Physical Science

Quarter 2 – Module 11
Various Light Phenomena

Physical Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 11: Various Light Phenomena
First Edition, 2020

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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 11

Various Light Phenomena

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Various Light Phenomena!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

 This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Various Light Phenomena!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you
already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
 What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current
lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in
various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This

aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to

solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

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What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you
transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery

in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to

you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget
to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the
module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module focuses on various light phenomena.

After going through this module, you are expected to explain various phenomena,
such as:
a. your reflection on the concave and convex sides of a spoon looks
different;
b. mirages;
c. light from a red laser passes more easily though red cellophane than
green cellophane;
d. clothing of certain colors appears different in artificial light and in
sunlight;
e. haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, and
supernumerary bows;
f. why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark;
g. why the sky is blue and sunsets are reddish
 1

What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of rainbow formation?

a. Refract – Reflect – Refract

b. Refract – Refract – Reflect
c. Reflect – Reflect – Refract
d. Reflect – Refract – Refract

2. Which of the following is true about rainbows?

i. Secondary rainbows occur in the order ROYGBIV.
ii. Purple can be seen in primary rainbows.

a. i only
b. ii only
c. both i and ii
d. neither i and ii

3. A secondary rainbow is ___ the primary rainbow and is ___ that the primary.

a. above . . . narrower
b. above . . . wider
c. below . . . narrower
d. below . . . wider

4. The following describes a mirage as a light phenomenon except:

a. Mirages form a circular arc around the anti-solar point, which is

located at the shadow of your head.
b. An optical phenomenon that results from the refraction of light
through a non-uniform medium is called a mirage.
c. If a driver looks down at the roadway at a very low angle, light from
objects above the roadway will follow a curved path causing a mirage. d. A
mirage makes it seem there is a puddle of water on the road that is
causing you to see objects located above the road.

2
5. Which of the following observations can be seen when you shine a red light
in a white paper with red and green dots?
 i. White paper appears white.
ii. Red dots can be still be seen.
iii. Green dots appear black.

a. i only
b. iii only
c. i and iii
d. ii and iii

6. The following correctly explains the shining of light through a cellophane

except:

a. As white light passes through red cellophane, the cellophane absorbs

all colors except red.
b. Green light can’t easily pass through green cellophane because it
shows the same color.
c. A red light passing through red cellophane will simply go through
since they have the same color.
d. Red light can’t easily pass through green cellophane since the
collophane absorbs the red light.

7. Rain clouds are mostly gray because:

a. it mostly absorbs all colors except gray

b. it reflects less light as it prepares to rain
c. it reflects more light due to larger water molecules
d. it does not scatter light and focuses it on the atmosphere

8. What principle is responsible when we see yellow to red skies in the early
morning or late afternoon?

a. Diffraction
b. Dispersion
c. Interference
d. Scattering

9. Blue skies occur during the day due to:

a. Diffraction
b. Mie scattering
c. Rayleigh scattering
d. Tyndall Effect

3
10.When illustrating a ray diagram, you can draw the mirrored image by using
at least ___.

a. 4 lines
b. 3 lines
 c. 2 lines
d. 1 line

For numbers 11 to 15, use the following choices:

a. Concave side c. True

b. Convex side d. False

11.A spoon is a double mirror

12.This side of the spoon gives you an inverted reflected image.

13.Both sides of a spoon can give different image orientations.

14.The reflection in a spoon changes as you go near to it.

15.This side of the spoon gives you an upright reflected image

Lesso Various Light Phenomena

n 1

What’s In
This is a review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.

1. Constructive interference occurs if the amplitudes of the waves combine and

form bigger amplitude.

2. Destructive interference occurs if the waves are out of phase such that one
wave traveled an extra distance father, because the waves are not aligned.

3. Coherent sources occur when emissions come from a single light source,
having a constant phase relationship.

4
4. Incoherent sources occur when emissions from the sources do not maintain a
constant phase relationship with each other over time.

5. Monochromatic light means the light source consists of a single wavelength

only.

6. Diffraction is the spreading of light when it comes up to a hole or other

barrier.
 7. Dispersion is the separation of visible light into its different colors.

8. Angle of deviation is the amount of overall refraction caused by the passage

of a light ray through a prism.

9. Scattering of light is the phenomenon in which light rays get deviated from its
straight path on striking an obstacle.

10. Tyndall effect is the phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal particles.

11. Rayleigh scattering refers to the scattering of light off of the molecules of the
air

What’s New
Activity 1.1. Spoon in and Spoon Out1
In this experiment, you will be able to see how you look when you look at the
concave and convex sides of a spoon. Write your observations on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Stand in a well-lit room or outside. Hold the spoon by the handle just like
you would when you are eating but flip it over so that the back of the spoon
is facing you. Look at yourself in the curved end, what do you look like?

2. Now turn the spoon so that the back of the spoon is still facing you but the
curved part is pointing at the ceiling or sky. Have another look at yourself.

1
Monster Sciences, “Activity 1: Changing Colour.”

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3. Next, turn the spoon over and look at yourself in the front of the curved part
where the food normally goes. What do you see?

Activity 1.1. Spoon in and Spoon Out

Concave Convex

The shiny spoon is like a mini mirror, but with a curve in it. The front of the spoon
is a CONCAVE surface, and the back is a CONVEX surface.
Activity 1.2. Looking Through Red Cellophane 2
In this experiment, you will be able to see what happens when red light shines at
red and green objects.
You will need the following: Several sheets of red cellophane, Flashlight, Rubber
band, Printed sheet with red and green dots.
1. Stack the sheets of cellophane together and use them to cover the light end
of the flashlight. Hold in place with the rubber band.

2. Go into a room that is in complete darkness so that the only light that
appears in the room will be the light of the flashlight.

3. Turn on the flashlight and shine it on the printed paper with the dots.
Observe what you see on the paper.

4. Compare what you saw on the paper in the dark room to what is seen in a
normally lighted room.

2
Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “Q & A: Why is your reflection upside
down in a spoon?”

6
Guide Questions:

1. What is the color of the white parts of the paper and why does it
appear so?

2. Can you see the red dots on the paper? Why do you think so? 3.

Can you see the green dots on the paper? Why do you think so?

What is It
Ray Diagram of Concave Mirrors in a Spoon3
In the center of the sphere from which the mirror was sliced is known as the
center of curvature and is denoted by the letter C in the diagram below. The
point on the mirror's surface where the principal axis meets the mirror is
known as the vertex and is denoted by the letter A in the diagram below. The
vertex is the geometric center of the mirror. Midway between the vertex and
the center of curvature is a point known as the focal point; the focal point is
denoted by the letter F in the diagram below. The distance from the vertex to
the center of curvature is known as the radius of curvature (represented by
R). The radius of curvature is the radius of the sphere from which the mirror
was cut. Finally, the distance from the mirror to the focal point is known as
the focal length (represented by f).

3
The Physics Classroom. “The Anatomy of a Curved Mirror.”

7
Since the focal point is the midpoint of the line segment adjoining the vertex
and the
center of
curvature,
the focal
length
would be
one-half the
radius of
curvature.

Ray Diagram of Convex Mirrors in a Spoon4

The diagram at the right depicts a convex mirror. In Lesson 3, a convex
mirror was described as a portion of a sphere that had been sliced away. If
the outside of the sphere is silvered such that it can reflect light, then the
mirror is said to be convex. The center of that original sphere is known as
the center of curvature (C) and the line that passes from the mirror's surface
through the sphere's center is known as the principal axis. The mirror has a
focal point (F) that is located along the principal axis, midway between the
mirror's surface and the center of curvature. Note that the center of
curvature and the focal point are located on the side of the mirror opposite
the object - behind the mirror. Since the focal point is located behind the
convex mirror, such a mirror is said to have a negative focal length value.
A convex mirror is sometimes referred to as a diverging mirror due to the
fact that incident light originating from the same point and will reflect off the
mirror surface and diverge. The diagram at the right shows four incident
rays originating from a point and incident towards a convex mirror. These
four rays will each reflect according to the law of reflection. After reflection,
the light rays diverge; subsequently they will never intersect on the object
side of the mirror. For this reason, convex mirrors produce virtual images
that are located somewhere behind the mirror.

4
The Physics Classroom. “Reflection and Image Formation for Convex Mirrors.”

8
The image in the diagram above is a virtual image. Light does not actually
pass through the image location. It only appears to observers as though all
the reflected light from each part of the object is diverging from this virtual
image location. The fact that all the reflected light from the object appears to
diverge from this location in space means that any observer would view a
replica or reproduction when sighting along a line at this location.

Mirages: Refraction in a Non-Uniform Medium5

A mirage is an optical phenomenon that creates the illusion of water and
results from the refraction of light through a non-uniform medium. Mirages
are most commonly observed on sunny days when driving down a roadway.
As you drive down the roadway, there appears to be a puddle of water on the
road several yards (maybe one-hundred yards) in front of the car. Of course,
when you arrive at the perceived location of the puddle, you recognize that
the puddle is not there. Instead, the puddle of water appears to be another
one-hundred yards in front of you. You could carefully match the perceived
location of the water to a roadside object; but when you arrive at that object,
the puddle of water is still not on the roadway. The appearance of the water
is simply an illusion.

5
The Physics Classroom. “Mirages.”

9
Mirages occur on sunny days. The role of the sun is to heat the roadway to
high temperatures. This heated roadway in turn heats the surrounding air,
keeping the air just above the roadway at higher temperatures than that
day's average air temperature. Hot air tends to be less optically dense than
cooler air. As such, a non-uniform medium has been created by the heating
of the roadway and the air just above it.
While light will travel in a straight line through a uniform medium, it will
refract when traveling through a non-uniform medium. If a driver looks
down at the roadway at a very low angle (that is, at a position nearly one
hundred yards away), light from objects above the roadway will follow a
curved path to the driver's eye as shown in the diagram below.

So

when you experience this sunny day phenomenon, your mind must quickly
make sense of how you can look downward at the roadway and see an object
located above the road. In the process of making sense of this event, your
mind draws upon past experiences. Searching the database of stored
experiences, your mind is interested in an explanation of why the eye can
sight downward at a surface and see an object that is located above the
surface. In the process of searching, it comes up with three possible
explanations based upon past experiences. Your mind subtly ponders these
three options.
1. There is a mirror on the road. Someone must have for some reason
placed a mirror on the road. The mirror is reflecting light and that is
 why I see an image of the oncoming truck when I look downward at
the road.
2. There is a glass window on the road. My gosh, do you believe it!
Someone has left a glass window on the road. The glass window is
reflecting light and that is why I see an image of the oncoming truck
when I look downward at the road.
3. There is water on the road. It must have rained last night and there is
a puddle of water left on the road. The water is reflecting light and
that is why I see an image of the oncoming truck when I look
downward at the road.

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Of

the three possible explanations of the image of the truck, only one makes a
lot of sense to the mind - there is water on the road. After all, while both
glass windows and mirrors can reflect light, nowhere in your mind's
database of past experiences is there an account of a mirror or glass window
being seen on a roadway. Yet there are plenty of times that a water puddle
has been observed to be present on a roadway. Smart person that you are,
you then concludes that there is a puddle of water on the road that is
causing you to see objects located above the road when you sight downward
at the road. The illusion is complete.

Red and Green Cellophanes: Can Red Light Pass Through? 6

In Activity 1.2., you should see the following observations when red light
shines at a white paper with red and green dots: (1) The white paper appears
red; (2) The red dots on the paper cannot be seen; and (3) The green dots
appear black. Let’s understand why these happens and answer the
question, “why does light from a red laser passes more easily though red
cellophane than green cellophane?”
 6
Murray, Lauren. “Science Summary on Light.”

11

Normal Light Red Light

BLACK
RED GREEN

The white paper appears red because the color white is a reflection of all wavelengths
of light together, and therefore is able to reflect the red light transmitted onto it, and
also no other wavelengths of light are visible in the darkened room.
The red dots cannot be seen because they are reflecting the same wavelength of light
that is being transmitted onto them. Since the red light is the only light in the room,
when it hits the red dots on the white paper the only wavelength of light that is
reflected back is red. There is no contrast between two different colors caused by
multiple wavelengths of light so the colors cannot be distinguished from one another.
The green dots appear black in the red light because they absorb the red light and
have no other wavelength of light to reflect. A green dot appears green in white light
because when the light hits it, it absorbs all wavelengths except for green, which is
reflected. The color black occurs when all wavelengths of light that hit an object are
absorbed.

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 Notes to the Learner7
Green cellophane will only allow green light to pass through it. The
cellophane absorbs other colors of light.
For example, green light will not pass through red cellophane. The green light is
absorbed by the red cellophane. However, green light will pass through green
cellophane.
As a general rule each color filter (e.g. glass or cellophane) will only allow light of
its own color to pass through.

Rainbows: Bringing Colors in the Atmosphere8

Rainbows result from refraction of sunlight in falling water droplets plus reflection
of the light from the back of the droplet.

7
Commonwealth of Australia, “Colour.”
8
Georgia State University. “Rainbows.”

13
If during a rain shower you can see the shadow of your own head, then you
are in position to see a rainbow if conditions are favorable. The rainbow
forms a circular arc around the anti-solar point, which is located at the
shadow of your head. You can search for the shadow of your head to find a
rainbow in a waterfall, or even in the spray from a hose or sprinkler.
The primary rainbow forms between about 40° and 42° from the antisolar
point. The light path involves refraction and a single reflection inside the
water droplet. If the drops are large, 1 millimeter or more in diameter, red,
green, and violet are bright but there is little blue. Such large droplets are
suggested by the rainbow at right.

As

the droplets get smaller, red weakens. In fine mist, all colors except violet
may disappear. Even finer fog droplets, smaller than 0.05 mm, produce the
white rainbow or fog bow. The secondary rainbow involves two reflections
inside the falling droplets.
Rainbows are not seen in midday since the whole 42° circle is below the
horizon at most latitudes. So rainbows tend to be seen most in the later
afternoon when a thundershower has passed and the sun from the west is
illuminating the receding edge of an eastwardly moving raincloud. It is
possible to see the entire circle of the rainbow from an airplane since there
can be falling droplets both above and below you.

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The secondary rainbow is about 10° further out from the antisolar point
than the primary bow, is about twice as wide, and has its colors reversed.

Colors of the Clouds and the Sky9

In a cloud sunlight is scattered equally, meaning that the sunlight continues
to remain white and gives clouds their distinctive white appearance.
Clouds are white because light from the Sun is white. As light passes
through a cloud, it interacts with the water droplets, which are much bigger
than the atmospheric particles that exist in the sky.
When sunlight reaches an atmospheric particle in the sky, blue light is
scattered away more strongly than other colors, giving the impression that
the sky is blue.
But in a cloud, sunlight is scattered by much larger water droplets. These
scatter all colors almost equally meaning that the sunlight continues to
remain white and so making the clouds appear white against the
background of the blue sky.

9
Met Office, national meteorological service for the UK. “Why are clouds white?”

15
 Cloud droplets
scatter all
wavelengths
of visible light
creating
the

appearance of white clouds.

Cloud bases are often grey as a result of the same scattering that makes
them white. When light is scattered in a cloud it usually is sent back
upwards, or out to the sides of the cloud, making the tops and sides of the
cloud whiter than the base which receives less light.
This is more prominent in rain clouds because the cloud droplets are bigger,
thus scattering more light. This means that even less light from the Sun
reaches the bottom of the cloud, giving rain clouds their intimidating
appearance.
Because the tops of clouds have a constant source of white light, they are
always white! If you are ever on a plane, look out the window when you are
above the clouds, you will see that the tops of all the clouds will be a
brilliant white.
At sunrise or sunset, clouds can take on a red or orange color. This is
because during sunrise and sunset, the Sun is very low in the sky and so
light has to travel through more of the atmosphere. As a result more of the
blue light is scattered and deflected away allowing more red and yellow light
to reach the Earth.
Rayleigh scattering refers to the scattering of light off of the molecules of the
air, and can be extended to scattering from particles up to about a tenth of
the wavelength of the light. It is Rayleigh scattering off the molecules of the
air which gives us the blue sky.

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 What’s More
Activity 1.3. Ray Diagrams in Spoons
In this activity, you will be able to draw and visualize how light rays reflect
in the concave and convex sides of a spoon using ray diagrams. Illustrate
the diagrams on a separate sheet of paper. All rays should come from the
tip of the object (arrow).
Concave Mirrors. To illustrate a reflected image in a concave mirror, you
need to do the following:
1. Draw a straight line (representing a ray) parallel to the principal axis
that hits the spoon’s surface. Its reflection should pass through the
focal point (F).
2. Draw a ray that passes through the focal point (F) and hits the spoon’s
surface. Its reflection should be a straight line parallel to the principal
axis.
3. Draw a ray that passes through the center of curvature (C). As it hits
the spoon’s surface, its reflection should be the same path as before
(no change).
4. The point of intersection will be the tip of your image. Draw the rest of
the image.
Convex Mirrors. To illustrate a reflected image in a convex mirror, you need
to do the following:
1. Draw a straight line (representing a ray) parallel to the principal axis
that hits the spoon’s surface. As it hits the surface, draw a dotted line
going to the focal point (F). Now, its reflection should be aligned to the
dotted line that you drew.
2. Draw a ray that hits a point in the spoon’s surface that intersects with
the principal axis. Using your knowledge on reflection, draw the
reflected ray. Extend it using dotted lines on the other side of the
convex mirror until it intersects with the dotted line you drew earlier.
3. The point of intersection will be the tip of your image. Draw the rest of
the image.

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 Activity 1.2

What I Have Learned

1. A spoon acts as a mirror, but with a curve in it. The front of the spoon
is a concave surface giving off an inverted image while the back is a
convex surface giving off an upright image. A diagram showing this
phenomenon is called a ray diagram.

2. A mirage is an optical phenomenon that creates the illusion of water

and results from the refraction of light through a non-uniform
medium.

3. Green cellophane will only allow green light to pass through it; a red
one will only allow red light to pass. The cellophane absorbs other
colors of light. That is why a red light can easily pass through a red
cellophane compared to a green cellophane

4. Rainbows result from refraction of sunlight in falling water droplets

plus reflection of the light from the back of the droplet. Light enters
the water droplet and refracts. It then reflects as it reaches the inner
surface of the droplet and refracts as it goes outside the droplet.

5. The primary rainbow forms between about 40° and 42° from the
antisolar point.

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6. The secondary rainbow is about 10° further out from the antisolar
point than the primary bow, is about twice as wide, and has its colors
reversed.

7. Cloud scatters sunlight and is made by large water droplets. These

scatter all colors almost equally meaning that the sunlight continues
 to remain white.

8. Rain clouds scatters more sunlight because they have bigger water
droplets. This means that less light from the Sun reaches the bottom
of the cloud, giving a gray appearance.

9. During sunrise and sunset, the Sun is very low in the sky and so light
has to travel through more of the atmosphere. As a result, more of
the blue light is scattered and deflected away allowing more red and
yellow light to reach the Earth. This is called Rayleigh scattering.

What I Can Do
Mirror Mirror on the Wall?
We can apply your learning in everyday life by suggesting practical uses of
concave and convex mirrors. Where can we apply them? Elaborate the ones
given below:

1. Car rear view mirror

2. Security

3. Street light reflectors

4. Shaving facial hair

5. Car light

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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Rain clouds are mostly gray because:

 a. it mostly absorbs all colors except gray
b. it reflects less light as it prepares to rain
c. it reflects more light due to larger water molecules
d. it does not scatter light and focuses it on the atmosphere

2. Which of the following is true about rainbows?

i. Secondary rainbows occur in the order ROYGBIV.
ii. Purple can be seen in primary rainbows.

a. i only
b. ii only
c. both i and ii
d. neither i and ii

3. Blue skies occur during the day due to:

a. Diffraction
b. Mie scattering
c. Rayleigh scattering
d. Tyndall Effect

4. The following correctly explains light passing through a cellophane

except:

a. As white light passes through red cellophane, the cellophane

absorbs all colors except red.
b. Green light can’t easily pass through green cellophane because
it shows the same color.
c. A red light passing through red cellophane will simply go
through since they have the same color.
d. Red light can’t easily pass through green cellophane since the
collophane absorbs the red light.

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5. Which of the following observations can be seen when you shine a red
light in a white paper with red and green dots?
i. White paper appears white.
ii. Red dots can be still be seen.
iii. Green dots appear black.

a. i only
b. iii only
c. i and iii
d. ii and iii

6. The following describes a mirage as a light phenomenon except:

a. Mirages form a circular arc around the anti-solar point, which is

 located at the shadow of your head.
b. An optical phenomenon that results from the refraction of light
through a non-uniform medium is called a mirage.
c. If a driver looks down at the roadway at a very low angle, light
from objects above the roadway will follow a curved path
causing a mirage.
d. A mirage makes it seem there is a puddle of water on the road
that is causing you to see objects located above the road.

7. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of rainbow

formation?

a. Refract – Reflect – Refract

b. Refract – Refract – Reflect
c. Reflect – Reflect – Refract
d. Reflect – Refract – Refract

8. When illustrating a ray diagram, you can draw the mirrored image by
using at least ___.

a. 4 lines
b. 3 lines
c. 2 lines
d. 1 line

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9. What principle is responsible when we see yellow to red skies in the
early morning or late afternoon?

a. Diffraction
b. Dispersion
c. Interference
d. Scattering

10. A secondary rainbow is ___ the primary rainbow and is ___ that the
primary.

a. above . . . narrower
b. above . . . wider
c. below . . . narrower
d. below . . . wider
 For numbers 11 to 15, use the following choices:

a. Concave side c. True

b. Convex side d. False

11. A spoon is a double mirror

12. The reflection in a spoon changes as you go near to it. 13. Both

sides of a spoon can give different image orientations. 14. This side

of the spoon gives you an upright reflected image 15. This side of

the spoon gives you an inverted reflected image.

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References

Monster Sciences, “Activity 1: Changing Colour.”,

http://www.monstersciences.com/light/light-science-experiment-l01-
refraction-spoons/
Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “Q & A: Why is
your reflection upside down in a spoon?” October 22, 2007.
https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1985&t=why-is-your-
reflection-upside-down-in-a-spoon
The Physics Classroom. “The Anatomy of a Curved Mirror.”
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l3a.cfm#vocab
The Physics Classroom. “Reflection and Image Formation for Convex Mirrors.”
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l4a.cfm

The Physics Classroom. “Mirages.”

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Mirages
Murray, Lauren. “Science Summary on Light.”
https://msu.edu/~murrayl3/Coursework/LightPaper.pdf
Commonwealth of Australia, “Colour.”
https://www1.curriculum.edu.au/sciencepd/readings/ligh_colour.htm
Georgia State University. “Rainbows.” http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/rbowpri.html

Met Office, national meteorological service for the UK. “Why are clouds white?”
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-
weather/clouds/why-are-clouds-white

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