Racism in Israel

Racism in Israel encompasses all forms and manifestations of racism experienced in Israel,
irrespective of the colour or creed of the perpetrator and victim, or their citizenship, residency, or
visitor status.

More specifically in the Israeli context, however, racism in Israel refers to racism directed against
Israeli Arabs by Israeli Jews,[1] intra-Jewish racism between the various Jewish ethnic divisions
(in particular against Ethiopian Jews),[2] historic and current racism towards Mizrahi Jews, and
racism on the part of Israeli Arabs against Israeli Jews.

Racism on the part of Israeli Jews against Muslim Arabs in Israel exists in institutional policies,
personal attitudes, the media, education, immigration rights, housing,[3] social life and legal
policies. Some elements within the Ashkenazi Israeli Jewish population have also been
described as holding discriminatory attitudes towards fellow Jews of other backgrounds,
including against Ethiopian Jews, Indian Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews, etc. Although
intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Sephardim/Mizrahim is increasingly common in Israel,
and social integration is constantly improving, disparities continue to persist. Ethiopian Jews in
particular have faced discrimination from non-Black Jews. It has been suggested that the
situation of the Ethiopian Jews as 'becoming white' is similar to that of some European
immigrants like Poles and Italians who arrived in the United States in the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries.[4]

Israel has broad anti-discrimination laws that prohibit discrimination by both government and
non-government entities on the basis of race, religion, and political beliefs, and prohibits
incitement to racism.[5] The Israeli government and many groups within Israel have undertaken
efforts to combat racism. Israel is a state-party to the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination, and is a signatory of the Convention against Discrimination in
Education. Israel's President Reuven Rivlin announced to a meeting of academics in October
2014 that it is finally time for Israel to live up to its promise as a land of equality, time to cure the
epidemic of racism. "Israeli society is sick, and it is our duty to treat this disease", Rivlin stated.[6]

Incidence

According to Sammy Smooha, a Professor of Sociology at the University of Haifa, the answer to
the question of whether racism exists in Israel depends on the definition of racism adopted. If
Pierre L. van den Berghe's view is adopted, that the term racism must be restricted to beliefs that
a given biological race is superior, then ethnocentrism can be found in Israel, but not racism.
According to other definitions, racism is a belief that membership in a certain group, not
necessarily genetic or biological, determines the qualities of individuals. By this definition, racist
views are present in portions of the Israeli population.[7] Smooha adds that some Arab and
Jewish writers make accusations of racism, but they use the term in a very loose way.[7]

A report written by the Israeli Foreign Ministry describes Israel as a multi-ethnic, multicultural,
multi-religious, and multi-lingual society, which has a high level of informal segregation patterns.
The report states that groups are not separated by official policy, but that Israel has a number of
different sectors within the society are somewhat segregated and maintain their strong cultural,
religious, ideological, and/or ethnic identity. The report maintains that in spite of the existing
social cleavages and economic disparities, the political systems and the courts represent strict
legal and civic equality. The Israeli Foreign Ministry describes the country as "Not a melting pot
society, but rather more of a mosaic made up of different population groups coexisting in the
framework of a democratic state".[8]

Groups subjected to racism

Racism against Arab citizens by Israeli Jews

Vandalized grave. The graffiti says "death to the Arabs" (‫מוות לערבים‬, mavet laArabim).

Racism against Arab citizens of Israel on the part of the Israeli state and some Israeli Jews has
been identified by critics in personal attitudes, the media, education, immigration rights, housing
segregation, and social life. Nearly all such characterizations have been denied by the state of
Israel. The Or Commission, set up to explain the October 2000 unrest in many Israeli Arab
communities found,

"The state and generations of its government failed in a lack of

comprehensive and deep handling of the serious problems created by the
existence of a large Arab minority inside the Jewish state. Government
handling of the Arab sector has been primarily neglectful and
discriminatory. The establishment did not show sufficient sensitivity to the
needs of the Arab population, and did not take enough action in order to
allocate state resources in an equal manner. The state did not do enough
or try hard enough to create equality for its Arab citizens or to uproot
discriminatory or unjust phenomenon."[9]

According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for
Israel and the Occupied Territories, the Israeli government had done "little to reduce institutional,
legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens".[10] The 2005 US
Department of State report on Israel wrote: "[T]he government generally respected the human
rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas, including ... institutional, legal,
and societal discrimination against the country’s Arab citizens."[11] The 2010 U.S. State
Department Country Report stated that Israeli law prohibits discrimination on the basis of race,
and that government effectively enforced these prohibitions.[12] Former Likud MK and Minister of
Defense Moshe Arens has criticized the treatment of minorities in Israel, saying that they did not
bear the full obligation of Israeli citizenship, nor were they extended the full privileges of
citizenship.[13]

Israel is a state-party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
According to the 1998 Report of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
found that the Convention "is far from fully implemented in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, and that the shortfall contributes very significantly to the dangerous escalation of
tension in the region". The report positively noted the measures taken by Israel to prohibit the
activities of racist political parties, the amendment of the Equal Opportunity in Employment Law,
prohibiting discrimination in the labour sphere on the grounds of national ethnic origin, country
of origin, beliefs, political views, political party, affiliation or age, and the Israeli efforts to reduce
and eventually eradicate the economic and educational gap between the Jewish majority and
the Arab minority.[14]

Polls

The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) published reports documenting racism in Israel,
and the 2007 report suggested that anti-Arab racism in the country was increasing. One analysis
of the report summarized it thus: "Over two-thirds Israeli teens believe Arabs to be less
intelligent, uncultured and violent. Over a third of Israeli teens fear Arabs all together ... The
report becomes even grimmer, citing the ACRI's racism poll, taken in March 2007, in which 50%
of Israelis taking part said they would not live in the same building as Arabs, will not befriend, or
let their children befriend Arabs and would not let Arabs into their homes."[15] The 2008 report
from ACRI says the trend of increasing racism is continuing.[16] An Israeli minister charged the
poll as biased and not credible.[17] The Israeli government spokesman responded that the Israeli
government was "committed to fighting racism whenever it raises it ugly head and is committed
to full equality to all Israeli citizens, irrespective of ethnicity, creed or background, as defined by
our declaration of independence".[17] Isi Leibler of the Jerusalem Center for Public affairs argues
that Israeli Jews are troubled by "increasingly hostile, even treasonable outbursts by Israeli
Arabs against the state" while it is at war with neighboring countries.[18]

Another 2007 report, by the Center Against Racism, also found hostility against Arabs was on
the rise. Among its findings it reported that 75% of Israeli Jews don't approve of Arabs and Jews
sharing apartment buildings; that over half of Jews wouldn't want to have an Arab boss and that
marrying an Arab amounts to "national treason"; and that 55% of the sample thought Arabs
should be kept separate from Jews in entertainment sites. Half wanted the Israeli government to
encourage Israeli Arabs to emigrate. About 40% believed Arab citizens should have their voting
rights removed.[19]

A March 2010 poll by Tel Aviv University found that 49.5% of Israeli Jewish high school students
believe Israeli Arabs should not be entitled to the same rights as Jews in Israel. 56% believe
Arabs should not be eligible to the Knesset, the Israeli parliament.[20]

An October 2010 poll by the Dahaf polling agency found that 36% of Israeli Jews favor
eliminating voting rights for non-Jews.[21] In recent polling (2003–2009) between 42% and 56%
of Israelis agreed that "Israeli Arabs suffer from discrimination as opposed to Jewish citizens";
80% of Israeli Arabs agreed with that statement in 2009.[22]

A 2012 poll revealed widespread support among Israeli Jews for discrimination against Israeli
Arabs.[23]

In November 2014, after two Arabs from East Jerusalem perpetrated a massacre in a Jerusalem
synagogue by using axes, knives, and a gun, the mayor of Ashkelon, Itamar Shimoni, announced
that he planned to fire city construction workers who were Arab. His action brought a storm of
protest from politicians as well as the prime minister and president. Police in Ashkelon said they
would ignore Shimoni's directive and "obey the law".[24] Nir Barkat, mayor of Jerusalem, said "We
cannot discriminate the Arabs", and added, "I cannot help but think of where we were 70 years
ago in Europe. We cannot generalize as they did to Jews. Here in Jerusalem, we have tens of
thousands of Arab workers. We must make a clear distinction."[25] Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu said "We should not discriminate against an entire public because of a
small minority that is violent and militant." Intelligence Minister Yuval Steinitz said it is "sad that
relations between Jews and Arabs will suffer because of some Jihadist fanatical terrorists." He
said that on the one hand "one can understand the fear of parents of kindergarten children afraid
someone will take a knife one day, as happened in the synagogue in Jerusalem, shout 'Allah
Akhbar' and begin to attack." On the other hand, he said, "this is something that should be
handled while keeping the generally good relations between Jews and Arabs."[26] In spite of the
almost universal condemnation of Shimoni's plan by Israeli politicians, a poll by Channel 10
showed that 58% of Israelis support the discriminatory practice, 32% did not approve and 10%
did not know.[27] At the end the mayor changed his mind. Yehiel Lasri, mayor of nearby Ashdod,
allegedly targeted Arab workers for extra security checks.[28]

In the media
Some authors, such as David Hirsi and Ayala Emmet, have criticized the Israeli media for
portraying Arabs negatively.[29][30] The Israeli media has been described as "racist" in its
portrayals of Israeli-Arabs and Palestinians by Israeli-Arab Nabilia Espanioly [31]

Education system

Jewish and Arab teachers at Hand in Hand, a network of bilingual schools that aims to promote coexistence between the
Arab and Jewish populations of Israel

Israel is a signatory of the Convention against Discrimination in Education, and ratified it in 1961.
The convention has the status of law in Israeli courts.[32] Israeli Pupils’ Rights Law of 2000
prohibits discrimination of students for sectarian reasons in admission to or expulsion from
educational institutions, in establishment of separate educational curricula or holding of
separate classes in the same educational institution.[33]

According to a 2001 report by Human Rights Watch, Israel's school systems for Arab and Jewish
children are separate and have unequal conditions to the disadvantage of the Arab children who
make up one-quarter of all students. Israeli law does not prohibit Palestinian Arab parents from
enrolling their children in Jewish schools, but in practice, very few Palestinian Arab parents do
so.[32][34] The report stated that "Government-run Arab schools are a world apart from
government-run Jewish schools. In virtually every respect, Palestinian Arab children get an
education inferior to that of Jewish children, and their relatively poor performance in school
reflects this."[35][36][37] In 1999, in an attempt to close the gap between Arab and Jewish
education sectors, the Education Minister of Israel announced an affirmative action policy which
promised that Arabs would be granted 25% of the education budget, proportionally more funding
than their 18% of the population, and supported the creation of an Arab academic college.[38]
A 2009 study from the Hebrew University School of Education demonstrated that the Israeli
Education Ministry's budget for special assistance to students from low socioeconomic
backgrounds "severely" discriminated against Arabs. The study found that because there were
more needy Arab students, but fewer Arab students overall, educationally needy Jewish students
receive anywhere from 3.8 to 6.9 times as much funding as equally needy Arab students. The
Education Ministry said in response to the report that a decision has already been made to
abandon this allocation method.[39] The Follow-Up Committee for Arab Education notes that the
Israeli government spends an average of $192 per year on each Arab student compared to
$1,100 per Jewish student. The drop-out rate for Arab citizens of Israel is twice as high as that
of their Jewish counterparts (12 percent versus 6 percent). The same group also notes that
there is a 5,000-classroom shortage in the Arab sector.[40]

A 2007 report of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination noted that
separate sectors are maintained for Jewish and Arab education. It recommended that Israel
should assess the extent to which maintenance of separate Arab and Jewish sectors "may
amount to racial segregation", and that mixed Arab-Jewish communities and schools, and
intercultural education should be promoted.[41] In a 2008 report, Israel responded that parents
are entitled to enroll their children in the educational institution of their choice, whether the
spoken language is Hebrew, Arabic or bilingual. It also noted that Israel promotes a variety of
programs that promote intercultural cooperation, tolerance and understanding [34][42]

In Palestine in Israeli School Books: Ideology and Propaganda in Education, Nurit Peled-Elhanan, a
professor of language and education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, describes the
depiction of Arabs in Israeli schoolbooks as racist. She states that their only representation is as
‘refugees, primitive farmers and terrorists’, claiming that in "hundreds and hundreds" of books,
not one photograph depicted an Arab as a "normal person".[43] Arnon Groiss of the Center for
Monitoring the Impact of Peace criticized these findings. After reviewing the same books
examined by Peled-Ehanan, Groiss concluded that "Peled-Ehanan's claim regarding this point is
clearly false ... This heavily politicized and thus biased approach distorts the material to produce
a picture to her liking." Groiss further criticized the work of Peled-Elhanan for stretching the
definition of racism to include cases that researchers would normally categorize as
ethnocentrism.[44]

Land ownership

The Jewish National Fund is a private organization established in 1901 to buy and develop land
in the Land of Israel for Jewish settlement; land purchases were funded by donations from world
Jewry exclusively for that purpose.[45]

Discrimination has been claimed regarding ownership and leasing of land in Israel, because
approximately 13% of Israel's land, owned by the Jewish National Fund, is restricted to Jewish
ownership and tenancy, and Arabs are prevented from buying or leasing that land.[46]

In the early 2000s, several Community settlement in the Negev and the Galilee were accused of
barring Arab applicants from moving in. In 2010, the Knesset passed legislation that allowed
admissions committees to function in smaller communities in the Galilee and the Negev, while
explicitly forbidding committees to bar applicants based on the basis of race, religion, sex,
ethnicity, disability, personal status, age, parenthood, sexual orientation, country of origin,
political views, or political affiliation.[47][48] Critics, however, say the law gives the privately run
admissions committees a wide latitude over public lands, and believe it will worsen
discrimination against the Arab minority.[49]

Zionism

Chaim Herzog condemned the Zionism is racism UN resolution, saying that Zionism is non-discriminatory and non
racist.[50] The resolution was later revoked.

Some critics of Israel equate Zionism with racism, or describe Zionism itself as racist or
discriminatory.[51] In 1975, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 3379, which
concluded that "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination".[52][53] During debate on
the resolution, U.S. ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan argued that Zionism "clearly is not a
form of racism", defining racism as "an ideology ... which favors discrimination on the grounds of
alleged biological differences".[54]

The resolution was revoked by Resolution 46/86 on December 16, 1991. Speaking to the General
Assembly, George H. W. Bush said "to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to
twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and indeed throughout history".

Supporters of Zionism, such as Chaim Herzog, argue that the movement is non-discriminatory
and contains no racist aspects.[50]

Law of return controversy

Some critics have described the Law of Return, which allows all Jews and persons of some
Jewish descent to immigrate to Israel as racist, as Palestinian refugees are not eligible for
citizenship.[55] Palestinians and advocates for Palestinian refugee rights criticize the Law of
Return, which they compare to the Palestinian claim to a right of return.[56] These critics consider
the Law, as contrasted against the denial of the right of Palestinian refugees to return, as
offensive and as institutionalized ethnic discrimination.[57]

Supporters of the Law argue that it is consistent with the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination Article I(3) which allows for preferential treatments of some
groups for purpose of immigration, provided there is no discrimination against a specific
nationality.[58][59][60]

In addition, proponents of the law point out that in addition to Israel, several other countries
provide immigration privileges to individuals with ethnic ties to these countries. Examples
include Germany,[61] Serbia, Greece, Japan, Turkey, Ireland, Russia, Italy, Spain, Chile, Poland and
Finland[60] (See Right of return and Repatriation laws.) Some supporters noted that the decision
by the Venice Commission recognized the relationship between
ethnic minorities and their kin-
states as legitimate and even desirable, and preference in immigration and naturalization is
mentioned as an example of legitimate preference.[60]

In response to Arab criticism of Israel's Law of Return as discriminatory in a 1975 United Nations
resolution debate, Israelis argued that Palestinian Israelis were not subject to any legal
discrimination.[54]

Proposed oath of allegiance

In 2010 the Israeli cabinet proposed an amendment to the Citizenship Act requiring all future
non-Jews applying for Israeli citizenship to swear loyalty to Israel as a Jewish and democratic
state. The proposal met harsh criticism, including accusations of racism, and subsequently it
was amended to make the loyalty oath universal to both Jewish and non-Jewish naturalized
citizens. Even in this new form, the bill did not pass due to lack of majority support in the Israeli
parliament.[62][63][64][65][66]

Marriage

Israel's Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law bars immigration by family reunification to couples
of an Israeli citizen and a Palestinian resident of the Israeli-occupied territories. Amnesty
International says this mostly affects Arabs.[67][68] The law has been condemned by Amnesty
International as "racial discrimination".[69] The government says the law say it is aimed at
preventing terrorist attacks. Some leaders of the Kadima party support the law in order to
preserve the state's Jewish character. Mishael Cheshin, one of the supreme court judges who
upheld the law, wrote that "at a time of war the state could prevent the entry of enemy subjects
to its territory even if they were married to citizens of the state".[70]

Religious racism

Rabbi David Batzri and his son Yitzhak were investigated by police after they made racist
remarks against Arabs and protested against a mixed Arab-Jewish school in Jerusalem.[71][72]
As part of a 2008 plea bargain, Yitzhak was sentenced to community service, and David issued a
declaration saying he was opposed to any racist incitement and said that he calls for love,
brotherhood and friendship.[73]

Dov Lior, Chief Rabbi of Hebron and Kiryat Arba in the southern West Bank and head of the
"Council of Rabbis of Judea and Samaria" issued a religious edict saying "a thousand non-
Jewish lives are not worth a Jew's fingernail"[74][75][76] and stated that captured Arab terrorists
could be used to conduct medical experiments,[77] and also ruled that Jewish Law forbids
employing Arabs or renting homes to them.[78][79] Lior denied holding racist views.[80] In June
2011 the Rabbi was arrested by Israeli police and questioned on suspicion of inciting
violence.[81][82] Both opposition leader Tzipi Livni and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called
for a full judicial investigation of Lior's remarks and said that rabbis were not above the law.[83]

In October 2010, Ovadia Yosef, a former Sephardi chief rabbi, stated that the sole purpose of
non-Jews "is to serve Jews".[84] His statement was harshly condemned by several Jewish
organizations.[85][86]
On 7 Dec 2010, a group of 50 state-paid rabbis signed a letter instructing Orthodox Jews not to
rent or sell houses to non-Jews. The letter was later endorsed by some 250 other Jewish
religious figures. A hotline was opened for denouncing those Jews who did intend to rent out to
Arabs.[87][88]

On 19 Dec 2010, a rally attended by 200 people was held in Bat Yam against the "assimilation" of
young Jewish women with Arabs. One of the organizers, "Bentzi" Ben-Zion Gopstein, said that
the motives are not racist: "It is important to explain that the problem is religious, not racist. If
my son were to decide to marry an Arab woman who converted, I wouldn't have a problem with
that. My problem is the assimilation that the phenomenon causes." One of the protestors called
out, "Any Jewish woman who goes with an Arab should be killed; any Jew who sells his home to
an Arab should be killed." Bat Yam Mayor Shlomo Lahyani condemned the event, saying "The city
of Bat Yam denounces any racist phenomenon. This is a democratic country,". Nearby, about 200
residents of Bat Yam held a counter protest, waving signs reading, "We're fed up with racists"
and "Jews and Arabs refuse to be enemies". Later that month, the wives of 27 rabbis signed a
letter calling on Jewish girls to stay away from Arab men. The document stated: "Don't date
them, don't work where they work and don't perform National Service with them."[89][90][91]

A senior Catholic spokesman, Fr Pierbattista Pizzaballa, the Custodian of the Holy Land, has
claimed that a lack of police action, and an educational culture in which Jewish pupils are
encouraged to act with "contempt" towards Christians, has resulted in life becoming increasingly
"intolerable" for many Christians. In 2012, pro-settler extremists attacked a Trappist monastery
in the town of Latroun covering walls with anti-Christian graffiti denouncing Christ as a "monkey",
and the 11th century Monastery of the Cross was daubed with offensive slogans such as "Death
to Christians". According to an article in the Telegraph, Christian leaders feel that the most
important issue that Israel has failed to address is the practice of some ultra-Orthodox Jewish
schools to teach children that it is a religious obligation to abuse anyone in Holy Orders they
encounter in public, "such that Ultra-Orthodox Jews, including children as young as eight, spit at
members of the clergy on a daily basis."[92] Incidents of spitting on Christian clergymen in
Jerusalem have been common since the 1990s.[93][94] Ruling on the case of a Greek Orthodox
priest who had struck a yeshiva student who spat near him in 2011, a Jerusalem magistrate
wrote, "Day after day, clergymen endure spitting by members of those fringe groups — a
phenomenon intended to treat other religions with contempt. ... The authorities are not able to
eradicate this phenomenon and they don't catch the spitters, even though this phenomenon has
been going on for years."[95]

Incidents
Baruch Goldstein's tomb. The plaque reads "To the holy Baruch Goldstein, who gave his life for the Jewish people, the
Torah and the nation of Israel."

In 1994, a Jewish settler in the West Bank and follower of the Kach party, Baruch Goldstein,
massacred 29 Palestinian Muslim worshipers at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.[96][97]
During his funeral, a rabbi declared that even one million Arabs are "not worth a Jewish
fingernail".[98][99][100] Goldstein was immediately "denounced with shocked horror even by the
mainstream Orthodox",[101] and many in Israel classified Goldstein as insane.[102] The Israeli
government condemned the massacre and made Kach illegal.[103] The Israeli army killed a
further nine Palestinians during riots following the massacre,[104] and the Israeli government
severely restricted Palestinian freedom of movement in Hebron,[105] while letting settlers and
foreign tourists roam free,[106] although Israel also forbade certain Israeli settlers from entering
Palestinian towns and demanded that those settlers turn in their army-issued rifles.[107]
Goldstein's grave has become a pilgrimage site for Jewish extremists.[108]

Graffiti reading "Die Arab Sand-Niggers!" reportedly sprayed by settlers on a house in Hebron.[109]
Graffiti reading "Gas the Arabs! JDL" reportedly sprayed by settlers on the Qurtuba girls' school in Hebron[110][111][112]

In 2006, a stabbing incident took place when a gang of Russian immigrants chanting racist
slogans stabbed and lightly injured Arab Knesset member Abbas Zakour, which was part of a
"stabbing rampage" and was described as a "hate crime".[113]

The Mossawa Advocacy Center for Arab Citizens in Israel reported a tenfold increase in racist
incidents against Arabs in 2008.[114] Jerusalem reported the highest number of racist incidents
against Arabs.[114] The report blamed Israeli leaders for the violence, saying "These attacks are
not the hand of fate, but a direct result of incitement against the Arab citizens of this country by
religious, public, and elected officials."[114]
The Bedouin claim they face systemic discrimination
and have submitted a counter-report to the United Nations that disputes the Israeli government's
official state report.[115] They claim they are not treated as equal citizens in Israel and that
Bedouin towns are not provided the same level of services or land that Jewish towns of the
same size are, and that they are not given fair access to water.[115] The city of Beersheba refused
to recognize a Bedouin holy site, despite a High Court recommendation.[115]

In late 2010, the number of racist incidents against Arabs increased. The events were described
by the Defense Minister of Israel, Ehud Barak, as a "wave of racism".[116] The most notable ones
took place on 20 December 2010, when a group of five Arabs were driven from an apartment in
Tel Aviv after their landlady was threatened with the torching of her home if she continued to
rent out to Arabs,[117] and on 21 December 2010, when a gang of Jewish youths was arrested in
Jerusalem after carrying out a large number of attacks on Arabs. A girl aged 14 would lure Arab
men to the Independence Park, where they were attacked with stones and bottles and severely
beaten. The teens confessed to nationalistic motives.[118] On 31 Oct 2010, a Jewish mob
gathered outside of an Arab students' residence in Safed, chanted "death to the Arabs", hurled
rocks and bottles at the building, shattering glass, and fired a shot at the building before
dissassembling.[119]

In May 2011, two Israeli border patrolmen were charged with physical abuse against an Arab
minor who was carrying firecrackers. The incident took place in March 2010. The youth was
punched, knocked to the floor, kicked, and had death threats thrown against him by the officers.
At a police station, the 17-year-old male was tricked by a female police officer into believing he
was going to die. After making the prisoner go down on his knees, she allegedly pointed her
pistol at him at point-blank range. It was not loaded, but the minor did not know this because his
eyes were covered. According to the charges, she counted to 10, with the teen begging her not to
kill him. She allegedly pulled the trigger, saying "Death to Arabs".
[120]
She was later sentenced to
3 months in prison.
[121]

In March 2012, two Arab males of Beit Zarzir confessed, after being arrested, to damaging a
local school for Arab and Jewish students. They admitted responsibility for having sprayed on
the wall of the school, "Death to Arabs". The school was sprayed twice in February with the
slogans "price tag", "Death to Arabs", and "Holocaust to the Arabs".[122][123][124][125]

On November 18, 2013, Jewish settlers torched trucks and spray-painted walls in a Palestinian
village. Two perpetrators, Yehuda Landsberg and Yehuda Sabir, admitted their guilt and received
the minimum sentence. Binyamin Richter, a third defendant, claimed innocence. They are from
Havat Gilad.[126] This was the first time that any indictments were issued against the 52 Jewish
Israelis who had committed anti-Arab attacks that were completely unprovoked, which the Israeli
security forces differentiate from "price tag" attacks.[127]

After the murder of 3 Israeli teenagers were found on June 30, 2014, a Facebook Page created
by an unknown group of Israelis called "The People of Israel Demand Vengeance!" or "The
people of Israel demand revenge!" The page features a myriad of photos of people holding up
signs demanding revenge for the killing of the teens, and urging Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu to order widespread military action in the West Bank and Gaza. Further racist
incitement within the Facebook campaign depicted a photograph that was posted to the page
with two teenage girls smiling, hugging each other and holding a piece of paper saying, "Hating
Arabs is not racism, it's values." Another post showed an armed IDF soldier with "Revenge!" in
Hebrew inscribed on his chest. The Facebook Campaign received more than 30,000 likes by the
evening of July 3, 2014. The campaign has been condemned by a number of Israeli MK's
including Justice Minister Tzipi Livni and Minister of Agriculture and Yisrael Beiteinu MK Yair
Shamir. The Israeli Defense Forces also vowed to severely punish any soldier involved with the
exchange of racist photographs depicting revenge for the murdered teens or retributive
incitement of Anti-Arabism across Facebook and other social media sites.[128][129]

Also in November 2014 a Druze soldier, veteran of Operation Protective Edge, was refused entry
to a pub where his Jewish friends were. A security guard told him that he was not allowed to let
non-Jews enter. While the owner claimed it was a private club, the Jewish patron denied this
claim, noting they were allowed to enter without membership. A friend of the Druse IDF soldier
said "Apparently, they are good enough to fight in Gaza but not to enter a pub."[130]

On November 21, 2014 during a Tel Aviv soccer match, hundreds of Bnei Yehuda fans rose and
chanted, "Death to Arabs!" The fans threw trash at an Arab player who was injured and was being
taken off the field.[131]

On November 29, 2014, an apparent hate crime including arson and racist graffiti was
perpetrated in Jerusalem on a dual Hebrew and Arabic language school. Graffiti spray painted at
the school included, "Death to Arabs!", "Kahane was right!", "Down with assimilation!" and "There
is no co-existence with cancer!" Police say the fire was set on purpose. Education Minister Shai
Piron spoke out against the vandalism, saying it represented a "violent, criminal and despicable
act done to undermine the foundations of Israeli democracy."[132] Mohamad Marzouk, head of
communications for the Hand in Hand school in Kfar Qara, noted that the attack brought out a
show of community support for the school. In the minds of many people the arson, he said,
"crossed a red line."[133] The Israeli police arrested a number of suspects in connection with this
arson attack.[134] Following the arrest, the mother of one of the suspects said she would have
burned the school as well, if it were not illegal to do so, and she expressed disgust and revulsion
that Jews and Arabs studied together at the school.[135] In courtroom photos the three members
of the radical group are shown smiling and smirking as they faced charges.[136] On 30 November,
a synagogue in Tel Aviv had several books burned and was vandalized with graffiti against the
Jewish nation-state bill,[137] which most recently, had been submitted the previous week.

The Times of Israel reported on January 1, 2015 that three Jewish men who had admitted to
committing racist hate crimes against an Arab taxi driver in early 2014 were each sentenced to
approximately one year in prison. The criminals admitted they had hailed the cab, then began
beating and insulting the cab driver. When the driver escaped the car and ran for help, the
perpetrators smashed the taxi sunroof.[138]

Racism in sports
The first racist incidents in Israeli soccer took place in the 1970s, when Rifaat Turk joined Hapoel Tel Aviv, and was
subjected to anti-Arab taunts.[139] Under Israeli law, soccer fans can be prosecuted for incitement of racial hatred.

Racism in soccer stadiums is a worldwide problem, and Israeli stadiums are not free from
racism.[140] The first racist incidents took place in the 1970s, when the Arab player Rifaat Turk
joined Hapoel Tel Aviv. Turk was subjected to anti-Arab abuse during nearly every game he
played.[139] Arab soccer player Abbas Suan was confronted once with a sign reading "Abbas
Suan, you don't represent us".[141] Under Israeli law, soccer fans can be prosecuted for
incitement of racial hatred. The "New Voices from the Stadium" program, run by the New Israel
Fund (NIF) amasses a "racism index" that is reported to the media on a weekly basis, and teams
have been fined and punished for the conduct of their fans. According to Steve Rothman, the NIF
San Francisco director, "Things have definitely improved, particularly in sensitizing people to the
existence of racism in Israeli society."[140] In 2006, Israel joined Football Against Racism in
Europe (FARE), network set up to counter racism in soccer.[142]

After a soccer game in March 2012, in which Beitar Jerusalem defeated a rival team at
Jerusalem's Teddy Stadium,[143] a group of at least a hundred Beitar fans[144][145][146] entered the
nearby Malha Mall chanting racist slogans and allegedly attacked Arab cleaning workers, whom
some reports described as Palestinians. The police were criticized for initially failing to make
arrests;[147] it later investigated the incident, issuing restraining orders against 20 soccer fans
and questioning several suspects among the cleaning crew seen waving sticks at the fans.[148]

Intra-Jewish racism: Racism between Jews

Ashkenazi Jews in Israel have been described as viewing themselves as superior to non-
Ashkenazi Jews. They are accused of maintaining an elite position in Israeli society,[149][150] with
some describing the attitudes of Ashkenazim as racist or of being a manifestation of racism.[151]

Other authorities describe the discrimination by Ashkenazi as class-based, not race-

based.[152][153] For example, the differences between Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews (N. Africans,
Middle Easterners, Yemenites, etc.) are referred to as Adatiyut[154][155][156][157] community-
differences (resulting also in some traditional customary gaps).[158]

Some sources claim that reports of intra-Jewish discrimination in Israel arise from propaganda
published by Arab sources which ignores the normality and harmony between the
communities.[159][160]

Sephardim and Mizrahim (Middle Eastern and North African Jews)

Israeli society in general – and Ashkenazi Jews in particular – have been described as holding
discriminatory attitudes towards Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent, known as
Mizrahi Jews, Sephardic Jews, and Oriental Jews.[161] A variety of Mizrahi critics of Israeli policy
have cited "past ill-treatment, including the maabarot, the squalid tent cities into which Mizrahim
were placed upon arrival in Israel; the humiliation of Moroccan and other Mizrahi Jews when
Israeli immigration authorities shaved their heads and sprayed their bodies with the pesticide
DDT; the socialist elite's enforced secularization; the destruction of traditional family structure,
and the reduced status of the patriarch by years of poverty and sporadic unemployment" as
examples of mistreatment.[162] In September 1997, Israeli Labor Party leader Ehud Barak made a
high-profile apology to Oriental Jews in Netivot stating:

We must admit to ourselves [that] the inner fabric of communal life was torn. Indeed,
sometimes the intimate fabric of family life was torn. Much suffering was inflicted on the
immigrants and that suffering was etched in their hearts, as well as in the hearts of their
children and grandchildren. There was no malice on the part of those bringing the immigrants
here—on the contrary, there was much goodwill—but pain was inflicted nevertheless. In
acknowledgement of this suffering and pain, and out of identification with the sufferers and
their descendants, I hereby ask forgiveness in my own name and in the name of the historical
Labor movement.[163]

Barak's address also said that during the 1950s, Mizrahi immigrants were "made to feel that their
own traditions were inferior to those of the dominant Ashkenazi [European-origin] Israelis [Alex
Weingrod's paraphrase]".[164] Several prominent Labor party figures, including Teddy Kollek and
Shimon Peres, distanced themselves from the apology while agreeing that mistakes were made
during the immigration period.[164]

The cultural differences between Mizrahi and Ashkenazi Jews impacted the degree and rate of
assimilation into Israeli society, and sometimes the divide between Eastern European and
Middle Eastern Jews was quite sharp. Segregation, especially in the area of housing, limited
integration possibilities over the years.[165] Intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Mizrahim is
increasingly common in Israel, and by the late 1990s 28% of all Israeli children had multi-ethnic
parents (up from 14% in the 1950s).[166] A 1983 research found that children of inter-ethnic
marriages in Israel enjoyed improved socio-economic status.[167]

Although social integration is constantly improving, disparities persist. A study conducted by the
Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS), Mizrahi Jews are less likely to pursue academic
studies than Ashkenazi Jews. Israeli-born Ashkenazi are up to twice more likely to study in a
university than Israeli-born Mizrahim.[168] Furthermore, the percentage of Mizrahim who seek a
university education remains low compared to second-generation immigrant groups of
Ashkenazi origin, such as Russians.[169] According to a survey by the Adva Center,[170] the
average income of Ashkenazim was 36 percent higher than that of Mizrahim in 2004.[171]

Some claim that the education system discriminates against Jewish minorities from North
Africa and the Middle East, and one source suggests that "ethnic prejudice against Mizrahi Jews
is a relatively general phenomenon, not limited to the schooling process".[172]

There was a case in 2010, when a Haredi school system, where Sephardi and Mizrahi students
were sometimes excluded or segregated.[173][174] In 2010, the Israeli supreme court sent a strong
message against discrimination in a case involving the Slonim Hassidic sect of the Ashkenazi,
ruling that segregation between Ashkenazi and Sephardi students in a school is illegal.[175] They
argue that they seek "to maintain an equal level of religiosity, not from racism".[176] Responding
to the charges, the Slonim Haredim invited Sephardi girls to school, and added in a statement:
"All along, we said it's not about race, but the High Court went out against our rabbis, and
therefore we went to prison."[177]

Teimani children (Yemenite Jews)

Yemenite Jews en route from Aden to Israel, during Operation Magic Carpet

In the 1950s, 1,033[178] children of Yemenite immigrant families disappeared. In most instances,
the parents claim that they were told their children were ill and required hospitalization. Upon
later visiting the hospital, it is claimed that the parents were told that their children had died
though no bodies were presented or graves which have later proven to be empty in many cases
were shown to the parents. Those who believe the theory contend that the Israeli government as
well as other organizations in Israel kidnapped the children and gave them for adoption. Secular
Israeli Jews of European descent were accused of collaborating in the disappearance of babies
of Yemeni Jews and anti-religious motives and anti-religious coercion were
alleged.[179][180][181][182][183][184][185] Some went further to accuse the Israeli authorities of
conspiring to kidnap the Yemeni children due to "racist" motives.[186]

In 2001 a seven-year public inquiry commission concluded that the accusations that Yemenite
children were kidnapped are not true. The commission has unequivocally rejected claims of a
plot to take children away from Yemenite immigrants. The report determined that
documentation exists for 972 of the 1,033 missing children. Five additional missing babies were
found to be alive. The commission was unable to discover what happened in another 56 cases.
With regard to these unresolved 56 cases, the commission deemed it "possible" that the children
were handed over for adoption following decisions made by individual local social workers, but
not as part of an official policy.[178]

Bene Israel (Indian Jews)

In 1962, authorities in Israel were accused by articles in the Indian press of racism in relation to
Jews of Indian ancestry (called Bene Israel).[187][188] In the case that caused the controversy, the
Chief Rabbi of Israel ruled that before registering a marriage between Indian Jews and Jews not
belonging to that community, the registering rabbi should investigate the lineage of the Indian
applicant for possible non-Jewish descent, and in case of doubt, require the applicant to perform
conversion or immersion.[187][188] The alleged discrimination may actually be related to the fact
that some religious authorities believe that the Bene Israel are not fully Jewish because of inter-
marriage during their long separation.[189]

In 1964 the government of Israel led by Levi Eshkol declared that it regards Bene Israel of India
as Jews without exception, who are equal to other Jews in respect of all matters.[187]

Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews)

Ethiopian Israeli soldier

Nearly all of the Ethiopian Beta Israel community, a community of Black Jews, resides in Israel.
The Israeli government has mounted rescue operations, most notably during Operation Moses
(1984) and Operation Solomon (1991), for their migration when civil war and famine threatened
populations within Ethiopia.[190][191] Today 81,000 Israelis were born in Ethiopia, while 38,500 or
32% of the community are native born Israelis.[192]

According to the sociologist Prof. Uzi Rebhun, it represents an ambitious attempt to deny the
significance of race.[193] Israeli authorities, aware of the situation of most African diaspora
communities in other Western countries, hosted programs to avoid setting in patterns of
discrimination.[193] The Ethiopian Jewish community's internal challenges have been
complicated by racist attitudes on the part of some elements of Israeli society and the official
establishment.[194] Racism has commonly been cited as explanation for policies and programs
that failed to meet expectations. Racism was alleged regarding delays in admitting Ethiopian
Jews to Israel under the Law of return.[193] The delays in admitting Ethiopians may be attributed
to religious motivations rather than racism, since there was debate whether or not Falasha Jews'
(Beta Israel) were Jewish.[195][196]

Racism was also alleged in 2009, in a case where school children of Ethiopian ancestry were
denied admission into three semi-private religious schools in the town of Petah Tikva. An Israeli
government official criticised the Petah Tikva Municipality and the semi-private Haredi schools,
saying "This concerns not only the three schools that have, for a long time, been deceiving the
entire educational system. For years, racism has developed here undeterred". Shas spiritual
leader Ovadia Yosef threatened to fire any school principal from Shas's school system who
refused to receive Ethiopian students. The Israeli Education Ministry decided to pull the funding
from the Lamerhav, Da'at Mevinim and Darkhei Noam schools, the three semi-private institutions
that refused to accept the students. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke out
against the rejection of Ethiopian children, calling it "a moral terror attack."[197][198]

When Ethiopians protested that blood donations from their community were thrown out, Harry
Wall, the Israeli Director of the Anti-Defamation League stated that it was the result of the high
incidence of HIV in Africans, not racism: "Whatever Israel's mistakes towards its Ethiopian
Jewish community, the cause is not racism." It explains that "what causes the distress is
bureaucratic ineptitude and a cultural gap between a traditional community and a modern,
technologically-advanced, highly-competitive nation."[199]

In 2012, Israel appointed the country's first Ethiopian-born ambassador, Belaynesh Zevadia.
According to the foreign minister of Israel, this represented an important milestone in fighting
racism and prejudice.[200]

Depo Provera prescription controversy

In 2010, Israel was accused of a "sterilization policy" aimed towards Ethiopian Jews, for allowing
the prescription of contraceptive drugs like Depo-Provera to the community.[201] They stated that
the Israeli government deliberately gives female Ethiopian Jews long-lasting contraceptive drugs
like Depo-Provera. Jewish agencies involved in immigration said that Ethiopian women were
offered different types of contraceptives and that "all of them participated voluntarily in family
planning". Dr. Yifat Bitton, a member of the Israeli Anti-Discrimination Legal Center "Tmura" said
that 60 percent of the women receiving this contraceptive are Ethiopian Jews, while Ethiopians
made up only 1 percent of population and "the gap here is just impossible to reconcile in any
logical manner that would somehow resist the claims of racism". Professor Zvi Bentwich, an
immunologist and human rights activist from Tel-Aviv, rejected the claim and said there's no
ground to suspect a negative official policy towards Ethiopian Jews.

Israel initially denied the claim of imposing a sterilization policy on the Ethiopian women, but
later admitted to it, and ordered gynecologists to stop administering the drugs for women of
Ethiopian origin if there is concern that they might not understand the ramifications of the
treatment.[202] Action on the issue finally took place after a documentary aired in December
2012 on public television. In it, 35 Ethiopian women who had immigrated to Israel said they had
been told they would not be allowed into Israel unless they agreed to the shots. While Ethiopians
have been admitted to Israel, they are often discriminated against in education and in
employment. The Times of Israel notes details of a nurse, unaware of a hidden camera, saying
Depo-Provera is given to Ethiopian women because "they forget, they don’t understand, and it’s
hard to explain to them, so it’s best that they receive a shot once every three months … basically
they don’t understand anything."[203]

Thereafter, the Israeli government began an investigation into the policy, and instructed
gynecologists not to administer the shots if there is suspicion that the recipient does not fully
understand the effects.[204]

Police brutality

In April 2015 an Ethiopian soldier in the IDF was the victim of an unprovoked and allegedly racist
attack by an Israeli policeman and the attack was caught on video. The soldier, Damas Pakedeh,
was arrested and accused of attacking the policeman. He believes the incident was racially
motivated and that if the video had not been taken, he would have been punished. Likud MK
Avraham Neguise called on National Police Chief Yohanan Danino to prosecute the police officer
and volunteer, saying they engaged in "a gross violation of the basic law of respecting others and
their liberty by those who are supposed to protect us". The Jerusalem Post notes that in 2015
"there have been a series of reports in the Israeli press about alleged acts of police brutality
against Ethiopian Israelis, with many in the community saying they are unfairly targeted and
treated more harshly than other citizens".[205][206] The incident of police brutality with Pakedeh
and alleged brutality of officials from Israel's Administration of Border Crossings, Population and
Immigration with Walla Bayach, an Israeli of Ethiopian descent, brought the Ethiopian community
to protest. Hundreds of Ethiopians participated in protests the streets of Jerusalem on April 20,
2015, to decry what they view as "rampant racism" and violence in Israel directed at their
community. Israel Police Commissioner Yohanan Danino met with representatives of the Israeli
Ethiopian community that day following the recent violent incidents involving police officers and
members of the community.[207] When over a thousand people protested police brutality against
Ethiopians and dark skinned Israelis, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced:“I strongly
condemn the beating of the Ethiopian IDF soldier, and those responsible will be held
accountable.” [208] Following protests and demonstrations in Tel Aviv that resulted in violence,
Netanyahu planned to meet with representatives of the Ethiopian community, including Pakedeh.
Netanyahu said the meeting would include Danino and representatives of several ministries,
including Immigrant Absorption. Danino already announced that the officer who beat Pakedeh
had been fired.[209]

Racism against Israeli Jews by Israeli Arabs

Polls

A 2009 PEW poll, which included 527 Israeli Arab respondents, showed that 35% of Israeli Arabs
said their opinion of Jews was unfavorable, while 56% said their opinion was favorable (the
figures amongst Israeli Jews on their attitude of themselves were 94% favorable; 6%
unfavorable).[210]

The 2008 Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel by the Jewish-Arab Center found that 40.5% of
the Arab citizens of Israel denied the Holocaust, up from 28% in 2006.[211][212] This report also
states that "In Arab eyes disbelief in the very happening of the Shoah is not hate of Jews
(embedded in the denial of the Shoah in the West) but rather a form of protest. Arabs not
believing in the event of Shoah intend to express strong objection to the portrayal of the Jews as
the ultimate victim and to the underrating of the Palestinians as a victim. They deny Israel's right
to exist as a Jewish state that the Shoah gives legitimacy to."[212]

Incidents

Numerous racist attacks against Jews have taken place throughout Arab localities in the Galilee
and in Arab areas of Jerusalem, including murders. Among the people killed in such attacks was
Kristine Luken, an American tourist stabbed in a forest near Jerusalem after being seen wearing
a Star of David necklace.[213] In Jerusalem, Jews driving through Al-Issawiya have been
subjected to ambushes by crowds, as was a repairman who had been hired by a resident.[214]
Emergency services vehicles have also been attacked while passing through the neighborhood.
Jews who travel to the Mount of Olives also risk violence.[215] Jews who enter or buy property in
Arab areas face harassment, and Arabs who have sold property to Jews have been murdered. In
2010, an Israeli-Jewish security guard, Kochav Segal Halevi, was forced from his home in the
Arab town of I'billin after a racist crowd gathered at his house, and he received death threats.[216]

In 2008, the slogan "Death to the Jews" was found spray-painted in Arabic on the cargo hold of
an El Al plane.[217]

In 2010, the wall of a synagogue and a Jewish residence in the mixed Jewish-Arab Ajami
neighborhood of Jaffa were spray-painted with swastikas and Palestinian flags.[218]

In 2014, Arabs from Shfaram murdered Shelly Dadon.

Leaders

Raed Salah, the head of the Islamic movement in Israel, was prosecuted in 2010 for incitement to racism

Journalist Ben-Meir described Arab Knesset members who "talk incessantly about the
Palestinian people's rights, including their own state" but who "refuse to acknowledge Israel as
the state of the Jewish people and deny the very existence of a Jewish people as a nation with
national rights" as racist.[219] Ariel Natan Pasko, a policy analyst, suggested that prominent Arab
leaders such as Arab member of Knesset Ahmad Tibi is racist because he "turned away from
integration" and "wants to build an Arab university in Nazareth, as well as an Arab hospital in the
Galilee."[220] Tibi had been previously accused of racism: in 1997, he said "whoever sells his
house to the Jews has sold his soul to Satan and done a despicable act".[221]
The head of the Islamic movement in Israel's Northern Branch, was charged with incitement to
racism and to violence. During legal proceedings, the prosecution said that Sheikh Raed Salah
made his inflammatory remarks "with the objective of inciting racism."[222][223] he also accused
Jews of using children's blood to bake bread.[224]

Other groups

Black Hebrew Israelite non-Jews

A child of the Black Hebrew Israelite community, in Dimona, September 2005.

Black Hebrew Israelites are groups of people mostly of African American ancestry who believe
they are descendants of the ancient Israelites. They are generally not accepted as Jews by the
greater Jewish community. Many choose to self-identify as Hebrew Israelites or Black Hebrews
rather than as Jews.[225][226][227][228]

When the first Black Hebrews arrived in Israel in 1969, they claimed citizenship under the Law of
Return, which gives eligible Jews immediate citizenship.[229] The Israeli government ruled in
1973 that the group did not qualify for automatic citizenship, and the Black Hebrews were
denied work permits and state benefits. The group responded by accusing the Israeli
government of racist discrimination.[230][231]

In 1981, a group of American civil rights activist led by Bayard Rustin investigated and concluded
that racism was not the cause of Black Hebrews' situation.[232] In 1990, Illinois legislators helped
negotiate an agreement that resolved the Black Hebrews' legal status in Israel. Members of the
group are permitted to work and have access to housing and social services. In 2003 the
agreement was revised, and the Black Hebrews were granted permanent resident
status.[233][234][235]

In his 1992 essay "Blacks and Jews: The Uncivil War", historian Taylor Branch wrote that Black
Hebrews were initially denied citizenship due to anti-black sentiment among Israeli Jews
(according to mainstream Jewish religious authorities, members of the Black Hebrew Israelite
group are not Jewish).[236][237] According to historian Dr. Seth Forman the claims that the Black
Hebrew Israelites were denied citizenship because they were black seem baseless, particularly
in light of Israel's airlift of thousands of black Ethiopian Jews in the early 1990s.[238]

Racism against Black African non-Jews

In April 2012, the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet reported[239] that tens of thousands of
refugees and African migrant workers who have come to Israel in dangerous smuggling routes,
live in southern Tel Aviv's Levinsky Park. SvD reported that some Africans in the park sleep on
cardboard boxes under the stars, others crowd in dark hovels. Also was noted a situation with
African refugees, such as Sudanese from Darfur, Eritreans, Ethiopians and other African
nationalities, who stand in queue to the soup kitchen, organized by Israeli volunteers. The interior
minister reportedly "wants everyone to be deported".

In May 2012, disgruntlement toward Africans and calls for deportation and "blacks out" in Tel
Aviv boiled over into death threats, fire bombings, rioting, and property destruction. Protesters
blamed immigrants for worsening crime and the local economy, some of protesters were seen
throwing eggs at African immigrants[240][241]

In March 2018, chief Sephardic Rabbi of Israel, Yitzhak Yosef, used the term Kushi to refer to
black people, which has Talmudic origins but is a derogatory word for people of African descent
in modern Hebrew. He also reportedly likened black people to monkeys.[242][243][244]

Inter-ethnic relations
Arab-Jewish riots

Monument to Israeli Arab casualties in October 2000 riots, Nazareth

In what became known as the October 2000 events, Arab-Israelis rioted while protesting Israeli
actions in the early stages of the Second Intifada, attacking Jewish civilians and Israeli police
with live gunfire, molotov cocktails, stones, and vandalism of Jewish property. One Egged bus
was torched on the first day. Arab rioting took place in Umm al-Fahm, Baqa al-Gharbiyye,
Sakhnin, Nazareth, Lod, Kafar Kanna, Mashhad, Arraba, Ramla, Or Akiva and Nazareth Illit. A
Jewish citizen was killed when his car was stoned, and a synagogue was torched. Hundreds of
Arab residents of Jaffa burned tires, threw rocks, and beat reporters.[245] Throughout the course
of the riots, Israeli Police repeatedly opened fire at Arab riots and demonstrations, killing 13
people, including 12 Arab-Israelis and one Palestinian from Gaza.

Thousands of Jews counter-rioted against Arabs in Nazareth, Bat Yam, Petah Tikva, Tiberias, Tel
Aviv, Acre, Nazareth Illit, Lod, Rosh HaAyin, Or Akiva and Jerusalem, throwing stones at and
beating Arabs, vandalizing and torching Arab homes and property, attacking Arab traffic, and
chanting "Death to the Arabs!".[246] An Arab worker was stabbed on his way to work in Rosh
HaAyin. In Jaffa, a mosque was vandalized, and another was torched in Tiberias. In Tel Aviv,
Arab restaurant workers were chased from a restaurant, and their cars set alight.

Sam Lehman-Wilzig, Political Communications Professor at Bar-Ilan University, said that rioting
is rare and alien to Jewish political society. "The numbers (of riots) are so low because of our
Jewish political culture which encourages protesting, but seriously discourages violent protest,"
he said. He argues that the riots were caused since Israelis felt threatened by the "pressure
cooker syndrome" of fighting not just the Palestinians and Lebanon's Hezbollah guerrillas, but
also the Israeli Arab population.[247]
In 2008, a series of riots broke out in Acre, after an Arab motorist and his teenage son drove into
a predominantly Jewish neighborhood during Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish religion,
to visit relatives. According to police, their car's windows were down and music was blaring.
Police spokesperson Eran Shaked said that "this was a provocation... we believe he was
intoxicated. This was a deliberate act".[248] An incorrect rumor spread among the Arab residents
that the driver had been killed, prompting calls from local mosques to avenge his death.[249]
Arabs rioted in the city center, smashing shop windows, vandalizing vehicles, and throwing rocks
at people going to or from Yom Kippur prayers,[250][251] chanting Death to the Jews" and "If you
come out of your homes, you will die". Israeli Police forcibly dispersed the rioters with tear gas
and stun grenades. As soon as the Yom Kippur fast ended, about 200 Jewish residents rioted in
Acre's Arab neighborhoods, torching homes, vandalizing property, and forcing dozens of families
to flee. Riots and retaliations by both sides continued for four days.[249] Haaretz editorialized that
that year's "Yom Kippur will be infamous for the violent, racist outburst by Jews against Arabs
within Israel".

During the course of monitoring elections in 2009, a Member of the Knesset (MK) replaced
another Jewish election monitor at the Israeli-Arab town of Umm al-Fahm, who was prevented by
police from entering the city because of threats by local Arabs on his life. As soon as the MK
began to perform his duties, an Israeli-Arab mob rioted outside attacking the guards and shouts
of “Death to the Jews” could be heard. Israeli Police arrested five rioters.[252]

Efforts against racism and discrimination

Israel has a law that prohibits incitement to racism.[5]

Israeli protest in Pardes Hana against racism, 2010. The sign reads "No to racism".

According to the State Department, Israel's anti-discrimination law "prohibits discrimination on

the basis of sex, marital status, or sexual orientation. The law also prohibits discrimination by
both government and nongovernment entities on the basis of race, religion, political beliefs, and
age."

Israel is a signatory of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination treaty since 1966, and has ratified the treaty in 1979.[253] The treaty forbids any
distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or
ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment
or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political,
economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.

The Anti Defamation League states: "There is no Israeli ideology, policy or plan to segregate,
persecute or mistreat its Israeli Arab citizens, nor Palestinian Arabs," it goes on in saying that
"Israel is a democracy which encourages vibrant debate, which has a flourishing free press and
which shares with other liberal democracies a core value: the equality of all its citizens before
the law."[254]

The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that "Arab Israelis are citizens of Israel with equal
rights" and states that "The only legal distinction between Arab and Jewish citizens is not one of
rights, but rather of civic duty. Since Israel's establishment, Arab citizens have been exempted
from compulsory service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)."[255]

Affirmative action

In response to inequality between the Jewish and Arab populations, the Israeli government
established a committee to consider, among other issues, policies of affirmative action for
housing Arab citizens.[256] According to Israel advocacy group, Stand With Us, the city of
Jerusalem gives Arab residents free professional advice to assist with the housing permit
process and structural regulations, advice which is not available to Jewish residents on the
same terms.[257][258]

Reports addressing racism in Israel

Amnesty International annual reports on Israel – 2013 report (http://www.amnestyusa.org/res

earch/reports/annual-report-israel-and-the-occupied-palestinian-territories-2013) , 2012
report (http://www.refworld.org/docid/4fbe391bc.html) , 2011 report (http://www.amnestyus
a.org/research/reports/annual-report-israel-and-the-occupied-palestinian-territories-2011) ,
2010 report (https://web.archive.org/web/20110218150454/http://www.amnestyusa.org/ann
ualreport.php?id=ar&yr=2010&c=ISR) , 2009 report (https://web.archive.org/web/201102181
50457/http://www.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?id=ar&yr=2009&c=ISR) , 2008 report (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20110218150459/http://www.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?i
d=ar&yr=2008&c=ISR) , 2007 report (https://web.archive.org/web/20110218150502/http://w
ww.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?id=ar&yr=2007&c=ISR)

Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) annual reports – 2014 report (http://www.acri.org.i
l/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Situation-Report-2014.pdf) , 2013 report (http://www.acri.
org.il/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/SituationReportEng2013.pdf) , 2012 report (https://w
ww.acri.org.il/en/2012/12/16/acri-situation-report-2012/) , 2011 report (http://www.acri.org.i
l/he/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/State2011.pdf) , 2009 report (http://www.acri.org.il/pdf/s
tate2009en.pdf) , 2008 report (http://www.acri.org.il/pdf/Annualreport2008.pdf) , 2007
report (http://www.acri.org.il/pdf/state2007.pdf)

United States Department of State annual Human Rights reports on Israel – 2014 report (http
s://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/238670.pdf) , 2013 report (https://2009-2
017.state.gov/documents/organization/220568.pdf) , 2012 report (https://2009-2017.state.g
ov/documents/organization/204575.pdf) , 2011 report (https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rl
s/hrrpt/2011/nea/186430.htm) , 2010 report (https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/201
0/nea/154463.htm) , 2009 report (https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154816/http://ww
w.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136070.htm) , 2008 report (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20090226174854/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/nea/119117.htm) , 2007
report (https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100597.htm) , 2006 report (https://
2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78854.htm) , 2005 report (https://2001-2009.stat
e.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61690.htm) , 2004 report (https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/h
rrpt/2004/41723.htm)

United Nations CERD – 2007 CERD report (https://web.archive.org/web/20070702083619/htt

p://www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/documents/824/1165/document/en/text.html) ,
unedited version of 2007 report (http://www.adalah.org/eng/intl07/cerd-concluding-mar07.pd
f)

Or Commission – The Official Summation of the Or Commission Report (https://web.archive.o

rg/web/20101005164914/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Educ
ation/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Current+Issues/Society+and+Politics/Or+Commiss
ion+Report.htm) "

See also

Anti-Palestinian sentiment

Timeline of attacks against synagogues in Israel

Criticism of Israel

Human rights in Israel

Israel and the apartheid analogy

Israeli settler violence

Neo-Nazism in Israel

Racism in the Palestinian territories

Secularism in Israel

Zion Square assault

List of Jewish hate groups

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184. Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair,
Macmillan, 2009

185. See also, regarding media and Yemeni Jews: Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing
of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair, Macmillan, 2009
186. *Blue-Ribbon Babies and Labors of Love: Race, Class, and Gender in U.S. Adoption Practice, Christine
Ward Gailey University of Texas Press, 2010
"In Israel, ethno-racial divides have created a widespread belief, upheld by some birth mother-adult
child reunions, that hundreds of Yemeni infants had been kidnapped for adoption by Israeli couples.
Many Yemeni refugee children had been declared dead or disappeared in the refugee camps after the
migration of some 50,000 Yemeni Jews to Israel in 1948–1949. It appears from a national inquiry in
the late 1990s that a network of doctors and clinics were involved in the adoptions." (page 154)
Grenberg, Joel, The Babies from Yemen: An Enduring Mystery, The New York Times, Sept 2, 1997.
"Those who believe the theory contend that hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Yemenite babies who
were reported to have died or to have disappeared after their parents came to Israel were actually
kidnapped and given or sold for adoption to European-born Israelis and American Jews. The
controversy over the Israeli establishment's treatment of the 50,000 Yemenite Jewish immigrants,
most of whom were airlifted to Israel in 1949 and 1950, has festered for years. It has stoked deep-
seated feelings of resentment among the country's Sephardic Jews of Middle Eastern and North
African origin. ... Other Yemenite Jewish advocates put the numbers at between 1,000 and more than
2,000. They assert that the European-born Ashkenazic Israeli establishment looked down at the new
immigrants and their traditional ways and felt free to take their children for adoption by childless
European Jewish couples ... Mr. Levitan agreed that there was a patronizing attitude toward the
immigrants. In some cases the Yemenites' religious studies were restricted and their traditional side-
curls were cut to remake them into modern, secular Israelis. ... The concept was absorption through
modernization, by inculcating the values of Western society", Mr. Levitan said. "The parents were
treated like primitive people who didn't know what was good for them, who aren't capable of taking
care of their own kids. There was disregard for the parents, an unwillingness to make the effort to
investigate, but not a conspiracy."
Shoha, Ella, Taboo memories, diasporic voices, Duke University Press, 2006,
"..Yemenis .. fell prey to doctors, nurses, and social workers, most of them on the state payroll. ... The
act of kidnapping was not simply a result of financial interests to increase the state's revenues, it was
also a result of a deeply ingrained belief in the inferiority of Jews from Arab and Muslim countries,
seen as careless breeders with little sense of responsibility ... In this intersection of race, gender, and
class, the displaced Jews from Muslim countries became victims of the logic of progress.." page 349.
Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies
affair, Macmillan, 2009 –
This book is about racism against Yemenite and Mizrahi jews in Israel, focusing on the kidnappings.
Gordon, Linda, The great Arizona orphan abduction, Harvard University Press, 1999, p 310:
"In Israel, Ashkenazi (European) Jewish women, with the help of doctors, stole babies born to
Sephardic Yemeni Jewish mothers from the hospitals; the mothers were told that the babies had died.
Here is a phenomenon that is racist yet lacks even the kind of racial justification evident in [the
kidnappings in] 1904 Arizona." (page 310)
Yuval-Davis, Nira, Gender & nation, SAGE, 1997,
 "Public investigations are taking place in Israel at the moment concerning accusations that hundreds
of Yemeni Jewish babies were abducted from their mothers who were told they were dead and they
were given for adoption to Ashkenzi middle class families. Breaking up communities and families and
separating children from their parents would often be central to practices of forced assimilationism.
Such policies disempower the minorities and can reinforce their location in subjugated positionings."
(p 54)
Kanaaneh, Rhoda Ann, Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel, University of
California Press, 2002,
"[regarding the] disappearance of Yemenite Jewish babies in the 1950s, whom many Yemenites believe
were kidnapped and given to childless European Jewish parents to adopt, the author suggests that
something similar may have happened to Palestinian children who went missing during the 1948 war.
Here Palestinians and Yemenite Jews are united in their subjugation to the Ashkenazi Jewish
establishment through their lost children". (page 164).

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Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Racism_in_Israel&oldid=1063787727"

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