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ch07 Slides
THREE DOMAINS---FIR
z-TRANSFORM-DOMAIN
POLYNOMIALS: H(z)
{bk }
TIME-DOMAIN FREQ-DOMAIN
M M
y[n ] bk x[n k ] H ( e ) bk e jˆ k
jˆ
k 0 k 0
1
TRANSFORM CONCEPT
“TRANSFORM” EXAMPLE
equivalent representations
x[n] y[n]
h[n ] [n ] [n 1]
H ( e jˆ ) h[n ]e jˆ n
n
x[n] jˆ jˆ y[n]
H (e ) 1 e
2
z-transform IDEA
polynomial representation
x[n] y[n]
h[n ]
H ( z ) h[n ]z n
n
x[n] y[n]
H (z )
z-transform DEFINITION
POLYNOMIAL representation of LTI
system: H ( z ) h[n ]z n
n
EXAMPLE: APPLIES to
{h[n ]} { 2, 0, 3, 0, 2 } any SIGNAL
H ( z ) 2 z 0 0 z 1 3 z 2 0 z 3 2 z 4
2 3 z 2 2 z 4
POLYNOMIAL in z -1
1 2 1 4
2 3( z ) 2( z )
3
USEFUL ANALYSIS TOOL
z-transform POLYNOMIALS are EASY !
ROOTS, FACTORS, etc.
4
z-transform EXAMPLE
z-transform of the sequence x[n]:
X ( z ) x[n ]z n
n
X ( z) ? X ( z ) 2 4 z 1 6 z 2 4 z 3 2 z 4
X ( z ) 1 2 z 1 3 z 3 z 5
EXPONENT GIVES
TIME LOCATION
x[n ] ?
5
z-transform of impulse
response for the FIR filter
called the SYSTEM FUNCTION
h[n] is same as {bk}
M M
SYSTEM
FUNCTION H ( z ) bk z k h[k ]z k
k 0 k 0
M M
y[n ] bk x[n k ] h[k ] x[n k ]
k 0 k 0
CONVOLUTION
FIR DIFFERENCE EQUATION
{bk } { 6, 5,1}
H ( z ) bk z 1 6 5z 1 z 2
6
Ex: IDEAL DELAY SYSTEM
UNIT DELAY: find h[n] and H(z)
x[n] y[n] = x[n-1]
[n 1]
H ( z ) [n 1]z n z 1
x[n]
z 1 y[n]
DELAY Example
UNIT DELAY: find y[n] via polynomials
x[n] = {3,1,4,1,5,9,0,0,0,...}
Y ( z ) z 1 X ( z )
Y ( z ) z 1 (3 z 1 4 z 2 z 3 5z 4 9 z 5 )
Y ( z ) 0 z 0 3z 1 z 2 4 z 3 z 4 5z 5 9 z 6
7
DELAY PROPERTY
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GENERAL I/O PROBLEM
input is x[n], find y[n] (for FIR, h[n])
how to combine X(z) and H(z)?
CONVOLUTION PROPERTY
convolution in the n-domain
equivalent to
multiplication in the z-domain
9
CONVOLUTION EXAMPLE
MULTIPLY the z-transforms:
MULTIPLY H(z)X(z)
CONVOLUTION EXAMPLE
finite-length input x[n]
FIR filter (L=4) MULTIPLY
z-TRANSFORMS
y[n] = ?
10
CONVOLUTION EXAMPLE
x[n] y[n]
H(z)
x[n ] [n 1] 2 [n 2] h[n ] [n ] [n 1]
y[n ] x[n ] h[n ]
X ( z ) z 1 2 z 2 H ( z ) 1 z 1
Y ( z ) ( z 1 2 z 2 )(1 z 1 ) z 1 z 2 2 z 3
y[n ] [n 1] [n 2] 2 [n 3]
11
CASCADE SYSTEMS
Does the order of S1 & S2 matter?
No, LTI SYSTEMS can be rearranged !!!
Remember: h1[n] * h2[n]
How to combine H1(z) and H2(z) ?
S1 S2
CASCADE EQUIVALENT
S1 S2
S2 S1
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CASCADE EQUIVALENT
x[n] y[n]
H1 ( z ) H 2 ( z)
x[n] y[n]
H (z )
EQUIVALENT
SYSTEM H ( z ) H1 ( z ) H 2 ( z )
CASCADE EXAMPLE
x[n] w[n] y[n]
H1 ( z ) H 2 ( z)
w[n ] x[n ] x[n 1] y[n ] w[n ] w[n 1]
H 1 ( z ) 1 z 1 H 2 ( z ) 1 z 1
x[n] y[n]
H (z )
H ( z ) (1 z 1 )(1 z 1 ) 1 z 2
y[n ] x[n ] x[n 2]
13
FREQUENCY RESPONSE ?
same form:
ĵ
ˆ Domain ze
M
H ( e jˆ ) bk e jˆ k z Domain
k 0 M
M H ( z ) bk z k
H ( e jˆ ) bk ( e jˆ ) k k 0
k 0 SAME COEFFICIENTS
OBJECTIVES
find ZEROS and POLES
relate H(z) to FREQUENCY RESPONSE
jˆ
H ( e ) H ( z ) z e jˆ
THREE DOMAINS:
show relationship for FIR:
ĵ
h[n ] H ( z ) H ( e )
14
ZEROS of H(z)
Find z, where H(z)=0
H ( z ) 1 12 z 1
1 12 z 1 0 ?
z 12 0
Zero at : z 1
2
ZEROS of H(z)
Find z, where H(z)=0
Interesting when z is ON the unit circle:
1 2 3
H ( z) 1 2 z 2 z z
H ( z ) (1 z 1 )(1 z 1 z 2 )
3 j / 3
Roots : z 1, 12 j 2 e
15
POLES of H(z)
Find z, where H (z )
not very interesting for the FIR case
H ( z ) 1 2 z 1 2 z 2 z 3
z3 2z2 2z 1
H ( z)
z3
Three Poles at : z 0
Pole-Zero Diagram
UNIT
CIRCLE
3 ZEROS
H(z) = 0
3 POLES
16
FREQ. RESPONSE from ZEROS
jˆ
H (e ) H ( z ) z e jˆ
relate H(z) to FREQUENCY RESPONSE
EVALUATE H(z) on the UNIT CIRCLE
ANGLE is same as FREQUENCY
jˆ
ze (as ˆ varies)
defines a CIRCLE, radius 1
jˆ
H ( e ) H ( z ) z e jˆ
ANGLE is FREQUENCY
17
FIR Frequency Response
18
NULLING PROPERTY of H(z)
When H(z)=0 on the unit circle.
Find inputs x[n] that give zero output
H ( z ) 1 2 z 1 2 z 2 z 3
H ( e jˆ ) 1 2e jˆ 2e j 2ˆ e j 3ˆ
x[n] y[n]
H (z ) H ( e j / 3 ) ?
x[n ] e j ( / 3) n y [ n ] H ( e j ( / 3) ) e j ( / 3) n
19
20
3-Domains Movie: FIR
ZEROS MOVIE H (z )
h[n ] H ( e ĵ )
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