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Temperature is the hotness or coldness of an object.

The different temperature scales are:

Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin

100oC 212oF-- 373oK----

0oC--- 32oC--- 273oK---

To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit TF = 9 Tc + 32o/5

To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius TC = 5 (TF - 32o)

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To convert from Celsius to Kelvin T K = TC + 273

Important temperature points:
Normal body temp = 37oC = 98.6 o F
Boiling point of water at sea level = 100 oC = 212 o F = 373 o K
(Note that water boils at less than 100 oC at a higher elevation)

HEAT QUANTITY

Heat or thermal energy is the energy in transit between two objects of varying temperature. The direction of heat flow is always
from hot object (of high temperature) to a cold object (of lower temperature).
Metric units: calorie, kilocalorie, joules, BTU
Processes of heat transfer:
1. Conduction is the heat transfer method in many solids. Heat is transferred to the neighboring molecule in solid (solid
molecules vibrates).
2. Convection is the chief mechanism of heat transfer in fluids. It entails an actual transfer of heated material. In the
atmosphere, convection is influenced by the difference in density of warm and cool air.
3. Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic radiation.
Heat is either evolved or absorbed in many biological, chemical and physical processes. A process is exothermic when it
evolves or gives off heat (e.g. burning, condensation). A process is endothermic when heat is absorbed while the process take
place (e.g. melting, evaporation).
Phases of Matter
Matter can exist in four phases:
1. Solid
Solids have definite shape and volume. The molecules of solids are compactly arranged. There are little or no spaces
between molecules. The intermolecular force of attraction between solid molecules are very, very strong.
Solid molecules can only vibrate from their position. Heating or applying heat and applying force on a solid material
can cause solid molecules to vibrate.
2. Liquid
Liquids do not have definite shape. They simply take the shape of their containers. This is so
because molecules in liquids are not compactly arranged like in solids; there are spaces between molecules of liquid.
The intermolecular force of attraction between liquid molecules is weak. That is why liquid
molecules can move from one point to another point; this is the reason why liquids can easily flow.
3. Gas
In a gas, molecules can move in any direction (random motion). The molecules of a gas have
very large spaces between them; and so the intermolecular force of attraction is weakest in gases.
4. Plasma
Plasma is actually a gas at a very high temperature but the particles carry electrical charges. Its property is between
that of solid and that of liquid. Example of plasma is the blood.
PHASE CHANGES
A phase change is a physical change where a substance changes from one phase to another.

SOLID heat LIQUID (MELTING)

Ex. A solid wax when heated melts and turns into fluid-like substance
A. Solidification or freezing - a process of converting a liquid into solid.
SOLID cool LIQUID

Ex. Freezing of water in a refrigerator

B. Evaporation – a process of converting a liquid into gaseous state.
LIQUID heat GAS
Ex. Boling water causes some of the water particles to escape from the liquid.
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C. Condensation – a process of changing gas into liquid.

LIQUID cool GAS
Ex. Formation of water droplets outside the glass with cold water.
D. Sublimation – a process of converting solid into gas without passing the liquid state.
SOLID heat GAS
Ex. Disappearance of mothballs inside the cabinet
E. Deposition – a process of converting a gas into solid.
SOLID cool GAS
Ex. Cooling of carbon dioxide to form dry ice (high pressure).

Effects of Heat on Matter

1. Change in temperature Q = mc t
2. Change in phase Q = mLf = mLv
3. Change in dimension
Linear expansion L = Lo  t
Volume expansion V = Vo  t
MOTION OF MOLECULES
Diffusion is intermingling of the particles of a material with those of another, or the outward movement of molecules from
their sources. Diffusion indicates molecular motion. If molecules move by themselves, they must possess energy. The energy
associated with moving molecules is called kinetic energy.
The idea that molecules of matter are in constant motion is known as Kinetic Molecular Theory. This theory states that:
a. Matter consists of tiny particles called molecules.
b. There are spaces between molecules, widest between molecules of gas, and most limited between molecules of a
solid.
c. Molecules are in constant motion, greatest among molecules of a gas and least among molecules of a solid.
d. There are forces of attraction between molecules; they are strongest in a solid where the particles move least and are
closest to each other; they are weakest in a gas where the molecules move fastest and are farthest apart.
FORCES OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN MOLECULES
There must be a force that attracts molecules together. The force of attraction between molecules of a solid must be very
strong for the molecules to be close together to give them a compact and rigid structure. The force of attraction between molecules
of a liquid must be weaker than that of solid because water can flow and move faster. The force of attraction between molecules of
gas must be much less because they diffuse fasters towards different directions.
GAS
In explaining the behavior of gases by the Kinetic Molecular Theory, scientists made some assumptions.
1. The size of the molecules of the gas is so small and thus negligible compared with the space between the molecules or the
volume of the container. The molecules themselves therefore contribute almost nothing to the volume.
2. The bumping or collision of molecules is elastic. This means that the kinetic energy of the molecules before and after a
collision is the same.
3. At a given temperature, the molecules have the same average kinetic energy. This means that as the temperature
increases, the average speed of the molecules also increases. Hence, the kinetic energy is the same.
PROPERTIES OF GAS
A. Diffusion
A gas spreads throughout the space available to it. This is one property of a gas. The entire space in which the molecules of
a gas move represents the volume of the gas
B. A gas can exert pressure
Pressure is define as force per unit area. P = Force P=F
Area A
The fast-moving molecules of a gas hit the walls of its container. As they hit
the wall, they exert pressure on the walls of the container proportional to their velocity and mass.The pressure of a gas in a
confined container (that is inside a closed container) is the push of the molecules of the gas against a unit area on the wall
of the container. A gas exerts pressure.
C.Compressibility of a gas.
What happens if pressure is applied to a confined gas?
A gas can be reduced in volume ( that is compressed) when pressure is applied to it.
The volume of a confined gas can be changed by applying pressure on it.
D.Expansibility of a gas. Temperature also affects the volume of a confined gas.
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A gas increases or decreases in volume as the temperature rises or falls. A gas expands when temperature is increased and
contracts as it become cold.
GAS LAWS
1. Boyle’s Law (by Robert Boyle) – The volume of a confined gas varies inversely with the pressure applied on it, provided the
temperature remains the same. Thus, as the pressure increases, the volume of the gas decreases and vice versa
(temperature is constant).
2. Charle’s Law ( by Jacques Charles) – The volume of the dry gas varies directly with the absolute temperature, provided the
pressure remains the same. Thus, as the temperature increases, the volume also increases (the pressure is kept constant).
LIQUIFACTION OF A GAS
Liquifaction is the process of changing gas to liquid by cooling is (decrease in temperature) and applying pressure (increase
pressure). Today, man deliberately changes gas to liquid phase for practical use:
1. Liquid hydrogen – which is used as fuel in oxyhydrogen torch
2. Liquid oxygen --- used in hospitals and as fuels for rockets
3. Liquefied petroleum gas – used as fuel at home
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON LIQUID MOLECULES
1. Evaporation 2. Boiling
FORCES BETWEEN MOLECULES
Attractive Forces exist between molecules. This explains surface tension and capillary rise. Surface tension is the strong
attractive force between adjacent water molecules. Molecules of water are pulled back into the body of the liquid by this force. This
is the reason why water droplets are spherical in shape. Capillary is the rise of the liquid in the tube.
Cohesion is the attraction between like molecules while adhesion is the attraction between molecules of unlike substances.
__________________________________________________________________
TEST:
1. The diagram below shows a Bunsen burner heating a beaker of water on a beaker stand. The arrows represent the transfer of
heat energy in the water.

Which process is primarily responsible for the

transfer of heat indicated by the arrows in the
beaker of water?

A. conduction B. radiation
C. convection D. condensation
2. In Which condition will some gases will tend to liquefy?
a. increase of pressure and temperature
b. decrease of pressure and temperature
c. increase of pressure and decrease of temperature
d. decrease of pressure and increase of temperature
3. Which of the liquids below has the fastest-moving molecules?
Liquid Boiling Temperature (0C)
A 85
B 100
C 62
D 200
4. Which of the following is due to diffusion?
A. the spread of fragrance in the room
B .the spread of radioactive particles around the world
C. the spread of mercury wastes in rivers and streams
D. all of the above
5. Which of the following is the most volatile?
a. oil b. ammonia c. water d. kerosene
6. What would happen to the temperature and pressure of the air inside the bus tires if the bus
travels over a long distance on a very hot day?
a. The air inside the tire increases in temperature; therefore, pressure increases.
b. The air inside the tire increases in temperature; therefore, volume increases.
c. The air inside the tire decreases in temperature; therefore, pressure decreases.
d. The air inside the tire increases in temperature; therefore, pressure decreases.
7. When a substance is heated, it expands because ______.
a. the molecules expand b. the molecules increase in number
c. the molecules move farther apart d. the molecules exert pressure

8. Random motion of molecules is observable in

a. solid phase b. liquid phase c. gaseous phase d. all of these
9. In a gas, when temperature increases which quantity will most likely increase?
a. mass b. kinetic energy c. pressure d. density
10. The volume of a confined gas will decrease if __________ increases.
a. pressure b. density c. temperature d. force
11. A gas will expand in which condition?
a. When the pressure is increased c. When the temperature is increased
b. When the temperature is decreased d. When the mass is increased.
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12. A gas is compressed when
a. When the pressure is increased c. When the temperature is increasesd
b. When the temperature is decreased d. When the mass is increased.
13. In a gas, which two quantities are directly proportional?
a. volume and temperature b. volume and pressure
b. temperature and pressure d. density and pressure

14. Which graph best represents the relative distance between the particles of most substances in their
solid, liquid, and gas states?

A B C D

15. The table shows normal freezing and boiling points for various substances:

Substance Freezing Pt. (0C) Boiling Pt. (0C)

Water 0.00 100.00
Mercury -39.00 357.00
Ethanol -117.30 78.30
Benzene 5.60 80.10
Acetic Acid 16.66 117.00
Camhor 175.30 206.00

Which of the following groups of compounds will all be liquid at 82 0C?

a. water, benzene, ethanol and mercury c. water, acetic acid, and mercury
b. benzene, ethanol, and acetic acid d. acetic acid, benzene and camphor

16. A process that evolves or gives off heat is called exothermic. A process that involves absorption of
heat is describe as endothermic. Which procedure does not involve an endothermic process?
a. Salt making. c. Photosynthesis.
b. Evaporating water from an open container d. Gelatin molding.
17.The boiling temperature of water can be lowered by doing which of the following?
a. Heating in a sealed container c. Heating it more rapidly
b. Heating it more slowly d. Heating it at a higher elevation
18. .Which process illustrates that work or mechanical energy can be converted to heat?
a. Rubbing both hands vigorously for a few seconds
b. Shaking lead pellets inside a cartoon tube
c. Stirring water inside a pail vigorously for a few minutes
d. All of the above
19. A change in phase produces a corresponding change in the __________ of the molecules.
a. kinetic energy b. potential energy c. thermal energy d. all of the above

20.
The diagram on the left
shows a model of a
sample of gas particles
at room temperature.

Which diagram best shows the results of removing heat from this sample until it freezes?
(check your choice)

A B C D

For the following questions, consider the graph

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21. At what temperature does melting occur?

a. 0oC c. 100oC
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b. below 0 C d. 20oC

22. Approximately how much heat should be

Absorbed for boiling to occur?
a. 80 cal b. 100 cal
c. 160 cal d. 720 cal

23. What is the phase of matter between melting and boiling point?
a. solid c. gas
b. liquid d. cannot be determined
24. Water is converted to steam when heat is continuously absorbed
a. above the melting point c. above the boiling point
b. during boiling process d. during melting process
25. Which statement is FALSE?
a. Steam has more heat content that liquid water.
b. Steam has a temperature of 100oC
c. Liquid water is converted to steam at 100oC
d. Phase change occurs at one temperature point

26. What is the temperature at time 30 minutes?

a. -40oC b. 0oC c. 15oC d. -10oC
27. During which time interval the temperature did not change or temperature remains constant?
a. 0-20 min b. 20-40 min c. 30 – 50 min d. 40-60 min
28. Which is NOT true of the graph shown?
a. The temperature is increasing
b. The temperature is decreasing
c. the temperature remains constant
d. The temperature increases for some time interval and remains constants for
some time interval
29. Which idea is not shown in the graph?
a. Phase change at constant temperature
b. Temperature increases as heat is absorbed
c. Temperature decreases as heat is given off
d. All of these
30. What phase change is involve?
a. freezing b. condensation c. evaporation d. melting

31. What is happening from point A to B?

a. Temperature decreases
b. Temperature increases
c. Temperature is constant
d. Temperature is zero
32. What is the phase of the substance at C-D?
a. solid b. liquid c. plasma d. gas
33. What is the least time for the substance to
change from liquid (at point A) to solid (at
point C)?
a. 5 min b. 2 min c. 10 min d. 3 min

34. The phase change happens at B-C. How long does this process occur?
a. 5 min b. 2 min c. 10min d. 3 min

35. From the graph, how many seconds does it take for the temperature to decrease from.
42oC to 30oC ?
a. 10 min b. 5 min c. 2 min d. 6 min
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