sap 1 - first stage in the evolution of computer

sap 2 - has jump instruction and bidirection register.

three state register ay mayroong tatlong estado:

high state -output ay nagbibigay ng mataas na voltage o logic level
low state - nagbibigay ng mababang voltage o logic level
high impedance state - output is naka-diconnect or floating voltage level.

figure a

* has 4 input pin and 4 output pin are sorted and connected to the wbus that( 4
wires )

* 3 inputs are the load clk(clock) and enable

* the shorting of input and output pin does not affect the SAP-2 operation during
computer run. During a computer run, either LOAD or ENABLe may be active, but not
both at the same time.
- an active load means that a binary word flows bus to the register input during a
load of operation, the output are floating.
- an active enable means that a binary word flows from register to the bus. in this
case the input lines floats.

figure b
* has 4 pins instead of 8.
* The ic manufacturer can internally connect the input and output pins of a three-
state register.

figure c
* symbol for a three state register with internally connected input and output
pins. The double-headed arrow reminds us that the path is bidirectional: data can
move either way.

- data can go the bus the register or register to the bus.

SAP architecture

sap 2 is more advance than the sap 1

sap 2 is 8 bit computer with 64 kb (62kb ram and 2 kb rom)

*16 bit w-bus used as both address and data bus.

Hexadecimal Keyboard Encoder: The hexadecimal keyboard encoder receives the data
from outer environment and converts it into hexadecimal form. The system can
understand and send them to the input port.

input ports

ang hexadecimal keyboard encoder ay nagbibigay-daan sa atin na magpasok ng mga

hexadecimal na datos o instruksyon sa sistema gamit ang port 1.
Pagkatapos nito, ang hexadecimal keyboard encoder mag send ng "ready" signal sa
bit 0 ng port 2 upang ipahiwatig na ang data na pumasok sa port 1 ay wasto at handa
nang gamitin. then the serial input ay maaaring kunin mula sa pin 7 ng port 2

program counter (pc)

the low (CLR) signal rests the PC before each computer run, so the data processing
starts with the instruction stored in the memory locatuon 0000H

mar and memory

* iyong MAR makarecive ng 16 bit address mula sa PC. 2 state MAR output then
addressed memory location. the memory has 2k ROM with address 0000H to 07FFH. The
ROM contains a program called monitor that initializes the computer on power-up,
interprets the keyboard input and so on.

64K Memory: It contains 64 K memory where data and instruction reside. All the
computations are performed relative to the memory.

MEmory Data register.

* 8 bit buffers register to store 8 bit opcode.ang isang 8bit opcode nag
aaccomodate siya ng 256 instruction. SAP-2 merong 42 instruction only so it
identical with 8080/8085 instruction. Its output sets up the RAM.

MDR is the Memory Data Register which stores the data or operand that is fetched
from the memory which is needed for computation.

Ang MDR ang nagpapadala ng mga datos na ito sa iba pang bahagi ng computer para sa
mga kalkulasyon, operasyon, o anumang mga proseso na nangangailangan ng data . Ito
ay tulad ng "storage" ng mga data na kailangan para sa mga computation o operasyon
sa loob ng computer.

Instruction Register
SAp 2 has more instruction that SAP 1. therefore, sap-2 uses 8 bit fot the opcode
rather than 4 bits. like i said kanina na ang 8 bit opcode ay nakakaacomodate siya
ng 256 instruction, but SAP-2 has only 42 instructions [ note: all sap instruction
are identical with 8085 instruction]

controller-sequencer.
since, sap-2 merong bigger instruction set the controller-sequencer has more
hardware.

controller-sequencer It provides necessary timing signals like T0, T1, T2, ….. and
control signals providing the direction for executing the program.

Ang controller-sequencer ay mag proprovide ng mga necessary timing signal tulad ng

T0, T1, T2,and many more. and control signal naman ay nagbibigay ng direksyon para
ma execute ng programa.

ACCumulator
* is that same lang siya ng sap-1
ang 2 state ouptup ng accumulator pupunta sa ALU and iyong 3 state output to the
wbus. so therefore iyong 8bit word sa accumulator continously drive the ALU, but
etong same word appears on the bus when Ea is active.
* ang result ng mga mathematical operation ay stored sa accumulator. it is one of
the operand of add. out, sub instruction.
* it also known as processor register.

ALU
- arithmetic and logical unit

performs:
math and logic operation
flags malaman kung ano ang content ng ALU kung negative ba or positive.

TMP, B and C register

instead na using b register lng sa pag hold ng data na being added to or

subratected sa accumulator a temporary register is used.

it allows us more freedom sa paggamit ng b register. beisdes sa tmp and b register

SAP-2 includes c rehister para mas flexible sa atin sa pag move ng data during a
computer run

the contents of the accumulator can be loaded into port 3, na drive na hexadecimal
display. so dahil dito it allows us to see the process data. the contents of the
accumulator can also be sent sa port 4.

the pin 7 of port 4 send ACKNOWLEDge signal to hexadecimal encoder. this

acknowledge signal and ready signal are part of a concept callled handshaking. the
serial out signal from pin 0 of port 4 converts parrallel data in the accumulator
into serial output data.

Hexadecimal Display: Unlike Sap-1 which has binary display, Sap-2 has a hexadecimal
display to show outputs in the LEDs.