● National Centre of Geo-informatics (NCoG)
● e-Education (SWAYAM MOOC)
Indian eGov Perspective
Indian eGov Perspective
Foreign eGov Perspective
 Mobile Governance
● Exam results
● Train / bus tickets
● Bank transaction
● Job vacancies
● Police Reporting
 Approaches to eGovernment
● Bottom up
● Panchayat, Municipality

● Top down
● Central Government

● Hybrid
 Stages of eGovernance

Tennakoon, Niranjala, E-GOVERNANCE WAY FORWARD: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. EVIDENCES FROM
SRI LANKA,
Unit 4 – IT Act
 IT Act of 2000
● Need for the Law
● Legal Issues Regarding the Offer, Acceptance,
and Conclusion of Contract
● Issues of Digital Signature
● Public Key Infrastructure
● Certifying Authority
 Preamble of IT Act 2000

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4545830/
Components of the Act
Components of the Act
Terms Defined in the Act
Challenges in eCommerce
Challenges in eCommerce
Confidentiality Challenges
Integrity Challenges
Availability Challenges
Common Hacking Techniques
Parameters of IT Security
Legal Recognition of Digital
Signature
 Public Key Cryptography
(Asymmetric Cryptography)

https://www.twilio.com/blog/what-is-public-key-cryptography
 Digital Signature
(for authentication, non-repudiation)

● Receiver needs to be sure that the public key really belongs to the
sender and Digital Certificates are used for that
Digital Certificate for Digital Signature
(for authentication, non-repudiation)

● Ref: https://cheapsslsecurity.com/blog/digital-signature-vs-digital-certificate-the-difference-explained/
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
(Network Layer of TCP/IP Stack)

https://www.hostinger.in/tutorials/what-is-vpn
 Steps in Virtual Private Network
1. Suppose your company has multiple locations and wants to secure the
transmitted data over the internet. It sets up a VPN server and provides
VPN client software to all its employees.

2. When an user wants to access company resources, they first launch the
VPN client software and authenticate themselves with their username
and password with the VPN server using a pre-shared key and digital
certificates. The VPN client software then establishes a secure,
encrypted connection with the VPN server using a VPN protocol, such
as OpenVPN, IPSec, PPTP, or SSL/TLS.

3. Once the tunnel is established, the employee can transmit data in a

secured way.
4. When the employee finish work, VPN connection is terminated and their
device returns to its regular internet connection.
 Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
Transport Layer Security(TLS)
(Transport Layer of TCP/IP Stack)
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
(Assurance of Public Key)

● Digital Certificate (X.509 Standard)

● Private Key tokens (store private key securely in client
PC)

● Certification Authority (due diligence of client)

● Certificate Management System (CA stores
certificates permanently for future)
Retention of Electronic Records
Applicability of the Act
Key Management
IT Security Procedure and Guidelines
IT Act Offences
Who is Liable?
Penalties
 eCommerce, Security, and IT Act

https://www.checkout.com/blog/post/what-is-a-payment-gateway-and-how-does-it-work
 Questions
1. The IT Act of India only covers electronic communication and
transactions?
2. The IT Act of India does not have any provisions related to data
privacy?
3. The IT Act of India does not apply to individuals and only regulates
businesses?
4. The IT Act of India provides legal recognition for digital signatures.
5. The IT Act of India allows the government to intercept electronic
communication in certain circumstances.
6. The IT Act of India does not have any provisions related to online
defamation?
7. The IT Act of India imposes criminal liability on intermediaries for
user-generated content?
 Questions
1. Stealing someone’s password by watching it when
typing?
2. Looking at someone’s private files?
3. Intercepting Wireless LAN secretly?
4. Impersonating (false identity) on a social network?
5. Sending thousands of client requests to a web
server in a short time?
6. Before the IT Act 2000, was digital signature legally
recognized?
7. Privacy is a subset of security ?
 Questions
● Does the IT Act has jurisdiction over contract for the
sale of immovable property?
● Does the IT Act has jurisdiction over the Indian
Succession Act 1925?
● Does the IT Act has jurisdiction over the Power of
Attorney Act 1882?
● Private Key is used to create digital signature?
● Public Key is used to verify digital signature?
● Public Key is mentioned in the Digital Certificate?
 Offences Under IT Act 2000
● Section 65: Tampering with source code
● Section 66: Hacking (destroy, delete, alter) with
computer system
● Section 67: Publishing obscene information
● Section 68: Certifying Authority will have to obey
the direction given by the Controller
 Offences Under IT Act 2000
● Section 69: The Controller may ask to decrypt
any information
● Section 74: Publication of fraud Digital
Signatures
● Section 75: Ofence committed outside India
● Section 76: Confiscation of hardware/software
2008 Amendment to the IT Act 2000
● Introduced Section 66A which penalized
sending offensive messages

● Introduced section 69 giving authorities power

of Interception or decrypting any IT information
 2018 Amendments
● Social media should publish rules, privacy policy
to stop users from engaging in objectionable online
material
● Online intermediaries should provide information
within 72 hours when asked by government
● The Originator of all online information must be
traceable
● Intermediary companies must appoint a nodal
person in India for 24x7 coordination with
government
 2018 Amendments
● Intermediary must remove any objectionable
content within 24 hours when asked by
government
● Intermediary must preserve online information for
at least 180 days
● Intermediary must report security incidents to
Indian Computer Emergency Response Team
● Intermediary must publish the name of grievance
officer and contact details on their website
 ISO 27001 Guidelines
● ISO 27001 is a standardized Information Security
Management System certification
● It was created to ensure high level of information
security in IT product, services, and processes
● It helps in securing Confidentiality, Integrity, and
Availability (CIA)
● It identifies risks and how to safeguard
● It sets objectives on what needs to be achieved
● Continuously measures the performance of guidelines
 Questions
1. Explain with diagram the concept of digital
signature and digital certificate
2. Mention some of the amendments to the Indian IT
Act 2000 and its benefits.
3. Explain the eCommerce Card Processing System
with diagram.
4. Explain Public Key Cryptography with diagram
5. Explain with a diagram the web client-server
architecture (eg. Email system)