RCC design B.C.

Punmia
RETAINING WALL

A retaining wall or retaining structure is used for maintaining the ground surfgaces at
defrent elevations on either side of it. Whenever embankments are involed in construction ,retaining
wall are usually necessary. In the construction of buildins having basements, retaining walls are
mandatory. Similsrly in bridge work, the wing walls and abutments etc. are designed as retaining
walls , to resist earth pressure along with superimposed loads. The material retained or supported by
a retaining wall is called backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the elevation of the top of a wall
is called the surcharge, and its inclination to horizontal is called the surcharge angle b

In the design of retaining walls or other retaining structures, it is necessary to compute the
lateral earth pressure exerted bythe retaining mass of soil. The equation of finding out the lateral
earth pressure against retaining wall is one of the oldest in Civil Engineering field. The plastic state
of strees, when the failure is imminent, was invetigated by Rankine in1860. A Lot of theoretical
experiment work has been done in this field and many theory and hypothesis heve benn proposed.

18.2 TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS

Retaining walls may be classified according to their mode of resisting the earth
pressure,and according to their shape. Following are some of commen types of retaining walls (Fig)

1 Gravity walls
2 Cantilever retaining walls a. T- shaped b. L- shaped
3 Counterfort retainig walls.
4 Buttresssed walls.

A gravity retaining wall shown in fig 1 is the one in which the earth pressure exrted by the
back fill is resisted by dead weight of wall, which is either made of masonry or of mass concrete .
The stress devlop in the wall is very low ,These walls are no proportioned that no tension is devloped
any where, and the resultant of forces remain withen the middle third of the base.

The cantilever retaining wall resist the horizontal earth pressure as well as other vertical pressure by way of beending of va
pressure by way of beending of varios components acting as cantilever s.A coomon form of cantilever retaining waal
etaining waal
 600 b Surcharge angle
DESIGN OF T SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL 12 mm F
with sloping back fill 8 mm F 200 @ c/c
Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level = 6.00 m 180 @ c/c 6000
1.59
Unit weight of Earth = 18 KN/m3 7000 8 mm F
Angle of repose = 30 Degree 8 mm F 90 @ c/c
Safe Bearing capacity of soil = 140 KN/m 3
180 @ c/c 6380
2.23
Coffiecent of friction = 0.5 6000 6380 12 mm F
Concrete M- 25 wt. of concrete 25000 N/m3 8 mm F 100 @ c/c
Steel fe 500 N/mm2 sst 275 N/mm2 60 @ c/c
scbc 7 N/mm2
m 13.33 12 mm F
Nominal cover = 30 mm 50 @ c/c
1000 380
Surcharge angle b 16 Degree 10 mm F
Founadation depth = 1.00 m 540 270 @ c/c
DESIGN SUMMARY 620
600 600
Stem thickness At footing 0 mm At top 250 mm
Toe width 500 mm Heel width 4500 mm 12 mm F
Footing width 3600 Key 300 x 300 mm 60 @ c/c 300
3600
Reinforcement Summary 2500 300 1100
STEM:- Main 8 mm F 90 @ c/c 8 mm F
(from top of 70 @ c/c
Retaining
100% Reinforcement
wall) upto m 2.23 12 mm F@ 50 mm c/c 8 F 12 mm F
50% Reinforcement upto m 1.59 12 mm F@ 100 mm c/c 180 200 @ c/c
2.23
25% Reinforcement upto m Top 12 mm F@ 200 mm c/c

1.59
Distribution 8 mm F@ 90 mm c/c 6380
Tamprecture 8 mm F@ 180 mm c/c 12 mm F
TOE:- 100 @ c/c
Main 12 mm F@ 60 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F@ 60 mm c/c 12 mm F
HEEL:- 50 @ c/c
Main 10 mm F@ 270 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F@ 70 mm c/c Out side Earth side

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mm F
@ c/c

mm F
@ c/c

mm F
@ c/c

mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c

mm F
@ c/c

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 DESIGN OF T SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level = 6.00 m

Unit weight of Earth g = 18 kN/m3 = 18000 N/m2
Angle of repose = 30 Degree
Safe Bearing capacity of soil q0 = 140 kN/m3
Coffiecent of friction m = 0.5 = 25 N/mm2
Concrete = M 25
Steel fe = 500
Nominal cover = 30 mm
Surcharge angle b = 16 Degree
Founadation depth = 1.00 m

1 Design Constants:- For HYSD Bars Cocrete M = 25

sst = = 275 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = ### N/mm2

scbc = = 7 N/mm3
m = 13.33
m*c 13.33 x 7
k= = = 0.253
m*c+sst 13.33 x 7 + 275
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.253 / 3 = 0.916
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.916 x 0.253 = 0.812

2 Diamension of base:-
sin b = 0.2756 cos b = 0.961 tanb = 0.287
Sin F = 0.5 Cos F = 0.866

cos b - cos2 b -cos2 f 0.961 - 0.924 - 0.75

Ka = cos b = 0.961 x = 0.38
cos b + cos b - cos f
2 2 0.961 + 0.924 - 0.75
For surcharge wall, The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq.
q0 140
a = 1 - = 1 - = 0.59 Eq (1)
2.7 y H 2.7 x 18 x 7.00
The base width is given by Eq.
x Ka cos b
b = H
(1- a) x (1+3 a)

x 0.38 x 0.961
b = 7.00 = 3.96
( 1 - 0.59 )x( 1 + 1.77 )
The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.
0.7HKa 0.7 x 7.00 x 0.38
b = = = 9.04 m
(1-a) m ( 1 - 0.59 )x 0.5
This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.4 to 0.6 H .
Taking maximum value of H = 0.6 b = 0.60 x 7.00 = 4.20 m
Hence Provided b = 4.20 m
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base .
Width of toe slab = a x b = 0.59 x 4.20 = 2.47 m Provided toe slab = 2.50 m
Let the thickness of base be = H/12 = 7.00 / 12 = 0.58 or say = 0.60 m for design
Hence width of heel slab = 4.20 - 0.60 - 2.50 = 1.10 m purpose
3 Thickness of stem:-
Heigth AB = 7.00 - 0.60 = 6.40 m consider 1 m length of retaining wall
Kxy x H1
2
0.38 x 18 x( 6.40 )2
Maximum Bending momentat B = = = 139.89
2 2

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 Hence the horizontal earth pressure is PH= P cos b = ### x 0.961 = 134 kN
H1 6.40
B.M. at B = PH x = ### x = 286 kN
3 3
BM 285.87 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 593 mm
Rxb 0.812 x 1000
Keep d = 600 mm and total thickness = 600 + 60 = 660
Assuming that 12 mm F bar will be used. a nominal cover of = 60 - 6 = 54 mm
Reduce the total thickness
= 600 mm at top so that effective depth of = 540 mm
to
134 x 1000
tv = = 0.223 N/mm2 > tc even at mimum steel
1000 x 600
4 Stability of wall:-
Length of heel slab = 4.20 - 2.50 - 0.66 = 1.04 m
Height H2= H1+Ls tan b = 6.40 + 1.04 x 0.287 = 6.70 m
Height H = 6.70 + 0.60 = 7.30 m
Ka x y x H2
0.38 x 18 x( 7.30 )2
Earth pressure p= = = 181.91 kN
2 2
Its horizontal and vertical component are
PH = P cos b = 181.91 x 0.961 = ### kN
PV = P sin b 181.91 x 0.276 = 50.13 kN
P is acting on vertical face IG, at H/3 and hence Pv , will act the vertical line
Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a
Let W1 = weight of rectangular portion of stem
w2 = weight of triangular portion of stem
w3 = weight of base slab
w4 = weight of soil on heel slab.
The calculation are arrenged in Table
Detail force(kN) lever arm Moment about toe (KN-m)
w1 1 x 0.60 x 6.40 x 25 = 96 2.86 274.56
w2 1/2 x 0.06 x 6.40 x 25 = 4.80 2.53 12.14
w3 1 x 4.20 x 0.60 x 25 = 63 2.1 132.3
w4 1 x 1.10 x 6.55 x 18 = 129.67 3.65 473.30
w5 Pv = 50.13 4.20 210.56
Sw = 343.61 total MR 1102.87
Total resisting moment = 1102.87 kN-m

Over turning 7
Over turning moment Mo = 182 x = 443 kN-m
3
1102.87
\ F.S. against over turning = = 2.49 > 2 Hence safe
442.5295
mSw 0.5 x 343.61
F.S. against Sliding = = = 0.98 < 1.5
PH 174.85
Hence not safe , To make safe against sliding will have to provide shear key

Pressure distribution net moment SM = 1102.87 - 443 = 660.34 kN-m

\ Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
SM 660.34 b 4.20
x = =
343.61
= 1.92 m
6
=
6
= 0.7
Sw
b 4.20
Eccenticity e = - x = - 1.92 = 0.18 m < 0.7 Hence safe
2 2
Pressure p1 at SW 6e 343.61 6x 0.18 ### > 100 fail
= 1+ = x 1+ =
toe b b 4.20 4.20 kN -m2
Pressure p1 at SW 6e 343.61 6x 0.18 60.98 < 100 Hence safe
= 1- = x 1- =
Heel b b 4.20 4.20 kN -m2
Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is

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 102.64 - 60.98
p = 102.64 - x 2.50 = 77.84 kN-m2
4.20
Pressure p' at the junction of stem with Heel slab is
102.64 - 60.98
p' = 102.64 - x 1.10 = 91.73 kN-m2
4.20
5 Design of toe slab:-
The upward pressure distribution on the toe slab is shown in fig 1b .The weight of soil above
the toe slab is neglicted . Thus two forces are acting on it
(1) Up ward soil pressure (2) Down ward weight of slab
Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.60 x 1 x 1.00 x 25 = 15.00 kN-m2
Hence net pressure intensities will be = 102.64 - 15.00 = 87.64 kN-m2 under D
And at under E = 77.84 - 15.00 = 62.84 kN-m2
Total force = S.F. at E = 0.50 x( 87.64 + 62.84 ) x 2.50 = ### kN
62.84 + 2.00 x 87.64 x 2.50
x from E = = 1.32 m
62.84 + 87.64 3
\ B.M. at E = 188.10 x 1.32 = 248.04 kN-m
BM 248.04 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 553 mm
Rxb 0.812 x 1000
Keep effective depth d = 560 mm and total thickness = 560 + 60 = 620
Reduce the total thickness to = 600 mm or 0.60 m at edge say = 0.62
188.10 x 1000
tv = = 0.303 N/mm2 < tc even at mimum steel
1000 x 620
BM x 106 248.04 x 10 6
Ast = = = 1760 mm2
sst x j x D 275 x 0.916 x 560
The reinforcement has to be provided at bottom face .If alternate bars of stem reiforcerment are
are bent and continued in toe slab, area available = 1/2 x 2261 = 1130.5 mm2 (see step 7)
3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x 12 x 12 = 113
using 12 mm bars A =
4 4
\ Spacing A x1000 / Ast = 113 x 1000 / 1760 = 60 mm
Hence Provided 12 mm F bar, @ 60 mm c/c
Let us check this reinforcement for development length Ld=45 F = 45 x 12 = 540 mm
Providing 30 mm clear side cover actual length available = 2500 - 30 = 2470
2470 > 540 Hence safe
0.12 620 + 600
Distribution steel = x 1000 x = 732 mm2
100 2
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50 mm2
4 4
1000 x 50
\ Spacing = = 69 mm say = 60 mm c/c
732
6 Design of heel slab :-
Three force act on it
1. down ward weight of soil 2 weight of heel slab 3 Down ward earth pressure 4 upward soil pressure
Total weight of 6.40 + 6.70
soil over Heel
= 1.10 x x 18 = 130 KN say = 130.00 kN
2
(H1+2xH2)xb 6.40 + 2 x 6.70 1.10
Acting at = x = 0.554 m from B
(H1+H2)x3 6.40 + 6.70 3
Total weight of heel slab = 1.10 x 0.62 x 1 x 25 = 17.05 kN
Acting at 0.55 m from B.
Earth pressure intencity at b = Ka.y.H1 per unit inclined area, at b to horizontal,
\ Earth pressure at B, on horizontal unitarea = Ka.y.H1.tan b
Vertical component of this, at B = Ka.y.H1 .tan b.sin b ….(I)
Similarly, Vertical component of earth pressure intencity at C =Ka.y.H2 tan b. sin b. ….(II)
Hence total force due to vertical component of earth pressure is
(H1+H2)
= Ka.y x b1 tan b x sin b
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 = Ka.y x b1 tan b x sin b
2
0.38 x 18
= ( 6.40 + 6.70 )x 1.10 x 0.287 x 0.276
2
vertical earth pressure is = 3.89 kN This Act at 0.55 m from B
Total upward soil pressure = 1/2 x( 91.73 + 60.98 )x 1.10 = 84.00 kN
91.73 + 2 x 60.98 1.10
Acting at = x = 0.51 m from B
91.73 + 60.98 3
\ Total force = S.F. at B = ### + 17.05 - 84.00 = 63.05 kN
\ B.M. at B =( 130 x 0.55 )+( 17 x 0.55 )+( 3.89 x 0.55 )-( 84.00 x 0.51
= 40.48 x 10'6 N-mm2
This is much lessthan the B.M. on slab. However, we keep the same depth, as that toe slab,i.e.
d= 560 mm and D 620 mm, reducing it to 600 mm at edge
BM x 106 40.48 x 10 6
Ast = = = 288 mm2
sst x j x D 275 x 0.916 x 560
63.05 x 1000
tv = = 0.113 N/mm2 < tc even at mimum steel
1000 x 560
P D2 3.14 x ( 10 )'2
Using 10 mm F bars, Area = = = 78.5 mm2
4 4
1000 x 78.5
\ Spacing = = 273 mm say = 270 mm c/c
288
Hence provided these @ 270 mm c/c at the top of keep slab. Take the reinforcement into toe
from a distance of 45 x D = 45 x 10 = 450 mm to the left of B and end should
0.12 560 + 620
Distribution steel = x 1000 x = 708 mm2
100 2
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50 mm2
4 4
1000 x 50
\ Spacing = = 71 mm say = 70 mm c/c
708
Nomber of Bars = Ast/A = 288 / 79 = 3.67 say = 4 No.
Hence Provided 4 bars of 10 mm F at Bottom
4 x 79
% of steel provided = x 100 = 0.06 %
1000 x 620
shear force 63.05 x 1000
Shear stress tv = = = 0.11 N/mm2
Beam Ht.x beam wt. 1000 x 560
Permissible shear stress for 0.06 % steel provided tc = #N/A N/mm2 (See Table 3.1)
If tc > tvhence safe here #N/A ### 0.11 #N/A

7 Reinforcement in the stem:-

We had earliar assume the thickeness of heel slab as = 0.60 m
While it has now been fixed as 0.62 m only. Hence revised H1= 7.00 - 0.62 = 6.38
ka.y 0.38 x 18
S.F at B = pcos b = H12 = x( 6.38 )2= 139.02 kN = PH
2 2.00
S.F. x H1 139.02 x 6.38
B.M. at B = = = 295.64 kN-m
3 3
Keep effective depth d = 600 mm and total thickness = 600 + 60 = 660
Reduce the total thickness to = 200 mm or 0.20 m at edge
295.64 x 10 6
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD= = 1958 mm2
275 x 0.916 x 600
P D2 3.14 x ( 12 )'2
Using 12 mm F bars, Area = = = 113 mm2
4 4
1000 x 113
\ Spacing = = 58 mm say = 50 mm c/c
1958
113
Actual AS provided = 1000 x = 2261 mm2
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 Actual AS provided = 1000 x = 2261 mm2
50
Bend these bars into toe slab, to serve as reiforcement there. Sufficient devlopment length ia available.
Between A and B some of bars can be curtailed. Cosider a section at depth below the top of stem
+ 600 - 140
The effective depth d' at section is = 140 x h (where h In meter)
H

600 - 140
d' = 140 + x h =( 140 + 72.1 x h )
6.38
H3
Now As Ast or H =( Ast d )1/3
d'
h Ast' d' 1/3
Hence =
H1 Ast d
where Ast' = reinforcement at depth h Ast = reinforcement at depth H1
d' = effective depthat depth h d = effective depthat depth H1
Ast' 1 h 1 d' 1/3
if Ast = 1/2 Ast than \ = x
Ast = 2 H1 2 d
Subsituting d = 630 mm and d' =( 140 + 72.1 x h ) we get
140 + 72.1 x h 1/3
h = H1 x
2 x 630
140 x 72.1 x h 1/3
h = 6.38 x
2 x 630
h = 0.591 x ( 140 + 72.1 x h )1/3
h = 2.83 m 0.591 x ( 140 + 72.1 x h) 1/3- h = 1.33
Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 12 = 144 mm
Or d = 600 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 2.83 - 0.6 = 2.23 m. Hence curtailed half bars at at height of
2.23 m below the top . If we wish to curtailed half of the remaining bars so that remaining
Ast' 1
remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided ar B, we have = Hence from ….(2)
Ast 4
h 1 x d' 1/3
140 + 72.1 x h
\ = \ h = H1 x
H1 4 d 4 x 630
x 140 x 72.1 x h 1/3
h = 6.38
4 x 630
h = 0.469 x ( 140 + 72.1 x h )1/3
h = 2.19 m 0.469 x ( 140 + 72.1 x h) 1/3- h = 0.95
This can be solved bytrial and error, Noting that if the effective thickness of stem w=are constant,
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 12 = 144 mm
Or d = 600 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 2.19 - 0.6 = 1.59 m. Hence stop half bars the remaining bars
by 1.59 m below the top of the stem . Continue rest of the bars to the top of the stem

Check for shear:-

Shear force = kayH2 18 2
p= = 0.38 x x 6.38 = 139.02 kN
2 2
139.02 x 1000
\ tv =
1000 x 250
= 0.56 N/mm2 < tc (see table 3.1)
Nomber of Bars = Ast/A = 1958 / 113 = 17.32 say = 18 No.
Hence Provided 18 bars of 12 mm F at Bottom
18 x 113
% of steel provided = x 100 = 0.34 %
1000 x 600
Permissible shear stress for 0.34 % steel provided tc = 0.24 N/mm2 (See Table 3.1)
If tc > tvhence safe here 0.24 < 0.56 Hence not safe
Distribution and temprechure reinforcement:-
Average thickness of stem = 660 + 200
= 430 mm
2
0.12
\ Distribution reinforcement = x 1000 x 430 = 516 mm2

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 \ Distribution reinforcement = x 1000 x 430 = 516 mm2
100
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50.24 mm2
4 4
1000
x 50
\ spacing = = 97 mm say = 90 mm c/c at the inner face of
516 wall,along its length
for tempreture reinforcement provide = 8 mm bars = 180 mm c/c both way in outer face

8 Design of shear key:-

The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will be provided below the stem as shown in fig.
Let u sprovide ashear key 300 x 660 Let Pp be the intensity of passive pressure devloped
in front of key this intencity Pp depend upon the soil pressure P in front of the key
Pp = KpP = 1/Ka= 1/ 0.38 = 2.64 x 77.84 = 205.14
\ total passive pressure Pp = Pp x a = 205.14 x 0.30 = 61.54 kN
18 `
Sliding force at level GJ = 0.38 x x 7.92 x cos b
2.00
or PH = 3.42 x( 7.92 )2x 0.961 = ### kN ….(2)
Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and GJ = 4.20 x 18 x 0.30 = 22.68
\ SW = 343.61 + 22.68 = 366.29 kN Refer force calculation table
Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. = 1.5 against sliding we have
m Sw+Pp 0.5 x 366.29 + 61.54
1.5 = = = 1.19 > 1.5 Hence not safe
PH 205.82
However, provided minimum value of a = 300 mm. Keep width of key 660 mm (equal to stem width)
it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account above will be devloped only when length
a1 given below is avilable in front of key ;
F where (45 + F/2) =
a1 = a tan F = a tan x 45 + = a Ökp
2 shearing angle of passive resistance
\ a1 = 0.3 x ( 2.64 )1/2
a1 = 0.487 m Actual length of the slab available = DE = 2.50
Hence satisfactory.
Now size of key = 300 x 660 mm
Actual force to be resisted by the key at F.S. 1.5 is = 1.5PH - mSW
= 1.5 x ### - 0.5 x 366.29
= 125.59 kN
125.59 x 1000
\ shear stress = = 0.419 N/mm2
300 x 1000
125.59 x 150 x 1000
Bending stress =
1/6 x 1000 x( 300 )2
= 1.26 N/mm2 Hence safe
Since concrete can take this much of tensile stress, no special reinforcement is necessary for the shear key

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 m

y at base .

for design
purpose

Kn-m

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 mm

..(2)

nt about toe (KN-m)

..(1)

Hence safe

Hence safe

fail

Hence safe

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eight of soil above

mm
m

m reiforcerment are
(see step 7)
mm2

mm

ard soil pressure

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 m from B

ement into toe

B and end should
hook

mm

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top of stem

,,,'(1)

..(3)
1.33

at at height of

nce from ….(2)

1/3

..(4)
0.95
m w=are constant,

remaining bars
p of the stem

(see table 3.1)

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nner face of
ong its length
y in outer face

m as shown in fig.
sure devloped

kN/m3

….(2)
kN
lculation table

Hence not safe

qual to stem width)

only when length

assive resistance

m
ce satisfactory.

the shear key

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 0.20 0.20 0.20

b Surcharge angle b Surcharge angle b Surcharge angle

A A A

H= 7.00 H= 4.00

6.00 m H1=6.40 m 6.00 m H1= 6.40 m 3.00 m 3.70 m

W1 W1 W1

ab 2.40 4.20
2.50 W2 1.10 0.00 W2 1.10 2.50 W2 1.10
toe heel
1.00 D E B C D E B C D E B C
0.60 0.30 0.30

Toe Toe a1
b= 4.20 m b= 2.40 m
a Kay(H+a)

###
###

###

###

D1 e C1
Pp = Kpp
P=

P=

###

###
 ###

###
0.20
b Surcharge angle
Earth side Face A Outer side face
8 mm F
@ 180 C/C 12 mm F `
@ 200 c/c 8 mm F
@ 180 c/c
H= 4.00 m

###
8 mm F
@ 90 C/C
8 mm F

###
3.70 @ 90 c/c
8 mm F
12 mm F @ 180 c/c
@ 100 C/C

8 mm F
@ 180 c/c

12 mm F
N.S.L. @ 50 C/C

8 mm F 10 mm F
@ 70 c/c @ 270 C/C
660
Heel Toe Earth side Face Outer side face
###

Reinforcement Detail Reinforcement Detail

600 600
Foundation level

12 mm F 300 8 mm F
@ 60 c/c @ 70 c/c `
2500 1100
660
mm F
c/c

mm F
c/c
 Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40

Tensile stress N/mm2 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for
Grade of plain bars in tention (N/mm2)
concrete
Bending acbc Direct (acc)
(N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) in kg/m2
M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250 -- --
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400 0.6 60
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500 0.8 80
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600 0.9 90
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800 1.0 100
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900 1.1 110
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000 1.2 120
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100 1.3 130
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200 1.4 140

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
31 19 13 11 9 8 7
Modular ratio m (31.11) (18.67) (13.33) (10.98) (9.33) (8.11) (7.18)

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18 Grade of concret
scbc N/mm 2 5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst =
140 jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
N/mm2 Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254
(Fe 250)
Pc (%) 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329
(b) sst = jc 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
190
N/mm2 Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289
(c ) sst =
230 jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904
N/mm2 Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698
(Fe 415)
Pc (%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816
kc 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253
(d) sst =
275 jc 0.916 0.916 0.916 0.914 0.916 0.916
N/mm2 Rc 0.579 0.811 0.985 1.159 1.332 1.506
(Fe 500)
(d) sst =
275
N/mm2
(Fe 500)
Pc (%) 0.23 0.322 0.391 0.46 0.53 0.599
 Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table tc in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 < %
0.15 % 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 %
0.25 % 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 %
0.50 % 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32 %
0.75 % 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38 %
1.00 % 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42 %
1.25 % 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46 %
1.50 % 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49 %
1.75 % 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52 %
2.00 % 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55 %
2.25 % 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57 %
2.50 % 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60 %
2.75 % 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above % 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table tbd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 M-45 M-50
tbd (N / mm2) -- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Grade of Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars

concrete tbd (N / mm2) kd = L d F tbd (N / mm2) kd = L d F
M 15 0.6 58 0.96 60
M 20 0.8 44 1.28 45
M 25 0.9 39 1.44 40
M 30 1 35 1.6 36
M 35 1.1 32 1.76 33
M 40 1.2 29 1.92 30
M 45 1.3 27 2.08 28
M 50 1.4 25 2.24 26
 Value of angle
Degree sin cos tan
10 0.174 0.985 0.176
15 0.259 0.966 0.268
16 0.276 0.961 0.287
17 0.292 0.956 0.306
18 0.309 0.951 0.325
19 0.326 0.946 0.344
20 0.342 0.940 0.364
21 0.358 0.934 0.384
22 0.375 0.927 0.404
23 0.391 0.921 0.424
24 0.407 0.924 0.445
25 0.422 0.906 0.466
30 0.500 0.866 0.577
35 0.573 0.819 0.700
40 0.643 0.766 0.839
45 0.707 0.707 1.000
50 0.766 0.643 1.192
55 0.819 0.574 1.428
60 0.866 0.500 1.732
65 0.906 0.423 2.145