THREE-PHASE BRIDGE CONVERTER

The energy conversion from ac to dc is called rectification and the conversion from dc to
ac is called inversion. A converter can operate as a rectifier or as an inverter provided
that it has grid control. A valve, whether it is a mercury arc valve or a solid-state
(Thyristor) valve, can conduct in only one direction (the forward direction), from anode
to cathode. The resultant arc voltage drop is less than 50 V. The valve can endure a
considerably high voltage in the negative (inverse) direction without conducting. Any
arc-back in mercury arc rectifiers can be stopped by grid control and by a bypass valve.

Presently, the thyristors have converter current ratings up to 2000 A. Their typical
voltage rating is 3000 V. A solid-state valve has a large number of thyristors connected in
series to provide proper voltage division among the thyristors. The thyristors are also
connected in parallel, depending on the valve current rating. The thyristors are grouped
in modules, each having 2-10 thyristors with all auxiliary circuits. Some of the
advantages of thyristors are as follows:

1. There is no possibility of arc-back.

2. They have lower maintenance requirements.
3. They have less space requirements.
4. They have shorter deionization time.
5. There is no need for bypass valves.
1
 RECTIFICATION
In a given bridge rectifier, the transfer of current from one valve to another in the same
row is called commutation. The time during which the current is commutated between
two rectifying elements is known as the overlap angle or commutation time. Therefore, if
two valves conduct simultaneously, there is no overlap, that is, commutation delay. The
time during which the starting point of commutation is delayed is called the delay angle.
The delay angle is governed by the grid control setting. Neglecting overlap angle, the
average direct voltage for a given delay angle a can be expressed as
3 3 3 3
𝑉𝑑 = 𝜋
𝐸𝑚 cos 𝛼 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 cos 𝛼 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑑0 = 𝜋
𝐸𝑚 .
𝑉𝑑0 : 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 − 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒.
𝐸𝑚 : 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒.
𝛼: 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
𝑵𝒐 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚
3 3 3 6 3 2
𝛼 = 0; 𝑉𝑑0 = 𝐸𝑚 = 𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) = 2.34𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) ; 𝑂𝑅: 𝑉𝑑0 = 𝐸(𝐿−𝐿) = 1.35𝐸(𝐿−𝐿) .
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) : 𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒.
𝐸(𝐿−𝐿) : 𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒.

2
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 cos 𝛼 , 0 ≪ 𝛼 ≪ 180°, −𝑉𝑑0 ≪ 𝑉𝑑 ≪ 𝑉𝑑0 .
However, the negative direct voltage Vd with positive current Id causes the power to flow in
the opposite direction. Hence, the converter operates as an inverter rather than as a rectifier.
Note that since the current can only flow from anode to cathode, the direction of current Id
remains the same.
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 cos 𝛼 , 0 ≪ 𝛼 ≪ 180°, −𝑉𝑑0 ≪ 𝑉𝑑 ≪ 𝑉𝑑0 .
6
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐿1 𝑖𝑠: 𝐼𝐿1 = 𝐼 = 0.780𝐼𝑑 .
𝜋 𝑑
6
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝑃𝑎𝑐 , & 𝑃𝑎𝑐 = 3𝐸 𝐿−𝑁 𝐼𝐿1 cos 𝜃 = 3 𝐸 𝐿−𝑁 𝐼𝑑 cos 𝜃 .
𝜋
3 6 6
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 , 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 cos 𝛼 , 𝑉𝑑0 = 𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) ; 𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 3 𝐸 𝐿−𝑁 𝐼𝑑 cos 𝛼 .
𝜋 𝜋

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 .
1. cos 𝜃 : 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.
2. 𝜃: 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝐿 − 𝑁 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒.
3. 𝛼: 𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.

When there is an overlap angle (u), it causes the ac in each phase to lag behind its voltage.
Therefore, the corresponding decrease in direct voltage due to the commutation delay can
be expressed as: 𝑉
∆𝑉𝑑 = 2𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − cos(𝛼 + 𝑢) .
3
 1
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠: 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − ∆𝑉𝑑 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + cos(𝛼 + 𝑢) .
2
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛿: 𝛿 = 𝛼 + 𝑢.
𝑉𝑑0 1
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠: ∆𝑉𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − cos 𝛿 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑑 = 2 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + cos𝛿 .
2
The overlap angle u is due to the fact that the ac supply source has inductance.

Therefore, the current transfer from one phase to another takes a certain time, which is
known as the commutation time or overlap time (u/w). In normal operation, the overlap
angle is 0° < u < 60°. Whereas in the abnormal operation mode, it is 60° < u < 120°.
Therefore, it can be shown that at the end of the commutation:

3𝐸𝑚
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑠2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − cos(𝛼 + 𝑢) ; 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑠2 = .
2𝑤𝐿𝑐

3𝐸𝑚 6𝐸𝐿−𝑁
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − cos(𝛼 + 𝑢) ; 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − cos(𝛼 + 𝑢)
2𝑤𝐿𝑐 2𝑤𝐿𝑐
Where:
Is2 is the maximum value of current in line-to-line short circuit on ac source.
Lc is the series inductance per phase of ac source.

5
∆𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼−cos(𝛼+𝑢) 𝑉𝑑0 𝐼𝑑
= = ; ∆𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉 .
𝐼𝑑 2𝐼𝑠2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼−cos(𝛼+𝑢) 2𝐼𝑠2 2𝐼𝑠2 𝑑0
𝐼 𝑉
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − ∆𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 2𝐼𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 2𝐼𝑑0 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑅𝑐 𝐼𝑑 .
𝑠2 𝑠2

Where Rc is the equivalent commutation resistance per phase (it does not consume any
power and represents voltage drop due to commutation)
3 3
𝑅𝑐 = 𝜋 𝑋𝑐 = 𝜋 𝑤𝐿𝑐 = 6𝑓𝐿𝑐 .
Figure below shows two different representations of the equivalent circuit of a bridge
rectifier. The direct voltage Vd can be controlled by changing the delay angle α or by
varying the no-load direct voltage using a transformer tap changer.

by changing the delay angle by varying the no-load direct voltage

using a transformer tap changer 6
Example 3

Figure above shows that a rectifier transformer with a tap changer under-load is connected to a large ac
network. Assume that the Thevinin equivalent voltage of the ac network is given as 92.95/161Y kV and
that the impedance of the rectifier transformer is 0.10 pu Ω based on transformer ratings. The sub
transient Thevinin impedances of the ac system are to be computed from the three-phase short circuit
data given in the figure for the faults occurring at the bus.
Assume zero power factor faults in circuits of this size. The bridge rectifier ratings are given as 125 kV
and 1600 A for the maximum continuous no-load direct voltage (i.e., Vdr0) and maximum continuous
current (i.e., Id) respectively. Use the given data and specify the rectifier transformer in terms of the
following:
a. Three-phase kilovolt-ampere rating
b. Wye-side kilovolt rating
7
Solution

a. The three-phase KVA rating of a rectifier transformer can be determined from:

𝑆(𝐵) = 1.047𝑉𝑑0 𝐼𝑑 ; 𝑉𝑑0 = 125𝐾𝑉; 𝑆(𝐵) = 1.047 125𝐾𝑉 1600𝐴 = 209400 𝐾𝑉𝐴

𝑑0 𝑉 125𝐾𝑉
b. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑉𝑑0 = 2.34𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) ; 𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) = 2.34 = = 53.4188𝐾𝑉.
2.34

Example 4:

Use the results of Example 3 and determine the commutating reactance Xc in ohms, referred
to the wye side for all three possible values of ac system reactance.

Solution
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑, 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚:
2 2 2
𝐾𝑉(𝐿−𝐿) 3𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) 3∗53.41𝐾
𝑋𝑠𝑦𝑠 = = = = 2.14𝞨.
𝑀𝑉𝐴 4000𝑀𝑉𝐴 4000𝑀

2
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑌 − 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝐼1∅ ≅ 𝐼
3 𝑑
= 0.816 ∗ 1600 = 1305.6𝐴.
𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) 53.41𝐾
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒: 𝑋(𝐵) = = = 40.915𝞨.
𝐼3∅ 1305.6 8
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠: 𝑋𝑡𝑟 = 𝑋𝑡𝑟 ∗ 𝑋(𝐵)
𝑋𝑡𝑟 = 0.1𝑝𝑢 40.915𝞨 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟓𝞨.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑋𝑠𝑦𝑠 + 𝑋𝑡𝑟 = 2.14 + 4.0915 = 6.2315𝞨

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛, 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚:

2 2
3𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) 3∗53.4188𝐾
𝑋𝑠𝑦𝑠 = = = 3.4243𝞨.
2500𝑀𝑉𝐴 2500𝑀
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑋𝑠𝑦𝑠 + 𝑋𝑡𝑟 = 3.4243 + 4.0915 = 7.5158𝞨

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 1&2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛, 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚:
2 2
3𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) 3∗53.4188𝐾
𝑋𝑠𝑦𝑠 = = = 8.5607𝞨.
1000𝑀𝑉𝐴 1000𝑀
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑋𝑠𝑦𝑠 + 𝑋𝑡𝑟 = 8.5607 + 4.0915 = 12.6522𝞨

9
Example 5:
Use the results of Example 4 and assume that all three breakers are closed, the load tap
changer (LTC) is on neutral, the delay angle a is zero, and the maximum continuous
current Id is 1600 A. Determine the following:
1. Overlap angle u of rectifier.
2. The dc voltage Vdr of rectifier. 𝟔𝑬𝑳−𝑵
𝑰
3. Displacement angle (i.e., power factor) of rectifier. 𝒅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝒖)
𝟐𝒘𝑳𝒄
4. Magnetizing var input to rectifier.
Solution:
1. Since the delay angle is zero, the overlap angle u can be expressed as:
2𝑋𝑐 𝐼𝑑 2𝑋𝑐 𝐼𝑑
𝑢 = 𝛿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 − , 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑚 = 2𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) ; 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 − .
3𝐸𝑚 6𝐸(𝐿−𝑁)
2(6.2315)(1600)
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 − = 32.1°.
6(53.4188𝐾)
3
2. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟: 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑𝑟 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑅𝑐 𝐼𝑑 , 𝑅𝑐 = 𝜋 𝑋𝑐 .
3 3
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝜋 𝑋𝑐 𝐼𝑑 = 125𝐾 1 − 𝜋 6.2315 1600 = 115.479𝐾𝑉.
𝑉 115.479𝐾
3. cos 𝜃 ≅ 𝑉 𝑑 = 125𝐾
= 0.924; 𝜃 = 22.5°.
𝑑0

4. 𝑄𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟(𝑑𝑐) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 115.479𝐾 1.6𝐾 0.414 = 76.532𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅.

10
Example 6:
Assume that all three breakers given in Example 3 are closed, the LTC is on neutral, the dc
voltage of the rectifier is 100 kV, and the maximum continuous dc of the rectifier is 1600
A. Determine the following:
1. Firing angle α.
2. Overlap angle u.
3. Power factor.
4. Magnetizing var input.
Solution:
𝑉𝑑 +𝑅𝑐 𝐼𝑑 3
1. 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑅𝑐 𝐼𝑑 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = , 𝑅𝑐 = 𝜋 𝑋𝑐 .
𝑉𝑑0
3 3
𝑉𝑑 +𝜋𝑋𝑐 𝐼𝑑 100𝐾+𝜋(6.2315)(1.6𝐾)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = = 0.876, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 28.817°.
𝑉𝑑0 125𝐾
1 2𝑉𝑑 2∗100𝐾
2. 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = − 0.876 = 0.724; 𝛿 = 43.627°.
2 𝑉𝑑0 125𝐾

𝛿 = 𝛼 + 𝑢; 𝑢 = 𝛿 − 𝛼 = 43.627° − 28.817° = 14.81°.

𝑉 100𝐾
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ≅ 𝑉 𝑑 = 125𝐾 = 0.8; 𝜃 = 36.87°.
𝑑0

4. 𝑄𝑟 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 100𝐾 ∗ 1600 ∗ 0.75 = 120𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅.

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Example 7:
Use the setup and data of Example 3 and assume that the worst possible second-contingency
outage in the ac system has occurred, that is, two of the ac breakers are open.
1. Determine whether or not a dc of 1600 A causes the rectifier to operate at the second mode.
2. If so, at what Id does the first-mode operation cease?
3. If not, what is Vdr when the dc is 1600A
Solution:

2𝑋𝑐 𝐼𝑑 2(12.6522)(1600)
1. 𝑢 = 𝛿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 − = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 − = 46.3°.
6𝐸(𝐿−𝑁) 6(53440)

𝑢 < 60°, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒

3𝐸𝑚 6𝐸𝐿−𝑁
2. 𝐼𝑑 = 2𝑤𝐿𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − cos(𝛼 + 𝑢) = 2𝑋𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − cos(𝛼 + 𝑢)

6(53440)
𝐼𝑑 = cos(0) − cos(0 + 60) = 2586𝐴
2 ∗ 12.6522

3. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒:

3 3
𝑉𝑑𝑟 = 𝑉𝑑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑋𝑐 𝐼𝑑 = 125𝐾 1 − 12.6522 1600 = 105.6689𝐾𝑉.
𝜋 𝜋

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 12

Example 10:
Assume that all three breakers given in Example 3 are closed, the dc voltage of the
rectifier is 100 kV, the maximum continuous dc of the rectifier is 1600 A, and the firing
angle is zero. Assume that the LTC of the rectifier transformer is used to reduce the dc
voltage to 100 kV.
(a) Open-circuit dc voltage
(b) Open-circuit ac voltage on wye side of transformer
(c) Overlap angle u
(d) Power factor of rectifier
(e) Magnetizing var input to rectifier

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