Lecture: 11

Environmental policy & regulation

What we mean by Policy & Law
Definition of Policy:
 According to William Jenkins (1978) in ‘Policy Analysis: A Political and
Organizational Perspective’
• a policy is a set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or group
of actors concerning the selection of goals and the means of achieving
them within a specified situation where those decisions should, in
principle, be within the power of those actors to achieve.
• Thus, Jenkins understands policy making to be a process, and not
simply a choice.
 Policy can be defined as a "course of action or principle adopted or proposed by
a government, party, business or individual"
Common elements in Public Policy:
 The policy is made in the name of the "public".
 Policy is generally made or initiated by government.
 Policy is interpreted and implemented by public and private actors.
 Policy is what the government intends to do.
 Policy is what the government chooses not to do.
What we mean by Environmental Policy
Environmental Policy:
 Environmental policy is any (course of) action deliberately taken (or not taken) to
manage human activities with a view to prevent, reduce or mitigate harmful
effects on nature and natural resources, and ensuring that man-made changes
to the environment do not have harmful effects on humans.
 Environmental policy focuses on problems arising from human impact on the
environment, which retroacts onto human society by having a (negative) impact
on human values such as good health or the 'clean and green' environment.
What we mean by Environmental Law
Definition of Law:
 Rules established by a governing authority to institute and maintain orderly
coexistence.
 In its most general and comprehensive sense, law signifies a rule of action,
and is applied indiscriminately to all kinds of action; whether animate or
inanimate, rational or irrational.
 In its more confined sense, law denotes the rule, not of actions in general, but
of human action or conduct.
 Environmental law is a body of law, which is a system of complex and
interlocking statues, Common law, treaties, conventions, regulations and policies
which seek to protect the natural environment which may be affected,
impacted or endangered by human activities.
 Some environmental laws regulate the quantity and nature of impacts of
human activities: for example, setting allowable levels of pollution.
 Other environmental laws are preventive in nature and seek to assess the
possible impacts before the human activities can occur.
 Environmental law as a distinct system arose in the 1960s in the major industrial
economies. While many countries worldwide have since accumulated impressive
sets of environmental laws, their implementation has often been woeful.
 In recent years, environmental law has become seen as a critical means of
promoting sustainable development (or "sustainability"). Policy concepts such as
the precautionary principle, public participation, environmental justice, and the
polluter pays principle have informed many environmental law reforms in this
respect (see further Richardson and Wood, 2006).
 Environmental law governs human involvement in the land, water and air,
generally including any impact on the atmosphere, organic and inorganic matter,
and living organisms. Environment law also deals with the socio-economic,
health and cultural impacts of the environment.
Environment Policy Background of Bangladesh
 Initiatives for protection of Environment in Bangladesh dates back to 1972 when
United Nations Conference on Human Environment took place in Stockholm,
Sweden
 The conference brought leaders of the industrialized and developing nations to
chart an Action Plan on Human Environment
  Realization of various adverse impacts on environment as evident from
water pollution, air pollution, soil degradation, depletion of forest resources,
unplanned urbanization, discharge of untreated industrial effluents, etc. and
deterioration of environment.
 In 1989, The Ministry of Environment and Forest was established to address the
emerging environment related issues.
 Bangladesh National Environment Policy approved in May 1992, sets out the
basic framework for environmental action, together with a set of broad sectoral
action guidelines.
 Revision of the old law by enacting the Bangladesh Environment Conservation
Act, 1995
 Restructuring the Department of Environment
 National Environment Management Action Plan has also been prepared
Key elements of BD’s Environment Policy (Objectives)
 Maintenance of the ecological balance and overall progress and development of
the country through protection and improvement of the environment.
 Protection of the country against natural disasters
 Identification and regulation of all types of activities which pollute and
degrade the environment.
 Ensuring proper Environment Impact Assessment prior to undertaking of
industrial and other development projects.
 Ensuring sustainable use of all natural resources.

 Activity remain associate with all international environmental initiatives to

the maximum possible extent.
Coverage of Environment Policy 1992 (2)
 Environmental activities encompass all geographical regions and development
sectors of the country. As such policies towards realization of the overall
objectives of this Environment Policy are delineated in 15 sectors. These are:

• Agriculture
• Industry
• Health & Sanitation
 • Energy and Fuel
• Water Development. Flood Control and Irrigation
• Land
• Forest. Wild Life and Biodiversity
• Fisheries and Livestock
• Food
• Coastal and Marine Environment
 The remaining sectors are:
 Transport and Communication
• Housing and urbanization
• Population
• Education and public Awareness
• Science, Technology and Research
The Policy recognizes that-

• Since global and regional environmental pollution and degradation affect the
nature, environment and resource base of Bangladesh, it is essential to have
coordinated vigilance and undertake necessary action programme to address
such issues.
 
• It is necessary to undertake activities at local and national level it is also feasible
and essential to ensure improvement of national environment and thus global
environment at large as well as environmentally sound and sustainable use of
resource through regional and global cooperation in relevant fields.
Environment Policy and Sustainable Development Linkages
 The ultimate objective of Environment Policy is to ensure environmentally
sound development in all sectors.

 Thus Environment policy is to provide the basic premise to define the goals of
economic and social development in terms of sustainability in the respective
sector and in overall national planning
Environment Laws in Bangladesh
Prime Laws & regulation towards protection of environment & pollution control
Major Provisions in ECA, 1995
Section 4. Power & Functions of the Director General :
• The Director General (of DOE) may take such measures as he considers
necessary and expedient for the conservation of the environment and
improvement of environmental standards. and for the control and mitigation of
environmental pollution and he may issue necessary directions in writing to any
person for discharge of his duties under this Act.
• 4A. Assistance from law enforcing agencies and other authorities.
• Section 5: Declaration of Ecological Critical Area
• Section 6: Restrictions regarding vehicles emitting smoke injurious to
environment  
• Section 12:
• Environment Clearance Certificate: No industrial unit or project shall be
established or adopted without obtaining Environmental clearance, in the
manner prescribed by rules from the Director General .
• Section 13: Formulation of Environmental Guidelines: The Government
may, by notification in the official Gazette from time to time. formulate and
publish environmental guidelines relating to the control and mitigation of
environmental pollution. conservation and improvement of the environment.
• 15 A. Claim for Compensation: Where a person or a group of persons of the
public suffers loss due to violation of a provision of this Act or the rules made
there under or a direction issued under Section 7 (Remedial measures for injury
to ecosystems), the Director General may file a suit for compensation on behalf
of that person, group ….
• Section17:
• Cognizance of offence and claim for compensation: No court shall take
cognizance of an offence or receive any suit for compensation under this Act
except of the written report of an Inspector of the Department or any other
person authorized by the Director General.
 • Rule 7.
• Procedure for issuing Environmental Clearance Certificate:
• In case of all existing industries, projects & green category industry & projects
requires to have an Environmental clearance certificate.
• For the purpose of issuance of environmental clearance certificate , the industrial
units and projects shall, in consideration of their site and impact on the
environment, be classified into the following four categories:
 Green
 Orange – A;
 Orange – B;
 Red.
Procedure for issuing Environmental Clearance Certificate:
Green:
• The applicant should enclose:
- General Information as per prescribed form with fee
- Description of Raw material and finished product
- An NOC from local authority
• Obtain Environmental Clearance
• Renew every 3 years
• Example: watch making & assembling; Book binding; musical instrument;
Artificial leather product; Cane products; tea packaging; etc
Procedure for issuing Environmental Clearance Certificate:
Orange-A:
• The applicant should enclose:
- General Information as per prescribed form with fee
- Description of Raw material and finished product
- An NOC from local authority
- Process flow diagram
- Lay out plan (showing waste treatment plant position)
- Waste discharge plan
- outline of replacement plan (if required)
 Example: Hand weaving clothing factory, Shaw mill, printing press, cinema hall, dry
cleaning, restaurant, Agril. Machinery, Industrial machineries
Procedure for issuance of Orange-B Environmental Clearance Certificate:
• The applicant should enclose:
- General Information as per prescribed form with fee
- Feasibility study of the industry or projects
- Initial environmental Examination (includes Process flow diagram, lay out plan
(showing waste treatment plant position) ETP design)
- Description of Raw material and finished product
- An NOC from local authority
- Emergency plan for addressing immediate environmental impact reduction,
pollution control system
- outline of replacement plan (if required)
- Others
 Example: PVC products; Glass factory, Edible oil; Jute mill; Multistoried commercial &
apartment building; Food processing; Clinic & pathological lab; Garments washing plant;
Re rolling mill, etc
Procedure for issuance of Red category Environmental Clearance Certificate:
• The applicant should enclose:
- General Information as per prescribed form with fee
- Feasibility report
- IEE report along with EIA TOR; (includes Process flow diagram, lay out plan
(showing waste treatment plant position) ETP design)
- An NOC from local authority
- Lay out plan (showing waste treatment plant position)
- Waste discharge plan
- outline of replacement plan (if required)
- Emergency plan for addressing immediate environmental impact reduction,
pollution control system etc
- Others
 Example: Tannery; Dyeing; Iron & ispat production; etc most Govt projects like-
Railway, BIWTC; BIWTA, LGED; BPDB, etc

Points to remember
• Application of Environmental Clearance certificate is digitized now
• After application submission, the highest time limit for issuance of Environmental
Clearance Certificate is one month
• The lowest fee for environmental clearance certificate is 1500/ TK for investment
amounting 1 to 5 lacks while the highest is 500000/ Tk for investment amounting
1000 crore tk.
• Renewal of environmental clearance certificate has to be done as per the rules.
The fees for renewal would be one fourth of the initial fee
• No industry (Orange KHA and Red category) is allowed to establish in an
residential area.
• IEE at the initial stage; EIA during Feasibility study; EMP during implementation
 Lecture: Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development (SD)

1) Sustainable development (SD) merges three important areas —
environmental, social and economic—into an integrated single perspective
2) The notion of SD has been inspired by the ongoing need for an assurance
throughout the world for individual and group opportunities to improve the
quality of life.
3) SD recognizes that the economy and society depend on the biosphere and
environmental processes occurring within them.
Widespread general interest observed in the idea largely because of concerns raised
by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, also known as
the Brundtland Commission; see WCED 1987) about the need for sustainable
societies
• SD is: ‘development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’
WCED (in the Brundtland Report; WCED 1987).
• Sustainability is the goal of the process of sustainable development.
• Importance to this course - whether actions taken by businesses help human
beings towards sustainability or whether they discourage or act against progress
towards sustainability.
• Sustainability, or the ability to sustain life at the highest possible quality,
means that every generation has the ability and is responsible for realization of
the highest quality of life by taking all opportunities for improvement.
• In spite of these different interpretations, ‘SD’ does represent a serviceable
basis for a dialogue about quality of life and how to improve that quality of
life.
• The strength of the idea lies both in its simplicity and in its fundamental
assumption that environmental issues need to be integrated into everyday
thinking, decision-making and accountability processes and that, without
exception, the principle of sustainable development is to be considered in
relation to every environmental problem.
• For example, the EU recognizes that a key element for promoting sustainable
development is the principle of integrating environmental requirements into
other policies.
  The following problems represent some of the critical issues being addressed:
 The vulnerability of life, highlighted by the breakdown of the stratospheric
ozone layer and the accumulation of gases that cause, or exacerbate, the
greenhouse effect (global warming)
 The destruction and waste of biodiversity through damage to and
poisoning of natural living spaces as well as direct eradication by human
activities
 The change in the quality of the oceans because of pollution and over- fishing
and because of rising temperatures in the seas caused by use of water for
energy-generation processes and industrial processes, with consequences for
coral reefs and sea currents
 The exhaustion of potable water supplies in the dry zones of the Earth and
the ever-increasing expenditure on enhancing the quality of drinking water
 The degradation of soils through overuse, erosion, desertification (the
extension of desert boundaries) and the sealing of land surfaces for human
habitation, transport and commercial activities
 The clearing of forests, particularly in the humid tropics
Views of sustainability: Strong & Weak sustainability
• Adherents of strong sustainability state that the existing stock of natural
capital must be maintained and enhanced because the functions it performs
cannot be duplicated by manufactured capital.

• Hence, in their activities humans should use only that natural capital that can
be regenerated.
• Irreversible interference by business in nature’s condition is unacceptable.
Exploitation of fossil fuels has to stop. Environmental and social crisis is
recognized.
• Adherents of weak sustainability , in contrast, accept that manufactured
capital of equal value can take the place of natural capital.
• This perspective allows continued use of stocks of natural capital because
substitution can be made through investment and technical advances in
manufactured capital.
• Only the total value of natural and manufactured capital combined need
correspond to the original value of natural capital for sustainability to be
achieved.
Those who advocate weak sustainability accept that the natural environment can
be mastered through existing economic systems that can be used to help solve
environmental problems
• Strong and weak sustainability are two extreme views of sustainability.
• The strong sustainability is the idealistic one.
• The weak sustainability is arbitrary because there is no substitution for some
aspects of nature.
• A third position, adopted by some economists, takes a view of sustainability
that is midway between weak and strong sustainability.
Inter-generational or intra-generational equity?
• Sustainable development, as defined by WCED (1987), is closely concerned
with intergenerational equity. If such a goal is accepted, then the goal of
intragenerational equity becomes equally important.
• Intragenerational equity suggests that all people should have equal opportunity
to access natural capital, whether they inhabit the poorer countries of the world
with their less-developed economies, or whether they come from countries with
prospering economies.
• Sometimes this concern is referred to as ‘eco-justice’.

• The question is whether opportunities to exploit natural resources are

distributed equally.
• Extravagant use of natural resources contingent on wealth
acquired by the industrial nations and the consequences of poverty,
such as the depletion or erosion of land quality, or an increase in
population, lead to a waste of natural resources.

• Hence the requirement for a global approach to minimum living standards is

becoming more important, and the importance of an ethical standard is
growing as people with a high standard of living waste resources.
• Nevertheless, conflicts between intergenerational and intra-generational
equity need to be resolved in a pragmatic way.
• A rising level of environmental consciousness among business and
attempts to reduce the volume of energy and materials used to achieve given
output levels means that,-
 • from a statistical point of view, the environmental impact (or damage
created by each unit of total sales) is less in the wealthy countries than
it is in the poorer countries —although the total environmental impact
is increasing in the wealthy countries as total output increases and
hence more of the world’s environmental waste sinks are being
dominated by developed countries.
Sustainable Development
To these can be added social and economic problems between developed and
developing countries, which are interrelated with environmental problems:
• Neglect of environmental and social standards in world trade because of different
environmental and social regulations which permit lower standards to be followed
in developing countries
• The decoupling of financial and commercial markets with the danger, for
environmental issues, that worldwide recessions and drastically reduced wealth
associated with stock-market crashes will lead decision-makers to ignore critical
environmental issues
• The increasing indebtedness of many national economies , particularly in the
developing world, with rising interest costs and threats of liquidation that limit
the scope for consideration of environmental issues
• The danger of impoverishment because of economic crises induced by
increasing interdependency in the global economic structure
• Unequal opportunities for education between people in countries with high and
low economic wealth, rural and urban areas, females and males
• The ungovernability of people in mega-cities as represented by the break-down
of infrastructure and corresponding increases in criminality
 No matter in what area of business environmental management is active, three
basic strategies can be distinguished: efficiency, sufficiency and
consistency.
• Strategies of efficiency aim to reduce the environmental damage asso- ciated
with the production of each unit of output.

• Technical, organisational and marketing innovations help reduce material

and energy inputs in such a way that existing consumption patterns and
the financial profitability of production remain at least as high as their
existing levels.
 • Use of fewer material resources in production, extension of the life of
products and production equipment, reduction of waste output and lower
rejection rates are common ways of reducing the environmental impacts of
business.
• Strategies of sufficiency are less of a technical solution to environmental
issues and more of a behavioural or psychological solution.

• Sufficiency means having enough. When an individual has enough of

something then demand ceases and unnecessary use of resources is
curtailed.
• A strategy of sufficiency can follow ‘reflection about the environmental
consequences of personal consumption and way of leading one’s own
life’.
• Strategies of sufficiency place less emphasis on material values as an
important quality of life. Material consumption is not abandoned altogether
but is balanced with a greater emphasis on leisure, a sense of community
and closeness to nature. One problem is that many aspects of business
focus on having more rather than having enough.
• Strategies of consistency, like strategies of efficiency, are linked to techni- cal
innovations. It, however, do not reduce energy and material usage but try to
harmonize such usage with the underlying environmental purpose.
• They strive for ‘a composition of matter streams and energy forms which is able
to exist permanently in an industrial ecology’.
• For example, in a strategy of consistency, traffic lights may be designed
to use the same set of coloured lights in sequence and therefore use a
specific amount of electricity.
• However, in a strategy of efficiency traffic lights could be designed to use
photovoltaic energy, thereby saving on the use of fossil fuels as well as on
material that would otherwise be required to connect a set of traffic lights
to the main electricity transmission system.
• Although strategies of efficiency and sufficiency have physical and
psychological borders, the scope for improved consistency is
unlimited.
• These three strategies cannot always be clearly distinguished from one another.
• For example, re-usable systems can save energy and improve efficiency
as well as provide more consistency than disposable wrappings.
 • Moreover, depending on whether weight or the collection and return of
containers is rated as the key aspect of packaging, the notion of
sufficiency is also involved.

• Business management needs to build its own business strategies, based

on these three types of strategy.
• In simple terms, to be sustainable is to remain in existence. This is a most
appealing notion to business managers.
• Over recent years a number of environmental problems have threatened the
existence of business. The hole in the ozone layer led to a global ban on the
production of halons (as used, for example, in fire extinguishers, air-conditioning
units and refrigerators). The ban was introduced under an international
agreement called the Montreal Protocol. Companies using the banned
technology to produce these products went out of business if they failed to
adapt to the new circumstances by using acceptable substitute raw materials.
• Global warming has also threatened to put manufacturing companies out
of business when they emit too much carbon dioxide (CO2) and has led
insurance companies into financial failure because of unexpected environmental
risks.
• However, at this point, there is no workable international agreement about the
ways in which global warming should be addressed. However, PA is thought to
be one.
• Until such agreement is reached, global warming will remain an important
environmental uncertainty in the strategic thinking of many business
managers.
• Environmentally oriented business management requires reconsideration of
the location and scale of companies (e.g. factories), business areas (e.g.
divisions and departments), performance (e.g. individual products and groups of
products) and the entire business organization.
• It is concerned about inanimate resources, such as material and energy flows,
as well as about the protection of species and animals—the flora and fauna in
the biosphere.
Models of Sustainable Development
• Researchers have developed complex models of SD showing how social,
environmental and economic issues can interlink to determine whether an entity
is sustainable or not – an example being the five capitals model,
• The basis of this model is ‘capitals’, like - natural capital; Human capital;
social capital; manufactured capital & financial capital. Each of these
capitals must be increased for a business to be successful and profitable.
• The Five Capitals Model can be used to allow organizations to develop a vision
of what sustainability looks like for its own operations, products and services.
• The vision is developed by considering what an organization needs to do
in order to maximize the value of each capital.
• However, an organization needs to consider the impact of its activities on
each of the capitals in an integrated way in order to avoid ‘trade-offs’.
Using the model in this way for decision-making can lead to more
sustainable outcomes.
• First capital is the natural capital. This is very much the environment part of
SD.
• Natural Capital is any stock or flow of energy and material that produces goods
and services. It includes:
• Resources - renewable and non-renewable materials
• Sinks - that absorb, neutralize or recycle wastes
• Processes - such as climate regulation
• Natural capital is the basis not only of production but of life itself!
• Organizations must therefore operate within the limits of enhancement or
regeneration of the natural environment and not cause its depletion.
• Human capital is very much a social issue. It covers many people based issues
such as health, knowledge and skill and motivation.
• All those things are needed for productive work.
• Enhancing human capital through education and training is central to a
flourishing economy.
• Without a suitable educated and trained workforce, for example, it will be
impossible for some organizations to operate.
• Damaging human capital by poor work standards has many determinantal
impacts on the ability of an organization to create wealth. Looking after
employees is definitely part of being a sustainable business.
• The 3rd one is the ‘Social Capital’ which is closely linked to the concept of
human capital.
• In an old proverb it is said that ‘two heads are better than one’. In practice this
one is saying that many brains are better than one.
• Social Capital concerns the institutions that help us maintain and develop
human capital in partnership with others; e.g. families, communities, businesses,
trade unions, schools, and voluntary organisations.
• If a business provides mechanisms that allow human relationships to develop,
such as networks and channels of communication, then this will result in
significant benefits. Such benefits include development of common values and
trust allowing the organization’s staff to work more effectively.
• The next capital is ‘manufactured capital’. Up until this capital it is pointless as
an organization if we have a raw material from nature, a well-trained and healthy
workforce and structures in place to communicate if we do not have quality
goods and infrastructure needed to turn raw materials into a product.
• Manufactured Capital comprises material goods or fixed assets which
contribute to the production process rather than being the output itself – e.g.
tools, machines and buildings.
• In this sense then manufactured capital includes items such as
buildings, transport networks, tools, machines and computers.
• This capital should be flexible, innovative and be used to decrease
resource usage and increase efficiency.
• Finally, the fifth capital is the ‘Financial capital’. This is a capital that covers
assets in the form of currency, so basically money!
• Financial Capital plays an important role in our economy, enabling the other
types of Capital to be owned and traded. But unlike the other types, it has no real
value itself but is representative of natural, human, social or manufactured
capital; e.g. shares, bonds or banknotes.
• If our business is not making money, even if the other capitals are being well
managed, then it is not sustainable.
• If we consider this further it can cover many issues such as fair distribution of
wealth, creating wealth in local communities within which a business
operates and considering the other capitals when determining the financial
position of the organization.
• We are facing a sustainability crisis because we're consuming our stocks of
natural, human and social capital faster than they are being produced. Unless we
control the rate of this consumption, we can't sustain these vital stocks in
the long-term.
• We believe that by maintaining and trying to increase stocks of these capital
assets, we can live off the income without reducing the capital itself.
• But for this to happen, it is the responsibility of every organization, business
or otherwise, to manage these capital assets sustainably.
 Lecture: Cleaner production
• Cleaner production
A holistic approach :
* Improving the efficiency of resource utilization
* Minimizing creation of waste and pollution
* Cost reductions and marketing advantage
• Cleaner production is..
* Cleaner production is a practical method for protecting human and environmental
health, and for supporting the goal of sustainable development and is used in
conjunction with other elements of environmental management, (IISD, 2013)

* UNEP introduced the concept of cleaner production in 1989, and defined it as -

'the continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental
strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase overall
efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment'.

*Cleaner Production can be applied to the processes used in any industry,

to products themselves and to various services provided in society
**Cleaner production, also sometimes called pollution prevention (P2), is the
continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy to
processes, products, and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks
to humans and the environment.
What’s in it for us?
* Improved efficiency
* Improved productivity
* Reduced operating costs
* Enhanced public image and marketing advantage
* Reduced environmental risks
* Regulatory compliance
Examples of cleaner production techniques
• Improve housekeeping
• Materials substitution
• Change process or technology
• Reformulate or redesign products
• Reuse and recycle materials on site
Improve housekeeping
• Reduce raw material and product loss due to leaks and spills etc
• Improve monitoring of operations and maintenance
• Schedule production to reduce equipment cleaning
• Train employees in cleaner production
• Improve management inventory of raw materials and products
Materials substitution
• Replace toxic solvent-based coatings with less toxic, water-based coatings
• Eliminate hazardous materials
Change process or technology
• Use mechanical cleaning devices; (vacuum cleaners)
• Reduce high pressure lines to reduce fugitive emissions of air toxins
The EPA defines “fugitive emissions” in the regulations promulgated under title V as
“those emissions which could not reasonably pass through a stack, chimney,
vent, or other functionally-equivalent opening” 
Reformulate or redesign products
• Formulate paint without lead
• Analyse impact: created by products over their life cycle
Reuse and recycle materials on site
• Utilise wastewater and energy
• Reuse product rejects
• Separate waste streams
Where are we at?
Pollution control
Pollutants controlled by filters and waste treatment
Pollution control is evaluated when processes and products have been developed and
when problems arise
Pollution controls and environmental improvements are considered to be always cost
factors for the company
Cleaner production
Pollutants prevented at source through integrated measures
Pollution prevention is an integrated part of product and process development
Pollutants and wastes are considered potential resources and may be transformed
into
useful products and by-products
• Minimize waste reduce, reuse, recycle, evaluate needs, refill, fix, maintain
equipment
• Minimize pollution: design, process control, procedures, emergency measures,
spill control
• Minimize use of resources water, energy, paper, chemicals, plastics
• Key issues
• Openness to change
 • * Continuous improvement
• * Long term objectives
• * Constant review of operations — always looking for a better way
• * Asking the right questions
• How and Where?
Water usage — where can water usage be reduced?
• * washing operations
• * cleaning and rinsing
• * gardening
• * processes
• * heating, steam generation
Wastewater generation — what is in our wastewater?
• - heat
• - raw materials
• - pollution
• - recoverable/reusable products or by-products
Solid waste — how can we reduce, reuse and recycle?
Can any of the waste be avoided?
• - packaging
• - office paper use
• - raw materials and products
• - reject products
• - improve manufacture and management
• - use recycled materials
Chemicals — can any of them be substituted or eliminated?
• - manufacturing processes
• - cleaning operations
• - air conditioning
 • - garden
• - laundry
• - machinery and equipment
• Energy usage
• - process heating
• - boilers, steam and hot water
• - air conditioning
• - lighting
• - pumps
• - kitchens
• - laundry
• - machinery and equipment

Figure in slide
Shift in attitudes from control to prevention
Production with no regard for environmental impacts creates water and air pollution,
soil degradation, and large-scale global impacts such as acid rain, global warming
and ozone depletion.
To create more sustainable methods of production, there needs to be a shift in
attitudes away from control towards pollution prevention and management.

Environmental issues are becoming progressively more complex with passage of time.
Dispersion or dilution of pollution was the only way of tackling pollution after
industrial age. From the beginning of 20th century, It was realized that DILUTION IS
NO SOLUTION TO POLLUTION and concept of controlling pollution came into
practice. With the rising cost of raw materials, energy and other resources,
Recycling and Reuse were encouraged. Then came pollution prevention with focus
on at-source prevention of pollution. A more comprehensive and broader concept
is the cleaner production leading to sustainable development.
Sustainable development is Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Ask the participants to give examples of Recycling, Pollution prevention from their
experience in industries.
Ask the participants about what do they understand by the term “End of Pipe”.
Examples of “End of Pipe” (EOP) measures are installation of ETP, scrubber, bagfilter
and cyclones etc. Although they help in improving environmental performance and for
meeting pollution compliance requirements, they are very costly to install, operate and
maintain continuously.
In contrast, Cleaner production reduces the cost of EOP by reducing the pollution
quantity and in some cases may eliminate EOP altogether. Thus CP offers twin benefit
of improving the environmental performance and reducing input materials and
operational costs.
Example of Cleaner Production Measure:
In textile dyeing, use of low material to liquor ratio would bring about dramatic reduction
in chemicals consumption and effluent load.
CLEANER PRODUCTION MEASURES
• Cleaner production activities include measures such as-

• pollution prevention,
• source reduction,
• waste minimization and
• eco-efficiency.
• They involve better management and housekeeping, substitution of toxic and
hazardous materials, process modifications, and reuse of waste products.
• At its heart, the concept is about the prevention, rather than the control, of
pollution.
ELEMENTS OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
The four elements of cleaner production are:
• The precautionary approach - potential polluters must prove that a substance
or activity will do no harm;
• The preventive approach - preventing pollution at the source rather than after it
has been created;
• Democratic control - workers, consumers, and communities all have access to
information and are involved in decision-making;
• Integrated and holistic approach - addressing all material, energy and water
flows using life-cycle analyses.
• ECONOMIC TOOL
• ENVIRONMENTAL TOOL
• MANAGEMENT TOOL
• QUALITY IMPROVEMENT TOOL

• COST REDUCTION
• POLLUTION CONTROL
• CHEMICAL AND AUXILARIES CONSERVATION
• WATER CONSERVATION
• MARKET REQUIREMENT (ISO 14000)
• BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS
• IMPROVED IMAGE
NEW MARKET OPPORTUNITIES