SMA 1218: CALCULUS II

BY
Dr. Emmah Marigi
Mathematics & Physical Science Department
INTEGRATION
1. Integration is the revise of differentiation
• It is the process of finding a function when given its derivative or
gradient function.

• The integration is also called the anti-differentiation or anti-

derivative.

The resulting function is called an integral

2. Integration is a method of adding or summing up the parts to find

the whole
• Integration can be used to find displacement, areas under a curve and
surface area & volumes of solids
 Denotation
We use the symbol  for integration

Given a differential of y  f  x  as
dy
 F  x  then its integral may
be written as dx

 F  x  dx  f  x   C
[The integral of F  x  with respect to x ]

C is called the constant of integration

Why add a constant of integration
dy
yx 3
  3x 2

dx
dy 2 1
y  x 2
3
  3x 2
x
  
2
dx 3 x dx 3 C
2 1
dy
y  x 4
3
  3x 2

dx
1 dy  x C
3

yx  3
  3x 2

6 dx
There are two types of integral
• Indefinite integral
This is the general integral where no conditions are given

 F  x  dx  f  x   C
• Definite integral
This is an integral that contains the upper and lower limits. It is
represented as
b

 F  x  dx   f  x   C 
b

a
a

  f b   C    f  a   C   f b   f  a 
Integration as the revise of differentiation
• Recall the following differentiations
Given f  x  C then f  x  0
  f   x  dx   0 dx  C[integration of zero is a constant]
Given f  x   cos x then f   x    sin x
  f   x  dx   sin x dx   cos x  C
Given f  x   sin x then f   x   cos x
  f   x  dx   cos x dx  sin x  C
 •
Given . f  x  e x
then f  x  e
 x

  f   x  dx   e dx  e  C
x x

1
Given f  x   ln x then f  x 
x
1
  f   x  dx   dx   x dx  ln x  C
1

 sinh x dx  cosh x  C and  cosh x dx  sinh x  C

 RULES OF INTEGRATION
Integration by rule
• The integration rule is “ increase the power by one and then
divide with the new power”
n 1
x
 x dx  n  1  C for n  1
n

n 1
k x
   dx  n  1  C for n  1
n n
k x dx k x

b
b
x n 1

a x n
dx    
1
b 
n 1
 a n 1

 n  1 a n  1
 31
dy x 1 4
1.  x3  y   x dx 
3
 x C
dx 3 1 4

5 1
5 x 5 6
2.  5 x dx  5  1  6 x  C
5

x 21

2
3. x dx    x 1  C
2  1

  4 x  5 x  dx  3 x  2 x  C
2 3 4 3 5 2
4.
Integration of a constant

  
0
a dx ax dx
0 1
x
a C
0 1
 a xC
 Example 1: Evaluate the following
•.
a )   4 x  1 dx c)  
x 2  3 dx
 6 
 3

b)  x  5 x dx d )   4  dx
x 

11 0 1 31 11

 
x x x x
a )   4 x  1 dx  4  C x  5 x dx  5 C
3
b)
11 0 1 3 1 11
x2 x4 x2
 4  x C 1  5 C
2 4 2
1 4 5 2
 2 x2  x  C  x  x C
4 2
 •.  6 
d )   4  dx   6 x 4 dx
2 1 0 1 x 
 
2 x x
c) x  3 dx  3 C 4 1
2  1 0 1 6
x
C
x 1 4  1
  3x  C 3
1 
6x
C
  x 1  3 x  C 3
2
  3 C
x
 Example 2: Evaluate the following
•.
6
a )   cos x  sin x  dx c)    dx
x

b)  7e  5 dx
x


a)   cos x  sin x  dx  sin x  cos x  C 6

b)    dx   6 x 1 dx
x
0 1  6 ln x  C
  x
b) 7e  5 dx  7e  5
x x
C
0 1
 7e  5 x  C
x
 Example 3: Evaluate the following
 2
2 3
• . a)
 2x b)   4  3  dx
5
dx
2 
1
x 
3
 x 
2 0 1 31
 5 1
  2
2 3
x x
a )  2 x dx   2
5
 C a )   4  3  dx   4 2  C
1  5 1 1 2 
x   0 1 3  1  2
3
 1
1
2
1 6  8
 4 x  2 
 x   x  2
 3 1
1  1 
1 6 6
 2 1    4  3  2   4   2  
3   2 
2


3  
1 1 1 31
  63  21  12   8   19
3 9 4 36
 Exercise
• Evaluate the following

 6  x 
 4 x dx   cos x  2 x  dx
3
a) c)

 3 
3

  5e 
 sinh x dx d )  1  4  dx
x
b)
0
x 
 •.

 
a )  6  x 3  4 x dx

1 4 4 2
 
b)  5e x  sinh x dx
 6x  x  x  C
4 2  5e x  cosh x  C
1 4
 6x  x  2x  C
2

4
 •. 3
3
 3   x4 1

d )  1  4  dx   x  3  C
 x11  1
x   4  1 1
c)   cos x  2 x  dx  sin x  2  C
 11  3
 3 
 2
  x  3 
2x  3 x 1
 sin x   C
 2  3
 1
 sin x  x 2  C   x  3 
 x 1
1  1 
 3  3  1  2 
3  1 
 
1 1
 3  2 1
27 27
 INTEGRATION BY ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
This is used when we have a function within a function. We use a
substitution for the first function and evaluate for the new function.

  ax  b 
n
Given dx
1
let u  ax  b du  a dx  dx  du
a
1
  ax  b  dx   u  du
n n

a
1 n
  u du
a
 ax  b 
n 1
n 1

  ax  b  dx  a  n  1
u n
 C  C
a  n  1
Example 1
• Evaluate

  x  3 d)  x 3 x  
2 4
2 3
a) dx dx

1
b)  e dx
6x
e)  1  4 x  5
dx

1
c)  1  x  3
dx f )  2 cos8 x dx
•.
a ) let u  x  3 du  dx

   dx   u du
2
x  3 2

3
u
 C
3
1
   x  3 dx   x  3  C
2 3

3
 •.
1
b) let u  6 x du  6 dx  dx  du
6
1 u
  
6x
e dx e du
6
u
e
 C
6
1 6x
  e dx  e  C
6x

6
•.
1
dx   1  x  dx
3
c) 
1  x 
3

let u  1  x du   dx  dx   du

 1  x 
3
dx    u du
3

2
u
 C
 2 
1 1
dx  1  x   C
2
  1  x  3
2
•.
1
d ) let u  3  x 3
du  3x dx
2
dx  2 du
3x

 x 3  x 
1
dx   x u  2 du
4
2 3 2 4

3x
1 4
  u du
3
5
u
 C
3   5

 x 3  x   
4 1 5
 2 3
dx  3 x 3
C
15
•. 1
dx   1  4 x  dx
5
e) 
1  4 x 
5

1
let u  1  4 x du  4 dx  dx  du
4
1 5
 1  4 x 
5
dx   u du
4
4
u
 C
4   4 
1 1
dx   1  4 x   C
4
  1  4 x  5
16
•.
1
f ) let u  8 x du  8 dx  dx  du
8
2
 2 cos8 x dx 
8  cos u du

sin u
 C
4
1
  2 cos8 x dx  sin 8 x  C
4
Exercise
• Evaluate

x
  6  3x  
2
a) dx c) dx
5  x 
4
2

b)  sin 7 x dx
•.
1
a ) let u  6  3x du  3dx  dx  du
3
1 2
  6  3x  dx  3  u du
2

3
u
 C
33
1
   6  3 x  dx   6  3 x   C
2 3

9
 •.
1
b) let u  7 x du  7 dx  dx  du
7
1
 sin 7 x dx  7  sin u du
cos u
 C
7
1
  sin 7 x dx   cos 7 x  C
7
  
x 4
• . c)
 dx   x 5  x 2
dx
 
4
5  x2
1
let u  5  x 2
du  2 x dx  dx  du
2 x

 x 5  x 
4 1
2
dx   x u 
4
du
2 x
1

4
 u du
2
u 3
 C
2   3

 
1 1 3
  dx  5  x 2 C
5  x 
4
2 6
 NOTICE
ASSIGNMENT 1
th
THURSDAY 15 APRIL 2021

CAT 1
THURSDAY 22nd APRIL 2021