Optical Review

(Continued)

1
 Optics of the eye
1 What we see? What we can detect + process!

From Infrared Zoo, http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/image_galleries/ir_zoo/index.html 2

 Optics of the eye
1 What we see? What we can detect + process!

From Infrared Zoo, http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/image_galleries/ir_zoo/index.html 3

 Optics of the eye
1 What we see? What we can detect + process!

From Astronomy Picture of the Day, https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap150512.html 4

 Optics of the eye
2 Anatomy of the Eye
“The pupil, black part of the eye,
is an opening that allows light into
the interior of the eye and the
retina. The size of the pupil dilates
or contracts in response to the
amount of light.”

“The lens, along with the cornea,

is responsible for refracting light
entering the eye. The lens
changes shape to adjust the focal
distance, allowing us to view
images at various distances.”

“The retina consists of layers of

neurons and photoreceptor cells
responsible for visual perception.
The retina is connected to the
brain via the optic nerve. The
cornea and lens are responsible
for focusing light on the retina.”
From: http://www.unioneyeworks.com/ocular-anatomy/ 5
 Optics of the eye
3 How image is formed: Refraction + Focal Point!

From Medical Encyclopedia: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19511.htm 6

Optics of the eye
4 How image is formed: Refraction + Focal Point!

Images are captured from the video, https://youtu.be/YcedXDN6a88?t=120

7
Outline

 Refraction and dispersion of light

 Light optical microscope

 Resolution

 Depth of field

 Aberrations in optical systems

(1) Chromatic aberration
(2) Monochromatic aberration

8
Light optical microscope
1 Types of light optical microscope

9
Light optical microscope
2 Thin lens equation for a convex lens

Height of image
=
Height of object

10
Light optical microscope
3 Two-stage projection microscope
Projector Final Image
lens (projected
Objective on a film
lens or screen)
First
u1 image

Object
(Specimen)

• Higher magnifications are usually obtained by using more than one lenses.
• Total magnification is the product of magnification for each lens.

= M1 x M2

11
Light optical microscope
4 How can we improve magnification?

• The image distance is more or less fixed.

• We usually change the focal distance by changing
(objective) lenses.
• Higher magnification lenses have shorter focal distances.

12
Two common types of microscope
Transmission

Apertures
1) Control the area of specimen
which is illuminated
Reflection 2) Control the angular spread of light
collected from the specimen

Condenser

1) Makes the object appear

brighter
2) Controls the angle at which the
illumination arrives

What is limiting the magnification?

13
Outline

 Refraction and dispersion of light

 Light optical microscope

 Resolution

 Depth of field

 Aberrations in optical systems

(1) Chromatic aberration
(2) Monochromatic aberration

14
Resolution
1 Definition: Resolution Limit

15
Resolution
1 Definition: Resolution Limit

The minimum distance of two point source objects that can

still be clearly seen as two separate entities

Resolution Partially Unresolved

Limit Resolved

What is limiting the resolution in the microscope?

16
Resolution
2 Diffraction effect
– Point sources of light from a specimen will appear as
diffraction patterns when light passes through any size
aperture of the microscope.

Try: http://www.falstad.com/ripple/
17