mvÿ¨ AvBb 19 110 mvÿ¨ ABb

Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb (Presumption by the Court)
[aviv 4]
1872 mv‡ji mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi 4 avivq Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb (presumption) wel‡q Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e cÖgvY Qvov †Kvb wKQz‡K mZ¨ ev wg_¨v e‡j a‡i †bqv‡K
Abygvb e‡j| mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi wewfbœ avivq Av`vjZ‡K wewfbœ weq‡q Abygvb Kivi
ÿgZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av`vj‡Zi Giƒc Abygvb Kivi ÿgZv NUbvMZ †Kvb welq
(question of Fact) m¤ú‡K© wKsev AvBbMZ welq (question of Law) m¤ú‡K© n‡Z
cv‡i| Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb n‡”Q Ggb GKwU welq †h‡ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ †Kvb GKwU wel‡qi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZvi cÖgvY n‡Z Ab¨ A‡iKwU wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev
Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZvi cÖgvY Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hmKj NUbvi wel‡q Av`vjZ‡K Abygvb
Kivi ÿgZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, Av`vjZ †mmKj NUbvMZ welq cÖ_gZ cÖgvwYZ
wnmv‡e Abygvb Ki‡e| Av`vj‡Zi Giƒc Abygvb †ÿÎwe‡k‡l LÐb‡hvM¨ (rebuttable) ev
LÐbA‡hvM¨ (irrebuttable) n‡Z cv‡i|
aviv 4. įAv`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡iÓ, įAv`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡eÓ Ges įP‚ovšÍ
cÖgvYÓ
GB AvB‡b hLb GKwU NUbv‡K Ab¨ GKwU NUbvi P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY (conclusive
proof) wnmv‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq, ZLb cÖ_‡gv³ NUbv cÖgvwYZ n‡j Av`vjZ Ab¨
NUbvwUI cÖgvwYZ wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡eb Ges NUbvwU wg_¨v cÖgvY Kvivi Rb¨
mvÿ¨ cÖ`v‡bi AbygwZ w`‡eb bv|
Section 4. “May presume”, “Shall presume”, and “Conclusive proof”
“May presume”
Whenever it is provided by this Act that the Court may presume a fact, it may either
regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved, or may call for proof of it:
“Shall presume”
Whenever it is directed by this Act that the Court shall presume a fact, it shall regard
such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved:
“Conclusive proof”

įAv`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡iÓ When one fact is declared by this Act to be conclusive proof of another, the Court
shall, on proof of the one fact, regard the other as proved, and shall not allow
GB AvB‡bi ‡hLv‡bB weavb Av‡Q †h Av`vjZ †Kvb NUbv Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i evidence to be given for the purpose of disproving it.
(may persume), †mLv‡bB Av`vjZ nq D³ NUbvwU wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv
ch©šÍ Zv cÖgvwYZ wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡eb, A_ev Dnv cÖgvY Kivi Avnevb Av‡jvPbv I we‡kølY
Rvbv‡eb|
1. Abygv‡bi msÁv I avibv
įAv`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡eÓ 2. e¨e‡”Q`
3. AvBbMZ Abygvb I NUbvMZ Abygvb
GB AvB‡bi ‡hLv‡bB wbw`©ó Kiv Av‡Q †h Av`vjZ †Kvb NUbv Abygvb Ki‡e 4. LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb I LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb
(shall persume), †mLv‡bB Av`vjZ D³ NUbvwU wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ 5. Abygvb I cÖgvwYZ
Zv cÖgvwYZ wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡eb| 6. Av`vj‡Zi Abygv‡bi ˆewkó¨
7. Av`vj‡Zi Abygv‡bi cÖKvi‡f`
įP‚ovšÍ cÖgvYÓ 8. wewfbœ cÖKvi Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv
9. D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bwRi

1. Abygv‡bi msÁv I avibv:

 mvÿ¨ AvBb 29 210 mvÿ¨ ABb

NUbv‡K Ab¨ GKwU NUbvi cÖgvwYZ n‡j Av`vjZ Ab¨ cÖgvY Kvivi Rb¨
1872 mv‡ji mvÿ¨ AvB‡b Abygvb (presumption) k‡ãi †Kvb c„_K msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv cÖgvYÓ P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY wnmv‡e NUbvwUI cÖgvwYZ mvÿ¨ cÖ`v‡bi
†NvlYv Kiv nq wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡eb AbygwZ w`‡eb bv
nqwb| AvwfavwbK A‡_© Abygvb ej‡Z †evSvq †Kvb GKwU wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev
Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZv mvgwqKfv‡e a‡i †bqv ev †g‡b †bqv| mvÿ¨ AvB‡b Av`vjZ‡K †Kvb
wbw`©ó NUbvi cÖgvY Abygvb Kivi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl ÿgZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡b 3. AvBbMZ Abygvb I NUbvMZ Abygvb
mvÿ¨ AvB‡b ewb©Z Abygvb msµvšÍ weavbmgyn we‡kN ¸iZ¡ enb K‡i|
AvB‡bi mvaviY bxwZ Abymv‡i Abygvb AvBbMZ wKsev NUbvMZ welq mswkøó
AvBbweÁvbx Best Abygv‡bi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ÔPresumption’ is an n‡Z cv‡i| GB avibvi wfwˇZ Abygvb‡K wb¤œwjLZ `yB fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq:
inference or assumption of the truth or falsehood of a fact or proposition drawn by a
process of probable reasoning from some fact already proved or taken for granted.’ (1) AvBbMZ Abygvb (Presumption of law)
(2) NUbvMZ Abygvb (Presumption of fact)
Abygv‡bi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q Noshirvan H. Jhabvala e‡jb, ÔThe term
‘presumption’ in its widest and most comprehensive sense, may be defined to be an 3.1. AvBbMZ Abygvb (Presumption of law): AvBbMZ Abygvb n‡”Q †Kvb
inference, affirmative or disaffirmative, of the truth of falsehood of a doubtful fact of AvBb mswkøó wel‡q Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb| Giƒc Abygvb‡K K…wÎg Abygvb
proposition drawn by a process of probable reasoning from something proved or (artificial presumption) wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| AvBbMZ Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î
taken for granted.’ Av`vjZ‡K AvB‡bi cÖwZwôZ I wbw`©ó weav‡bi Av‡jv‡K Abygvb Ki‡Z
nq| G Kvi‡b Giƒc Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi we‡ePbvg~jK ÿgZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi
mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi weavb Abymv‡i Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb n‡”Q Av`vj‡Zi Giƒc we‡kl ÿgZv cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖK„Zc‡ÿ Giƒc Abygvb AvB‡bi weavb wnmv‡e cÖ‡qvM
hvi Øviv Av`vjZ †Kvb GKwU wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZvi cÖgvY n‡Z Ab¨ Kiv nq, Abygvb wnmv‡e bq|
A‡iKwU wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZvi cÖgvY Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vŤ
mvÿ¨ AvB‡b Abygvb ej‡Z Av`vjZ KZ…©K †Kvb we‡kl NUbv‡K †Kvbiƒc cixÿv- 3.2. NUbvMZ Abygvb (Presumption of fact): NUbvMZ Abygvb n‡”Q
wbixÿv ev we‡kølY QvovB ïaygvÎ NUbvi †hŠw³KZvi wfwˇZ mZ¨ I cÖgvwYZ e‡j †Kvb NUbv mswkøó wel‡q Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb| Giƒc Abygvb‡K cÖvK…wZK
a‡i †bqv‡K †evSvq| Abygvb (natural presumption) wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| NUbvMZ
Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ GKwU NUbvi Av‡jv‡K Ab¨ Av‡iKwU NUbv
2. e¨e‡”Q` m¤ú‡K© avibv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi we‡ePbvg~jK
ÿgZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
†mLv‡bB Av`vjZ nq D³
įAv`vjZ GB AvB‡bi ‡hLv‡bB weavb NUbvwU wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ A_ev Dnv cÖgvY 3.3. AvBbMZ I NUbvMZ Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
Abygvb Ki‡Z Av‡Q †h Av`vjZ †Kvb NUbv bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zv Kivi Avnevb
cv‡iÓ Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i cÖgvwYZ wnmv‡e MY¨ Rvbv‡eb AvBbMZ Abygvb NUbvMZ Abygvb
Ki‡eb (1) AvBbMZ Abygvb n‡”Q †Kvb AvBb (1) NUbvMZ Abygvb n‡”Q †Kvb NUbv
mswkøó wel‡q Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb| mswkøó wel‡q Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb|
įAv`vjZ GB AvB‡bi ‡hLv‡bB wbw`©ó Kiv †mLv‡bB Av`vjZ D³ NUbvwU wg_¨v
Abygvb Av‡Q †h Av`vjZ †Kvb NUbv cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zv cÖgvwYZ (2) AvBbMZ Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ (2) NUbvMZ Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ
Ki‡eÓ Abygvb Ki‡e wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡eb we‡ePbvg~jK ÿgZv (discretion) cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z we‡ePbvg~jK ÿgZv (discretion) cÖ‡qvM
cv‡i bv| Ki‡Z cv‡i|
įP‚ovšÍ GB AvB‡b hLb GKwU ZLb cÖ_‡gv³ NUbv Ges NUbvwU wg_¨v
 mvÿ¨ AvBb 39 310 mvÿ¨ ABb

(3) AvBbMZ Abygv‡bi cÖ‡qvM Av`vj‡Zi Rb¨
eva¨Ki (must be drawn)|
(4) AvBbMZ Abygvb cªK…Zc‡ÿ †Kvb Abygvb
bq, Bnv g~jZ AvB‡bi GKwU Ask (rules of law)|
(5) AvBbMZ Abygvb LÐb‡hvM¨ (rebuttable)
wKsev LÐbxq (irrebuttable) n‡Z cv‡i|
(6) AvBbMZ Abygvb‡K K…wÎg Abygvb
(artificial presumption) wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv
nq|
(3) NUbvMZ Abygv‡bi cÖ‡qvM Av`vj‡Zi
Rb¨ Hw”QK (may or may not be drawn)|
(4) NUbvMZ Abygvb cªK…Zc‡ÿ GKwU
Abygvb, Bnv g~jZ NUbvi Ask |
(5) NUbvMZ Abygvb mKj †ÿ‡Î LÐb‡hvM¨
(rebuttable)|
(6) NUbvMZ Abygvb‡K cÖvK…wZK
Abygvb (natural presumption) wnmv‡e
AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygv‡bi D`vnib| mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 79 - 80, 82 - 90, 105 Ges 114
avivq ewb©Z Abygvb n‡”Q LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb|
4.2. LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb (Irrebuttable presumption): AbywgZ ‡Kvb
cÖgvY LЇbi my‡hvM bv _vK‡j Zv‡K LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb (irrebuttable
presumption) e‡j| A_©vŤ †Kvb gvgjvq Av`vjZ †h c‡ÿi cÖwZK‚‡j †Kvb
weq‡qi cÖgvY Abygvb K‡i, †mB c‡ÿi hw` D³ cÖgv‡Yi we‡ivwaZv ev LÐb
Kivi AwaKvi ev my‡hvM bv _v‡K Z‡e Bnv LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb| P‚ovšÍ
cÖgvY (conclusive proof) n‡”Q LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygv‡bi D`vnib| mvÿ¨
AvB‡bi 41 Ges 112 avivq ewb©Z Abygvb n‡”Q LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb|

(7) mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 41, 79 - 80, 82 - 85, 105 Ges (7) mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 86 - 88, 90 Ges 114 aviv 5. Abygvb I cÖgvwYZ (Presumption and Proved)
112 aviv n‡”Q AvBbMZ Abygvb| n‡”Q NUbvMZ Abygvb|
Abygvb (presumption) Ges cÖgvwYZ (proved) welq `ywUi mvÿ¨MZ djvdj Awfbœ
3.4. wgkÖ Abygvb (Mixed presumption): Abygv‡bi welqe¯‘‡Z AvBbMZ n‡jI G‡`i g‡a¨ ‰ewkó¨MZ wfbœZv we`¨gvb| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_gwU n‡”Q avibv wfwËK
Ges NUbvMZ welq GK‡Î Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Giƒc Abygvb‡K wgkÖ Abygvb cÖgvY Ges Ab¨wU mvÿ¨ wfwËK cÖgvY|
(mixed presumption) e‡j| Giƒc Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ Abygv‡bi welqe¯‘i
AvBbMZ Ges NUbvMZ ‰ewkó¨‡K GK‡Î we‡ePbv K‡i| Abygvb (Presumption) cÖgvwYZ (Proved)
4. LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb I LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb: (1) mvÿ¨ AvB‡b Abygv‡bi (presumption) (1) mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi 3 avivq cÖgvwYZ (proved)
‡Kvb wbw`©ó msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb| Gi wbw`©ó msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Av`vjZ Abygv‡bi wfwˇZ GKwU NUbvi cÖgvY n‡Z Ab¨ GKwU NUbvi cÖgvY
Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i| NUbvi Giƒc cÖgvY g~jZ avibv wfwËK Ges †hŠw³KZv ewR©Z| (2) mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi weavb Abymv‡i Abygvb (2) mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi 3 avivi weavb Abymv‡i †Kvb
(presumption) n‡”Q Av`vjZ KZ©©K †Kvb GKwU welh ZLbB cÖgvwYZ (proved)
G Kvi‡b NUbvi Giƒc cÖgvY LЇbi my‡hvM Acwinvh©| GB avibvi wfwˇZ GKwU wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZvi wnmv‡e Mb¨ nq hLb Dcw¯’Z mKj welq
Abygvb‡K wb¤œwjLZ `yB fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq: cÖgvY n‡Z Ab¨ A‡iKwU wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev we‡ePbv K‡i Av`vjZ †mB NUbvi
Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZvi cÖgvY Abygvb Kiv| Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q e‡j wek^vm K‡ib; wKsev
(1) LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb (Rebuttable presumption) Abyiƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb we‡eKm¤úbœ
(2) LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb (Irrebuttable presumption) gvby‡li c‡ÿ D³ NUbvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ hZUzKz avibv
Kiv DwPZ, Av`vjZ Dnvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ZZUzKz m¤
(3) Abygvb (presumption) LÐb‡hvM¨ ¢e a‡v wb‡eb|
4.1. LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb (Rebuttable presumption): Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb (rebuttable) wKsev LÐbxq (irrebuttable) n‡Z
cÖv_wgKfv‡e †Kvb wel‡qi cÖgv‡Yi mvÿ¨ enb K‡i| Giƒc AbywgZ cÖgvY cv‡i| (3) cÖgvwYZ (proved) mKj †ÿ‡Î LÐb‡hvM¨
LЇbi my‡hvM _vK‡j Zv‡K LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb (rebuttable presumption) (rebuttable)|
e‡j| A_©vŤ †Kvb gvgjvq Av`vjZ †h c‡ÿi cÖwZK‚‡j †Kvb weq‡qi cÖgvY (4) Abygvb (presumption) n‡”Q avibv wfwËK
cÖgvY| (4) cÖgvwYZ (proved) n‡”Q mvÿ¨ wfwËK
Abygvb K‡i, †mB c‡ÿi hw` D³ cÖgv‡Yi we‡ivwaZv ev LÐb Kivi AwaKvi ev cÖgvY|
my‡hvM _v‡K Z‡e Bnv LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb| Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i (5) Abygvb (presumption) wfwËK cÖgv‡Yi
(may presumption) Ges Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡e (shall presumption) n‡”Q †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi we‡ePbvg~jK ÿgZv (discretion) (5) cÖgvwYZ (proved) Gi †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi
cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM _v‡K | we‡ePbvg~jK ÿgZv (discretion) cÖ‡qv‡Mi
 mvÿ¨ AvBb 49
my‡hvM bv&B |
6. Av`vj‡Zi Abygv‡bi ˆewkó¨:
6.1. Av`vj‡Zi ÿgZv: mvÿ¨ AvB‡b Av`vjZ‡K wePvi Kv‡h©i Ask wnmv‡e
KwZcq mywbw`©ó †ÿ‡Î †Kvb wel‡qi cÖgvY Abygvb Kivi ÿgZv cÖ`vb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Bnv Av`vj‡Zi GK cÖKvi we‡kl ÿgZv| Av`vj‡Zi Giƒc ÿgZv g~jZ
avibvwfwËK I B”Qvaxb| Z‡e †ek wKQz †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi Giƒc ÿgZv‡K
B”Qvaxb ivLv nqwb eis AvBb Øviv Av`vjZ‡K †Kvb GKwU welq mZ¨ ev
wg_¨v wnmv‡e a‡i †bqvi wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, GgbwK wKQz
mywbw`©ó †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ‡K †Kvb GKwU welq P‚ovšÍfv‡e mZ¨ ev wg_¨v
wnmv‡e a‡i †bqvi wb‡`©k i‡q‡Q|
6.2. AvBbMZ I NUbvMZ wel‡q Abygvb: Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb Kivi ÿgZv
AvBbMZ welq (question of law) m¤ú‡K© wKsev NUbvMZ †Kvb welq
(question of fact) m¤ú‡K© n‡Z cv‡i| AvBbMZ Abygvb n‡”Q †Kvb AvBb
mswkøó wel‡q Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb| AvBbMZ Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ‡K
AvB‡bi cÖwZwôZ I wbw`©ó weav‡bi Av‡jv‡K Abygvb Ki‡Z nq| G Kvi‡b
Giƒc Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi we‡ePbvg~jK ÿgZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq
bv| mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 41, 79 - 80, 82 - 85, 105 Ges 112 avivq AvBbMZ Abygvb
m¤úwK©Z weavb ewb©Z Av‡Q| cÿvšÍ‡i, NUbvMZ Abygvb n‡”Q †Kvb
NUbv mswkøó wel‡q Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb| NUbvMZ Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ
GKwU NUbvi Av‡jv‡K Ab¨ Av‡iKwU NUbv m¤ú‡K© avibv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Giƒc Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av`vj‡Zi we‡ePbvg~jK ÿgZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 86 - 88, 90 Ges 114 avivq NUbvMZ Abygvb m¤úwK©Z
weavb ewb©Z Av‡Q|
6.3. Abygv‡bi LÐb‡hvM¨Zv: mvÿ¨ AvB‡b cÖ`Ë ÿgZve‡j Av`vjZ ‡Kvb
GKwU NUbvi cÖgvY Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i| NUbvi Giƒc cÖgvY g~jZ avibv
wfwËK Ges †hŠw³KZv ewR©Z| G Kvi‡b NUbvi Giƒc cÖgvY LЇbi
my‡hvM Acwinvh©| GB avibvi wfwˇZ Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb LÐb‡hvM¨ ev
LÐbA‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Av`vj‡Zi AbywgZ cÖgvY LЇbi my‡hvM _vK‡j
Zv‡K LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb (rebuttable presumption) e‡j| A_©vŤ †Kvb gvgjvq
Av`vjZ †h c‡ÿi cÖwZK‚‡j †Kvb wel‡qi cÖgvY Abygvb K‡i, †mB c‡ÿi hw`
D³ cÖgv‡Yi we‡ivwaZv ev LÐb Kivi AwaKvi ev my‡hvM _v‡K Z‡e Bnv
LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb| Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i (may presumption) Ges
410 mvÿ¨ ABb
Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡e (shall presumption) n‡”Q LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygv‡bi D`vnib|
mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 79 - 80, 82 - 90, 105 Ges 114 avivq ewb©Z Abygvb n‡”Q
LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb| cÿvšÍ‡i, Av`vj‡Zi AbywgZ ‡Kvb cÖgvY LЇbi
my‡hvM bv _vK‡j Zv‡K LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb (irrebuttable presumption)
e‡j| A_©vŤ †Kvb gvgjvq Av`vjZ †h c‡ÿi cÖwZK‚‡j †Kvb weq‡qi cÖgvY
Abygvb K‡i, †mB c‡ÿi hw` D³ cÖgv‡Yi we‡ivwaZv ev LÐb Kivi AwaKvi ev
my‡hvM bv _v‡K Z‡e Bnv LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb| P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY (conclusive
Proof) n‡”Q LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygv‡bi D`vnib| mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 41 Ges 112
avivq ewb©Z Abygvb n‡”Q LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb|
6.4. Abygv‡bi welqe¯‘i wbw`©óZv: mvÿ¨ AvB‡b Av`vjZ‡K †h Abygvb
Kivi ÿgZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wbw`©ó welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ mxgve×| Abygvb
Kivi †ÿ‡Î welqe¯‘ cQ›` Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM bvB| mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi weavb
Abymv‡i Av`vjZ †KejgvÎ †mB mg¯Í wel‡qi cÖgvY Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i hv
D³ AvB‡bi †Kvb wbw`©ó avivq mywbw`©ó Kiv Av‡Q| D`vnib wnmv‡e
ejv hvq †h, mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi 90 avivi Abymv‡i Av`vjZ GKwU 30 eQ‡ii
cyivZb `wj‡ji mwVKZvi cÖgvY Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6.5. Abygv‡bi djvdj: Av`vj‡Z Dchy³ mvÿ¨ Øviv m‡ÜqvZxZfv‡e †Kvb
GKwU welq cÖgvwbZ (proved) n‡j D³ wel‡qi †hiƒc AvBbMZ djvdj (legal
effect) m„wó nq, avibvi wfwˇZ Av`vjZ †Kvb wel‡qi cÖgvY Abygvb Ki‡jI
wVK GKB iKg AvBbMZ djvdj m„wó n‡e| AbywgZ cÖgvYwU LÐb‡hvM¨
n‡j Dnv wg_¨ cÖgvwbZ (disproved) bv nIq ch©šÍ A`vj‡Zi Giƒc Abygvb
Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| Avi AbywgZ cÖgvYwU LÐbA‡hvM¨ n‡j Dnv wg_¨
cÖgvwbZ (disproved) Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM bvB|
7. wewfbœ cÖKvi Abygvb
‰ewkó¨MZ wfbœZv we‡ePbvq Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb AvBbMZ ev NUbvMZ, wKsev
LÐb‡hvM¨ ev LÐbA‡hvM¨ cÖf…wZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi 4 avivq wZb
cÖKvi Abygv‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡‡Q|
(1) Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i (May persume)
(2) Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡e (Shall persume)
(3) P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY (Conclusive proof)
 mvÿ¨ AvBb
7.1. Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i (May persume): mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi ‡hLv‡bB
weavb Av‡Q †h Av`vjZ †Kvb NUbv Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i (may persume),
†mLv‡bB Av`vjZ nq D³ NUbvwU wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zv
cÖgvwYZ wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡e, A_ev Dnv cÖgvY Kivi Avnevb Rvbv‡e|
ˆewkó¨:
(1) Giƒc Abygvb‡K Hw”QK Abygvb (optional presumption) ev
Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ Abygvb ejv nq|
(2) Bnv g~jZ NUbvMZ Abygvb| G Kvi‡b Giƒc Abygvb‡K cÖvK…wZK
Abygvb (natural presumption) wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
(3) G‡ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ GKwU NUbvi cÖgvY n‡Z Ab¨ Av‡iKwU NUbvi
cÖgvY Abygvb K‡i|
(4) Bnv GKwU LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb|
(5) Av`vjZ †h c‡ÿi cÖwZK‚‡j Abygvb K‡i, ‡mB c‡ÿi Giƒc Abygvb
LÐb Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
(6) AbywgZ cÖgvYwU LÐb‡hvM¨ nIqvq Dnv wg_¨ cÖgvwbZ
(disproved) bv nIq ch©šÍ A`vj‡Zi Giƒc Abygvb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
(7) Av`vjZ †h c‡ÿi cÖwZK‚‡j Abygvb K‡i, Av`vjZ PvB‡j wbR †_‡K
D³ cÿ‡K D³ Abygvb LÐb Kivi Rb¨ Avnevb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(8) Giƒc Abygvb Av`vj‡Zi Rb¨ eva¨Ki bq, Z‡e Av`vjZ B”Qv Ki‡j
Giƒc Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
(9) mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 86 n‡Z 88, 90 Ges 114 avivq Giƒc Abygvb D‡jøL
Av‡Q|
7.2. Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡e (Shall persume): mvÿ¨ AvB‡bi ‡hLv‡bB
wbw`©ó Kiv Av‡Q †h Av`vjZ †Kvb NUbv Abygvb Ki‡e (shall persume),
†mLv‡bB Av`vjZ D³ NUbvwU wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zv
cÖgvwYZ wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡e|
ˆewkó¨:
(1) Giƒc Abygvb‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Abygvb (obligatory presumption) ejv nq|
(2) Bnv g~jZ AvBbMZ Abygvb| G Kvi‡b Giƒc Abygvb‡K K…wÎg
Abygvb (artificial presumption) wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
59 510 mvÿ¨ ABb
(3) G‡ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ GKwU wel‡qi cÖgvY n‡Z Ab¨ Av‡iKwU wel‡qi
cÖgvY Abygvb K‡i|
(4) Bnv GKwU LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb|
(5) Av`vjZ †h c‡ÿi cÖwZK‚‡j Abygvb K‡i, ‡mB c‡ÿi Giƒc Abygvb
LÐb Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
(6) AbywgZ cÖgvYwU LÐb‡hvM¨ nIqvq Dnv wg_¨ cÖgvwbZ
(disproved) bv nIqv ch©šÍ A`vj‡Zi Giƒc Abygvb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
(7) Av`vjZ †h c‡ÿi cÖwZK‚‡j Abygvb K‡i, Av`vjZ KL‡bvB D³ cÿ‡K
D³ Abygvb LÐb Kivi Rb¨ Avnevb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
(8) Giƒc Abygvb Av`vj‡Zi Rb¨ B”Qvaxb bq, Bnv Av`vj‡Zi Rb¨
eva¨Ki|
(9) mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 79 - 80, 82 - 85, 89 Ges 105 avivq Giƒc Abygvb
D‡jøL Av‡Q|
7.3. P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY (Conclusive proof): mvÿ¨ AvB‡b hLb GKwU NUbv‡K
Ab¨ GKwU NUbvi P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY (conclusive proof) wnmv‡e †NvlYv Kiv
nq, ZLb cÖ_‡gv³ NUbv cÖgvwYZ n‡j Av`vjZ Ab¨ NUbvwUI cÖgvwYZ
wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡e Ges NUbvwU wg_¨v cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ mvÿ¨ cÖ`v‡bi
AbygwZ w`‡e bv|
ˆewkó¨:
(1) Giƒc Abygvb‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Abygvb (obligatory presumption) ejv nq|
(2) Bnv g~jZ AvBbMZ Abygvb| G Kvi‡b Giƒc Abygvb‡K K…wÎg
Abygvb (artificial presumption) wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
(3) G‡ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ GKwU wel‡qi cÖgvY n‡Z Ab¨ Av‡iKwU wel‡qi
cÖgvY Abygvb K‡i|
(4) Bnv GKwU LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb|
(5) gvgjvi †Kvb cÿB Giƒc Abygvb LÐb Kivi AwaKvi iv‡L bv|
(6) AbywgZ cÖgvYwU LÐbA‡hvM¨ nIqvq Dnv wg_¨ cÖgvwbZ
(disproved) Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM bvB|
(7) mvÿ¨ Av&B‡bi 41 Ges 112 avivq Giƒc Abygvb D‡jøL Av‡Q|
7.4. wewfbœ cÖKvi Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv:
Bs Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡e P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY
 mvÿ¨ AvBb 69 610 mvÿ¨ ABb

(May persume) (Shall persume) (Conclusive proof) ALÐbxq e‡j cwiMwYZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| [Sayed Akbar v. State; AIR (1979) SC
1. Hw”QK Abygvb eva¨Zvg~jK Abygvb eva¨Zvg~jK Abygvb 1848]
2. NUbvMZ Abygvb AvBbMZ Abygvb AvBbMZ Abygvb
3. cÖvK…wZK Abygvb K…wÎg Abygvb K…wÎg Abygvb
4. LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb LÐbA‡hvM¨ Abygvb  mvÿ¨ AvB‡b hLb GKwU NUbv‡K Ab¨ GKwU NUbvi P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY
5. LЇbi Rb¨ Anevb Kiv hvq LЇbi Rb¨ Anevb Kiv hvq bv LЇbi Rb¨ Anevb Kiv hvq wnmv‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq, ZLb cÖ_‡gv³ NUbv cÖgvwYZ n‡j Av`vjZ Ab¨
bv NUbvwUI cÖgvwYZ wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡e Ges NUbvwU wg_¨v cÖgvY Kvivi
6. aviv 86 -88, 90 Ges 114 aviv 79 - 80, 82 - 85, 89 Ges 105 aviv 41 Ges 112 Rb¨ mvÿ¨ cÖ`v‡bi AbygwZ w`‡e bv| cÖvc¨ ev Dcw¯’Z DŤK…ó mvÿ¨-
cÖgvY Av`vj‡Z `vwLj Ki‡Z e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡b weevw`I gvgjv Awek^vm Kiv
nq| [Pushvhai v. M. Rahim; AIR (1981) SC 977]
8. D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bwRi

 ‡hmKj welq wePvi‡Ki m¤§y‡L N‡U‡Q, †mB g‡g© wePvi‡Ki wee„wZ

P‚ovšÍ mvÿ¨| [19 CWN 53]

 Abygv‡bi wfwˇZ cÖgv‡bi ZvŤch© GB †h, m¤¢ve¨ hyw³ Ø&viv †Kvb

m‡›`nRbK wel‡qi mZ¨Zv ev AmZ¨Zv avibv Kivi g‡Zv cwiw¯’wZ‡K
†evSvq| [PLD (1962) Kar. 608]

 Av`vjZ Aek¨ Abygvb Ki‡e g‡g© Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb P~ovšÍ cÖgvY bq, eis
LÐb‡hvM¨ Abygvb| [PLD (1962) Kar. 608]

 ‡Kvb wm×v‡šÍ †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ Av`vjZ †hmKj wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i, - Zv
AvBbMZ cÖgvY| m‡›`n, -hZB mvgvb¨ †nvK bv †Kb, Zv cÖgv‡Yi
¯’jvwfwm³ n‡Z cv‡i bv| [(1950) L. 199]

 mvaviYfv‡e ‡Kvb GKwU welq Aek¨ wbwðZ ej‡Z wePÿb gvby‡li Øviv
wbwðZ nIqv‡K †evSvq; Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi †ÿ‡Î mg¯Í cwiw¯’wZ‡K
we‡ePbvi AwaKv‡i Avb‡Z nq| [PLD (1956) wp Lah. 300]

 Av`vjZ wb‡Ri wek^vm cÖgv‡Yi wewbg‡q e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv; Av`vj‡Zi
wek^vm hZB `„X †nvK bv †Kb, cÖgvY Qvov †Kvb NUbvi AbyK‚‡j
wm×všÍ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq bv| [37 C. 467]

 wZb ai‡bi mvÿ¨ cÖ`vb Kivi weavb †`Lv hvq; h_v: (1) Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i, (2) Abygvb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges (3) P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY| Ges P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY‡K