QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
❖ Center on phenomenology and
comprehension
❖ Exploratory, inductive, and descriptive
❖ Natural observation without control
❖ Qualitative findings are non-measurable
❖ Has its origins in descriptive analysis,
collecting information from the specific
situation to a general conclusion
❖ Methods are based on different beliefs
and purposes
❖ Objective
➢ To gain an understanding of
underlying reasons and
motivations
➢ To uncover prevalent trends in
thought and opinion
❖ Sample:
➢ Usually a small number of
non-representative cases
❖ Data analysis
➢ Non-statistical
❖ Example:
➢ Focus Groups, individual depth
interviews, group discussions
QUALITATIVE DATA
❖ Consists of descriptive statements
❖ Text-based
❖ Statistical analysis is harder
❖ Collected using interviews, written
documents, observations
❖ Example: names, smell, and colors
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
❖ Based in probabilistic induction of logic
positivism
❖ Confirmatory, inferential, deductive
❖ Controlled and penetrating meditation
❖ Quantitative findings are measurable
❖ More closely associated with situation,
from general principles to specific
situations
❖ Methods are based on the collection and
analysis of numerical data, usually
obtained from questionnaires, tests,
checklists, and other formal
paper-and-pencil instruments
❖ Objective:
➢ To quantify data and generalize
results from a sample to the
population of interest
➢ Sometimes followed by qualitative
research which is used to explore
some findings further
❖ Sample:
➢ Usually a large number of cases
representing the population of
interest
❖ Data analysis:
➢ Statistical data is usually in the
form of tabulations (tabs)
❖ Example:
➢ Survey and simulations
QUANTITATIVE DATA
❖ Can be measured and expressed
numerically
❖ Number-based
❖ Statistical analysis is easier
❖ Collected using surveys, observations,
experiments, and interviews
❖ Example: scores, weight, and shoe size
PARTS OF CHAPTER 1
❖ INTRODUCTION
➢ Discusses 4 relevant ideas:
i. TOPIC or subject matter
ii. IMPORTANCE of the topic
iii. REASONS for choosing the
topic
iv. PURPOSE of the study
❖ BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
➢ Consists of statements on what led
the investigator to launch the
study
➢ Describe as clearly as possible the
problem intended to be addressed
and refer to the relevant literature
in the field
❖ STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
➢ Introduces the research question
or need for study
➢ May deal with any social/cultural
phenomenon
➢ Should start with an introductory
paragraph that will justify the
intent of the study and should be
closed with the research question
❖ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
➢ A tentative or theoretical
explanation of the phenomenon
and serves as the basis for the
formulation research hypotheses
➢ Consists of the investigator’s own
position on a problem after his
exposure to various theories that
have bearing on the problem
❖ THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
➢ The foundation of the research
study; highly related to theories
and principles that were
established and proven by
authorities
➢ The set of interrelated construct,
definitions, and prepositions that
presents a systematic view of
phenomena
❖ ASSUMPTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS
➢ Historical and descriptive
investigations do not need explicit
hypotheses and assumptions. Only
experimental studies need
expressly written assumptions
and hypotheses
➢ Assumptions - a belief that forms
one of the bases for the research.
This belief is not to be tested or
supported with empirical data
❖ SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
➢ Should include the following:
i. A brief statement of the
general purpose of the study
ii. The subject matter and
topics studied and discussed
iii. The locale of the study,
where the data were
gathered
❖ LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
➢ Include the weaknesses of the
study beyond the control of the
researcher
➢ The weaknesses spring out of the
inaccuracies of the perceptions of
the respondents
❖ DEFINITION OF TERMS
➢ Only terms, words, and phrases
which have special or unique
meanings in the study are defined
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
❖ Briefly introduce the chapter
❖ RRLS is a thorough review of prior studies
related to the topic
❖ The RRLS will determine the research gaps
❖ It must be comprehensive and relevant
❖ The review should include theoretical and
methodological information from the
previous studies
❖ STEPS:
a. Organize your note cards on how you
would want them to appear in the
chapter
b. Begin with writing the chapter while
including the surnames of authors
who provided sources for your study
and the publication date of their
work in parentheses
c. Edit and rewrite

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
❖ Research Design
❖ Research Subject/Participants
❖ Research Environment
❖ Research Instrument
❖ Data gathering techniques
❖ Data Analysis

TYPES OF RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
❖ QUANTITATIVE: (cause, determine,
relate, influence)
➢ Does A cause/correlate with B?
➢ Which is better A or B in terms of
diagnosis, treatment, or
prognosis?
❖ QUALITATIVE: (discover, understand,
explore, describe)
➢ What?
➢ How?
➢ Why?