Professional Documents
Culture Documents
الإشتقاق
الإشتقاق
اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ
) f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x0
limﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ fﺑﺪاﻟﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﻮار . x0 ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ أن ﺣﺴﺎب
h→0 h
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﻣﺮآﺰﻩ . x0
) f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x0
lim ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ x0إذا وﻓﻘﻂ إذا وﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ lﺑﺤﻴﺚ = l
h →0 h
اﻟﻌﺪد lﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ . x0
) l = f ' ( x0 وﻧﻜﺘﺐ
www.mathonec.com
) x 6 f ( x0 ) + l ( x − x0ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ . x0 ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ :اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ :هﻞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ x0ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ؟
x0 = 1 f ( x ) = x2 + x (a
x0 = 0 f ( x) = x +1 (b
1
x0 = 1 = )f ( x (c
x +1
2
(2ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ
-aاﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ
-bاﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر
(3اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ "ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻤﺎس ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ Aﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ) ) " M 0 ( x0 , f ( x0
ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ) ( Aاﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ fو ) ) M 0 ( x0 , f ( x0ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ) . ( A
إذا آﺎﻧﺖ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ )أو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر( ﻓﻲ x0
ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) ( Aﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻤﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻓﺼﻮﻟﻬﺎ x0وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ هﻮ ) ) f 'd ( x0أو ) ( f 'g ( x0
www.mathonec.com
ﻣﺜــﺎل :
⎧⎪ f ( x ) = x + 1, x ; 0
2
⎨
⎪⎩ f ( x ) = x − x + 1, x ≤ 0
2
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ )*( إذا آﺎﻧﺖ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﺈن ) f 'g ( x0 ) = f 'd ( x0
)*( إذا آﺎﻧﺖ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ x0
وﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻓﻲ x0
وآﺎن ) f 'g ( x0 ) = f 'd ( x0
ﻓﺈن fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ x0
) f ' ( x0 ) = f 'g ( x0 ) = f 'd ( x0 وﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
-IIIاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ
⎞⎛1
= ) ⎜ ⎟ ' ( x0 (4
⎠⎝g
⎞ ⎛ f
= ) ⎜ ⎟ ' ( x0 (5
⎠⎝g
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘـﺎت
(1ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪوال اﻟﺤﺪودﻳﺔ.
1
(2ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
xn
أﻣﺜـﻠــﺔ
اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج
ax + b
c≠0 = )f ( x (3ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
cx + d
أﻣﺜـﻠــﺔ
www.mathonec.com
اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج
(4ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ داﻟﺔ ﺟﺬرﻳـﺔ
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘــﺎت
ﺣﺪد ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﺪوال اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
) f ( x ) = ( x 2 − 3x
3
(1
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘـــﺎت
ﺟﺪول اﻟﺪوال اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺪوال اﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎدﻳﺔ.
-IVاﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
www.mathonec.com
M 0و Mﻧﻘﻄﺘﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ . A
x0أﻓﺼﻮل . M 0
x0 + hأﻓﺼﻮل . M
) ( M 0M اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ
هﻮ
) f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x0
h
ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﻪ آﻠﻤﺎ اﻗﺘﺮﺑﺖ Mﻣﻦ M 0ﻓﺈن ) ( M 0 Mﺗﻘﺘﺮب ﻣﻦ . T
) f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x0
lim ) = f ' ( x0 وﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ Tهﻮ
h→0 h
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fداﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ x0 ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
و ) ( Aاﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ . f
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ x0ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻤﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) ( Aﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ذات اﻷﻓﺼﻮل . x0
وﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺎس هﻲ :
) y = f ' ( x0 )( x − x0 ) + f ( x0
www.mathonec.com
*(ز+&ا
ر ا%&)(' ا !" ا#
$ : إز ا ذ
ى او م ا
ق: درس
: د- '' ا
ق دا./0 ــI
: 1(!+2
: ! A إذا و دx 0 ق اf **
ل إن اا
f ( x 0 + h) − f ( x0 ) f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
lim = A أوlim =A
h→ 0 h x → x0 x − x0
. f ' ( x 0 ) = A +, وx 0 اf ا%&'د ا$ *)'( اA د$** ا
: ل4
. f ( x ) = 2x − x ! 1 اf رس اق
2
f ( x ) − f (1) 2x 2 − x − 1
( f (1) = 1 ن1 ) lim = lim
x →1 x −1 x →−2 x −1
1
2 x + ( x − 1)
( 3'$ و ا4'' )ب ا$ ) = lim
2
= lim
( 2x + 1)( x − 1) = lim 2x + 1 = 3
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 x →1
1 1
2 − x +1 ( )
lim
f ( x ) − f (1)
= lim x + 1
−
2
= lim
2 x +1 ( )
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1
2 − x −1 1− x x −1
lim = lim = lim−
x →1
2 ( x − 1) x + 1( x →1
)
2 ( x − 1) x + 1 x →1
(
2 ( x − 1) x + 1) ( )
= lim−
( x −1 )( x +1 ) = lim−
x −1
= lim−
1
=−
1
x →1
2 ( x − 1) ( x +1 )( x +1 ) x →1
2 ( x − 1) ( x +1 )( x +1 ) x →1
2 ( x +1 )( x +1 ) 8
www.mathonec.com
:
ر. و ا#.&.ــ ا
ق اIII
: #.&. ــ ا
ق ا1
: 1(!+2
. a>0 ! x 0 , x 0 + a
ع7; ( ;>ل ;=
ح:$; داf 7,
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
. f 'd ( x 0 ) ـQ 4;: وx 0 7' ( اl *Q إذا آ? اx 0 7' ق ( اf
ل إن
x − x0
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
lim+ = f 'd ( x 0 ) : +,و. x 0 7' ( اf ا%&'د ا$ *)'( اl د$ا
x → x0 x − x0
:
ر. ــ ا
ق ا2
: 1(!+2
. a > 0 ! x 0 − a, x 0
ع7; ( ;>ل ;=
ح:$; داf 7,
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
. f 'g ( x 0 ) ـQ 4;: وx 0 ( ا)رl *Q إذا آ? اx 0 ق ( ا)رf
ل إن
x − x0
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
. lim− = f 'g ( x 0 ) : +,و. x 0 ( ا)رf ا%&'د ا$ *)'( اl د$ا
x → x0 x − x0
: '.:; ــ3
د$ *)وي ا7' ( ا%&'د ا$ و اx 0 و ( ا)ر7' ق ( اf ? إذا آR إذا وx 0 قf
ن,J
. ( ا)ر%&'ا
f ( x ) − f ( x0 ) f ( x ) − f ( x0 ) f ( x ) − f (x0 )
lim = f ' ( x 0 ) ⇔ lim+ = lim− = f ' ( x0 ) : ($'
x → x0 x − x0 x →x0 x − x0 x → x0 x − x0
: ل4
2x
. 0 f ( x ) = رس اق اا
x −1
: 0 7'* ( قU** رس ا
2x 2x
f ( x ) − f (0 ) −0
2x 2
lim = lim+ x − 1 = lim+ x − 1 = lim+ = lim+ = −2
x →0 + x −0 x → 0 x −0 x → 0 x x → 0 x ( x − 1) x → 0 ( x − 1)
.0 7'* ( قf
ل إن
: 0 ق ( *)رU** رس ا
−2x −2x
f ( x ) − f (0 ) − 0
−2x −2
lim− = lim− x − 1 = lim− x − 1 = lim− = lim− =2
x →0 x −0 x →0 x −0 x →0 x x →0 x ( x − 1 ) x →0 ( x − 1 )
: ل4
. 3
ه1 د$ اf ( x ) = 2x − x ا%&'د ا$ ــ ا1
2
www.mathonec.com
y = 3x − 2
. 0
ه−1 د$ اf ( x ) = x 2 + 2x ا%&'د ا$ ــ ا2
f ( x0 ) :1 1(!+2
. x 0 , x 0 + a
ع7; ( ;>ل:$; * دا دf 7,
x0 ;'سVY 3D* ( C f ) نB x 0 7'* ( قf إذا آ? اا
. y = fd ' ( x 0 )( x − x 0 ) + f ( x 0 ) : Hد$; x 0 Q
Y ا ا أ
:2 1(!+2
f ( x0 ) . x 0 − a, x 0
ع7; ( ;>ل:$; * دا دf 7,
;'سVY 3D* ( C f ) نB x 0 ق ( *)رf إذا آ? اا
x0 . y = fg ' ( x 0 )( x − x 0 ) + f ( x 0 ) : Hد$; x 0 Q
Y ا ا أ
: 'ABC
f ( x ) − f ( x0 ) f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
( lim− = 0 ) أوlim+ = 0 ( و آنx 0 ) أو ( *)رx 0 7'* ( قf * إذا آ? اا
x → x0 x − x0 x → x0 x − x0
. ( x 0 ) أو ( *)رx 0 7'* ( ;'س أVY 3D* ( C f )
ل إن
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
) أو lim+ = ∞ ( و آنx 0 ) أو ( *)رx 0 7'* ( ق:X f * إذا آ? اا
x → x0 x − x0
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
. ( x 0 ) أو ( *)رx 0 7'* ( ;'س '
ديVY 3D* ( C f ) (
ل إنlim− =∞
x → x0 x − x0
: ل4
. @ول ا> هA و1 7'* ( f ( x ) = x − x **رس إق اا
2
f ( x ) − f (1) x2 − x − 0 x2 − x x ( x − 1)
lim+ = lim+ = lim+ = lim+ = lim+ x = 1
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 x →1 x − 1 x →1 x − 1 x →1
1
. ق ( *)رf اا
2
1 1 1 1
y = f ' x − + f : Hد$; ;'س أ ( *)رVY 3D* ( C f )
2 2 2 2
www.mathonec.com
−1
y=
4
: ل4
. @ول ا> هA و1 7'* ( f ( x ) = x − 1 **رس إق اا
f ( x ) − f (1) x −1 1 1
lim+ = lim+ = lim+ = + = +∞
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 0
. 1 7'* ( ق:X f اا
x = 1 : Hد$; 1 7'* ( ;'س '
ديVY 3D* ( C f )
: ' "&ا' ا-ــ اV
: 1(ر+2 ــ1
. I 7; 3 ق آf ? إذا آI ق ( ا'>ل ا'=
حf **
ل إن اا
. b و *)رa 7'* ( وab ق ( ا'>لf ? إذا آab ق ( ا'>لf **
ل إن اا
. I ق ( ا'>لf اا7, **
. f ' ـQ 4;: f )'( اا ا'& اJ f ' ( x ) د$ I 7; x :Y 3 آR:J اا ا
. I ق ( ا'>لf اا7, **
. f '' ــQ 4;: وZ)'( اا ا'& اJ &' اQن داB I ق ( ا'>لf ' إذا آ? اا
: '(د. وال ا- ــ " ' ا2
Df ' = ℝ f '(x) = 0 D f = ℝ f (x) = a
Df ' = ℝ f '(x) = 1 Df = ℝ f (x) = x
Df ' = ℝ f ' ( x ) = nx n−1 Df = ℝ f ( x ) = x n (n ∈ ℕ* )
D f ' = ℝ +*
f '(x) =
1 Df = ℝ + f (x) = x
x
Df ' = ℝ f ' ( x ) = cos x Df = ℝ f ( x ) = sin x
Df ' = ℝ f ' ( x ) = − sin x Df = ℝ f ( x ) = cos x
: ' "&وال ا-ت ا.&+ ــ ا3
. دλ وx 0 ق7 7 داg وf 7, : '.:;
. ( f + g) ' = f '+ g ' : =(- وx 0 ' <
ق/0 f + g 'ا-** ا
: ل4
f ( x ) = x3 + x2 + x *
( ) ( ) ( x)
f ' ( x ) = x3 + x2 +
1
' ' '
= 3x 2 + 2x +
2 x
f ( x ) = sin x + cos x + x + 4 * 5
( )
f ' ( x ) = ( sin x ) + ( cos x ) + x 5 + ( 4 ) = cos x − sin x + 5x 4
' ' ' '
f ( x ) = −3 x *
(
f ' ( x ) = −3 x ) = −3 ( x ) = −3 × 2 1 x = 2−3x
' '
www.mathonec.com
f '(x) = (( x ) x ) = (x ) ( )( x )
' ' '
2
+x 2
+ x × x + x2 + x
= ( 2x + 1) × x + x 2 + x × ( ) 2 x
1
( 2x + 1) × x ×2 x + (x 2
+x )
=
2 x
4x + 2x + x 2 + x
2
5x 2 + 3x
= =
2 x 2 x
f ( x ) = x 3 sin x *
( ) ( )
f ' ( x ) = x 3 sin x = x 3 × sin x + x 3 × ( sin x ) = 3x 2 sin x + x 3 cos x
' ' '
' '
f f '× g − f × g' f
. = 2
: =(- وx 0 ' <
ق/0 'ا- اg' ( x 0 ) ≠ 0 ** إذا آن
g g g
: ل4
x +x
2
f (x) = 2 *
x +1
( ) (x ) ( )( )
' '
x2 + x + 1 − x2 + x x2 + 1
' 2
x2 + x
f '(x) = 2 =
x +1 ( x + 1)
2
2
( 2x + 1) ( x + 1) − ( x 2 2
+ x 2x )
=
( x + 1)
2
2
2x 3 + 2x + x 2 + 1 − 2x 3 − 2x 2 − x 2 + 2x + 1
= =
(x ) (x )
2 2
2
+1 2
+1
2 x
f (x) = *
x2 − 1
( ) (x ) ( )(x )
' '
−1 − 2 x −1
' 2 2
2 x 2 x
f '(x) = 2 =
x −1
(x )
2
2
−1
2×
2 x
1
( )
× x 2 − 1 − 2 x × 2x
=
(x − 1)
2
2
x2 − 1 x 2 − 1 4x 2
− 4x x −
x = x − 1 − 4x = −3x 2 − 1
2 2
= x = x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
x2 − 1 x2 − 1 x x2 − 1 x x2 − 1
(
f ' ( x ) = x 3 − 2x 2 + 4 = 3x 2 − 4x : &'** اا ا )
'
www.mathonec.com
4
. و0: ' ه7=W; 7 ( 3Y! 3x 2 − 4x [ ا!ود6[ 4'; +)! : f ' ** إرة اا
3
4
x −∞ 0 +∞
3
3x 2 − 4x + ــــ +
4
x −∞ 0 +∞
3
f '(x) + ــــ +
4 +∞
76
f (x) −∞
27
x2 − 4
f (x) = **2**
x2 + 1
( ) (x ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
' '
x2 − 4 + 1 − x2 − 4 x2 + 1 2x x 2 + 1 − x 2 − 4 2x
' 2
x2 − 4
f '(x) = 2 = = : &'** اا ا
x +1 ( ) ( )
2 2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
2x + 2x − 2x + 8x
3 3
10x
= =
(x ) (x )
2 2
2
+1 2
+1
. f ات اا:\J ** ول
x −∞ 0 +∞
f' ـــــ +
1 1
f
−4
: I ' <
ق ل/0 '!اف داN ــ4
: '.:;
. I ا'>ل7; ا:Y x 0 ;>ل ;=
ح وI 7,
. f ' ( x 0 ) = 0 : نB x 0 ا:; 3DJ وx 0 قf ــ إذاآ? اا
. x 0 ا:; 3DJ f نB x 0 >
ارQJ إر:\J f ' ? و آf ' ( x 0 ) = 0 ــ إذا آن
www.mathonec.com
www.mathonec.com
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق
-1اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ
أ -ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
x0 ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fداﻟﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﻣﺮآﺰﻩ
) f ( x ) − f ( x0
ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ lﻓﻲ x0وﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ →x ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ x0اذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﻮل إن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ f
x − x0
) f ( x) − f ( x0
f ' ( x0 ) = lim ﺑـ ) . f ' ( x0اﻟﻌﺪد lﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻟـ fﻓﻲ . x0ﻧﻜﺘﺐ
x→ x0 x − x0
) f ( x) − f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0
lim = lim ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ:
x→ x0 x − x0 h→0 h
ب( ﻣﺜﺎل :ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x
ﺑﻴﻦ أن fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ 1و ﺣﺪد اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻓﻲ 1
ج( اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ x0
) f ( x) − f ( x0 ) f ( x) − f ( x0
= )lim ε ( x) = 0 ، ε ( x ﻧﻀﻊ ) − f ' ( x0 f ' ( x0 ) = lim ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
x→ x0 x − x0 x→ x0 x − x0
) f ( x) − f ( x0
= )ε ( x )− f ' ( x0 ) ⇔ f ( x) = f ' ( x0 )( x − x0 ) + f ( x0 ) + ( x − x0 ) ε ( x / lim ε ( x) = 0
x − x0 x→ x0
1
www.mathonec.com
ب – ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
x0 ﺗﻜﻮن fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ x0إذا وﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻓﻲ
واﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺎوي اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر.
أدرس ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق fﻓﻲ0 f ( x ) = x2 + x ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ
-3اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق و اﻻﺗﺼﺎل
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
آﻞ داﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ x0ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ x0
ﻋﻜﺲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ:
) آﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ 0و ﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ(0
) f ( x ) − f ( x0
اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ) ( MM 0هﻮ
x − x0
) f ( x ) − f ( x0
ﺗﺆول إﻟﻰ ) f ' ( x0 ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﺮب Mﻣﻦ ) M 0أي xﺗﺆول إﻟﻰ ( x0ﻓﺎن
x − x0
و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ) ( MM 0ﻳﺪور ﺣﻮل M 0إﻟﻰ أن ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ) (Tذا اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ) f ' ( x0
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ) (Tﻣﻤﺎس ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ C f
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﻣﺮآﺰﻩ x0و C fﻣﻨﺤﻨﺎهﺎ
ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻤﺎس ﻟـ C fﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ذات اﻷﻓﺼﻮل x0ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق fﻓﻲ x0ﺗﺆول هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺎ
) y = f ' ( x0 )( x − x0 ) + f ( x0
2
www.mathonec.com
) (T ) : y = f d ' ( x0 )( x − x0 ) + f ( x0 x ≥ x0
) (T ') : y = f g ' ( x0 )( x − x0 ) + f ( x0 x ≤ x0
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
) أو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻓﻲ ( x0ﻓﺎن C fﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻤﺎس إذا آﺎﻧﺖ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ x0
' '
ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ذات اﻻﻓﺼﻮل x0ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ) ) fd ( x0أو ) ( fg (x0
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
إذا آﺎﻧﺖ fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ) x0ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ x0أو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻓﻲ ( x0و آﺎن
) f ( x ) − f ( x0
ﻓﺎن C fﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻤﺎس ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ذات اﻻﻓﺼﻮل ) x0ﻧﺼﻒ lim ∞= ±
x→ x0 x − x0
ﻣﻤﺎس ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ذات اﻻﻓﺼﻮل ( x0
www.mathonec.com
[[ a; b ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﻌﺮف اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ ] ]a; bو ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ3
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل I
اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ آﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ xﻣﻦ Iﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد ) f ' ( xﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑـ ' . f
www.mathonec.com
f : x → ax + b * اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
∀x ∈ \ f ' ( x ) = a ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ \ وf إذن lim =a
x→ x0 x − x0
n ∈ `* f : x → x n * اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
∀x ∈ \ f ' ( x ) = nx n−1 ( x ) ' = nx n−1 ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ \ وf
1
f :x→* اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
x
f ( x ) − f ( x0 ) −1 1
\* ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰf إذن lim = lim =− 2
x→ x0 x − x0 x→ x0 x × x0 x0
1
∀x ∈ \* f '( x) = − 2 و
x
*
x0 ∈ \ + ﻟﺘﻜﻦ f : x → x * اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
f ( x ) − f ( x0 ) 1 1
lim = lim =−
x→ x0 x − x0 x→ x0 x + x0 2 x0
1
∀x ∈ \*+ f '( x) = *\ و+ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰf إذن
2 x
0 ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲf
f : x → sin x * اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
f ( x ) − f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + h ) − f ' ( x0 ) sin ( x0 + h ) − sin ( x0 )
lim = lim = lim
x→ x0 x − x0 h →0 h h →0 h
h
sin
= lim ( 2 cos ( x0 + h ) ) × 2 × 2 = cos x
0
h →0 h
2
إذن
∀x ∈ \ sin' ( x ) = cos x ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ \ وx → sin x
f : x → cos x * اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
∀x ∈ \ cos' ( x ) = − sin x ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ \ وx → cos x
f : x → tan x * اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
π sin x
∀x ∈ \ − + kπ / k ∈ ] tan x =
2 cos x
π ( sin x ) ' ( cos x ) − ( sin x )( cos x ) ' cos 2 x + sin 2 x 1
∀x ∈ \ − + kπ / k ∈ ] tan' x = = =
2 ( cos x ) 2
( cos x ) 2
cos 2 x
π
∀x ∈ \ − + kπ / k ∈ ] tan' x = 1 + tan 2 x اذن
2
π
\ − + kπ / k ∈ ] ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦx → tan x
2
π
∀x ∈ \ − + kπ / k ∈ ] tan' x = 1 + tan 2 x و
2
ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ
\ * اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺪودﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ
* اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺪرﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ
www.mathonec.com
-8ﻣﺒﺮهﻨﺔ
ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ
-1أدرس اﺷﺘﻘﺎق fو ﺣﺪد اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
x2 + 3 3x − 1 5
= )f ( x * = )f ( x * = )f ( x * f ( x ) = 5 x 4 + 3x 2 + 4 *
x2 − x 2x − 2 x 2
sin x
( )
5
= )f ( x ) f ( x ) = ( cos x f ( x ) = x2 + x
5
* * *
cos x − sin x
f ( x ) = x 2 + x x≤0
* f ( x) = x + x x
2
*
f ( x ) = x − x
3 2
x;0
x 2 − 3x + 6
= )f ( x -2ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ
x −1
أ -ﺑﻴﻦ أن ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ fﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻴﻦ ﻣﻮازﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻪ y = −3x
ب -أآﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻲ هﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ.
6
www.mathonec.com