Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Digestiv 1 Motiliatte - Masticație, Deglutiție
Digestiv 1 Motiliatte - Masticație, Deglutiție
I. Morpho-functional particularities
of visceral smooth muscle
CHARACTERISTICS:
Are series of other concentric alternating
contractions, followed by relaxation
a new contraction occurs between the
two previous contractile parts;
Determine the fragmentation of the
intestine in a sequence of:
- mixing segments
- contractile segments of limited
bidirectional propulsion
Frequency of contraction movements is
characteristic for an intestinal segment
(local pacemaker);
Segmentation contractions cause
separation and mixing without pushing
materials further down the digestive
tract (unlike peristalsis).
The relation of the digestive system with
the others systems of the organism
Two groups of organs compose the
digestive system
Gastrointenstinal (GI)
tract or alimentary canal:
mouth, most of pharynx,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and large
intestine
Accessory digestive
organs: teeth, tongue,
salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas
Functions of the digestive system
Ingestion
Secretion of water, acid, buffers,
and enzymes into lumen
Mixing and propulsion
(motility)
Digestion:
- mechanical digestion
(churns food)
- chemical digestion
(hydrolysis)
Absorption – passing into blood
or lymph
Defecation – elimination of
feces
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, and Stomach
Layers – small intestine
Layers of small intestine
Mastication
Deglutition
Gastric motility
Intestinal motility
Defecation
1. MASTICATION
DEFINITION
Type I-a sensory fibers of the n.V Type I-b sensory fibers of the n.V
(+) (-)
Pons motor nucleus of the n.V Pons motor nucleus of the n.V
Dentition
Periodontal supporting tissues
Maxilla and Mandible
Temporomandibular Joint
Mandibular musculature
Muscles of lips, cheeks, and tongue
Involving soft tissue
Supplying innervation and vascularization
MASTICATION CYCLE
Chewing cycle: succession of unconditional reflexes of
lowering and lifting the mandible (jaw opening and closing in
the vertical plane), plus voluntary control.
• mandible
2. Active component:
Masseter muscle
Digastric muscle
Temporalis muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Medial pterygoid
Geniohyoid muscle
muscle
Orbicularis Oris
Lateral pterygoid
muscle
Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of Mastication
Non Masticatory Muscle
Action of muscles during masticatory
movements
Consist of 2 groups:
Intrinsic muscle: change in tongue shape
Extrinsic muscles (eg. Genioglossus): response for
protrusion and retrusion of the tongue; three major
muscles that anchor and move the tongue
Innervated by cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)
Complete tongue activity occurs in jaw movements,
respiration, speech, taste, mastication, swallowing, and
sucking.
Extrinsic Tongue Muscles
Figure 10.7c
Mandible - Chewing
Most of the chewing process is caused by a
chewing reflex (trigeminal reflex)
Pharyngeal aspiration
of food bolus •pharyngeal negative pressure
I. BUCCAL (ORAL) - VOLUNTARY TIME
OESOPHAGUS
II. PHARYNGEAL STAGE - INVOLUNTARY
Transient relaxation
of the UES
Propagation of the
food bolus by
peristaltic waves
Transient receptive
relaxation of LES
and stomach
ESOPHAGEAL MANOMETRY
UES = upper esophageal sphincter
STOMACH LES = lower esophageal sphincter
PRIMARY PERISTALTIC WAVES
- are triggered by vagal mechanism
- begin with relaxation of the upper
esophageal sphincter (UES) determined
by food bolus
- end with receptive relaxation of the lower
esophageal sphincter (LES)
STIMULUS
Entry of bolus in the oropharyngeal region stimulates receptors of that
region
Esophageal sphincters
• Upper esophageal sphincter (UES): prevents entry of air
• Lower esophageal sphincter (LES): zone of elevated resting pres. (~ 30 mm Hg),
prevents reflux of corrosive acidic stomach content.
LES tone is regulated by extrinsic and intrinsic nerves, hormones, neuromodulators.
Contraction: vagal (cholinergic ) excitatory nerve input (+) to nicotinic R ( i.e.
atropine insensitive) and sympathetic nerves (-adrenergic R).
Relaxation: primary peristalsis inhibitory vagal nerve input (-) to circular muscle
of LES (neurotransmitters: VIP and NO) and reduced activity of vagal
excitatory fibers (cholinergic, nicotinic).
Esophageal pressure profile
l
Intraluminal esophageal pressure profile
pressure wave
during swallowing
0 mm Hg = ambient pressure