Page 1 of 10 2020-ESC-1030

Design and Implementation of Multi-port Energy Routers Towards Future

Energy Internet

Bin Liu Yuwei Peng Jiachao Xu

State Key Laboratory of Advanced State Key Laboratory of Advanced State Key Laboratory of Advanced
Electromagnetic Engineering and Electromagnetic Engineering and Electromagnetic Engineering and
Technology, HUST Technology, HUST Technology, HUST
1037 Luoyu Road 1037 Luoyu Road 1037 Luoyu Road
Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
bin_liu@hust.edu.cn m201971365@hust.edu.cn 006928@crfsdi.com

Chengxiong Mao Dan Wang Qing Duan

Senior Member, IEEE Senior Member, IEEE Power Distribution Department,
State Key Laboratory of Advanced State Key Laboratory of Advanced China Electric Power Research
Electromagnetic Engineering and Electromagnetic Engineering and Institute
Technology, HUST Technology, HUST Beijing, 100192, China
1037 Luoyu Road 1037 Luoyu Road duanqing@epri.sgcc.com.cn
Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
cxmao@hust.edu.cn wangdan@mail.hust.edu.cn

Abstract -- This paper presents an AC/DC hybrid system
constructed by multi-port energy routers, which have
potential applications for power consumers in distribution
power system. It is easy for the selected main circuits to
realize high reliable and multiple forms of power supply,
plug-and-play access of distributed power supply, and high
expansibility of power ports. The corresponding control and
protection systems are developed to ensure the regular
operation of energy routers, and smart energy management
scheme is presented to satisfy expectations of power
consumers. Two experimental prototypes are implemented, of
which the experimental results validate the parameter design
and show the satisfactory functions, demonstrating that the
presented multi-port energy routers are very promising for
the future energy Internet construction.
Index Terms--energy router, experimental prototype,
energy management, energy storage, energy Internet
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, with the increasing number of distributed
generations (DGs) integrated into the power grid and the
increasing demand for intelligence and informatization of
the smart grid, it is much-needed for the present distribution
power system to adapt these changes. In order to help the
traditional distribution grid to cope with these new
challenges, the concept of Energy Internet (EI) [1] was
proposed. EI is aimed to combine DGs and the existing
power grid by highly integrating bidirectional flows of

This work was supported by the State Grid Corporation of China
Headquarter Science and Technology Project: Research funding of energy
Internet multi-energy flow integration and routing technology based on
multi-port energy router under Grant 242PD19190008. (Corresponding
author: Dan Wang.)
information and electricity. One of the key elements to
achieve EI is energy router (ER) [2], also called power
router [3]. The concept of ER is developed from electronic
power transformer (EPT) [4], also known as solid state
transformer (SST) [5]. Based on the basic power conversion
function of EPT, ER also has the other attractive
characteristics including DGs plug-and-play integration,
intelligent energy management, and information interaction,
etc. The emergence of ER provides reliable solutions for
power quality control [6], AC-DC hybrid operation [7],
bidirectional power flow transmission [8] and formulation
of user side energy management scheme [9]. It can be
predicted that ER will play a key role in coordinated
operation and energy management of smart grid as a key
device of future EI [10].
At present, there are few practical applications of ER in
actual high-voltage power system. For instance, [11]
introduce a 10-kV/400 V 500 kVA EPT that has been tested
in the industrial power grid. In fact, the widespread
applications of ER in high-voltage power system is limited
by many factors, such as high manufacturing and
maintenance cost, large volume, insufficient impact
resistance, etc. In contrast, ER has bright application
prospect in low-voltage distribution grid [12]. Some
literatures have studied the application of ER in low voltage
distribution network [13-17]. However, most of current
literatures focus on a single type ER, which is difficult to
meet the requirement for various form power in future EI. It
is necessary to propose a system architecture for the
interconnection of various types of ERs, so as to expand the
adaptation range of ERs and make them more applicable for
future EI. Besides, it is meaningful to comprehensively
develop the design and implementation methods that are

978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE

 2020-ESC-1030
generally applicable to various types of ER, which will help
promote the widespread applications of ER in low-voltage
distribution grid.
In this paper, an AC/DC hybrid system architecture with
multi-port energy routers (MERs) are presented, which has
attractive advantages including high power supply
reliability, multiple power forms, high expansibility of
power ports, plug-and-play access of DGs, etc. The detailed
parameters design for MER is introduced, and the control
and protection systems are developed to ensure the regular
operation of the ERs. Flexible energy management scheme
is proposed for the ERs to satisfy expectations of power
consumers. The experimental results on the two prototypes
verified the correctness of the parameter design and the
effectiveness of the control and energy management
strategies, showing satisfactory functions and performances
of the presented MERs, which proved to have potential
applications in future EI.
II. ARCHITECTURE OF MERS-BASED SYSTEM
Fig. 1 shows the architecture of the presented MERs-
based system, which consists of MERs, distribution grid,
AC/DC microgrids, DGs, loads, and energy storage
batteries (ESBs). As the key equipments, MERs are
employed to control and manage the whole MERs-based
system. In this MER-based system, one MER is responsible
for grid connection and providing a medium voltage DC bus,
while other MERs are connected to the DC bus. For the
sake of brevity, only two typical types of MER are shown in
Fig. 1. One is called AC/DC MER, which is mainly
responsible for distribution grid connection management,
providing a stable medium voltage (750 V) DC bus, and
supplying power ports for AC (380 V) loads, AC microgrid,
and low voltage (48 V) loads. The other is called DC MER,
which provides a variety of DC ports for power consumers
that require different voltage levels of DC power.
Fig. 1. The architecture of MERs-based system.
Compared with the traditional distribution grid, the
MERs-based system has the following features:
1) A stable medium voltage DC bus is provided by an
AC/DC MER, which is convenient for the plug-and-play
978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE
Page 2 of 10
access of DGs. The grid-connection of distribution grid is
uniformly managed by this AC/DC MER, so there is no
need to consider grid-connection problem for converters of
DGs and other MERs.
2) The ESBs ensure that the whole system can maintain
regular operation when the distribution grid fails, thus the
power supply reliability is enhanced. Meanwhile, the ESBs
can participate in energy management of the whole system
to benefit power consumers.
3) Considering the reduction of device volume and the
simplicity of design, AC/DC MER only provides low-
voltage DC bus with small capacity, while DC MER is
design specially to meet the requirements of power
consumers who need DC power supply with multiple
voltage levels. DC MER and AC/DC MER can operate
synergistically or operate alone without interconnection.
That is to say, AC/DC MER and DC MER are
complementary and independently.
III. MAIN CIRCUIT
A. Topology
Since the presented MERs are orient to the power
consumers in low-voltage small-capacity areas (household,
company, etc.), the selection of topology should consider
economy, small-size volume, and convenience for ports
expansion. The main circuit of the MERs-based system is
shown in Fig. 2.
As shown in Fig. 2, the cascaded structure without
intermediate isolation stage is employed in AC/DC MER,
which consists of a three-phase half-bridge voltage source
converter (VSC) with pulse width modulation (PWM), a
three-phase four-leg inverter, a half-bridge DC/AC/AC/DC
converter, and a bidirectional DC/DC converter. There are
five parts in AC/DC MER, called grid-connected part
(GCP), energy storage part (ESP), medium voltage DC part
(MDP), AC part (ACP), and low voltage DC part (LDP).
Five ports (Port 1-5) are provided for distribution grid, ESB,
DGs and medium voltage DC loads, AC loads or AC
microgrid, and low voltage DC loads, respectively.
Hereinto, a stable medium voltage DC bus is provided from
Port 3 to facilitate the plug-and-play access of DGs.
As shown in Fig. 2, DC MER consists of a three-port
phase-shift full-bridge (PSFB) DC/DC converter with
cascaded transformer structure and a bidirectional DC/DC
converter. Compared with the traditional common DC bus
structure, the cascaded transformer structure is selected for
its following advantages [18]:
1) Each port is independent and easy to expand.
2) The number of converters is reduced, so the volume
and cost of the device can be reduced, and the operation
efficiency can be enhanced.
3) The voltage levels of transformer are progressively
decreased, thus the design difficulty and insulation
requirements of transformer can be reduced.
There are four parts in DC MER, called high voltage
DC part (HDP), MDP1, LDP1, and ESP1. Four ports (Port
6-9) are provided for distribution grid, ESB, DGs and
medium voltage DC loads, AC loads or AC microgrid, and
low voltage DC loads, respectively. Hereinto, DC MER
can be in conjunction with the medium voltage DC bus of
AC/DC MER through Port 6.
Page 3 of 10 2020-ESC-1030

Fig. 2. Main circuit of MERs-based system.

Where Pmax is the allowable maximum power fluctuation.

B. Key Element Design
Timax is the maximum inertia time constant. U dc max is the
Based on the main circuit shown in Fig. 2, it is essential
to select suitable parameter for the AC/DC MER and DC allowable maximum voltage fluctuation.
MER. According to the actual application requirement, the Because the topology of AC/DC MER is traditional, the
total capacities of AC/DC MER and DC MER are 30 kVA design of other elements will not be introduced in this
and 20 kVA, respectively. paper. Table I summarizes the main parameters of AC/DC
MER, which have been adopted in the actual AC/DC MER
1) AC/DC MER prototype.
The input inductance Ls should meet the requirement of TABLE I
power transmission, fast tracking of transient current, and PARAMETERS IN AC/DC MER
harmonic suppression. When sinusoidal PWM modulation Parameter Value
method is employed, the value range of input inductance Rated capacity 30 kVA
can be calculated by the following equation (1)-(3): Input inductance in GCP 1.5 mH
Supporting capacitance in MDP 15 mF
1
Em2 sin  cos   Em cos  Em2 sin 2   U dc2  Em2 LC filter in ACP 0.8 mH, 30 µF
4 Midline inductance in ACP 0.4 mH
Ls  (1) LC filter in LDP 0.1 mH, 3.3 mF
 Im Filter inductance in ESP 2 mH
(2U dc  3Em ) Rated ratio of the transformer in LDP 6:1
Ls  (2) Switching frequency 6 kHz
3 I m
U dc 2) DC MER
Ls  (3) For a PSFB DC/DC converter, the transmission power
4 f s I m
can be expressed as:
Where Em and Udc are the peak value of grid voltage and
nV V
DC voltage, respectively. Im is the peak value of grid P  1 2 D 1  D  (5)
current. I m is the allowable maximum harmonic current. 2 fs L
 is the power factor angle. ω is the angular frequency of Where V1 and V2 are DC voltage of high voltage side and
grid. fs is the switching frequency. low voltage side, respectively. L is the input inductance in
The supporting capacitor of medium voltage DC bus high voltage side. n is the ratio of the isolation transformer.
Cdc can be calculated by the equation (4): D is the phase shift duty cycle.
From equation (5), the relationship between L and n can
PmTi max
Cdc  (4) be expressed as equation (6):
2U dc U dc max

978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE

 2020-ESC-1030 Page 4 of 10

L V1V2 distribution grid is normal or not. The control strategies for

 D 1  D  (6) ACP and LDP are unaffected by the MER operation mode.
n 2 fs P
When Port 4 is connected to AC microgrid, the controller
In order to realize the soft switching in full load range, of the inverter in ACP is to control the active power and
n should satisfy the equation (7): reactive power of Port 4 at the given values i *md and i *mq ,
V1 V1
1  2D   n  (7)
respectively. When Port 4 is connected to AC loads, the
V2 V2 1  2 D  controller of the inverter in ACP is to obtain three-phase
symmetrical sinusoidal voltages with constant voltage
Considering the no-load situation (D=0) should also
amplitude U*o . The controller of the converter in LDP is to
satisfy equation (7), then we can get:
maintaining uLD at the reference value u*LD.
V
n 1 (8)
V2
From equation (6) and (8), L can be calculated by the
equation (9):
V2
L  1 D(1  D) (9)
2 fs P
The design of supporting capacitors in HDP, MDP1,
and LDP1 can refer to equation (4). Table II summarizes
the main parameters of DC MER, which have been adopted
in the actual DC MER prototype.
TABLE II
PARAMETERS IN DC MER
Parameter Value
Rated capacity 20 kVA
Input inductance in HDP 0.18 mH
Rated ratio of the transformer in HDP 1.875
Supporting capacitance in HDP 3 mF
Supporting capacitance in MDP1 15 mF
Input inductance in LDP1 0.46 mH
Rated ratio of the transformer in LDP1 8.333
Supporting capacitance in LDP1 5 mF
Filter inductance in ESP 0.51 mH
Switching frequency 10 kHz

IV. CONTROL AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

It is important to develop a reliable control and energy
management system to guarantee regular and economic
operation of MERs. The control and energy management
system should satisfy the goals to: 1) ensure that each bus
voltage is stable at the rated voltage; 2) keep regular
operation in case of distribution grid failure; 3) protect the
equipment against faults such as overvoltage, overcurrent,
over temperature; and 4) employ ESB to optimize the
power flows in MERs to benefit users.
A. Control Strategy
Based on the main circuit shown in Fig. 2, the main
control strategies of AC/DC MER and DC MER are shown
in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, respectively.
1) AC/DC MER Fig. 3. The controller of AC/DC MER.
As shown in Fig. 3, when the distribution grid is normal,
AC/DC MER is in grid-connected mode, and the double 2) DC MER
closed-loop controller of the three-phase PWM rectifier in As shown in Fig. 4, when Port 6 is connected with the
GCP is employed to realize the sinusoidal grid currents and medium voltage DC bus, DC MER is in bus-connected
maintain the voltage of the common DC bus uMD at the mode, and the voltage udc1 is equal to uMD. Assuming that
reference value u *MD . The i *sq is set to 0 to achieve unity the relative phase-shift angle of the PSFB converter
power factor. When the distribution grid fails, AC/DC between HDP and MDP1 is αdc12, and the relative phase-
MER is in islanded mode. Then the PWM rectifier stops shift angle of the PSFB converter between MDP1 and
operation and the controller of the bidirectional DC/DC LDP1 is αdc23. By controlling αdc12 and αdc23, the voltage of
converter in ESP continues to guarantee the voltage port 9 udc2 and the voltage of port 8 udc3 can be maintained
stability of the common DC bus. That is to say, the
medium-voltage DC bus can keep stable whether the at the reference value u*dc2 and u*dc3, respectively. When there
is no medium voltage DC bus, DC MER is in islanded

978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE

Page 5 of 10 2020-ESC-1030

mode. Then the ESP1 is responsible for maintaining udc2 at

the reference value u*dc2. By controlling αdc12 and αdc23, the
voltage of port 6 udc1 and the voltage of port 8 udc3 can be
maintained at the reference value u*dc1 and u*dc3, respectively.

Fig. 4. The controller of DC MER.

B. Implementation of Control System

For actual MER equipment, the control system is
essential to achieve regular operation and expected
functions. Fig. 5 shows the control system structure of
AC/DC MER and DC MER with digital signal processors
(DSPs).
1) AC/DC MER
As shown in Fig. 5(a), the control system of AC/DC
MER is divided into two parts: power side DSP part
(responsible for GCP, ESP, and MDP), load side DSP part
(responsible for ACP and LDP). The reasons for the
division are that: 1) ACP and LDP have no need to consider
the distribution grid state, so they are relatively independent
in AC/DC MER; 2) the structure is convenient for port
expansion and can simplify the program design; and 3)
some possible DSP interruption conflicts can be avoided.
The concrete tasks for power side DSP and load side DSP
are explained in Fig. 5(a).
Fig. 6 shows the procedure flowchart of AC/DC MER,
which consists of three parts: start-up control, protection
control, and main control. The start-up control is to inhibit
the inrush current when starting up. It executes only once
after receiving a start command, and includes three stages
[11]: the diode rectifier charging, PWM rectifier charging Fig. 5. The control system structure. (a) AC/DC MER. (b) DC MER.
with resistors, and PWM rectifier charging without
resistors. The protection control mainly includes voltage 2) DC MER
protection, current protection, temperature protection, and The control system of DC MER is controlled by one
trip-zone interrupt response to fault signals of IGBTs. DSP, of which the concreted tasks are explained in Fig.
Corresponding protective measures will be taken after 5(b). Fig. 7 shows the procedure flowchart of DC MER,
triggering protection. The main control includes grid- which is similar to that of AC/DC MER. For the presented
connected mode control and islanded mode control, and the main circuit of DC MER, if the steady-state control is
corresponding control strategy has been illustrated in Fig. 3. employed directly when DC MER is started, the PI
controller will be saturated rapidly and huge inrush current
will be generated. To avoid this, a soft startup scheme is
designed with two stages. In the first stage, when the

978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE

 2020-ESC-1030 Page 6 of 10

capacitor of HDP reaches the rated voltage, the PWM The energy management scheme for the presented MERs is
waves with low duty cycle Ds are generated as the shown in Fig. 9(a), which includes two modes named
triggering signals to the IGBTs in MDP, as shown in Fig. 8, constant current/voltage control mode and fuzzy control
and IGBTs of other parts will not be enable in this stage. In mode, respectively.
the second stage, when the capacitors of MDP and LDP
reach 99% of the rated voltage respectively, then start the
voltage closed-loop control of MDP1 and LDP1. The
protection control is same as that of AC/DC MER. The
main control includes bus-connected mode control and
islanded mode control, and the corresponding control
strategy has been illustrated in Fig. 4.

Fig. 7. Procedure flowchart of DC MER.

Fig. 6. Procedure flowchart of AC/DC MER.

C. Energy Management Scheme

When AC/DC MER is in the grid-connected mode, or
when DC MER is in bus-connected mode, the ESB is not
required to balance the power of MER. By controlling the
charging/discharging current of ESB, power consumers can
obtain the expected benefits. As shown in Fig. 8, the
energy management scheme is developed for the presented
MERs to achieve the smart energy management.
For MERs in low-voltage distribution network, three
main factors should be considered into the energy
management scheme: the state of charge of ESB (SOCESB),
the net output power (PNet), and electricity price (EP).
Among them, it can be considered to convert the EP and
PNet into a new factor: unit-time electricity charge (ECunit)
[19]. In order to facilitate the implementation of energy
management scheme in an actual MER prototype, the ESB Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of low duty cycle PWM waves generation in
voltage uES is employed to approximately replace SOCESB. soft startup scheme.

978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE

Page 7 of 10 2020-ESC-1030

Fig. 10. The prototype of AC/DC MER. (a) Front view. (b) Back view.

Fig. 9. Energy management scheme for MERs. (a) Energy management

strategy. (b) Membership functions and fuzzy control rules employed in
fuzzy control mode.

If ECunit is very low or the ESB is required to be fully

charged, then constant current/voltage control mode will be
selected. In this mode, when uES is lower than the rated
voltage Urated, constant current charging is adopted for ESB.
Otherwise, constant voltage charging is adopted for ESB. Fig. 11. The prototype of DC MER.
If ESB is required to benefit power consumers, then
fuzzy control mode will be selected. In this mode, the fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) is employed to generate the ESB
current reference value. The membership functions and
fuzzy control rules of the FLC are illustrated in Fig. 9(b).
By the designed FLC, power consumers can obtain profits,
meanwhile the battery voltage can be maintained in a
reasonable level.
V. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
Based on the presented parameter design and control
system implementation, a prototype of AC/DC MER and a
prototype of DC MER are developed, which are shown in
Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, respectively. Fig. 12 illustrates the
laboratory test circuit. A programmable power supply
device is employed to simulate DGs access to the medium Fig. 12. Laboratory test circuit.
voltage DC bus.
Fig. 13 shows the experimental waveforms when the Fig. 14 shows the experimental waveforms when the
MERs are starting. As shown in Fig. 13(a), the startup MERs are switching load. As shown in Fig. 14(a), the ACP
process of AC/DC MER consists of four stages as expected of AC/DC MER is connected to two-phase load (15 kW)
by the designed procedure flowchart, and the inrush current first, then to three-phase load (22.5 kW), and then back to
in the startup process is within the acceptable range. As two-phase load (15 kW). In this process, the voltages of
shown in Fig. 13(b), by using the soft startup scheme, the ACP and LDP have no influence, while the voltage of
startup process of DC MER is smooth with very small MDP has slight fluctuation and restores at the rated value
impact current. quickly. The waveforms in Fig. 14(a) also verify that ACP
has ability to deal with unbalanced load. As shown in Fig.

978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE

 2020-ESC-1030 Page 8 of 10

14(b), the MDP1 of DC MER is switching 6.5 kW load. In
this process, the voltage LDP1 has no influence, while the
voltages of HDP and MDP1 have slight fluctuations and
restore stability quickly.
and varies to 0.6 at t. In both Case 1 and Case 2, PNet varies
from -4.1 kW to 2.6 kW and back to -4.1 kW with ramp
variation. It can be seen that the ESB can intelligently
change the charging/discharging current to maintain the
voltage within a reasonable range and realize benefit for
power consumers under fuzzy control mode.

Fig. 13. Experimental waveforms when MERs are started. (a) AC/DC
MER. (b) DC MER.
Fig. 14. Experimental waveforms when MERs are switching load. (a)
Fig. 15 shows the experimental waveforms when the AC/DC MER. (b) DC MER.
MERs are switching operation mode. As shown in Fig.
15(a), the AC/DC MER works in grid-connected mode first,
then switch to islanded mode, and then back to grid-
connected mode. As shown in Fig. 15(b), the DC MER
works in bus-connected mode first, then switch to islanded
mode, and then back to bus-connected mode. It can be seen
that the voltages of MDP, ACP, LDP, HDP, MDP1, and
LDP1 can remain stable when the MERs are switching
operation mode, and the switching processes are smooth.
Since the presented energy management scheme is the
same for AC/DC MER and DC MER. Thus, the
experimental verification for energy management scheme
is only carried out in the AC/DC MER. Fig. 16 shows the
experimental waveforms when the AC/DC MER is under
constant current/voltage control mode. The voltage
command value of constant voltage control is set to 200 V,
and the current command value of constant current control
is changed from 1 A to 5 A. As can be seen, the experiment
waveform under constant current/voltage control mode is
as expected.
Fig. 17 shows the experimental waveforms when the
AC/DC MER is under fuzzy control mode. In this test, the
programmable power supply device produces power source
with ramp variations to simulate the fluctuations of actual
DGs, and two cases are tested with different initial
conditions. As shown in Fig. 17(a), in Case 1, the initial
ESB voltage is 204 V. The initial EP is set to 0.6 and varies
to 0.8 at t. By contrast, as shown in Fig. 17(b), in Case 2, Fig. 15. Experimental waveforms when MERs are switching operation
the initial ESB voltage is 196 V. The initial EP is set to 0.8 mode. (a) AC/DC MER. (b) DC MER.

978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE

Page 9 of 10 2020-ESC-1030
Fig. 16. Experimental waveforms under constant current/voltage control
mode.
Fig. 17. Experimental waveforms under fuzzy control mode. (a) Case 1. (b)
Case 2.
VI. CONCLUSION
In the future, more and more attention will be paid to
the intelligent power electronic equipment in the
development of EI. This paper presents a MERs-based
AC/DC hybrid system, which is convenient for the
interconnection of various types MER, so the adaptation
range of MER can be expanded. The presented system is
applicable for low-voltage distribution network, for it has
lots of advantage, including enhancing power supply
reliability, increasing power supply forms, facilitating port
expansion and plug-and-play access of DGs, etc. Two
typical types of MER in the system are studied, of which
the appropriate topologies and parameter design methods
are presented. Reliable control and protection systems are
developed, and a flexible energy management scheme is
proposed for the presented MERs.
The experimental results on the prototypes show that
the MERs have satisfactory performances, and verify the
978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE
correctness of parameter design and effectiveness of the
control and energy management strategies. It can be seen
that the presented MERs have the potential to play great
role in the future EI construction. In the future work, the
collaborative interconnection operation of the presented
MERs will be studied and implemented.
REFERENCES
[1] Rifkin, J. The third industrial revolution: How lateral power is
transforming energy, the economy, and the world, New York:
Palgrave MacMillan, 2013, pp. 31-46.
[2] A. Q. Huang, M. L. Crow, G. T. Heydt, J. P. Zheng, and S. J. Dale,
“The future renewable electric energy delivery and management
(FREEDM) system: the energy internet,” Proc IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1,
pp. 133-148, Jan. 2011.
[3] R. Kandula, A. Iyer, R. Moghe, J. Hernandez, and D. Divan, “Power
router for meshed systems based on a fractionally rated back-to-back
converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 5172-
5180, Oct. 2014.
[4] D. Wang, C. Mao, and J. Lu, “Operation and control mode of
electronic power transformer,” in Proc. IEEE/IAS Conf. Sustain.
Alternative Energy, 2009, pp. 1-5.
[5] H. Qin and J. W. Kimball, “Solid-state transformer architecture
using AC-AC dual-active-bridge converter,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 3720-3730, Sep. 2013.
[6] S. Zhao, Z. Wang, J. Umuhoza, A. Mantooth, Y. Zhao, and C.
Farnell, “Distributed power quality enhancement using residential
power routers,” in Proceedings of the 33nd Annual IEEE Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2018, pp.
513-520.
[7] Y. Xu, J. Zhang, W. Wang, A. Juneja, and S. Bhattacharya, “Energy
router: architectures and functionalities toward energy internet,” in
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid
Communications (SmartGridComm), 2011, pp. 31-36.
[8] Y. Zhang, J. Umuhoza, Y. Liu, C. Farnell, H. A. Mantooth, and R.
Dougal, “Optimized control of isolated residential power router for
phtovoltatic applications,” in Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congr.
and Expo. (ECCE), 2014, pp. 53-59.
[9] Y. Liu, X. Chen, Y. Wu, K. Yang, J. Zhu, and B. Li, “Enabling the
smart and flexible management of energy prosumers via the energy
router with parallel operation mode,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp.
35038-35047, 2020.
[10] X. Yu, X. She, X. Zhou, and A. Q. Huang, “Power management for
DC microgrid enabled by solid-state transformer,” IEEE Trans.
Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 954-965, Mar. 2014.
[11] D. Wang, J. Tian, C. Mao, J. Lu, Y. Duan, J. Qiu, and H. Cai, “A 10-
kV/400-V 500-kVA electronic power transformer,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 6653-6663. Nov. 2016.
[12] Q. Duan, W. Sheng, X. Meng, C. Shi, J. Wang, Z. Ji, and Z. Lv,
“Research on energy sub grid for the future energy Internet,” Proc.
CSEE, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 388-398, Jan. 2016.
[13] Y. Liu, J. Li, Y. Wu, and F. Zhou, “Coordinated control of the
energy router-based smart home energy management system,” Appl.
Sci., vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 943, Sep. 2017.
[14] D. Wang and F. Z. Peng, “Smart gateway grid: A DG-based
residential electric power supply system,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 2232-2239, Dec. 2012.
[15] H. Guo, F. Wang, L. Zhang, and J. Luo, “A hierarchical optimization
strategy of the energy router-based energy Internet,” IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 4177-4185, Nov. 2019.
[16] L. Tarisciotti, P. Zanchetta, S. Pipolo, and S. Bifaretti. “Three-port
energy router for universal and flexible power management in future
smart distribution grids,” in Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Energy
Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2017, pp. 1276–1281.
[17] J. Rodriguez-Bernuz, E. Prieto-Araujo, F. Girbau-Llistuella, A.
Sumper, R. Villafafila-Robles, and J. Vidal-Clos, “Experimental
validation of a single phase intelligent power router,” Sustain.
Energy, Grids Netw., vol. 4, pp. 1-15, Dec. 2015.
[18] Q. Duan, J. Xu, W. Sheng, G. Sha, Z. Li, B. Liu, F. Su, and D. Wang,
“Multi-port DC electric energy router based on cascaded high
 2020-ESC-1030 Page 10 of 10

frequency transformer,” Power System Technology, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. control and energy management strategies,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp.
2934-2941, 2019. 109069-109082, 2019.
[19] B. Liu, W. Wu, C. Zhou, C. Mao, D. Wang, Q. Duan, and G. Sha,
“An AC-DC hybrid multi-port energy router with coordinated

978-1-7281-7192-0/20/$31.00 © 2020 IEEE