CT's and PT's.

Alternate Title of Presentation
Now I know what I do not know about

CT’s and PT’s.
As engineers we do not need to know all the

answers just where to get them.
1
GE Multilin
Instrument Transformers, Inc.
Current & Voltage Transformer
Basics (IEEE Standards)
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Agenda
Current Transformers
Voltage Transformers
Required Information for Specifying CTs & VTs
Take Home Rules” for CTs & VTs
Applications where used
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Why use Instrument Transformers?
Circuit Isolation
Reduce voltage and currents

to reasonable working levels.
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GE Multilin
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
TYPES OF C.T. CONSTRUCTION
The most common type of C.T. construction is the “DOUGHNUT”

type. It is constructed of an iron toroid, which forms the core of the
transformer, and is wound with secondary turns.
Secondary Winding Primary Conductor
Iron Core
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GE Multilin
Transformer ratio (TR)
Transformer Ratio = Primary Current

_____________________
Secondary Current
Primary Current Secondary Current

(100 amps) (5 amps)
100
__ = 100:5 or 20:1
5
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GE Multilin
Polarity
Direction of
Secondary Current
Direction of
Primary Current
X1 IEEE Secondary
IEEE H1
S1
IEC Polarity
Primary Marks
Polarity
Marks IEC P1
Remember:
Primary current into “polarity” =
Secondary current out of “polarity” 7
GE Multilin
Polarity Direction of
Secondary Current
X1 IEEE Secondary
IEEE H1
S1
IEC Polarity
Primary Marks
Polarity
Marks IEC P1
Direction of
Remember: Primary Current
Primary current into “non-polarity” =

Secondary current out of “non-polarity” 8
GE Multilin
CT Metering Accuracy
Actual secondary
current = Rated secondary
current
Difference in % is known as
the “Accuracy”
of the CT
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GE Multilin
IEEE CT Metering Accuracy
Accuracy Application
Class ( * )
0.15 High Accuracy Metering
0.15S “Special” High Accuracy Metering
0.3 Revenue Metering
0.6 Indicating Instruments
1.2 Indicating Instruments
* All accuracy classes defined by IEEE C57.13 or C57.13.6
* Accuracy classes include both ratio & phase angle error 10
GE Multilin
Burden
Load connected to CT secondary
Includes devices & connecting leads
Expressed in ohms
Standard values = B0.1, B0.2, B0.5, B0.9, B1.8
E0.04, E0.2
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GE Multilin
Standard IEEE CT Burdens (5 Amp)
(Per IEEE Std. C57.13-1993 & C57.13.6)
Application Burden Impedance VA @ Power

Designation (Ohms) 5 amps Factor
Metering B0.1 0.1 2.5 0.9

B0.2 0.2 5 0.9
B0.5 0.5 12.5 0.9
B0.9 0.9 22.5 0.9
B1.8 1.8 45 0.9
E0.2 0.2 5 1.0
E0.04 0.04 1 1.0
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GE Multilin
CT CLASSIFICATION for Metering
A current transformer for metering purposes may
typically have an accuracy of 0.3%. The C.T. must
maintain this accuracy for normal load currents,
provided the rated burden on the C.T. is not exceeded.
It is quite acceptable, and in fact desirable, for the C.T.
to saturate when fault current flows. The accuracy for a
typical metering C.T. is specified as:
0.3 M 0.9
O.3% METERING O.9 OHMS BURDEN
This metering C.T. has an accuracy of 0.3% when the

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connected burden does not exceed 0.9 OHMS.Instrument Transformers,
GE Multilin
Inc.
“Accuracy” expressed as: Typical
Examples
Accuracy Class + Burden (Ohms) = 0.3B0.2
(0.3, 0.6, 1.2) (*) (B0.1, B0.2, B0.5, 0.6B0.9
B0.9, B1.8)
1.2B1.8
(0.15*, 0.15S^) E0.2, E0.04) 0.15E0.2
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GE Multilin
IEEE CT Relay Accuracy
Protection CT
Standard Relay Accuracy Classes
C or T100
C or T200
What do these mean?
C or T400
C or T800
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Relay class (C or T___ ) designates minimum

secondary terminal volts…
At 20 times rated current
Without exceeding 10% ratio error
Into a maximum specified burden
Now that everyone is totally confused

let’s look at some simple examples … 16
GE Multilin
CT CLASSIFICATION for RELAYING
Protection Class CT’s - Must supply 20 times rated current
Format 10 C 400
Accuracy Voltage at 20 times CT

Letter
T = Determined by test
C = Calculated
K = Calculated
L = Low internal secondary impedance
H = High internal secondary impedance 17
GE Multilin
C or T100 example
Secondary current
X1
100 amps (20 x 5)
X2
Terminal Volts = 100

Burden of
Devices ( )
Primary current Total Ext
24,000 amps Burden
(20 x 1200) CT 1.0
Burden of
1200:5 Leads ( )
C or T100
Terminal Volts = (20 times rated) (Total external burden)
100 Volts = (100 amps) (1.0 ) 18
GE Multilin
C or T200 example
Secondary current
X1
100 amps (20 x 5)
X2
Terminal Volts = 200

Burden of
Devices ( )
Primary current Total Ext
24,000 amps Burden
(20 x 1200) CT 2.0
Burden of
1200:5 Leads ( )
C or T200
Terminal volts = (20 times rated) (Total external burden)

200 Volts = (100 amps) (2.0 ) 19
GE Multilin
Standard IEEE CT Burdens (5 Amp)
(Per IEEE Std. C57.13-1993)
Application Burden Impedance VA @ Power

Designation (Ohms) 5 amps Factor
Relaying B1 1 25 0.5
B2 2 50 0.5
B4 4 100 0.5
B8 8 200 0.5
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GE Multilin
CT Burden Calculation
How do we calculate this?
X1 Secondary current
X2
Primary Burden of
Current Devices ( )
Total
Burden Z T
CT Burden of
Leads ( )
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GE Multilin
CT Burden Calculation
ZT = RCT + RL + ZB
Z T = Total burden in ohms (vector summation of
resistance and inductance components)
RCT = CT secondary resistance in ohms @75 deg C (DCR)
RL = Resistance of leads in ohms (Total loop distance)
ZB = Device impedance in ohms
Assumption: 3 phase CTs are “Y” connected

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GE Multilin
GE Multilin Electronic Relay Burden
VA = VI. V= IR, So 0.2 = I*I*R.

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.2/25 = .008 ohms GE Multilin
100:5 C.T. Secondary Winding Resistance = .062 ohm
Resistance of Cable from C.T. to Relay and back = .1 ohms
Resistance of Relay Coil = .02 ohms
Total Resistance = .182 ohms
.062 .02
.1
If we have a fault of 2,000 amps and the C.T. ratio is 100:5 then the C.T.
secondary current is 100 amps. Therefore we will produce a voltage of 100
amps x .182 ohms = 18.2 Volts. To prevent CT saturation, select a CT with a
knee point above 18.2 Volts.
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GE Multilin
780-102 is a 1000 to 5 CT, Class C100
1000:5 C.T. Secondary Winding Resistance (DCR) = .32 ohm
Resistance of Cable from C.T. to Relay and back = .1 ohms
Resistance of Relay Coil = .008 ohms
Total Resistance = .428 ohms
.32 .008
.1
If we have a fault of 20,000 amps and the C.T. ratio is 1000:5 then the C.T.
secondary current is 100 amps. Therefore we will produce a voltage of 100
amps x .428 ohms = 42.8 Volts. To prevent CT saturation, select a CT with a
knee point above 42.8 Volts.
What happens if the fault current is 40,000 amps?
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GE Multilin
Factors Influencing CT Accuracy
Frequency
“Low frequency” and “High accuracy” are not friends!!
Current Ratio
“Low ratio” and “high accuracy” are not friends!!
Burden
“High burden” and “High Accuracy” are not friends!!
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CT Saturation
What is CT Saturation?
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Tips for Avoiding CT Saturation
Use higher ratio CTs
Use separate set of high ratio CTs for high fault
current tripping
Reduce secondary burden
Select low burden relays & meters
Distribute single phase burdens among phases
Increase size of secondary leads
Reduce length of secondary leads
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GE Multilin
Potential Transformers
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GE Multilin
Definitions
Voltage Transformer (VT)
An instrument transformer used to reflect a primary
voltage into a secondary voltage through a magnetic medium.
Always connected in parallel with primary conductor across a
circuit load.
Secondary (measuring) voltage is usually 115 or 120
volts nominally. The secondary voltage level is selected for ease
of measurement and safety.
Control Power Transformer (CPT)
Designed to provide power for contractors, relays and
devices with high inrush currents, Regulation is not as critical.
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GE Multilin
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POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
VP
14,400/120 = 120/1
4200/120 = 35/1
2400/120 = 20/1
Vs
Relay
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GE Multilin
IEEE VT Accuracy Class
Metering Accuracy
Classes (% error)
0.3
Defined by IEEE C57.13
0.6
Applicable from 90% to 110%
rated voltage
1.2
0.15 Defined by IEEE C57.13.6

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GE Multilin
VT Installation Guidelines
Caution:
Rated voltage: Do not operate above 110%
Line to ground rated:

Do not connect line to line
Do not use on ungrounded systems
w/o consulting factory
Rated Frequency: Do not operate below rated

frequency w/o consulting 34
factory GE Multilin
VT Typical Connections
Open Delta Connection Y – Y Connection

(2) Double Bushing VTs (3) Single Bushing VTs
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Required Information
for Specifying CTs & VTs
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Take Home Rule # 1
Never open circuit a current

transformer secondary while
the primary is energized
CTs are intended to be proportional
current devices. Very high voltages can
result from open circuiting the secondary
circuit of an energized CT. Even very small
primary currents can cause damage…
Consult the factory if you have questions.
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GE Multilin
Take Home Rule # 2
Never short circuit the

secondary of an energized VT
VTs are intended to be used as proportional voltage

devices. Damaging current will result from short
circuiting the secondary circuit of an energized VT.
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GE Multilin
Take Home Rule # 3
Metering applications
do not require a “C” class CT
“C” class ratings are specified for protection

purposes only. With some exceptions metering
class CTs are typically smaller and less expensive.
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GE Multilin
Take Home Rule # 4
CT secondary leads must be

added to the CT burden
Electronic relays usually represent very

little burden to the CT secondary circuit.
In many cases the major burden is
caused by the CT secondary leads.
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GE Multilin
QUESTIONS?
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LV Switchboards
LV Panelboards
Typical CT Models
5 Series
19RT 46
8SHT GE Multilin
LV Switchboards
LV Panelboards
Typical VT Models
460, 467, 475, 2VT460, 3VT460
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GE Multilin
L.V. MCC’s
Typical CT Models
5 Series
19RT
8SHT 48
GE Multilin
3P85 Instrument Transformers, Inc.
L.V. Switchgear
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GE Multilin
L.V. Switchgear Current Transformers
GE 2000 amp frame
Model 560 Metering
Model 561 Protection
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GE Multilin
L.V. Switchgear Current Transformers
GE 4000 amp frame
Model 562 Metering
Model 563 Protection
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GE Multilin
L.V. Switchgear
No more room in the front?

We can recommend a different
model CT for the rear bus area.
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GE Multilin
L.V. Switchgear
Typical 3 Phase VT
Installation
3VTL460
3 Phase VT
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GE Multilin
M.V. Switchgear
Typical Line Up
Where are the CTs,

VTs, and CPTs?
55
GE Multilin
M.V. Switchgear
Current Transformers
778 / 779
680 /780 Series
Typical IEEE Metering & Protection 56
GE Multilin
M.V. Switchgear Current Transformers
Metering & Protection
Model 780, 778
Model 785 GE Multilin 57

M.V. Switchgear
Model 203 CTs

mounted in rear
bus compartment
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GE Multilin
M.V. Switchgear
Zero Sequence CT
Model 593, 594
Is this better than a

Residual Connection?
59
GE Multilin
MV MCC’s
Let’s open a door

and see what’s
inside
60
GE Multilin
MV MCC’s
Typical CT Models
112
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115
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Generators
Board Mounted Generator CT
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Station Class Circuit Breakers
Polyester Taped Bushing CT on

Outdoor Circuit Breaker
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GE Multilin
Station Class Circuit Breakers
Ground Shield
Outdoor BO7 -
Replaces BCT’s in shielded
aluminum housing
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GE Multilin
Power Transformers
Slip over current transformer for installation over
exterior of outdoor bushing
Outdoor Type BO7

for Retrofit
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GE Multilin
Power Transformers
Metering applications for indoor instrument transformers
on outdoor power transformers
Air terminal chamber Indoor PT and Bar type CT

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GE Multilin

CT's and PT's.

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CT's and PT's.

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Alternate Title of Presentation

Now I know what I do not know about

As engineers we do not need to know all the

Reduce voltage and currents

TYPES OF C.T. CONSTRUCTION

The most common type of C.T. construction is the “DOUGHNUT”

Secondary Winding Primary Conductor

Transformer Ratio = Primary Current

Primary Current Secondary Current

Primary current into “non-polarity” =

Application Burden Impedance VA @ Power

Metering B0.1 0.1 2.5 0.9

O.3% METERING O.9 OHMS BURDEN

This metering C.T. has an accuracy of 0.3% when the

Standard Relay Accuracy Classes

Relay class (C or T___ ) designates minimum

Now that everyone is totally confused

Protection Class CT’s - Must supply 20 times rated current

Accuracy Voltage at 20 times CT

Terminal Volts = 100

Terminal Volts = 200

Terminal volts = (20 times rated) (Total external burden)

Application Burden Impedance VA @ Power

Assumption: 3 phase CTs are “Y” connected

VA = VI. V= IR, So 0.2 = I*I*R.

0.15 Defined by IEEE C57.13.6

Line to ground rated:

Rated Frequency: Do not operate below rated

Open Delta Connection Y – Y Connection

Never open circuit a current

Never short circuit the

VTs are intended to be used as proportional voltage

“C” class ratings are specified for protection

CT secondary leads must be

Electronic relays usually represent very

460, 467, 475, 2VT460, 3VT460

No more room in the front?

Where are the CTs,

Model 780, 778

Model 785 GE Multilin 57

Instrument Transformers, Inc.

Model 203 CTs

Is this better than a

Let’s open a door

Board Mounted Generator CT

Polyester Taped Bushing CT on

Outdoor Type BO7

Air terminal chamber Indoor PT and Bar type CT

You might also like

VA = VI. V= IR, So 0.2 = IIR.