Unit Ill Que5) Explain concept of regeneration in electric vehicle. 1.Regeneration, or regenerative braking, is a process in which the electric motor in an electric vehicle (EV) operates as a generator to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy during braking or deceleration. This energy is then stored in the vehicle's battery for later use or used to power auxiliary systems. eThe regenerative braking system is typically integrated with the vehicle's overall braking system. 2.Electric Motor Operation: e In an electric vehicle, the electric motor functions as both a motor and a generator. e During acceleration, the motor draws electrical power from the battery to produce rotational mechanical power, which drives the vehicle. Conversely, during regenerative braking, the motor operates in reverse, acting as a generator to convert mechanical energy back into electrical energy.3.Generator Operation: When the driver applies the brakes or reduces the accelerator pedal, the vehicle's control system detects the deceleration or decrease in throttle input. It then activates the regenerative braking system, 4.Conversion of Kinetic Energy: As the vehicle decelerates, the wheels drive the electric motor, causing it to rotate. The rotational mechanical energy of the wheels is converted into electrical energy 5.Energy Storage or Utilization: The electrical energy generated during regenerative braking can be used in two ways. It can be stored in the vehicle's battery, replenishing its charge and increasing the overall energy capacity for future use. Alternatively, the electrical energy can be utilized to power auxiliary systems within the vehicle, such as lights, air conditioning, or other electrical components, reducing the load on the battery. Que9) How does ‘Regeneration’ in ‘Electric Vehicle (EV)' take place? 1. Detection of Braking/Deceleration: When the driver applies the brakes or reduces the acceleratorpedal, sensors in the vehicle detect the change in input. These sensors include brake pedal position sensors, throttle position sensors, and wheel speed sensors. The control system analyzes these inputs to determine the driver's intention to decelerate or brake. 2. Activation of Regenerative Braking System: Upon detecting braking or deceleration, the control system activates the regenerative braking system. This system engages the electric motor to operate as a generator and convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. 3.Reverse Operation of Electric Motor: The electric motor in an EV is designed to function as both a motor and a generator. During regenerative braking, the control system commands the motor controller to reverse the motor's operation. Instead of providing torque to drive the vehicle, the motor now functions as a generator. 4. Conversion of Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy: The rotating magnetic field induces an electric current in the motor windings throughelectromagnetic induction. This current generates electrical energy in the form of alternating current (AC). 5. Rectification and Conversion to Direct Current (DC): To store the electrical energy in the battery or use it to power the vehicle's systems, the AC electrical energy generated needs to be converted to direct current (DC). Power electronics components, such as rectifiers or inverters, are employed to convert the AC to DC, matching the requirements of the vehicle's electrical system and battery. 6.Energy Storage or Utilization: The converted DC electrical energy can be used in two ways. It can be stored in the vehicle's high-capacity lithium-ion battery for later use, increasing the battery's charge level. Alternatively, it can directly power the vehicle's electrical components or auxiliary systems, reducing the load on the battery. Que 6) Explain different losses in electric vehicle motors. The losses in an EV motor can be broadly categorized into the following types:1.Copper Losses: Copper losses occur due to the resistance of the motor windings. When current flows through the windings, it encounters resistance, leading to power loss in the form of heat. These losses are also known as I?R losses and are proportional to the square of the current flowing through the windings. 2. Iron Losses: Iron losses, also known as core losses, are caused by the magnetization and demagnetization of the motor's iron core. These losses consist of two components: a. Hysteresis Loss: Hysteresis loss occurs due to the reversal of magnetization in the iron core with every alternating current cycle. This results in energy loss as the magnetic domains realign, leading to heat generation. b. Eddy Current Loss: Eddy current loss arises due to the circulation of induced currents in the laminated iron core. These currents create localized magnetic fields, resulting in energy dissipation as heat.3.Mechanical Losses: Mechanical losses include various forms of losses associated with the mechanical components of the motor. These losses can occur due to friction between bearings and shafts, aerodynamic losses caused by air resistance, and losses in mechanical couplings or gears, if present. Mechanical losses contribute to a reduction in the overall efficiency of the motor. 4. Stray Load Losses: Stray load losses, also referred to as miscellaneous losses, encompass losses that are not easily classified into the other categories. These losses can arise from factors such as leakage flux, eddy currents in nearby conductive parts, and harmonics generated within the motor. Q7.Why internal permanent magnet (IPM) motors are preferably used in electric vehicle? 1. High Power Density: IPM motors exhibit a high power density, which means they can deliver a high level of torque for their size and weight. This is crucial for electric vehicles where space and weight constraints are significant factors. The compact design of IPM motors allows for efficient integrationinto the vehicle's drivetrain, maximizing power output while minimizing overall weight. 2. High Efficiency: IPM motors have high efficiency throughout a wide range of operating speeds and loads. Their advanced rotor design, which includes embedded permanent magnets, results in reduced rotor losses and improved magnetic field utilization. This enhanced efficiency contributes to better overall energy utilization and increased driving range for the EV. 3.Wide Operating Range: IPM motors offer a broad operating range with excellent torque and power characteristics. They can provide high torque at low speeds, allowing for quick acceleration and improved performance in stop-and-go city driving conditions. Additionally, they can operate at high speeds without sacrificing efficiency, making them suitable for highway driving and higher-speed applications. 4. Regenerative Braking Efficiency: IPM motors have a favorable response to regenerative braking, where they can efficiently convert mechanical energy into electrical energy during deceleration. Theembedded permanent magnets facilitate effective energy recovery, helping to recharge the battery and increase overall energy efficiency. 5.Thermal Performance: The rotor design of IPM motors allows for efficient heat dissipation, resulting in improved thermal performance. This is crucial for electric vehicles as it helps prevent overheating and ensures the motor operates within safe temperature limits. Effective thermal management enhances the reliability and longevity of the motor, especially during demanding driving conditions. 6.Control and Performance Flexibility: IPM motors offer greater control and performance flexibility through advanced motor control algorithms. The interaction between the permanent magnets and the stator windings allows for precise control of torque, speed, and power output. Q8.State any two applications of following EV motors:- (i) BLDC Motor, (ii) Induction Motor, (iii) PMAC/I-PMAC Motor,(iv) Switch Reluctance Motor. BLDC: 1. Electric Vehicles: BLDC motors are commonly used in electric vehicles for propulsion. BLDC motors offer excellent performance and are widely employed in electric cars, motorcycles, and scooters. 2. HVAC Systems: BLDC motors find applications in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of electric vehicles. These motors are used for controlling the air circulation, temperature regulation, and fan speed 3.Drones, Industrial robots, CNC machine tools, and simple belt driven systems IM: 1. Electric Buses: Induction motors are often used in electric buses due to their robustness and high torque capability. Electric buses powered by induction motors are employed in various public transportation systems worldwide. 2.Industrial Applications:They are used in material handling equipment, such as forklifts and warehouse trucks. 3. Agricultural Equipment: Induction motors areutilized in electric agricultural equipment, including tractors and harvesters PMAC/I-PMAC Motor: 1. Electric Cars: PMAC/I-PMAC motors are extensively used in electric cars due to their high power density, efficiency, and excellent torque characteristics. 2. Electric Bicycles: These motors provide efficient assistance to the rider, allowing for easier pedaling and extended range. PMAC/I-PMAC motors enable e-bikes to achieve higher speeds and better hill- climbing capabilities. Switched Reluctance Motor: 1.Electric Scooters: Switched reluctance motors are found in electric scooters due to their simplicity, low cost, and high reliability. 2.They find applications in pumps, compressors, conveyors, and other machinery used in manufacturing, agriculture, and material handling. Q10.Explain with neat sketch the working of BLDC Motor. Brushless DC electric motors also known aselectronically commutated motors. stator vias coil PM material BLDC motor works on the principle similar to that of a Brushed DC motor. The Lorentz force law which states that whenever a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force. As a consequence of reaction force, the magnet will experience an equal and opposite force. In the BLDC motor, the current carrying conductor is stationary and the permanent magnet is moving. When the stator coils get a supply from source, it becomes electromagnet and starts producing the uniform field in the air gap. Though the source of supply is DC, switching makes to generate an AC voltage waveform with trapezoidal shape. Due to the force of interaction between electromagnet stator and permanent magnet rotor, the rotor continues to rotate.With the switching of windings as High and Low signals, corresponding winding energized as North and South poles. The permanent magnet rotor with North and South poles align with stator poles which causes the motor to rotate. Advantages: Less overall maintenance due to absence of brushes Reduced size with far superior thermal characteristics Higher speed range and lower electric noise generation. Q.What is the meaning of magnetic torque and reluctance torque in EV motor? In an electric vehicle (EV) motor, the magnetic torque and reluctance torque are two types of torque that contribute to the overall torque output of the motor. 1.Magnetic Torque: Magnetic torque is the torque generated in an electric motor due to the interaction between the magnetic fields produced by the stator and rotor. In motors with permanent magnets, such as Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) or Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motors, the permanent magnets on the rotor createa magnetic field. When the stator windings are energized, they produce a rotating magnetic field in the stator. The interaction between the rotating magnetic field of the stator and the fixed magnetic field of the rotor magnets generates the magnetic torque, which contributes to the motor's overall torque output 2. Reluctance Torque: Reluctance torque is the torque generated in an electric motor due to the variation in the reluctance or resistance to magnetic flux path in the motor. In motors with a switched reluctance design, such as Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs), the torque is primarily derived from the variation in magnetic reluctance as the rotor aligns itself with the stator magnetic field. The rotor of an SRM typically consists of salient poles with no permanent magnets. The stator windings are energized to create a magnetic field in the stator, and the rotor moves to minimize the reluctance in the magnetic path.