10th 1260060926 978 1260060928

Test Bank for Topical Approach to Lifespan
Development 10th Edition John Santrock

Full download chapter at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-topical-
approach-to-lifespan-development-10th-edition-john-santrock/
Chapter 01
Test Bank
1. Life-span development covers the period from __________ to __________.
A. conception; early adulthood
B. conception; death
C. birth; old age
D. birth; middle adulthood
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 3
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Studying Life-Span Development
2. Which of the following gives the best description of how life-span psychologists describe "development"?
A. the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and forms an adult’s personality and physiology
B. the change in personality and perspective experienced by individuals between adolescence and adulthood
C. the growth in skills and processes experienced from childhood through adolescence
D. the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and lasts through the human life span
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Gradable: automatic
Page: 3
3. The study of life-span development is the study of human development from conception to death. Historically, however, most of the focus has
been on which age group?
A. adulthood
B. young adulthood
C. birth to adolescence
D. old age

Gradable: automatic
Page: 3-4
4. The upper boundary of the human life span is __________ years.

A. 105
B. 117
C. 122
1-1
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
D. 131

Gradable: automatic
Page: 4
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective
5. Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth century life expectancy
A. in the United States increased by 15 years.
B. in the world increased by 15 years.
C. in the United States increased by 30 years.
D. in the world increased by 30 years.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 4
6. According to life-span development expert Paul Baltes, which age period dominates development?
A. infancy to childhood
B. adolescence to early adulthood
C. middle-aged to late adulthood
D. No single age group dominates development.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
7. Diana feels that her human development course overemphasizes the changes that occur from birth to adolescence and disregards the developmental
issues of adulthood. Which developmental perspective would address her concerns?
A. ethological
B. traditional
C. ecological
D. life-span
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
8. Some professors want to teach about the life-span approach in a human development course, whereas others want to keep the traditional
developmental approach. They disagree most centrally about
A. the multidimensional nature of development.
B. whether development is multidirectional.
C. whether development is lifelong.
D. the plasticity of development.

Gradable: automatic
1-2
Page: 4-5
9. Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean?

A. Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.
B. Development is not dominated by any single age period.
C. Psychologists, sociologists, biologists, and neuroscientists working together are needed to unlock the mysteries of development.
D. Development is characterized by the expansion of some dimensions and the shrinking of others.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
10. Kathy believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, social, and cognitive aspects. Kathy believes that
development is
A. multidirectional.
B. plastic.
C. multidimensional.
D. lifelong.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
11. Researchers increasingly study the development of adulthood. This implies that development is
B. multidisciplinary.
C. lifelong.
D. contextual.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
12. Which of the following is NOT among Paul Baltes' characteristics of the life-span perspective on development?
A. contextual
B. plastic
C. lifelong
D. unidirectional
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5-6
13. The capacity for acquiring second and third languages decreases after early childhood, whereas experiential wisdom increases with age. This is an
example of how development is
A. lifelong.
B. contextual.
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C. multidisciplinary.
D. multidirectional.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
14. Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual?

A. Intelligence may be studied by looking at genetics, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines.
B. Reasoning ability is biologically finite and cannot be improved through retraining.
C. Older adults call on experience to guide their decision making.
D. Parents in the United States are more likely to rear children to be independent than parents in Japan.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
15. In the United States, most individuals begin school around age 5, whereas in Australia they start at 3. This is an illustration of how development
is
B. multidisciplinary.
C. lifelong.
D. contextual.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
16. Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative life events are all ways in which development can be
classified as
B. plastic.
C. multidimensional.
D. contextual.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
17. Anna attributes her thriftiness to having been raised during the Great Depression. This is an example of a
A. nonnormative age-graded influence.
B. normative age-graded influence.
C. normative history-graded influence.
D. nonnormative life event.

1-4
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
18. The fact that I use email virtually every day and my mother has never sent or received an email is an example of a difference in
A. normative age-graded influences.
B. nonnormative age-graded influence.
C. normative history-graded influences.
D. nonnormative life events.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
19. Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are

A. nonnormative life events.
B. normative contextual influences.
C. normative age-graded influences.
D. normative history-graded influences.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
20. Neleh was on a popular reality TV show and got widespread exposure. This is an example of a
A. normative history-graded influence.
B. normative contextual influence.
C. nonnormative life event.
D. normative age-graded influence.

Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
21. Lauro is 83 years old. Much of his development will now focus on
A. maintenance and regulation of loss.
B. increasing plasticity.
C. growth and regulation of loss.
D. growth and maintenance.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
22. Contemporary concerns for researchers using the life-span perspective include
A. health and well-being issues.
B. parenting and education issues.
C. sociocultural, ethnicity, gender, and policy issues.
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D. All answer choices are correct.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 7-8
Topic: Contemporary Concerns
23. Of special consideration for social policy intervention are children who grow up
A. in poverty.
B. in very rural or very urban environments.
C. in single-parent homes.
D. as part of a minority group.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 10
24. Children living in poverty are more likely to

A. be separated from a parent.
B. be exposed to violence.
C. be exposed to family turmoil.
D. experience all these situations.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 10
25. The U.S. percentage of children living in poverty is

A. the lowest among the industrial countries.
B. almost twice that of Canada.
C. only half that of some other industrialized nations.
D. not high enough to draw people’s concerns.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 10
26. A primary concern in relation to social policy for older adults is

A. the increase in elder abuse.
B. access to health care and personal support.
C. negative public attitudes and prejudices.
D. the need for funding public pensions.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 10
1-6
27. At age 3, Jillian is beginning to engage her imagination. This is the __________ process of Jillian's life-span development.
A. socioemotional
B. cognitive
C. biological
D. ecological
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Cognitive Processes
28. Diego feels a strong happiness that he never had before as he holds his newborn child. This signifies development in the __________ process.
A. neurological
B. biological
C. cognitive
D. socioemotional

Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Topic: Socioemotional Processes
29. Doctors measure and chart a baby's height, weight, and head growth at each medical checkup. What processes are being tracked?
A. abstract
B. cognitive
C. socioemotional
D. biological

Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Topic: Biological Processes
30. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development?
A. Social development is independent of biological and cognitive development.
B. Cognitive development sets the upper limits for biological and social development.
C. These processes develop independently of one another.
D. The development of these processes is intricately interwoven.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
31. The developmental period during which a being grows from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities in 9
months is called
A. middle childhood.
B. infancy.
C. early childhood.
D. prenatal.
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Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Topic: Periods of Development
32. Children in preschool years become more self-sufficient and can care for themselves. What period of development are they in?
A. prenatal
B. infancy
C. early childhood
D. middle/late childhood

Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
33. Alec is almost completely dependent on his parents and is beginning to develop his language and sensorimotor coordination. What period of
development is he most likely in?
A. prenatal
B. infancy
C. early childhood
D. middle/late childhood

Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
34. The period of early childhood typically ends when the child
A. is toilet trained.
B. has mastered reading, writing, and arithmetic.
C. starts first grade.
D. learns to dress.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
35. Jen has mastered the fundamental skills of how to read and write. She is mostly likely in what stage of development?
A. late childhood
B. middle childhood
C. primary years
D. adolescence

Gradable: automatic
Page: 14
1-8
36. Most traditional undergraduate college students are experiencing which of the following developmental periods?
A. late childhood
B. emerging adulthood
C. middle adulthood
D. late adulthood
Gradable: automatic
Page: 14
37. Paulo is struggling to handle his first professional job and a new marriage while becoming more independent and responsible. What period of
development is he most likely in?
A. late childhood
B. adolescence
C. early adulthood
D. middle adulthood

Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
38. Len feels greatly contented in his career. He has more time to spend with his family, contribute to community activities, and mentor young
people. What period of development is he most likely in?
A. late adulthood
B. stability and regulation
C. early adulthood
D. middle adulthood

Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
39. Margaret spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed; however, she needs to pay
more attention to her health condition. Margaret is most likely in
A. late adolescence.
B. early adulthood.
C. middle adulthood.
D. late adulthood.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
40. At which of the following ages did the highest percentage of people (in the United States) report that they were happy?
A. 19 years
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B. 23 years
C. 42 years
D. 88 years
Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
Topic: Age and Happiness
41. On average, at what age do people enter the "oldest old" age group, as classified by Paul Baltes and Jacqui Smith?
A. 50 years
B. 65 years
C. 75 years
D. 85 years
Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
42. What developmental period (as determined by Paul Baltes and Jacqui Smith) is marked by sizeable losses in cognitive potential, chronic stress,
and frailty?
A. middle adulthood
B. late adulthood
C. young old
D. oldest old
Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
43. Each fall, the choir teacher faces the task of retraining the deepening voices of some of his male students. What period of development are these
students most likely in?
A. middle childhood
B. late childhood
C. adolescence
D. young adulthood

Gradable: automatic
Page: 14
44. Leo is 65 years old. He is coping well with his change of lifestyle and is highly motivated to learn new things. Leo is young in his __________
age.
A. social
B. chronological
C. biological
D. psychological
1-10
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
Topic: Conceptions of Age
45. Which of the following is NOT one of the conceptions of age as described in the text?
A. biological age
B. psychological age
C. cardiovascular age
D. social age
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
46. Becoming a grandmother is an example of __________ age.

A. cognitive
B. psychological
C. social
D. biological
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17-18
47. The functional capacities of a person's vital organ system indicate __________ age.
A. psychological
B. chronological
C. social
D. biological
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
48. Jerry is 60 years old. He has strong muscles, excellent lung capacity, and very high cardiovascular health. Jerry is relatively young in his
__________ age.
A. social
B. biological
C. chronological
D. psychological

Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
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49. A person's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age are reflected in his or her __________ age.
A. psychological
B. coping
C. biological
D. social
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
50. Brent has a son diagnosed with ADHD and believes that this is primarily due to genetics, given that Brent's father had ADHD as well. Brent most
likely believes that ADHD is primarily influenced by
A. continuity.
B. nurture.
C. nature.
D. stability.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 18
Topic: Nature and Nurture
51. In the nature/nurture debate, one's __________ is related to "nature," while one's __________ is related to "nurture."
A. biological inheritance;environment
B. environment; biological inheritance
C. biological inheritance; behavior
D. age; environment
Gradable: automatic
Page: 18
52. During her intake interview, Jody's psychiatrist asks for a familial history of mental disorders, as well as for details about her childhood friends,
neighborhood, and schools. The psychiatrist is gathering information related to the influence of __________ on development.
A. environment
B. biology and environment
C. cognitive acuity and coping skills
D. biology

Gradable: automatic
Page: 18
53. Although Angie was somewhat irresponsible as a teen, she changed her ways when she entered college and leased her first apartment. This
example most directly relates to the developmental issue of
A. continuity and discontinuity.
B. stability and change.
C. nature and nurture.
D. stability and nature.
1-12
Gradable: automatic
Page: 18-19
Topic: Stability and Change
54. In the final analysis, most developmentalists tend to believe that

A. development is influenced by nature and nurture, and is it characterized by continuity and discontinuity and also by stability and change.
B. nature is more important than nurture.
C. for the most part, people can't change.
D. development is more continuous than discontinuous.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 19
55. The life-span development concept of plasticity aligns most closely with which of the following?
A. nature
B. nurture
C. change
D. stability
Gradable: automatic
Page: 19
56. A caterpillar spends time as a caterpillar, then in a distinct period in a chrysalis, and then emerges as a butterfly. In terms of development, this is
A. quantitative change.
B. gradual change.
C. discontinuity.
D. continuity.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 19
57. Tammy was shy as a child but became more outgoing and confident when she attended a university far from her hometown. This relates most
directly to which developmental issue?
A. multidimensionality
B. stability and change
C. nature and nurture
D. multidirectionality

Gradable: automatic
1-13
Page: 18-19
58. The controversy of stability versus change is closely linked to which of the following concepts?
A. multidirectionality
B. plasticity
C. contextualism
D. multidimensionalism
Gradable: automatic
Page: 19
59. Consider the following: Conceptualize a problem to be studied, collect research information, analyze data, and draw conclusions. These steps
describe
A. a theory.
B. discontinuity in development.
C. a hypothesis.
D. the scientific method.
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy

Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Scientific Method
60. Nala decides to explore teenage pregnancy prevention for her master's thesis. According to the scientific method, what should be her first step in
getting started?
A. analyzing the information she has gathered
B. drawing conclusions from the collected data
C. beginning to collect information
D. conceptualizing the problem to be studied

Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
61. Which of the following is NOT true of theories and the application of theories?
A. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps make predictions.
B. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that may suggest hypotheses.
C. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena.
D. When studying a topic, it is advisable to choose one developmental theory and disregard all others.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
62. Psychoanalytic theories hold that development primarily depends on

A. thinking, reasoning, language, and other cognitive processes.
1-14
B. biology and evolution.
C. behavior's link to environment.
D. the unconscious mind.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theory
63. Psychoanalytic theories stress what in development?

A. late experiences with parents
B. early experiences with parents
C. the child’s cognitive creativity
D. genes inherited from parents
Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
64. Ben has repressed his sexual urges and has started to develop social and intellectual skills. Ben is in the psychosexual stage called the
__________ stage.
A. latency
B. anal
C. phallic
D. oral

Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
Topic: Freud's Theory
65. Erikson's theory emphasizes which of the following aspects of human development?
A. experiences in late life
B. psychosexual
C. experiences in early life
D. psychosocial
Gradable: automatic
Page: 21
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
66. Each stage in Erikson's theory presents a crisis that must be resolved. These crises are
A. catastrophic events that toughen the individual for future crises.
B. developmental turning points with increased vulnerability.
C. developmental turning points with enhanced potentials.
D. developmental turning points with both increased vulnerability and enhanced potentials.
1-15
Gradable: automatic
Page: 21
67. According to Erikson, a preschooler is in the __________ stage.

A. trust versus mistrust
B. initiative versus guilt
C. identity versus identity confusion
D. industry versus inferiority
Gradable: automatic
Page: 21
68. At the airport, 4-year-old Kelly is encouraged by her mom to help with dragging the bags off the luggage carousel. According to Erikson's stage
theory, Kelly's mom is helping Kelly develop
A. altruism.
B. trust.
C. her identity.
D. initiative.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 21
69. The successful outcome of Erikson's stage of __________ results in assertion of a sense of independence.
A. industry versus inferiority
B. autonomy versus shame and doubt
C. initiative versus guilt
D. identity versus identity confusion
Gradable: automatic
Page: 21
70. Piaget theorized that children move through distinct stages of cognitive development, with each stage being qualitatively different from the one
preceding. His theory reflects which aspect of developmental philosophy?
A. stability
B. nature
C. discontinuity
D. multidirectionality

Gradable: automatic
Page: 19,22
Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
71. If you believe that development occurs in stages, and you focus on cognitive development in an attempt to explain how children actively
construct their own view of the world but with very little consideration of social interaction, then you are mostly likely to believe the development
1-16
theory of
A. Erikson.
B. Vygotsky.
C. Piaget.
D. Freud.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 22-23
72. While maintaining that children actively construct their knowledge, Vygotsky focused on __________ in explaining child cognitive development.
A. organization and adaptation
B. social interaction
C. concrete operations
D. formal operations
Gradable: automatic
Page: 23
Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
73. Carlos is just starting to learn about the world. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory, which of the following would be among
the most important tools he will use to do this?
A. mobility
B. physical tools
C. sensory perceptions
D. language

Gradable: automatic
Page: 23
74. Which of the following identifies a cognitive theorist or a pair of cognitive theorists?
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Vygotsky
D. Freud and Erikson

Gradable: automatic
Page: 20-23
75. Which of the following is a central focus of the information-processing approach?

A. how individuals store and retrieve information
B. the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development
C. the influence of culture on development
D. the stage-like advances in an individual’s capability to recognize internal cognitive processes
1-17
Gradable: automatic
Page: 23-24
Topic: Information-Processing Theory
76. Which of the following theories emphasizes that people manipulate and monitor information and strategize about it?
A. information-processing theory
B. ethological theory
C. psychoanalytic theory
D. Piaget's cognitive development theory

Gradable: automatic
Page: 23-24
77. Which of the following theories is NOT a stage theory and claims that development is continuous rather than discontinuous?
A. Piaget's theory of cognitive development
B. Freud's theory of psychosexual development
C. information-processing theory
D. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
Gradable: automatic
Page: 23-24
78. Behaviorism argues that we should only study scientifically that which can be __________ and __________.
A. observed; measured
B. rewarded; punished
C. observed; changed
D. learned; changed

Gradable: automatic
Page: 24
Topic: Skinner's Operant Conditioning
79. Nathan bites his hand frequently throughout the day. According to Skinner, the best way to solve this problem is to
A. show disapproval responses whenever Nathan bites his hand, and provide encouragement when he refrains from doing so.
B. explore experiences from Nathan's early childhood.
C. administer an IQ test to determine Nathan's cognitive potential.
D. determine how Nathan's expectations about success have led him to develop this behavior.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 24
80. Which theory would provide the best support for your belief in using incentives and time-outs as ways to help children behave?
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A. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
B. Piaget's cognitive theory
C. Skinner's behaviorism
D. Erikson's psychosocial stages

Gradable: automatic
Page: 24
81. Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories?
A. inadequate attention to how people learn
B. inadequate attention to developmental changes
C. inadequate attention to environmental determinants
D. inadequate attention to behavioral changes

Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Topic: Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
82. A major common characteristic shared by behavioral and social cognitive theories is
A. the role of unconsciousness in behavior.
B. environmental influences on behavior.
C. an emphasis on the role of cognition in development.
D. the limits of scientific research.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
83. Justine repeats a phrase she has heard older students use at recess. This is an example of
A. Bandura's observational learning.
B. Piaget's cognitive stages.
C. Skinner's operant conditioning.
D. Erikson's developmental crises.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
84. Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline in her household. The focus of Bandura’s early research, sometimes called
modeling, suggests that her children will most likely
A. learn to hit others in similar situations.
B. become well-behaved people.
C. rebel and become more disobedient.
D. learn quickly not to disobey.
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Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
85. The process by which some organisms become attached to the first moving object they see is called
A. bonding.
B. the sensitive period.
C. imprinting.
D. positive reinforcement.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Topic: Ethological Theory
86. Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development?
A. cognitive
B. ethological
C. ecological
D. behavioral

Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
87. Amy will be having her first child soon. She insists that she be the first to see and hold her baby after delivery in order to foster bonding. Her
belief is consistent with which theory?
A. ethological
B. cognitive
C. ecological
D. behavioral

Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
88. Janice found that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother. Which theory would this observation support?
A. ethological
B. social learning
C. ecological
D. cognitive

Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
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89. Infants raised in orphanages may not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life. According to John Bowlby,
what might the consequence of this be?
A. The infant will bond to the first moving object seen after birth.
B. As long as the child is adopted by age 10, no negative effects will be experienced.
C. The outcome will depend on the child's temperament.
D. Life-span development will likely not be optimal.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
90. While ethology stresses biological factors in human development, ecological theory emphasizes the role of
A. evolution.
B. cognition.
C. the environment.
D. parental genes.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 26
Topic: Ecological Theory
91. Ecological theory has been criticized for paying too little attention to
A. biological and cognitive factors.
B. social and cognitive factors.
C. environmental settings.
D. microdimensions of culture.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 27
92. Joe is the second of seven children in his very conservative family. Jackie is the only child of liberal parents. When we compare such differences
in studying ecological systems, we are focusing on differences in the
A. mesosystem.
B. exosystem.
C. microsystem.
D. macrosystem.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 26
93. Shawn's job requires lots of travel, and the demands of his job are affecting his marriage and his child’s relations with him. This relationship
between Shawn’s job and his child’s development illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of a(n)
A. exosystem.
B. macrosystem.
C. chronosystem.
D. microsystem.
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Gradable: automatic
Page: 26
94. Which developmental theory most fully realizes Baltes’ assertion that development is contextual?
A. psychoanalytic
B. social cognitive
C. ecological
D. ethological

Gradable: automatic
Page: 6, 26
95. Recent changes in the Medicare system have affected the quality of health care that David's elderly mother receives. These changes do not affect
David directly, but Bronfenbrenner would say they affect David's development because they are part of David's
A. exosystem.
B. mesosystem.
C. macrosystem.
D. microsystem.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 26
96. An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that

A. contemporary theories are more accurate than those created before 1950.
B. the different developmental theories are all correct and complete within their own contexts.
C. no single theory can account for all of human development.
D. development is a predictable and rigid process.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 27
Topic: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation
97. A social worker is helping Brody by applying Skinner's theory to reward Brody for his efforts, Erikson's theory to understand the identity and
intimacy crises that Brody is facing, and Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how environmental contexts and interactions will affect Brody's
development. What theoretical approach is the social worker using?
A. eclectic
B. ethological
C. fragmented
D. dynamic

Gradable: automatic
1-22
Page: 27
98. The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development. Which theoretical approach does this statement
advocate?
A. psychoanalytic
B. life-span
C. social learning
D. eclectic

Gradable: automatic
Page: 27
99. A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. This researcher is conducting a
A. naturalistic observation.
B. survey.
C. standardized test.
D. case study.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 29
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Observation
100. Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting an observation in a natural setting rather than in a laboratory?
A. A laboratory setting may unfairly represent certain populations.
B. In a laboratory setting, the subjects likely know they are being observed.
C. Participants will behave more naturally in a natural setting.
D. The observation will be more controlled if done in a natural setting.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 29
Topic: Observation
101. Dr. Sam collects data on how often strangers approach one another by sitting at the park on weekend afternoons and jotting down what people
do. One strength of this observational approach is that it
A. shows how people behave when they know they are being observed.
B. occurs in a real-world setting.
C. allows for a great deal of control over the observational setting.
D. involves a structured set of interview questions.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 29
Topic: Naturalistic Observation
102. Which method is being used when market researchers call consumers on the telephone to ask about certain products used in the home?
A. standardized test
B. naturalistic observation
1-23
C. interview
D. case study

Gradable: automatic
Page: 29
Topic: Survey and Interview
103. What is the main problem with survey research?

A. It is expensive to conduct.
B. It cannot be conducted in a laboratory setting.
C. It is only biased or unclear.
D. Participants may give inaccurate responses.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
104. Which of the following is NOT a weakness associated with standardized tests?
A. They allow an individual’s performance to be compared with that of another.
B. People may behave differently in different settings.
C. Their use assumes that people’s behaviors are consistent and stable.
D. People’s performances may be influenced by their emotions in different settings.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
Topic: Standardized Test
105. Which of the following is NOT a drawback of using a case study to explore a developmental issue?
A. The unique aspects of one person’s life cannot be tested in other individuals.
B. Conclusions of case studies have unknown reliability.
C. Conclusions drawn from case studies are unique and cannot be generalized to other members of a population.
D. It may focus on nearly any aspect of the participant’s life that will help the researcher to understand the person’s mind and behavior.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
Topic: Case Study
Topic: Physiological Measures
106. A researcher chooses to study one pregnant teen in great detail by taking frequent measures of her behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Which
method does this researcher use?
A. naturalistic observation
B. case study
C. standardized test
D. questionnaire

1-24
Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
Topic: Case Study
107. Someone with an extremely rare psychological disorder would most likely be studied using what method?
A. survey
B. case study
C. questionnaire
D. naturalistic observation

Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
Topic: Case Study
108. Assessment of hormones in the bloodstream is a type of

A. standardized test.
B. physiological measure.
C. naturalistic observation.
D. case study.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
109. Which research design aims to observe and record behavior?

A. experimental
B. descriptive
C. correlational
D. All answer choices are correct.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
Topic: Descriptive Research
110. If it is shown that people who eat bananas are more likely to have diabetes, it does not necessarily mean that bananas cause diabetes, because
__________ does not equal __________.
A. experimentation; correlation
B. experimentation; causation
C. causation; correlation
D. correlation; causation

Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
Topic: Correlational Research
111. If a researcher finds that the number of positive statements parents say to their children is positively correlated with the children's self-esteem,
the researcher could correctly conclude that
A. more negative parental feedback causes low self-esteem in children.
1-25
B. more positive parental feedback is related to high self-esteem in children.
C. more positive parental feedback causes high self-esteem in children.
D. more positive parental feedback is related to low self-esteem in children.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
112. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?
A. +0.13
B. −0.93
C. +0.87
D. −0.47
Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
113. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates

A. an inverse relationship between variables.
B. a higher relationship between variables than if the coefficient is −1.
C. a positive correlation between variables.
D. no relationship between variables.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
114. Which research method is used to determine causality?

A. descriptive
B. observational
C. correlational
D. experimental
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Topic: Experimental Research
115. Dr. Lewis wants to determine the physical effects of ADHD medication dosages on children aged 8 to 15. What kind of study will he most
likely conduct?
A. descriptive
B. correlational
C. experimental
D. longitudinal

1-26
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Topic: Experimental Research
116. Which of the following is manipulated during an experiment?

A. dependent variable
B. observed effect
C. independent variable
D. correlation coefficient
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Topic: Independent and Dependent Variables
117. A psychologist designs an experiment to determine if the number of adults’ eye contacts with children would increase the number of children's
smiles. In this study, the number of
A. adults’ eye contacts with children is the dependent variable.
B. adults’ eye contacts with children is the independent variable.
C. children’s smiles is the independent variable.
D. children’s smiles is the correlative variable.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
118. A researcher studies the effect of exercise on stamina. Participants are randomly assigned to be in an exercise or no-exercise group for 12 weeks.
Stamina is then measured by how long participants can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is
A. the heart rate during the exercise program.
B. the number of minutes participants spend comfortably on the treadmill.
C. whether the participants are in the exercise program or not.
D. whether the duration of the exercise program is 12 weeks or longer.

Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
119. In an experiment to determine the effects of an antidepressant medication, half the subjects receive the medication and half receive a placebo,
which is a harmless sugar pill without any medication effects. The group of people who receive the placebo is the __________ group.
A. experimental
B. random
C. control
D. correlation

Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Topic: Experimental and Control Groups
120. Random assignment is used in experiments because researchers want to

1-27
A. reduce the likelihood that the experiment's results will be due to any preexisting differences between the experimental and control groups.
B. guarantee that the results will be statistically significant.
C. ensure that the experimental results are not merely correlational.
D. ensure that people from different social classes will be in separate groups.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Topic: Experimental and Control Groups
121. To chart the development of gross motor coordination over the life span, researchers tested individuals ranging in age from childhood to old age.
Which approach did they take?
A. neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal
B. cross-sectional
C. both cross-sectional and longitudinal
D. longitudinal

Gradable: automatic
Page: 33
Topic: Cross-Sectional Approach
122. Professor Fischer observes a group of participants over a period of 10 years to chart changes in memory. What kind of research is this?
A. both cross-sectional and longitudinal
B. neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal
C. longitudinal
D. cross-sectional

Gradable: automatic
Page: 33
Topic: Longitudinal Approach
123. Sheri answered a life satisfaction rating survey every 5 years between the ages of 20 and 65. What type of study was this?
A. cross-sectional
B. experimental
C. longitudinal
D. naturalistic observation

Gradable: automatic
Page: 33
124. Cohort effects are due to all of the following EXCEPT

A. a person's time of birth.
B. a person's era.
C. a person's generation.
D. a person's actual age.
1-28
Gradable: automatic
Page: 33
Topic: Cohort Effects
125. How do individuals of the generation Z/post-millennial generation differ from millennials?
A. They are less ethnically diverse than millennials.
B. They are less likely to have a college-educated parent.
C. They are more likely to go to college.
D. They are more likely to share the political views of their parents.
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Gradable: automatic
Page: 34
Topic: Cohort Effects
126. Before his study begins, Dr. Holly lets the subjects know that their participation will include a small, weekly time commitment and may arouse
negative thoughts and feelings about past academic experiences. This is an example of
A. debriefing.
B. deception.
C. confidentiality.
D. informed consent.
APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice
Gradable: automatic
Page: 35
Topic: Ethical Research
127. Which of the following is NOT a form of bias that is discussed in the textbook?
A. ethnic
B. socioeconomic
C. cultural
D. gender
Gradable: automatic
Page: 35-36
Topic: Gender Bias
128. The term ethnic gloss refers to a tendency to make ethnic groups appear to
A. be more different than each other than they really are.
B. commit more crimes than they actually do.
C. be more homogeneous than they really are.
D. be more diverse than they really are.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 36
Topic: Cultural and Ethnic Bias
1-29
129. Define development and discuss the period it encompasses.
Development is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
Gradable: manual
Page: 3
130. Describe how the traditional approach to development differs from the life-span approach.
In the traditional approach, focus is placed on dramatic change occurring from birth to adolescence, with particular emphasis on infancy, little or no
change in adult development, and decline in old age. In the life-span approach, developmental change takes place throughout the human life span.
Gradable: manual
Page: 3-4
131. Describe each of Paul Baltes' life-span development characteristics.
Lifelong: No one age period dominates development. Issues are worthy of study from birth until death.
Multidimensional: Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional components comprise development.
Multidirectional: Development is characterized by expansion of some dimensions or components of dimensions and shrinking of others.
Plasticity: Development includes the capacity for change across the life span.
Multidisciplinary: Understanding development requires the study of many subjects—psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, medicine, and so on.
Contextual: Individuals are changing beings in a changing world. Environment and situation affect development.
Growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss: Three aspects of development—growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss—will compete in differing
quantities according to the developmental stage. Maintenance and regulation of loss will become more important in middle and old age.
Co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual: Our genetic inheritance, our environment, and our own self-directed learning and decisions
will work together to influence development.
Gradable: manual
Page: 5-6
132. List the three types of contextual influences that affect development in Baltes’ contextual component of development, and give an example of
each.
1. Normative age-graded influences: puberty, menopause, entry into formal education, retirement
2. Normative history-graded influences: economic changes (the Great Depression), war, the changing roles of women, the computer revolution,
political upheaval and change
3. Nonnormative life events: death of a parent when a child is young, pregnancy in early adolescence, a disaster, an accident, winning the lottery
Gradable: manual
Page: 6
133. Briefly define biological processes, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes.
1-30
Biological processes involve changes in the individual's physical nature.
Cognitive processes involve changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
Socioemotional processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality.
Gradable: manual
Page: 13
Topic: Cognitive Processes
Topic: Socioemotional Processes
134. Identify and briefly describe the four ways that age has been conceptualized.
1. Chronological age: the number of years that have elapsed since a person's birth
2. Biological age: a person's age in terms of biological health
3. Psychological age: an individual's adaptive capacities compared to those of other individuals of the same chronological age
4. Social age: social roles and social connectedness with others that a person adopts
Gradable: manual
Page: 17
135. Briefly discuss the nature-nurture issue.
This issue involves the debate about whether development is influenced primarily by an individual’s genetic blueprint or biological inheritance
(nature) or by environmental experiences (nurture).
Gradable: manual
Page: 18-19
136. Briefly discuss the stability-change issue.
This issue concerns whether we become older renditions of our early experiences or whether we have the capacity to develop into something
different based on experiences later in life. The relative weight of influence of early and late experiences is key to the debate between stability and
change perspectives.
Gradable: manual
Page: 18-19
137. Given the choices, identify which developmental issue is addressed in each of the following questions.
1. Can enriched experiences in adolescence reduce or eclipse the negative effects of poverty and/or neglect in very early childhood?
2. Is a girl less likely to do well in math because of a masculine bias in society, or would her biological or genetic aptitude primarily determine her
skill in mathematics?
3. Does development occur primarily in distinct stages or in a more gradual and cumulative manner?
1-31
a. stability and change
b. continuity and discontinuity
c. nature and nurture
1: a, 2: c, 3: b

Gradable: manual
Page: 19
Topic: Developmental Issues
138. Briefly discuss the difference between developmentalists who favor stability and those who favor change in reference to the stability-change
issue.
Those who favor stability argue that infant and early childhood experiences are most important in shaping human development, whereas those who
emphasize change believe that people are malleable throughout development and that later experiences are equally important in shaping
development.
Gradable: manual
Page: 19
139. Briefly discuss the continuity-discontinuity issue.
The focus of this issue is on whether development involves gradual, cumulative change from conception to death (continuity), or whether
development occurs in distinct stages or phases across the life span (discontinuity).
Gradable: manual
Page: 20
Topic: Continuity and Discontinuity
140. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena and make predictions. A hypothesis is a specific assertion and
prediction that can be tested. Hypotheses may be suggested by theories.
Gradable: manual
Page: 20
Topic: Developmental Issues
141. List Freud's psychosexual stages in order.
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Gradable: manual
Page: 20
1-32
Topic: Freud's Theory
142. In what way do the ethological and ecological theories of development relate to the nature-nurture issue?
The ethological theory of development stresses biological factors in development, or the influence of nature. Ecological theory emphasizes
environmental contexts in which development takes place and is thus more consistent with “nurture.”

Gradable: manual
Page: 25-27
143. List three of the five systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, and give a brief definition of each.
Microsystem: setting in which the individual lives

Mesosystem: relationships between microsystems or connections between contexts
Exosystem: interplay between an individual’s immediate social setting and another social setting in which the individual does not have an active role
Macrosystem: the culture in which individuals live
Chronosystem: the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances
Gradable: manual
Page: 26-27
144. What is an eclectic approach and why is it recommended for studying life-span development?
An eclectic orientation does not follow any one theoretical approach completely but selects and uses what is considered the best in each theory. No
single theory has been able to account for all aspects of life-span development, but each theory has made important contributions to our
understanding of development. Different theories contain many ideas that are complimentary and explain different aspects and issues in development.
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena

Gradable: manual
Page: 27
145. Briefly describe observation, survey and interview, standardized testing, case study, and physiological measures as types of data collecting in
research.
Observation: Observation includes watching participants and being scientifically alert to the behavior to be studied. Observations must be systematic
and can occur in natural or laboratory settings.
Survey and Interview: Participants answer questions either through an person-to-person, interview, through a questionnaire, on the telephone, or over
the Internet. A disadvantage to this type of study is that participants may not answer questions accurately.
Standardized testing: Standardized testing is an evaluative measure with uniform administration procedures that yields results that often allow
participants to be compared to other participants.
Case study: A case study is an in-depth look at a single individual. Case studies are performed when it may not be ethical or practical to induce a
situation to be studied.
Physiological measures: These are aspects of development that can be assessed medically, such as hormone levels in the body or neuroimaging to
capture brain activity.
1-33
Gradable: manual
Page: 28-31
Topic: Case Study
Topic: Observation
Topic: Standardized Test
146. Briefly describe the cross-sectional approach to research.
The cross-sectional approach is a research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages.
Gradable: manual
Page: 33
Topic: Cross-Sectional Approach
147. Briefly describe the longitudinal approach to research.
The longitudinal approach is a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
Gradable: manual
Page: 33
148. Describe three ethical concerns regarding research.
Informed consent: Participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop.
Confidentiality: The psychologist must keep all data gathered on individuals confidential and, when possible, anonymous.
Debriefing: The researcher must inform participants of the purpose and methods used in a study after the study has been completed.
Deception: In some circumstances, researchers may mislead participants as to the purpose of a study. In all cases of deception, the psychologist must
ensure that the deception will not harm the participants, and that the participants will be told the actual nature of the study as soon as possible after
the study is completed (debriefing).
APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice
Gradable: manual
Page: 35
Topic: Ethical Research
149. Explain the concept of ethnic gloss.
Ethnic gloss involves using an ethnic label in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is. This can
cause researchers to obtain samples of ethnic groups that are not representative of the group's diversity, which can lead to overgeneralization and
stereotyping.
Gradable: manual
Page: 36
Topic: Cultural and Ethnic Bias
150. List one contribution and one criticism of psychoanalytic theories.

1-34
Contributions:
–Early experiences play an important part in development.
–Family relationships are a central aspect of development.
–Unconscious aspects of the mind need to be considered.
–Erikson's theory acknowledges development during adulthood as well as during childhood.
Criticisms:
–Many note the lack of scientific support for psychoanalytic theories.
–Sexual underpinnings of development in Freud's theory are given too much importance.
–Images of human beings are too negative.

Gradable: manual
Page: 20-22
151. List one contribution and one criticism of cognitive theories of development.
Contributions:
–An individual's active construction of understanding and developmental changes in thinking is emphasized.
Criticisms:
–Inadequate attention is devoted to individual differences in development.
–There is skepticism about the pureness of Piaget’s stages.

Gradable: manual
Page: 22-24
152. List one contribution and one criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories of development.
Contributions:
–Scientific research is emphasized.
–Environmental determinants of behavior are addressed.
Criticisms:
–Too little emphasis is placed on cognition (Skinner).
–Inadequate attention is paid to developmental changes.

Gradable: manual
Page: 24-25
153. Compare and contrast ethological and ecological theories.
Ethological theory holds that behavior is strongly influenced by biology and evolution. Ecological theory puts more emphasis on the environmental
contexts in which development occurs and less on biology.

1-35
Gradable: manual
Page: 25-27
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 153
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 69
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 26
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 53
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena 1
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy 4
APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice 2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze 1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply 50
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember 51
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand 51
Difficulty Level: Basic 64
Difficulty Level: Difficult 23
Difficulty Level: Moderate 66
Gradable: automatic 128
Gradable: manual 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development. 49
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. 30
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted. 35
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development. 39
Topic: Age and Happiness 1
Topic: Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory 5
Topic: Biological Processes 3
Topic: Case Study 4
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 22
Topic: Cognitive Processes 2
Topic: Cohort Effects 2
Topic: Conceptions of Age 7
Topic: Contemporary Concerns 5
Topic: Continuity and Discontinuity 1
Topic: Correlational Research 4
Topic: Cross-Sectional Approach 2
Topic: Cultural and Ethnic Bias 2
Topic: Descriptive Research 1
Topic: Developmental Issues 2
Topic: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation 4
Topic: Ecological Theory 9
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 5
Topic: Ethical Research 2
Topic: Ethological Theory 7
Topic: Experimental and Control Groups 2
Topic: Experimental Research 2
Topic: Freud's Theory 2
Topic: Gender Bias 1
Topic: Independent and Dependent Variables 3
Topic: Information-Processing Theory 4
Topic: Longitudinal Approach 3
Topic: Naturalistic Observation 1
Topic: Nature and Nurture 5
Topic: Observation 3
Topic: Periods of Development 12
Topic: Physiological Measures 3
1-36
Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory 3
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theory 3
Topic: Scientific Method 3
Topic: Skinner's Operant Conditioning 5
Topic: Socioemotional Processes 2
Topic: Stability and Change 8
Topic: Standardized Test 2
Topic: Studying Life-Span Development 6
Topic: Survey and Interview 3
Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory 4
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Test Bank for Topical Approach to Lifespan

Development 10th Edition John Santrock

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

4. The upper boundary of the human life span is __________ years.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

9. Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean?

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

14. Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual?

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

19. Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

24. Children living in poverty are more likely to

25. The U.S. percentage of children living in poverty is

26. A primary concern in relation to social policy for older adults is

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

46. Becoming a grandmother is an example of __________ age.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

54. In the final analysis, most developmentalists tend to believe that

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy

62. Psychoanalytic theories hold that development primarily depends on

63. Psychoanalytic theories stress what in development?

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

67. According to Erikson, a preschooler is in the __________ stage.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

75. Which of the following is a central focus of the information-processing approach?

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains