Math2 230127 145841

Systems of Linear Equations and
3 Matrices
2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Ltd. 5-1

3.1 Basic Matrix Operations
What is a Matrix? Sizing a matrix Special Matrices Addition
and Subtraction of Matrices Scalar Multiplication

What is a matrix?
A Matrix is just rectangular array of items.

A typical matrix is a rectangular array of numbers
arranged in rows and columns.
21 62 33 93
A 44 95 66 13
3x 4
77 38 79 33

Sizing a matrix
number of rows (m) by number of columns (n).

21 62 33 93 7 3 2
A 44 95 66 13 B 8 4 1
3x 4 3 x3
77 38 79 33 6 5 9
11 4
14 7
C D 17
4x2 16 8 1x1
22 3
Square matrix: a square matrix is an mxn matrix in which m = n.
That is a matrix with equal number of rows and columns.
7 3 2
B 8 4 1
3 x3
6 5 9
Vector: a vector is an mxn matrix where either m OR n = 1
(but not both).
If m = 1, it is a row vector 12
If n = 1, it is a column vector 9
X Y 7 22 14
4 x1 4 1x 3
0
Scalar: A scalar is an mxn matrix where BOTH m and n = 1.
D 17
1x1 0 0
Zero matrix: A matrix of zeros.
0 0 0
3x2
0 0
Identity Matrix: A square (mxm) matrix with 1s on the
diagonal and zeros everywhere else. 1 0 0
I 0 1 0
3 x3
0 0 1
Example1 Finding Values to Make Two Matrices Equal
Find the values of the variables for which each
statement is true, if possible.
(a)
Since corresponding elements are equal, a = 3,

b = 9, c = 5, and d = 0.
(b)
The statement cannot be true.

Example 2 Adding Matrices
Find each sum, if possible.
(a)
10 13
6 0
18
12
(b)
0
7

Example 2 Adding Matrices (cont.)
(c) A + B if and
A and B cannot be added because A is a 2 3

matrix, while B is a 3 2 matrix.

Example 3 Subtracting Matrices
Find each difference, if possible.
(a)
16 13
1 9
9
(b) 15
12

Example 3 Subtracting Matrices (cont.)
(c) A B if and
A B is not possible because, A is a 2 3 matrix,

while B is a 2 2 matrix.

Example 4 Multiplying Matrices by Scalars
Find each product.

6 15
(a)
12 0
20 8
(b)
12 36

Section 3.2 - Matrix Products and Inverses

Example 5 Deciding Whether Two Matrices Can Be Multiplied
Suppose C is a 2 5 matrix and D is a 4 2 matrix.
Can the product CD be calculated? If so, what size is it?

No, CD cannot be calculated.
Can the product DC be calculated? If so, what size is it?
Yes, DC can be calculated.

The result is a 4 5 matrix.

Example 6 Multiplying Matrices
Find each product, if possible.

(a) AB AB cannot be calculated.
(b) BA
A 2 2 matrix multiplied by a 2 3 matrix results in a
2 3 matrix.

Example 6 Multiplying Matrices (cont.)
13 16 14
1 12 63

Example 7 Multiplying Square Matrices
Find each product.

(a) CD
4 23
16 27

Example 7 Multiplying Square Matrices (cont.)
(b) DC
30 19
14 7

Example 8 Multiplying Square Matrices
2 3 2 3
= , =
1 1 1 1
Find each of the following.

(a)
=

Example 8 Multiplying Square Matrices (cont.)
(b)

The Determinant of a Matrix
The determinant of a matrix A is denoted by |A|

(or det(A)).
Determinants exist only for square matrices.

Example
3 1
A
1 2
A (3)(2) (1)(1) 5

The Inverse of a Matrix (A-1)
For an n n matrix A, if there is a matrix B such

that AB = I = BA, then matrix B is the inverse of
matrix A.
The inverse is analogous to a reciprocal
A matrix which has an inverse is non-singular.
A matrix which does not have an inverse is
singular.
An inverse of a matrix A exists only if A 0

How to find inverse of matrices? determinants? and
more?
a b
If A and |A| 0
c d
-1 1 d b
A
det( A) c a

Example
1 2
Find the inverse of A= 3 4
1 1 4 2 0.4 0.2
A
10 3 1 0.3 0.1
To check AA-1 = A-1 A = I
1 1 2 0.4 0.2 1 0
AA I
3 4 0.3 0.1 0 1
1 0.4 0.2 1 2 1 0
A A I
0.3 0.1 3 4 0 1

Singular Matrix
Singular Matrix: A matrix is considered singular if

the determinant of the matrix is zero and the matrix
cannot be inverted
2 6
A A 2*3 1*6 0
2x2 1 3

Given matrices A and B as follows, determine whether B is the
Example: inverse of A:
3 1
1 2
A ; B 1 .
4 6 2
2
Solution: B is the inverse of A if AB I and BA I , so we find those

products.
3 1
1 2 1 0
AB 1 I;
4 6 2 0 1
2
3 1
1 2 1 0
BA 1 I.
2 4 6 0 1
2
1
Therefore, B is the inverse of A; that is, A B. (It is also
true that A is the inverse of B, or B 1 A.)

Section 3.3 - Applications of Matrices

Example 1 Solving Systems of Equations Using Matrix
Inverses
Use the inverse of the coefficient matrix to solve the
system.
Write the system in matrix form. That is A X = B

Inverses (cont.)
Find :
= =
3 2
1 11 11
A 2 5
11 11

Inverses (cont.)
Now find :
3
7
Solution set: {( 3, 7)}

Example 2
Use matrix algebra to solve the given matrix equation for X.
8 12 3 2
= ; = , =
2 4 2 1
Given,
where is an identity matrix

Example 2 (cont.)
Find :
3 2 1 0 2 2
= =
2 1 0 1 2 0
Find :

Example 2 (cont.)
Now find :

4 Trigonometric Functions

4.1 Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Functions Quadrantal Angles Reciprocal
Identities Signs and Ranges of Function Values Pythagorean
Identities Quotient Identities

Trigonometric Functions
Let be a point other than the origin on the terminal
side of an angle in standard position. The distance from
the point to the origin is . The six trigonometric
functions of are defined as follows.

4.1 Example 1 Finding Function Values of an Angle
The terminal side of an angle in standard position

passes through the point (12, 5). Find the values of
the six trigonometric functions of angle .
x = 12 and y = 5.
y 5 13
sin
r 13
y 5 x 12
tan cot
x 12 y 5
r 13
csc
y 5
The terminal side of an angle in standard position

passes through the point (8, 6). Find the values of
the six trigonometric functions of angle .
x = 8 and y = 6.
10 6

4.1 Example 2 Finding Function Values of an Angle (cont.)
y 6 3
sin
r 10 5
y 6 3 x 8 4
tan cot
x 8 4 y 6 3
r 10 5
csc
y 6 3

Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of

angle in standard position, if the terminal side of is
defined by 3x 2y = 0, x 0.
Since x 0, the graph of the

line 3x 2y = 0 is shown to the
left of the y-axis.
Find a point on the line:

Let x = 2. Then
3( 2) 2y 0 y 3
A point on the line is ( 2, 3).
4.1 Example 3 Finding Function Values of an Angle (cont.)
3 13
13
2 13
13
3 2
2 3
13 13
2 3
4.1 Example 4(a) Finding Function Values of Quadrantal
Angles
Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of a
360 angle.
The terminal side passes

through (2, 0). So x = 2 and
y = 0 and r = 2.
0 1
0 undefined
1 undefined
4.1 Example 4(b) Finding Function Values of Quadrantal
Angles
Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of
an angle in standard position with terminal side
through (0, 5).
x = 0 and y = 5 and r = 5.
undefined
undefined 1
Reciprocal Identities
For any angle for which both functions defined, the following identities hold.
1 1 1
= = =
1 1 1
= = =

4.1 Example 5 Using the Reciprocal Identities
Find each function value.

(a) tan , given that cot = 4.
tan is the reciprocal of cot .

1
4
(b) sec , given that
sec is the reciprocal of cos .

Signs of Trigonometric Function Values
in Quadrant
I + + + + + +
II + +
III + +
IV + +

4.1 Example 6 Determining Signs of Function Values of
Nonquadrantal Angles
Determine the signs of the trigonometric functions of
an angle in standard position with the given measure.
(a) 54 (b) 260 (c) 60

(a) A 54
trigonometric functions are positive.
(b) A 260
sine, cosine, secant, and cosecant are negative, while its
tangent and cotangent are positive.
(c) A 60
cosine and secant are positive, while its sine, cosecant,
tangent, and cotangent are negative.
4.1 Example 7 Identifying the Quadrant of an Angle
Identify the quadrant (or possible quadrants) of an angle

that satisfies the given conditions.
(a) tan > 0, csc <0
tan > 0 in quadrants I and III, while csc < 0 in
quadrants III and IV. Both conditions are met only in
quadrant III.
(b) sin > 0, csc >0
sin > 0 in quadrants I and II, as is csc . Both conditions
are met in quadrants I and II.

Ranges of Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Range Range

Function of (Set-Builder Notation) (Interval Notation)
and
and
and

4.1 Example 8 Deciding Whether a Value is in the Range of
a Trigonometric Function
Decide whether each statement is possible or impossible.
(a) cot = 0.999 (b)cos = 1.7 (c)csc =0
(a) cot = 0.999 is possible because the range of cot

is
(b) cos = 1.7 is impossible because the range of cos

is [ 1, 1].
(c) csc = 0 is impossible because the range of csc is

4.1 Example 9 Finding All Function Values Given One Value
and the Quadrant
Angle lies in quadrant III, and Find the values of
the other five trigonometric functions.
Since and lies in quadrant III, then x = 5 and
y = 8.
8 89
89
5 89
89
4.1 Example 9 Finding All Function Values Given One Value
and the Quadrant (cont.)
5
8
89
5
89
8

Pythagorean Identities
For any angle for which the function values are defined, the following identities hold.
+ = + = + =
Quotient Identities

4.1 Example 10 Finding Other Function Values Given One
Value and the Quadrant
Find cos and tan given that sin and
cos > 0.
Reject the negative root because cos > 0 (given).

7
cos
3
Value and the Quadrant (cont.)
14
7

4.1 Example 11 Using Identities to Find Function Values
7
Find sin and cos given that cot = 24 and
is in quadrant II.
Since is in quadrant II, sin > 0 and cos < 0.
7 24 25
cot tan sec
24 7 7
tan2 1 sec 2 7
2 cos Quad II
24 25
1 sec 2
7 sin2 1 cos2
625 2 7
2
sec sin 2
1
49 25
Value and the Quadrant (cont.)
2
2 7
sin 1
25
2 576
sin
625
24
sin
25

Trigonometric Function Values and
4.2 Angle Measure
Right-Triangle-Based Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions
Cofunctions Trigonometric Function Values of Special Angles
Reference Angles Special Angles as Reference Angles
Determination of Angle Measures with Special Reference Angles

Trigonometric Function Values and Angle Measures
Right-Triangle Based Definitions of Trigonometric Functions

Let A represent any acute angle in standard position.
B
A C

4.2 Example 1 Finding Trigonometric Function Values of An
Acute Angle
Find the sine, cosine, and A C
tangent values for angles A
and B in the figure.
B
sin A
77
cos A
85
36
tan A
77
4.2 Example 1 Finding Trigonometric Function Values of An
Acute Angle (cont.)
Find the sine, cosine, and A C
tangent values for angles A
and B in the figure.
B
77
sin B
85
cos B
77
tan B
36
Trigonometric Function Values and Angle Measures
Co-function Identities
For any angle A, the following hold.

4.2 Example 2 Writing Functions in Terms of Cofunctions
Write each function in terms of its cofunction.
(a) sin 9 = cos (90 9 ) = cos 81
(b) cot 76 = tan (90 76 ) = tan 14
(c) csc 45 = sec (90 45 ) = sec 45

4.2 Example 3 Finding Trigonometric Values for 30°
Find the six trigonometric function values for a 30

angle.
1
2
3
2
3
3
4.2 Example 3 Finding Trigonometric Values for 30° (cont.)
2 3
3

Trigonometric Function Values of Special Angles

Reference Angle

4.2 Example 4(a) Finding Reference Angles
Find the reference angle for 294 .
294 lies in quadrant IV.
The reference angle is

360 294 = 66 .

4.2 Example 4(b) Finding Reference Angles
Find the reference angle for 883 .
Find a coterminal angle between 0 and 360 by

dividing 883 by 360 . The quotient is about 2.5.
883 is coterminal with 163 .

180 163 = 17 .

4.2 Example 5 Finding Trigonometric Functions of a
Quadrant IIl Angle
Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for
225 .
The reference angle for 225 is 45 .
Since 225 lies in quadrant III, the tangent and
cotangent are positive while the sine, cosine, secant
and cosecant are negative.
2
sin225 sin 45
2
2
cos 225 cos 45
2
4.2 Example 5 Finding Trigonometric Functions of a
Quadrant IIl Angle (cont)
2
cos 225 cos 45
2
tan225 tan45 1
cot 225 cot 45 1
sec 225 sec 45 2
cscc 225 csc 45 2

4.2 Example 6(a) Finding Trigonometric Function Values
Using Reference Angles
Find the exact value of sin( 150 ).
An angle of 150 is coterminal with an angle of

150 + 360 = 210 .

210 180 = 30 .
Since an angle of 150 lies in

quadrant III, its sine is negative.
1
sin( 150 ) sin30
2
4.2 Example 6(b) Finding Trigonometric Function Values
Using Reference Angles
Find the exact value of cot(780 ).
An angle of 780 is coterminal with an angle of

780 2 360 = 60 .
The reference angle is 60 .
Since an angle of 780

lies in quadrant I, its
cotangent is positive.
3
cot 780 cot 60
3
4.2 Example 7 Finding Angle Measures Given an Interval
and a Function Value
Find all values of , if is in the interval [0 , 360 )
and sin =
Since sin is negative, must lie in quadrants III or IV.
The absolute value of sin is so the reference

angle is 60 .
The angle in quadrant III is 60 + 180 = 240 .
The angle in quadrant IV is 360 60 = 300 .

4.3 Radian Measure
Radian Measure Converting Between Degrees and Radians

Radian Measure
Radian
An angle with its vertex at the Centre of the circle that
intercepts an arc on the circle with length equal to the
radius of the circle has a measure of 1 radian
Converting between Degrees and Radians

4.3 Example 1 Converting Degrees to Radians
Convert each degree measure to radians.

3
radians
5
3
radians
4
5.685 radians

4.3 Example 2 Converting Radians to Degrees
Convert each radian measure to degrees.
165
210
167 18

4.4 The Unit Circle and Circular Functions
Circular Functions Values of Circular Functions Determining a
Number with a Given Circular Function Value

4.4 Circular Functions
We know that a point is on the unit circle if
If an angle is in the standard position and the point

lies on the terminal side of the angle on the
unit circle, then the trigonometric functions of angle
are known as circular functions.
The circular functions are defined as

4.4 Domain and Range of Circular Functions
The domain of and is

4.4 Domain and Range of Circular Functions
The range of and is
The range of and is

4.4 Circular Functions
Find the exact values of sin ( 3 ), cos ( 3 ), and
cot ( 3 ).
An angle of 3 intersects the

unit circle at ( 1, 0).
sin 3 y 0
cos 3 x 1
cot 3 is undefined

4.4 Example 2(a) Finding Exact Circular Function Values
Use the figure to find

the exact values of
4 3
sin
3 2
4 1
cos
3 2

4.4 Example 2(b) Finding Exact Circular Function Values
Use the figure and the

definition of tangent to
find the exact value of

Moving around the unit

circle units in the
negative direction
yields the same
ending point as
moving around the
circle units in the
positive direction.

corresponds to
2
2 1
2
2
4.4 Example 2(c) Finding Exact Circular Function Values
Use reference angles and degree/radian conversion to

find the exact value of
In standard position, 330 lies in quadrant IV with a

reference angle of 30 , so
1
2

Graphs of the Sine and Cosine
4.5 Functions
Periodic Functions Graph of the Sine Function Graph of
the Cosine Function Graphing Techniques, Amplitude, and
Period

4.5 Periodic Function
A function is said to be periodic if there exists a real

number such that
holds for all in the domain of the function.

If is the least positive real number for which (1) holds,
then is called the fundamental period of .
The fundamental period of and is

.
The fundamental period of is .

4.5 Amplitude of a Periodic Function
The amplitude of a periodic function is defined to be the

difference of the maximum value of and the minimum
value of divided by .
That is

4.5 Amplitude and Period of and
, where
The amplitude of both and

is .
The period of both and

is .

4.5 Amplitude and Period of , where
The amplitude of is not defined because it

is an unbounded function.
The period of is .

4.5 Example 1 Graphing y = a sin x
and compare to the graph of y = sin x.
x 0 /2 3 /2 2
sin x 0 1 0 1 0
x 0 0 1/2 0
The shape of the graph is the

same as the shape of y = sin x.
The range of is

4.5 Example 2 Graphing y = sin bx
and compare to the graph of y = sin x.
The coefficient of x is , so b = , and the period is

4.5 Example 2 Graphing y = sin bx (cont.)
The x-values are

4.5 Example 2 Graphing y = sin bx (cont.)

4.5 Example 3 Graphing y = cos bx
The x-values are 0, , 2 , 3 , and 4 .

4.5 Example 3 Graphing y =

4.5 Example 4 Graphing y = a sin bx
Graph y = 3 sin 2x.
The coefficient of x is 2, so b = 2, and the period is
The amplitude is | 3| = 3.

4.5 Example 4 Graphing y = a sin bx
x 0 /4 /2 3 /4
2x 0 /2 3 /2 2
sin 2x 0 1 0 1 0
3 sin 2x 0 3 0 3 0

4.5 Example 5 Graphing y = a cos bx
The amplitude is |2| = 2.

4.5 Example 5 Graphing y = a cos bx for b That is a Multiple
of /2 (cont.)
x 0 1 2 3 4
0 /2 3 /2 2
1 0 1 0 1
2 cos 2 0 2 0 2

4.6 Trigonometric Identities
Fundamental Identities Uses of the Fundamental Identities

4.6 Fundamental Identities
The following identities are known as fundamental

identities:
(a) Pythagorean Identities
(b) Reciprocal Identities

4.6 Fundamental Identities
(c) Quotient Identities
(d) Even-Odd Identities

4.6 Example 1 Finding Trigonometric Function Values Given
One Value and the Quadrant
If and is in quadrant IV, find each function
value.
(a)
In quadrant IV, is negative.

39
sin
8
4.6 Example 1 Finding Trigonometric Function Values Given
One Value and the Quadrant (cont.)
If and is in quadrant IV, find each function
value.
39
(b)
5
8
(c)
5

4.6 Example 2 Writing One Trigonometric Function in Terms
of Another
1 cos2
cos

4.6 Example 3 Rewriting an Expression in Terms of Sine and
Cosine
1 tan2
Write 1 sec 2 in terms of and , and then
simplify the expression so that no quotient appear.
2 2
1 tan 1 tan
1 sec 2 (sec 2 1)
sec 2
tan2
1
cos2 1
sin2 sin2 csc 2
cos2
4.8 Trigonometric Equations
Linear Methods Zero-Factor Property Quadratic Methods
Trigonometric Identity Substitutions

4.8 Example 1a Solving a Trigonometric Equation by Linear
Methods
is positive in quadrants I and III.
The reference angle is 30 because

4.8 Example 1 Solving a Trigonometric Equation by Linear
Methods (cont.)
Solution set: {30°, 210°}
b) for all solutions

Solution set: {30° + 180°n, where n is any integer}

4.8 Example 2 Solving a Trigonometric Equation by
Factoring
or
90 or 270 135 or 315
Solution set: {90°, 135°, 270°, 315°}

4.8 Example 3 Solving a Trigonometric Equation by
Factoring

5 Differential Calculus

Section 5.1 - Limits
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All right reserved.

Limit of a Function

Analyzing a Limit
Using the function

f (x) = 2x 1 x=2
through the following chart:
x 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1 2.5

f ( x) 2 2.8 2.98 2.998 ? 3.002 3.02 3.2 4
We see that as x approaches 2, f (x) approaches 3.

In limit notation we have
lim 2 x 1 3.
x 2

Example 1
The function is not defined when . (Why?)

What happens to the values of when ?
Solution: which is undefined
Evaluate at several numbers that are very close to , as in the

following table:
x 1.99 1.999 2 2.0001 2.001
4.98 4.998 --- 5.0002 5.002
The table suggests that

as gets closer and closer to 2 from either direction, the corresponding
value of gets closer and closer to 5.
Therefore, or

Example 2
If what is ?
Solution: Make a table showing the values of the function at numbers
very close to 3:
x 2.9 2.99 2.9999 3 3.0001 3.01 3.1
12.31 12.9301 12.9993 --- 13.0007 13.0701 13.71
The table suggests that, as approaches 3 from either direction, gets

closer and closer to 13

Example 4
Find , where is the function whose rule is
and whose graph is shown in figure.
Solution: From the definition of limit,

as approaches 4 involves only values of that are close, but not
equal to 4 on either side, the corresponding value of is 1.
So, .
However, since 4 is an integer, . Therefore, .

Properties of Limits
If and k is a constant, then
For any real number a,

Examples
2 2
lim x 3x lim x lim3x 4 6 2
x 2 x 2 x 2
2x lim 2 x 8
x 4
lim
x 4 3x 1 lim 3x 1 13
x 4
From these examples we conclude that
1.lim f ( x) f (c ) f any polynomial function

x c
r any rational function with a
2.lim r ( x) r (c)
x c nonzero denominator at x = c

Examples

x
Example: Find lim
x 5 x 3
.
lim x
Solution: lim
x x 5
Quotient property
x 5 x 3 lim x 3
x 5
5 5
. Polynomial limit
5 3 8
5 5
Note that f 5 . So the limit of f x as
5 3 8
x approaches 5 is the value of the function at 5:
lim f x f 5 .
x 5

Rational Limits
If is a rational function and a is a real number

such that defined, then

Indeterminate Forms
It is important to note that there are restrictions on some of

the limit properties. In particular if lim r ( x) 0
x c
then finding lim

f ( x) may present difficulties, since the
x c r ( x)
denominator is 0.
f ( x)
If lim f ( x) 0 and lim g ( x) 0 , then lim
x c x c x c g ( x)
is said to be indeterminate.
may not exist.

Example
This example illustrates some techniques that can be useful for

indeterminate forms.
which is indeterminate.
Algebraic simplification is often useful
when the numerator and denominator are
both approaching 0.
x2 4 ( x 2)( x 2)
lim lim lim( x 2) 4
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2

Example

Example

Example

Section 5.2 - One-Sided Limits and
Limits Involving Infinity

Example
On the other hand:

lim f (x) 2
x 0
lim f (x) 2
x 0
lim f (x) 2 Since the limit from the left and
x 2
the limit from the right both
lim f (x) 5 exist and are equal, the limit
x 2
exists at 0:
Since these two are not the
same, does not exist. lim f (x) 2
x 0

Example: Find each of the given limits.
2 2
(a) lim 4 x and lim 4 x
x 2 x 2
Solution: Since f x 4 x 2 is not defined when x 2, the right-

hand limit (which requires that x 2) does not exist.
For the left-hand limit, write the square root in exponential

form and apply the appropriate limit properties.
12
lim 4 x 2 lim 4 x 2 Exponential form
x 2 x 2
12
2
lim 4 x Power property
x 2
01 2 0. Polynomial limit

Example: Find each of the given limits.
(b) lim x 3 x2 1
x 3
Solution: lim x 3 x2 1
x 3
12
lim x 3 x2 1 Exponential form
x 3
12
lim x 3 lim x 2 lim1 Sum property
x 3 x 3 x 3
12
lim x 3 lim x 2 lim1 Power property
x 3 x 3 x 3
01 2 9 1 10. Polynomial limits

Continued on next slide
Continued from previous slide

Evaluating a Limit at Infinity
1.
x 50 100 1000 10000

2.
0.02 0.01 0.001 0.0001

Limits at Infinity
If
am x m
then lim f ( x) lim
x x bn x n
There are three possible cases for these limits.
1. If m < n, then lim f ( x) 0

x
am
2. If m = n, then xlim f ( x) bm
3. If m > n, does not have a limit

Example 1 Evaluating a Limit at Infinity
Find the limit.
Solution:
Use the properties of limits.
=4 3(0)
=4

Example 2 Evaluating a Limit at Infinity

Examples Evaluating a Limit at Infinity

5.5 Techniques for Finding Derivatives

Slide 1 - 1
Slide 1 - 2
Slide 1 - 3
Slide 1 - 4
Slide 1 - 5
Slide 1 - 6
Slide 1 - 7
Slide 1 - 8
Slide 1 - 10
Slide 1 - 11
Slide 1 - 12
,

Slide 1 - 13
5.4 Derivatives of Products and Quotients

Slide 1 - 15
In words: The derivative of the product of two functions is the
first function times the derivative of the second function plus
the second function times the derivative of the first function.

Slide 1 - 16
Example: Find the derivative of y x 3 x2 5x .
Solution: Let u x x 3 x1 2 3 and v x x 2 5x. Then
y u x v x v x u x
1
x1 2 3 2 x 5 x2 5x x 12
2
1 32 5 12
2 x 3 2 5 x1 2 6 x 15 x x
2 2
5 32 15 1 2
x 6x x 15.
2 2

Slide 1 - 17
Example
Find the derivative of y = 5x2(x3 + 2).

Solution:
f ´(x) = u(x) v´(x) + v(x) u´(x)
= 5x2 3x2 + 10x x3 + 2)
= 15x4 + 10x4 + 20x = 25x4 + 20x.
2015, 2011, and 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. 1818

Slide 1 - 19
Example
Find the derivative of y = 3x / (2x + 5).

Solution:
D (x) N (x) N (x) D (x)

f (x) 2
[D(x)]
(2x 5) 3 3x 2 15
(2x 5)2 (2x 5)2

Tangent Lines
Let f (x) = (2x 9)(x2 + 6). Find the equation of the tangent
line to the graph of f (x) at x = 3.
Solution: First, find f ´(x):
f ´(x) = (2x 9) (2x) + (2) (x2 + 6)
Then find f (3) and f ´(3):
f (3) = 45 f ´(3) = 12
The tangent has slope 12 and goes through the point (3, 45).
Using the point-slope form y y1 = m(x x1), we get
y ( 45) = 12(x 3) or y = 12x 81
5.5 The Chain Rule

Slide 1 - 24
Slide 1 - 25
Slide 1 - 26
Slide 1 - 27
Example: Use the chain rule to find Dx 15 x 2 1.
Solution: Write 15 x 2 1 as 15 x 2 1
12
. Let f ( x) u1 2 and u g ( x) 15 x 2 1.
Then 15 x 2 1 f g x and
12
2
Dx 15 x 1 f g x g x .
1 12
12
Here, f x u , with f g x , and g x 30 x so that
2
1 12
Dx 15 x 2 1 g x g x
2
1 12
15 x 2 1 30 x
2
15 x
12
15 x 2 1

Slide 1 - 28
Slide 1 - 29
Generalized Derivative Rules
d n n 1
f x n f x f (x)
dx

Example
Let u(x) = 2x2 and f (x) = [u(x)]3 = 8x6. Which of the

following is f ´(x)?
(a) 3[u(x)]2 (b) 3[u´(x)]2 (c) 3[u(x)]2 u´(x)
We know that f ´(x) = 48x5.
(a) 3[u(x)]2 = 3(2x2)2 = 3(4x4) = 12 x4. This is not correct.
(b) 3[u´(x)]2 = 3(4x)2 = 3(16x2) = 48x2. This is not correct.
(c) 3[u(x)]2 u´(x) = 3[2x2]2(4x) = 3(4x4)(4x) = 48x5. This is
the correct choice.

Examples for the Power Rule
du
The terms of the Chain rule are marked by squares:
dx d n n 1 du
u nu
dx dx
y x 5 , y 5x 4
y (2x)5 , y 5(2x)4 (2) 160x 4
3 5 3 4 2 14
y (2x ) , y 5(2x ) (6x ) 480x
y (2x 1)5 , y 5(2x 1)4 (2) 10(2x 1)4
y (e x )5 , y 5(e x )4 (e x ) 5e5x
y (ln x)5 , y 5(ln x)4 (1 / x)
Section 5.6
Derivatives of Exponential and

Logarithmic Functions

Caution: The derivative of ex is not x ex 1
The power rule cannot be used to differentiate the

exponential function. The power rule applies to exponential
forms x n, where the exponent is a constant and the base is a
variable. In the exponential form ex, the base is a constant
and the exponent is a variable.

Examples
Find derivatives for
f (x) = f ´(x) =
f (x) = 2ex +x2 f ´(x) = 2ex + 2x
f (x) = 7xe 2ex + e2 f ´(x) = 7exe-1 2ex
Remember that e is a real number, so the power rule is
used to find the derivative of xe. The derivative of the
exponential function ex, on the other hand, is ex. Note
also that e2 7.389 is a constant, so its derivative is 0.

Example:

250, 000
Example: Let y
2 15e 4 x
. Find y .
Solution: Use the quotient rule:
4x 4x
2 15e 0 250, 000 60e
y 2
4x
2 15e
4x
15, 000, 000e
2
4x
2 15e

Example: Find the derivative of

Example: Find the derivative of

Examples for
Logarithmic Derivatives
1 1
y ln(4x), y 4
4x x
1 4
y ln(4x 1), y 4
4x 1 4x 1
2 1 2
y ln(x ), y 2
(2x)
x x
2 1 2x 2
y ln(x 2x 4), y 2
(2x 2)
x 2x 4 x 2 2x 4

Examples for

Examples for

Chapter 6
Integral Calculus

Section 6.1
Antiderivatives

The Antiderivative
Many operations in mathematics have inverses. For

example, the operation of division is the inverse of
the operation of multiplication. The inverse
operation of finding a derivative is called
integration and the function that we obtain after
applying this operation is known as the
antiderivative. Thus
A function F is an antiderivative of a function f if
F´(x) = f (x).
Slide 1 - 17
Slide 1 - 18
Examples
Find a function that has a derivative of 2x.
Answer: x2, since d/dx (x2) = 2x.
Find a function that has a derivative of x.
Answer: x2/2, since d/dx (x2/2) = x.
Find a function that has a derivative of x2.
Answer: x3/3, since d/dx (x3/3) = x2.
Slide 1 - 19
Examples
(continued)
Find a function that has a derivative of 2x.
Answer: We already know that x2 is such a

function.
Other answers are x2 + 2 or x2 5.

The above functions are all antiderivatives of 2x.
Note that the antiderivative is not unique.
Slide 1 - 20
Slide 1 - 21
Indefinite Integrals
Section 6.1

If a function has more than one antiderivative, then
the antiderivatives differ by at most a constant.

Slide 1 - 2
Indefinite Integrals
Let f (x) be a function. The family of all functions that
are antiderivatives of f (x) is called the indefinite
integral and it is denoted by
The symbol is called an integral sign, and the

function f (x) is called the integrand.
The symbol dx indicates that anti-differentiation is
performed with respect to the variable x.
The arbitrary constant C is called the constant of
integration.
Slide 1 - 3
Slide 1 - 4
Example
Find the indefinite integral of x2.
2 x3
Answer: x dx C , because
3
d x3
C x2
dx 3
Slide 1 - 5
Slide 1 - 6
Slide 1 - 7
Examples for Power Rule
444 dx = 444x + C (power rule with n = 0)
x3 dx = +C (n = 3)
5 dx = +C (n = 3)
x2/3 dx = x5/3 + C (n = 2/3)

x4 + x + x1/2 + 1 + x 1/2) dx
= x5/5 + x2/2 + (2/3) x3/2 + x + 2x1/2 + C
But you cannot apply the power rule for n = 1:
x 1 dx is not x0/0 + C (which is undefined).
The integral of x 1 is the natural logarithm.
Slide 1 - 8
Slide 1 - 9
Slide 1 - 10
Example: Find the antiderivative of the following exponential
functions.
(a) 8e x dx
Solution: 8e x dx 8 e x dx 8e x C
(b) e8t dt
Solution: e8t dt
1 8t
8
e C
5u
(c) e du
6
5u 5u 5u
1 6 6 6
Solution: e du 3
6
5
e C 3
5
e C
6
5u
18 6
e C
5
Slide 1 - 11
Slide 1 - 12
More Examples
4 ex dx = 4 ex + C
2 dx = 2 ln |x| + C
Slide 1 - 13
Slide 1 - 14
Section 6.4
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If f is a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b],

and F is any antiderivative of f, then
b
b
f ( x) dx F ( x) a F (b) F (a)
a

Example
3 3
5 dx 5x 5 3 5 1 15 5 10
1 x 1
2
3 x 3 9 1
x dx 4
1 2 x 1 2 2
3 x3 3
x 2 dx 9 0 9
0 3 x 0

Example
1
e 2x
dx ? Let u = 2x, du = 2 dx
1
1 1 eu 1
eu du
2 x 1 2 x 1
e2 x 1
e2 e 2
2 x 1 2 2
3.6268604

Example
2 1 2
dx ln x
1 x x 1
ln 2 ln 1 ln 2 0.69314718

Example
5 x2
dx ? Let u = x3 + 4, du = 3x2 dx
0 x3 4
5 x2
3
dx ?
0 x 4
3
ln u 5 ln ( x 4) 5
3 x 0 3 x 0
ln u 129
(ln 129)/3 (ln 4)/3 1.1578393
3 u 4

Example
This is a combination of the previous three problems
3
2 2x 1
x e dx
1 x
x3 e2 x 3
ln x
3 2 x 1
9 (e6 )/2 ln 3 1/3 (e 2 )/2 ln 1

207.78515

Definite Integral Properties
a
f (x) dx 0
a
b a
f (x) dx f (x) dx
a b
b c b
f (x) dx f (x) dx f (x) dx
a a c

Example
Evaluate

Examples
Assume we know that
3 9 3
x dx 2
9 , and
4
2 37
x dx , 0
x dx .
0 2 3 3
Then
3 3
2
A) 4 x dx 4 x 2 dx 4 (9) 36
0 0
3 3 3
2 2
B) (3 x 2 x) dx 3 x dx 2
x dx
0 0 0
9
3 (9) 2 ( ) 18
2
Examples
(continued)
3 9 3
2
4
2 37
x dx , x dx 9 , and x dx .
0 2 0 3 3
3
2
4
2 37
C) x dx x dx
4 3 3
4
D) x 2 dx 0
4
4
2
3
2
4
2 37
E) 3 x dx 3 x dx 3 x dx 39 3 64
0 0 3 3

Examples
= 10 8 = 2

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