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    Xam Idea Physics - Class 12 Term 1 and 2 Question Bank

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    15. Energy stored in a Charged Capacitor : -lep - 2-1, Un gor" = 567 gO ‘This energy resides in the medium between the plates. The unit is joule (J) -The energy stored per unit volume of a charged capacitor is given by ) Selected NCERT Textbook Questions Electric Potential and Potential Energy Q.1. Two charges 5 x 10 Gand - 3 x 10° C are located 16 cm apart. At what point(s) on the line joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to be zero. Ans. Let P be a point on the line joining charges = 5X 10" Cand gy = -$ x 10 Gata distance xem from charge 4). Is distance from charge qe will be (16 —x) em, For potential at P where is electric field strength, The unit is joule/m®(\/n 1, 1 V+h=05 GG are,” Ane, Given, ry = xem =x X 10 m, ry = (16 =x) em = (16 =x) x 10 m (3x 1075) (163) x10" Q.2 A regular hexagon of side 10 em has a charge 5 uC at each of its vertices. Calculate the potential at the centre of the hexagon. Ans. Key idea: The potemtial due to similar charges is additive. Let 0 be the centre of the hexagon. In wiangle OAB all angles are 60°, so OA = OB = AB So, in a regular hexagon distance of each corner from centre is equal to the side of the hexagon 1 = OA = OB = OC = OD = OF = OF =a = Wem=0.10m 14 ane, 7 ‘The net potential at 0,V = 6x Here q = 5nG = 5x 10°C, a= 0.10m V = 6x9x10° x5 x12 = 2.7 x10 volt 0.10 Q.3. Two charges 2 uC and ~ 2 uC are placed at points A and B 6 cm apart. (a) Identify an equipotential surface of the system. (0) What is the direction of the electric field at every poi a Xam idea Physics-XIl Ans. (2) Let P(x, y) be a point on zero potential surface. Let A (location, of charge q = 2 uC) be origin of coordinate system. = 2 +)", Distance 1», = y(d =x) +)? Distance where d = 6 cm = 6 x 10° m. Potential at P due to charges q, = +2 Cand q, = 2 wCis given by y-- 4,1 & 1 2xt0* | 1 2xl0%) Fre, 7, So, plane passing through mid point of! everywhere: (0) The direction of elec in figure. Q.4. A charge 8 mG is located at the origin. Calculate the work done in taking a small charge of -2X10" C from a point P(0, 0, 3 em) to a point Q(0, 4 cm, 0) via a point R(0, 6 cm, 9 em). ‘Ans. In electric field the work done in carrying a charge depends only on initial and final points and is independent of path. ‘The points P Q, Rare shown in figure. Charge q = 8 mC joining A and B has zero potential ¢| __ = field is normal to surface PCQ everywhere as shown @|——* 10° Cis located at the origin O. Clearly, R ©, 6em, 96m As electrostatic tive; so the work done 0, Sam. fem) is independent of path. Hence, work done along path PRQ (path 1) is same as work done along path PQ P directly (path 2). By work-energy theorem, the work (0,0,3¢m) done is simply the change i energy at two positions of charge go(sa Work, W=Potential energy of system when change yy isat Q-Potential energy of system when charge qy is at P L(t) x are, ane, Te Ine M\%Q Substituting given values, we get 1.2 joule. 19, 3 9 1 1 yt > 10" (8 107) x(-2% 10") ree] x10 (AS 4x102 3x10 iz Q.5. Acube of side b has a charge q at each of its vertices. Determine the potential and electric field due to this charge array at the centre of the cube. Ans. Os the centre of cube ABCDEFGH. Charge q is placed at each of ei Electric Potential: Side of cube = 0 Length ofeach diagonal =YO°40"40" = VBb Distance of each corner from centre O = half the ht corners of the cube. 1 q 1% 4ne, (J3/2) 4ne, V3D Net potential at O due to all 8 charges at corners of the cube ee Ane, (3b AREy 3b Potential at O due to charge at each corner = V=8: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance a Electric Field: The electric field at O due to charges at all corners of the cube is zero, since, electric fields due to charges at opposite corners such as A and H, Gand D, Band E, F and C are equal and opposite. Q.6. Two tiny spheres carrying charges 1.5 iC and 2.5 .C are located 30 cm apart. Find the potential and electric field (a) at the mid-point of the line joining the two charges, and (6) ata point 10 em from this midpoint in a plane normal to the line and passing through the mid-point. Ans. The potential due to similar charges is additive while electric field at a point due to individual charges are added vectorially. (@) The electric potential at mid point 0, a Ee—o—+F, og SS 21.5 ne 22.5 uC = 30.em=030m 15x10 | 25x10" pose O15 O15 = 9x 10° 2x 10% = 24x 10°V Electric a Id at O due tog, is towards AB and that due to qy is towards BO . The net electric Id at mid point 0 is pen 9-2 ( 44 pare ane, (ar xf Oy O15 4.0 x 10° N/C directed from q, to 4, (b) Let P bea point at distance 10m = 0.10 m from Q, ina plane normal to line AB, AP = BP = (0-15) + 0-10)" = 0-18m Electric potential at vp= |, ane, (AP) (BP) 7 ‘a 0 8 @ 5x10" | 2-5x104 018 me 015 me = 9x10) ESX10% , 25x10. O18 O18 9x10" 4.0 x10 . os 2.0x10° V Electric field at P due t0 q,, 15x10 along AP = 9x10" x=2~""— along AP_ s cosy "8 Net electric Id along BA, E, F | Xam idea Physics-XIl = (By-E,)cos0 = | 2:5%10" 1-510 | noni {28e0* 23" = 9410" «1.010 (0.15) _ 9 5 yeni © 0.18) (oa) 28s10NIC Net electric field normal to AB, £,=(E,+E,) sin 0 ~onso' 2200 415x107 ja 0-18)" O18 4 40%10 10 _ go ro = 9710 Tag = ORKIONIC Net electric field E= JE? +} = Vi23x10°) + (62«10"F = 6.6x10°N/C Ifacis the angle made by resultant ficld with AB then 2 a =tan"! (2,69) = 69.6" That resultant electric field at point P is 6.6 10° N/C making an angle 69.6° to the line joining the charge 2.5 wC to 1.5 uC. Q.7. Ina hydrogen atom, the electron and proton are bound at a distance of about 0.53 A. (a) Estimate the potential energy of the system in eV, taking the zero of potential energy at infinite separation of electron from proton. (6) What is the minimum work required to free the electron, given that its kinetic energy in the orbit is half the magnitude of potential energy obtained in (a)? (c) What are the answers to (a) and (4) above if the zero of potential energy is taken at 1.06 A separa lwors) Ans. (@) Charge on proton q,= + 16x10" G Charge on electron 4: 1.610" (1.610 )(-1.610") 0.53x10" 48.47 x1! we have 43.47 x10" = 9x10" x eV =-27.2eV 16x10" (b) Kinetic energy is always positive, so kinetic energy of electr =13.6eV Total energy of electron =-27.2+ 13.6 =-13.6 eV Minimum work required to free the electron (c) Potential energy at separation, 7, = 1.06 A is ite -— Total energy of bound electron=13.6 eV Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance oo = 9x 10» LS X10 = 2173 x10 y= Potential energy of system when zero of potential energy is taken at ry = 1.06 A Us Up) -Uy =~ 27.2 + 13.6 =~ 13.6 eV Now total energy of hydrogen atom is zero = (= 158.6) eV = 13.6 eV Q.8. Ifone of the two electrons of aH, molecule is removed, we get a hydrogen-molecular ion Hj. In the ground state of an Hz, the two protons are separated by roughly 1.5 A, and the electron is roughly 1 A from each proton. Determine the potential energy of the system. Specify your choice of the zero of potential energy. [HOTS] Ans. The choice of zero potential energy is when all charges are co tially at infinite distance apart. ‘The system of charges: 2 protons (each of charge +e) and an electron (of charge ~) is shown in figure. Minimum work = E =U ‘The potential energy of system 7 {2 ee) ane, Ss “18h 3 1 ane, Given: ry 155107 mre = Tae 16 x10 1x10 10" To 29 x 2.56 x 10" x(-4) = 30.72 x10" Converting it into eV (keeping in mind 1 eV=1.6x10"") 19 OBO eV =-19.2eV 1.6% 10 Thus, electrostatic potential energy of system U=-80.72x 10" joule or ~19.2 eV Q.9. Two charged conducting spheres of radii a and b are connected to each other by a wire. What is the ratio of electric fields at the surfaces of the two spheres? Use the result obtained to explain why charge density on the sharp and pointed ends of a conductor is higher than on its flatter portions. (HOTS) Ans. When conducting spheres are connected by a wire, the potential of each sphere will be the same. te, WV, Igy and gg are charges on them afier connection, then ee Ge, a tne, b F fia Ratio ofcharges g-=$ mo) ‘That is, the ratio of charges on two spheres after their electrical contact is the same as the ratio of their radii. Al Xam idea Physics-XIl Q.10. Electric field strengths on the surfaces of two spheres, -1& re, f(g) mem Thus, the ratio of electric field strengths on their surfaces is equal to the radii nverse ratio of their ?o,and q, =4n i? 6, Ifo, and oy are the sur ice charge densities of two spheres, then q, =4n From (i), Ana’o, ah tio, b oa A flat portion is equivalent to a spherical surface of large radius and a pointed portion that of small radius, Sou _ small Frome Farge Obviously, charge density on flatter parts is very small and on sharp and pointed ends it is very large. ‘A small sphere of radius r, and charge q, is enclosed by a spherical shell of radius ry and charge qz. Show that if q, is positive, charge will necessarily flow from the sphere to the shell (when the two are connected by a wire), no matter, what the charge q, on the shell is. Ans. The potential of inner sphere (due to its own charge and due to charge on shell) is : (3 4) Ane,\j e + Potential of shell, v= L- BH GS ae, erence, V = Vi - 1_(h ~ Potential difference, V = V, ~V, alt 7 4) This is independent of qs. If, is positive, the potential of inner sphere is always greater than the potential of shell; so if both inner sphere and shell are connected by a wire, the charge will necessarily flow from sphere to shell Capacitors Q.11. A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8 pF (IpF = 10"? F). Ans. the distance between the plates is reduced by half and the space between them is filled with a substance of dielectric constant 6? Capacitance of parallel plate air capacitor, ey so" = 8pF (1) in between the plates Becomesd.and the space between the plates sie with ), then new capac KeyA _ 2KeyA dg (2) Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance a Qi Ans. Q.13. ‘Ans. Qu Ans. Q.15. ‘Ans. 2KC = 2x6X8 pF = 96 pF a ‘Three capacitors each of capacitance 9 pF are connected in series: (a) What is the total capacitance of the combination? (6) What is the potential difference across each capacitor if the combination is connected to 120 V supply? (@ Given C, = Cy opr When capacitors are connected in series, the equivalent capacitance Cy is given by Pioiayb yr yr st GGG 9°9"9 9 3 C= 3 pF (0) In series, charge on each capacitor remains the same, so charge on each capacitor OW = (8 x 10° F) x (120 V) 3.6 x 10°" coulomb Potential difference across cach capacitor, V = ‘Three capacitors of capacitances 2 pF, 3 pF and 4 pF are connected in parallel. (a) What is the total capacitance of the combination? (6) Determine the charge on each capacitor if the combination is connected to a 100 V supply. C, =2 pF. C, =3 pk Cy =4 pF (@) Total capacitance when connected in parallel, G, = Cy + Cy + Cy = 243 +4 = 9 pF () In parallel, the potential difference across each capacitor remains the same, ie., V = 100 V. 2 pFisg, = CV =2x 10°? x 100 3 PR gy = GV =3 x 0 x 100 Charge on Cy = 4 pF, qy = Cs = 4 x 107 x 100 = 4 x 107 C Ina parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of 6 X 10° m? and the distance between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 100 V supply, what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor? Charge on C, Charge on Cy [HOTS] Capacitance of parallel plate air capacitor A cab d Given A = 6 X 10% m?,d = 3 mm = 8 x 10% m, gy = 8.85 x 107? Fim. fA _ 8.85x10"" x6 10" SoA _ 885x107 26510" 17.710" F d 3x10" 77x10 Charge on each plate of capacitor, Q= CV = 17.7 x 10° x 100 = 1.77 x 10° coulomb = 1.77 nC Explain what would happen if in the capacitor a 3 mm thick mica sheet (of dielectric constant = 6) were inserted between the plates given in Q 14 above. (a) While the voltage supply remained connected. () After the supply was disconnected. Capacitance of parallel plate air capacitor, eA c= = 177 x we = 177 pF a Xam idea Physics-XIl Qi. Ans. Qs. ‘Ans. When dielectric is introduced between the plates, the new capacitance KeyA =] = 6X 17.7 pk = 106.2 pF. (@) When voltage supply remains connected, voltage across plates remains 100 V and so charge becomes 6-times = 6 X 1.77 nC = 10.62 nC. (0) When voltage supply was disconnected, the charge on each plate remains the same q = 1.77 nt As capacitance is increased to K times, the potential difference V a must decrease to times. New potent diterence y*= 1 = 100166 volt . A 12 pF capacitor is connected to a 50 V battery. How much electrostatic energy is stored in the capacitor? Electrostatic energy stored in capacitor, U = OV Here C= 12 pF = 12x 10" R= U = Fx12x 10 x50) = 15x10" ‘A 600 pF capacitor is charged by a 200 V supply. It is then disconnected from the supply and is connected to the another uncharged 600 pF capacitor. How much electrostatic energy is lost in the process? Given, C, = 600 pF = 600 x 10" FV, = 200 V % 600 x10" x (200)* = 12% 10% J Initial energy stored, Unuas = 5GVe jother uncharged capacitor C,=600 pF is connected across capacitor C, then common difference hth —Gh+0_ Gh G46, G+G, GH = 800 107? x 200 (600 + 600) 10 18: Ves =Z (G +C) V*=1 (600 +600) 10" 100} = 6x10" J = 100V Final electrostatic 2510 — 6x10" = 6x10 ~ Energy lost, AU = Uigiat~ Usa An electrical technician requires a capacitance of 2 uF in a circuit across a potential difference of L kY. A large number of I uF capacitors are available to him, each of which can withstand a potential difference of not more than 400 V. Suggest a possible arrangement that requires a minimum number of capacitors. [Hors] ‘The potential difference can only be increased by connecting capacitors in series, while capacitance can only be increased by connecting capacitances in parallel. To acquire the required arrangement let there be m rows, connected in parallel, each row containing n capacitors in series. Then total number of capacitors N=mn. IfV is the net potential difference and Vy the potential difference across each capacitor, then a wh" T 400 400V Asm cannot bea fraction, we must taken = 3. IfGy is capacitance ofeach capacitor, the capacitance q ofa row = ” Asm rows are connected in parallel, net capacitance mG c= Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance a Given, C=2 uP and Cy= 1K, mx (HF) 3 Minimum number of capacitors, N = mn=3x6=18 Q.19. Whatis the area of the plates of a 2 F parallel plate capacitor, given that the separation between. the plates is 0.5 cm? [You will realise from your answer why ordinary capacitors are in the range of uF or less. However, electrolytic capacitors do have a much larger capacitance (0.1 F) because of very minute separation between the conductors. ‘Ans. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor 4 od 5x102: area a= 4 2x(0.5%107) 0 8.85X10 “This is too large. That is why ordinary capacitors are in the range of pF or even less. However, in electrolytic capacitors the separation (d) is very small, so they have capacitances of the order of 0.1 R. Q.20. Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network in figure alongside. 2ne c 1.13 10°m? For a 300 V supply, determine the charge and voltage across & each capacitor. Te Ans. Given, C,= C4= 100 pF, Gy = 6,=200 pF ‘The capacitors C, and Cy are connected in series, Theix & 4 equivalent capacitance aoe alee 200200 100 pe &*So0v +, 2004200 e G Br ‘The combination of Cy and Cs (ie., C’) is connected in with C), therefore, equivalent capacitance of C, and (’ c 100 + 100 = 200 pF ‘The capacitance €” is in series with C, hence equivalent capacitance between A and B. ce 200x100 _ 200 CC, 20041003 allel 100 pF pF=66-7 pF Toa tags, @=¢r =(28.00°F).o0¥)=2310* ond As C, is connected in series with battery, charge on C, is, Q, = 210% © 9x 10-*C Co eee €100x 10 E As Cy and C, have resultant capacitance C’ equal to C, Potenti 100 pF, so the charge Q is equally divided among two branches; charge on C, is Q, Charge in branch C, and Cis also 1X 10°C. As charge in series remains same, so charges on Ci, and C, are equal to 1x10" Qe =Q = 10°C Oo. ihe G Too. 10” Potential across o0v y, Potential across, C, Potential across, C, = fa Xam idea Physics-XIl Qa. Ans. Q.22. ‘Ans. ‘The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area of 90 cm? each and are separated by 2.5 mm. The capacitor is charged by connecting it to a 400 V supply. (a) How much electrostatic energy is stored by the capacitor? (6) View this energy as stored in the electrostatic field between the plates and obtain the energy per unit volume u. Hence arrive at a relation between u and the magnitude of electric field E between the plates. [wors) 10 em? =90% 104 m? 10% m (@) Given area, Separation, fA _ 8.85210" x 90x10 Capacitance, C=“ spate =31.9x10"F = 31.9 pF Energy stored, us yer" px saxo x (400)! = 2.55 x10°J () Volume of space between the plates V = Ad = 90x 10 2.5 x 107 = 22.5 x 10m? Energy density or energy per unit volume i. 35x 10% uy V" 22.5x10 = 0.113 Jm> Expression for energy stored per unit volume Le 1&4 v2 A 2 aha 1 «(4) io ad Ad ICE is electric field strength between the plates, then E =. Energy density, = Set A4 UF capacitor is charged by a 200 V supply. It is then disconnected from the supply and is connected (o another uncharged 2 uF capacitor, How much electrostatic energy of the first capacitor is lost in the form of heat and electromagnetic radiation? [CBSE (F) 2012) m x 10F, V, = 200V Initial energy of first capacitor Given, C, t= berttxqoaio®) x 2007 = 2240" | 2 When another uncharged capacitor C; = 2 UF, is connected across first capacitor Common potential, GM +0 _ 4x 10%x200 _ 400 volt G+C, 44+2)x10% 3 Final energy, Geer beg enanes( Energy loss, AU = U,—U, = 8 x 1075-33 x 10% = 2.67 x 107 J Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance a ‘Choose and write the correct option(s) in the following questic 1. 3 5 tiple Choice Questions (AML) ‘The ratio of charge to potential of a body is known as (@) capacitance ()) inductance © conductance (d) resistance On moving a charge of 20 C by 2 cm, 2 J of work is done. Then the potential difference between the points is @) 01V sv @2Vv Wo05v In brining an electron towards another electron, the electrostatic potential energy of the system (a) increases (0) decreases (©) remains unchanged (@) becomes zero Electric potential of earth is taken to be zero, because earth is a good (@) insulator () conductor (© semi-conductor (d) dielectric Some charge is being given to a conductor. Then, its potential (a) is maximum at surface. (0) is maximum at centre. (©) remains the same throughout the conductor. (@) is maximum somewhere between surface and centre. Equipotential surface associated with an electric field, which is increasing in magnitude along the X-direction, are (a) planes parallel to YZ-plane. (0) planes parallel to XZ-plane. (©) planes parallel to XY-plane. (@) coaxial cylinder of increasing radii around the X-axis. ‘What is angle between electric field and equipotential surface? (@) 90° always (0) 0° always (©) 0° 90" (W) 0° to 180° A positively charged particle is released from rest in an uniform electric field. The electric potential energy of the charge INCERT Exemplar] (a) remains a constant because the electric field is uniform. (0) increases because the charge moves along the electric field. (©), decreases because the charge moves along the electric field. (d) decreases because the charge moves opposite to the electric field. Figure shows some equipotential lines distributed in space. A charged object is moved from point A to point B. coy NCERT Exemplar] W 10v 20v Sov 4ov Sov tovz0v Sov tov 0 c) (a) The work done in Fig. (i) is the greatest. (0) The work done in Fig. (i) is least. (©). The work done is the same in Fig. (i), Fig. (it) and Fig. (iti). (a) The work done in Fig. (ii is greater than Fig. (i) but equal to that in Fig. (@. @ Xam idea Physics-XIl 10. 12. 13. i. 15. ‘The electrostatic potential on the surface of a charged conducting sphere is 100 V. Two statements are made in this regard: INCERT Exemplar] S, : Atany point inside the sphere, electric intensity is zero. S, : Atany point inside the sphere, the electrostatic potential is 100 V. Which of the following is a correct statement? (a) 8; is true but S, is false. ()) Both S, and S, are false. (©), 8; is true, Sy is also true and S; is the cause of S.. (@) S; is true, Sy is also truc but the statements are independent. Equipotentials at a great distance from a coll approximately (@) spheres () planes (©) paraboloids ( ellipsoids Four capacitors, each 50 iF are connected as shown. The DC voltmeter V reads 100 ¥. The charge on each plate of each cay v rit | ci pe FAK aH = Battery @ 2x 108C (b) 5 x 10% (9) 02C (4) 0.5C ‘The variation potential V with r and electric field E with r for a point charge is correctly shown in the graphs. @ 0 © 7) 3 2| 2 . L e lg E le E | 2 3 32 32 se aely ae y oF y >F\y = = = cs A parallel plate capacitor is made of two dielectric blocks in series. One of the blocks has thickness d, and dielectric constant k, and the other has thickness d, and dielectric constant ky as shown in figure. This arrangement can be thought as a dielectric slab of thickness d (= d,+d;) and effective dielectric constant k. The k is INCERT Exemplar] eo) Bathe Bata @ a 4+; hd thd, Equipotential surfaces INCERT Exemplar] (a) are closer in regions of large electric fields compared to regions of lower electric fields. (©) will be more crowded near sharp edges of a conductor. (©)_will be more crowded near regions of large charge densities, (@) will always be equally spaced. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance BR 16. 17. 19. 20. 21. 22. 28. A 2 UF capacitor is charged to 200 volt and then the battery is disconnected. When it is connected in parallel to another uncharged capacitor, the potential difference between the plates of both is 40 volt. The capacitance of the other capacitor is @ 2nF (4 ur © 8uF @ 16 nF ‘Two identical metal plates, separated by a distance d form a parallel-plate capacitor. A metal sheet of thickness d/2 is inserted between the plates. The ratio of the capacitance after the insertion of the sheet to that before insertion is @) v2: (221 (lel (d) 1:2 n identical capacitors joined in parallel are charged to a common potential V. The battery is disconnected. Now, the capacitors are separated and joined in series. For the new combination: (@) energy and potential difference both will remain unchanged (O) energy will remain same, potential difference will become nV (©) energy and potential both will become » times (@) energy will become n times, potential difference will remain ‘The capacitance of a capacitor becomes 7 times its original value if a dielectric slab of thickness ¢= $d is introduced in between the plates, where dis the separation between the plates. The dielectric constant of the slab is iy u 7 u OT Om oT o> ‘Two capacitors of capacitances 3 j\F and 6 j\F are charged to a potential of 12 V each. They are now connected to each other, with the positive plate of each joined to the negative plate of the other. The potential difference across 3 jF will be @3v W) xer0 (6V Wav ‘The plates of a parallel plate capacitor are 4 em apart, the first plate is at 300 V and the second plate at 100 V. The voltage at 3 em from the second plate is, (a) 200V () 400 V (©) 250 (@) 500V, In the case of a charged metallic sphere, potential (V) changes with respect to distance (r) from the centre as @) oF t t > > = — © oO ¢ = t > > = = Three capacitors of capacitance 1)F, 2 .F and $ uF are connected in series and a p.d. of 11 V is applied across the combination. Then, the p.d. across the plates of I LF capacitor is @) 2Vv av (IV @6V a Xam idea Physics-XIl 24. A conducting sphere of radius R is given a charge Q. The electric potential and the electric field at the centre of the sphere respectively are @ Q / () reroand Oa ty oog antvero Q Q oe ee = e (@ both are zero 25. Four point charges - Q, ~ q, 2q and 2Q are placed, one at each corner of the square. The relation between Q and q for which the potential at the centre of the square is zero is, 1 @ Q= x4 WQ=-q MQ=q 3. (a) 40 5.0) 6. @) 8.40) 10. © 11. @ 12. 13. 0) 14.0) 15. (a), (6), (2. 16. (©) 17.) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. @) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. () Blanks ELS ‘The magnitude of electric field normal to the equipotential surface at the point. given by the change in the magnitude of potential per unit 2. For linear isotropic dielectrics, F = x,F who x, is a constant characteristic of the dielectric and is known as the of the diclectrie medium. 8. The potential energy of two like charged (qyj» > 0) is 4. The potential energy of two unlike charges (gq <0) is jout break-down of its 5. The maximum clectric field that a dielectric medium can withstand insulting property is called its 6. The dielectric constant of a substance is a factor (> 1) by which the capacitance from its vacuum value, when the dielectric is inserted fully between the plates of a capacitor. 7. It is safer to be inside the car rather than standing outside under a tree during lightening is based on concept 8. Equipote surfaces due to long linear change distribution will be in shape. 9. ‘Two capacitors each of capacitance 2 1F are connected in series. Equivalent capacitance will be 10. Electric field is in the direction in which the potential steepest. Answers 1. displacement 2. susceptibility 3. positive 4. negative 5. dielectric strength 6. increases 7. electrostatic shielding 8. cylindrical 9. 1 pF 10. decreases Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance {sn Very Short Answer Questions {MBL Qi Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Name the physical quantity whose SI unit is JC". Is ita scalar or a vector quantity? a u [CBSE Delhi 2010] Electric potential, It isa scalar quantity. Why is the electrostatic potential inside a charged conducting shell constant throughout the volume of the conductor? [CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)] E = O inside the conductor & has no tangential component on the surface. +: No work is done in moving charge inside or on the surface of the conductor and potential is constant In the given figure, charge +0 is placed at the centre of a dotted circle. Work done in taking another charge +q from A to B is W, and from B to C is W,. Which one of the following is correct: W, > Wz, W,=W, and W, < W,? [CBSE Sample Paper 2018] ‘The points A and G are at same distance from the charge +Qat the centre, so 4 = Ve ‘Therefore, V,—Vy = Vo-Vy Hence, the magnitude of work done in taking charge +4 from A to B or from B to C will be the same ive, Wy = Wy, Figure shows the field lines on a positive charge. Is the work done Q by the field in moving a small positive charge from Q to P positive or f negative? Give reason. [CBSE (F) 2014] ‘The work done by the field is negative. This is because the charge is moved against the force exerted by the field. ‘The field lines of a negative point charge are as shown in the figure. Does the kinetic energy of a small negative charge increase or decrease in going from B to A? ICBSE Patna 2015] 8 “A a ‘The kinetic energy of a negative charge decreases while going from point B to point A, against the movement of force of repul on. A point charge +@ is placed at point 0 as shown in the figure. Is the potential difference V,-V, Positive, negative or zero? [CBSE Delhi 2016} 6 8 ‘The potential due to a point charge decreases with increase of distance. So, V,— Vg is positive. Explanation: Let the distance of point A and B from charge Q be ry and rp respectively. one pe = Grey Tre yr, a Xam idea Physics-XIl Ans. Qs. Ans. Ans. Q.10. Ans. Also rary i iw ii aR ee E-EP0 = F-F has positive value a ty Tq ty Ty Also Qis positive, Hence Vy is positive. A point charge @ is placed at point ‘O” as shown in figure. Is the potential at point , ie., Vs, greater, smaller or equal to potential, Vp, at point B, when Q is (i) positive, and (ii) negative charge? 7 [CBSE (F) 2017 oo = ( IEQis positive, Ki KQ Vyas and y= Clearly, V4 > Vp (i) If Qis negative, KQ KQ Y= and Vy 7 Clearly, Vy < Vp Draw the equipotential surfaces corresponding to a uniform electric field in the :-direction. [CBSE 2019 (55/1/1)] The equipotential surfaces are the equidistant planes normal to the z-axis, ie., planes parallel to the X-Y plane, E |. A point charge Q is placed at point O as shown in the figure. The potential difference V,~ Vy is positive. Is the charge Q negative or positive? [CBSE (F) 2016] a We know that, = = Vat r ‘The potential due to a point change decreases with increase of distance. Vy-Vy> 0 = V,>Vz Hence, the charge Q is positive. Depict the equipotential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point charges placed a distance ‘a’ apart. [CBSE Delhi 2010} Equipotential surfaces due to two identical charges is shown in figure. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance wt Que Ans. Qi Ans. Q13. Ans. Qi Ans. Q15. Ans. Q.16. Ans. Qu7. Ans. Q18. Ans. Draw an equipotential surface for a system consisting of two charges Q, ~ Q separated by a distance r in air. Locate the points where the potential due to the dipole is zero. [CBSE Delhi 2017, (AL) 2008, 2013, 2019 (55/2/1)] ‘The equipotential surface for the system is as shown, Electric potential is zero at all points in the plane passing through the dipole equator AB. Why do the equipotential surfaces due to a uniform electric field not intersect each other? CBSE (F) 2012) ‘This is because at the point of intersection there will be wo values of electric potential, which is not possible. “For any charge configuration, equipotential surface through a point is normal to the electric field.” Justify. [CBSE Delhi 2014) The work done in moving a charge from one point to another on an equipotential surface is zero. Ifelectrc field is not normal to the equipotential surface, it would have non-zero component along the surface. In that case work would be done in moving a charge on an equipotential surface, Why is the potential inside a hollow spherical charged conductor constant and has the same value as on its surface? [CBSE (F) 2012] Electric field intensity is zero inside the hollow spherical charged conductor. So, no work is done in moving a test charge inside the conductor and on its surface. Therefore, there is no potential difference between any two points inside or on the surface of the conductor: V,V,=-[E.d=0 =V,=V,=Constant A hollow metal sphere of radius 5 em is charged such that the potential on its surface is 10 V. What is the potential at the centre of the sphere? [CBSE (AD 2011) Potential at centre of sphere = 10 V. Potential at all points inside the hollow metal sphere (or any surface) is always equal to the potential at its surface. A A charge ‘q’ is moved from a point A above a dipole of dipole moment ‘p’ to a point B below the dipole in equatorial plane without acceleration. Find the work done in the process. [CBSE Central 2016] Work done in the process is zero. Because, equatorial plane of a dipole is equipotential surface and work done in moving charge on equipotential surface is zero. WH qn = qx Why is there no work done in moving a charge from one point to another on an equipotential surface? [CBSE (F) 2012] ‘The potential difference between any two points of equipotential surface is zero, We have w W-% => W=0 therefore, the work done in moving a charge on an equipote Figure shows the field lines due to a negative point charge. Give the sign of the potential energy difference of a small negative charge between the points A and B. [CBSE (F) 2014] 1 an ae, Ke Sp Si a Xam idea Physics-XIl Q19. Ans. Q.20. Ans. Qa. ‘Ans. Q.22. Ans. Q.23. Ans. Q.24. Ans. ‘Therefore, U,— Up is positive. What is the amount of work done in moving a point charge Q around a circular arc of radius ‘r’ at the centre of which another point charge ‘g’ is located? [CBSE North 2016] | The potential of points 4 and B are same being equal to \ Capo o 4 Ya Grek where 2 is the radius of the circle. Work done W= q (V_— V4) = (V, . ‘The figure shows the field lines of a positive point charge. What will be the sign of the potential energy difference of a small negative charge between the points Q and P? Justify your answer. [CBSE Guwahati 2015] The sign of the potential energy difference of a small negative charge will be positive. This is because negative charge moves from a point ata lower potential energy to a point at a higher potential energ) Do free electrons travel to region of higher potential or lower potential? [NCERT Exemplar] Free electrons would travel to regions of higher potentials as they are negatively charged. Can there be a potential difference between two adjacent conductors carrying the same charge? INCERT Exemplar] Yes. Show that the equipotential surfaces are closed together in the regions of strong field and far apart in the regions of weak field. Draw equipotential surfaces for an electric dipole. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016] Equipotential surfaces are closer together in the regions of strong field and farther apart in the regions of weak field. av dr E = negative potential gradient Forsame changein dV, <4. where represents the ir distance between equipotential surfaces. At Concentric equipotential surfaces due to a charged body placed at the 30V centre are shown. Identify the polarity of the charge and draw the electric z0v field lines due to it. [HOTS]{CBSE Sample Paper 2016] tov Fora single charge the potential is given by 7 =! ane, r “This shows that Vis constant ifris constant, Greater the radius smaller will be the potential. In the given figure, potential is increasing, This shows that the polarity of charge is negative (~q). The direction of | electric field will be radially inward. The field lines are directed from higher to lower potential. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance e Silla iu (melted ALS) Qi Ans. Ans. O73. Ans. Three points A, B and C lie in a uniform electric field (E) of 5 x 10° NC as shown in the figure. Find the potential difference between 4 and C. [CBSE (F) 2009] ‘The line joining B to C is perpendicular to electric field, so potential of B = potential of Cie, Vq= Vi; Distance AB =4 cm Potential difference between A and C = E x (AB) 5x 10x (4 x 102) = 200 volt ‘Two uniformly large parallel thin plates having charge densities +c and ~ c are kept in the XZ plane at a distance ‘d’ apart. Sketch an equipotential surface due to electric field between the plates. Ifa particle of mass m and charge ‘-g' remains stationary between the plates, what either plate in XZ plane. For a particle of Change ea ay | f ; (i) electric force gE acts vertically upward. ae | is the magnitude and direction of this field? [CBSE Delhi 2011) ‘The equipotential surface is at a distance d/2 from . (-q) at rest between the plates, then nea @ weight mg acts vertically downward : - mg = 9E (zona) me B= 7E ontially downward, ie, along Y-axis, Plot a graph comparing the variation of potential ‘V’ and electric field ‘E’ due to a point charge ‘Q’ as a function of distance ‘R’ from the point charge. [CBSE Dethi 2012] The graph of variation of potential and electric field due to a point charge Q with distance R from the point charge is shown in What is electrostatic shielding? How is this property used in actual practice? Is the potential in the cavity of a charged conductor zero? ICBSE South 2016] Whatever be the charge and field configuration outside, any cavity in a conductor remains shielded from outside electric influence, The field inside a conductor is zero. This is known as clectrostatie shielding. Sensitive instruments are shielded from outside electrical influences by enclosing them in a hollow conductor, = During lightning it is safest to sit inside a car, rather than near a tree. The met a car becomes an electrostatic shielding from lightening. lic body of Potential inside the cavity is not zero. Potential is constant. Draw 3 equipotential surfaces corresponding to a field that uniformly increases in magnitude but remains constant along Z-direction. How are these surfaces different from thatofa constant electric field along Z-di [CBSE (AD) 2009] a Xam idea Physics-XIl Ans. Ans. Qs. Ans. Ans. For constant electric field E For increasing electric field a dy 4s de fv av av cs ml wre way o=02 ay> de Difference: For constant clectric field, the equipotential surfaces are equidistant for same potential difference between these surfaces; while for increasing electric field, the separation between these surfaces decreases, in the direction of increasing field, for the same potential difference between them. Why does current in a steady state not flow in a capacitor connected across a battery? However momentary current does flow during charging or discharging of the capacitor. Explain. [CBSE (Al) 2017] (@ In the steady state no current flows through capacitor because, we have two sources (battery and fully charged capacitor) of equal potential connected in opposition. (a) During charging or discharging there isa momentary flow of current as the potentials of the two sources are not equal to each other. 23) 8 A test charge ‘g’ is moved without acceleration from 4 to C along the path from A to B and then from B to C in electric field E as shown in the figure. (@ Calculate the potential difference between 4 (f At which point (of the two) is the electric ‘more and why? [CBSE (AI) 2012] ‘cic field is conservative in nature, the amount of work done will depend upon initial and final positions only. Work done W =F .d Hence (i) Ve > Vy, because direction of electric field is in decreasing potential. Find the charge on the capacitor as shown in the circuit. Sor [CBSE (F) 2014) It R= 1004+200=300 100 20 Charge, 4 | Figure shows two identical capacitors, C, and C;, each of 1 uF capacitance connected to a battery of 6 V. Initially switch ‘S* is closed. After sometimes ‘S" is left open and dielectric slabs of dielectric constant K = 3 are inserted to fill completely the "> space between the plates of the two capacitors. How will the (i) charge and (ii) potential difference between the plates of the capacitors be affected after the slabs are inserted? [CBSE Dethi 2011) When switch Sis closed, p.d. across each capacitor is 6V Vj =, =6V AF Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance i Q10. Ans. Ans. Charge on cach capacitor 4 CV = (1p) x 6) When switch. is opened, the p.d. across, remains 6 V, while the charge on capacitor C remains 6 KC, After insertion of dielectric between the plates of each capacitor, the new capacitance of each capacitor becomes X [nF =3 uF oy 6 uC ifference across C, remai Potential difference across Cy becomes 4% _ 6c 2" Gy" gar 729 (@) A parallel plate capacitor (C,) having charge Q is connected, to an identical uncharged capacitor C in series, What would be the charge accumulated on the capacitor C,? (®) Three identical capacitors each of capacitance 3 j\F are connected, in turn, in series and in parallel combination to the common source of V volt. Find out the ratio of the energies stored in two configurations. [CBSE South 2016] (@ Since the capacitor Cy is uncharged so when connected to an identical capacitor C, charged (@ Charge on capacitor Cy, 4’; Charge on capacitor Cy remaii (i) Potential 8 uF) x 6 V = 18 uC ov. to Q then charge Q is equally shared and charge acquired by capacitor C, is 5 (D) We have C AlS0, € jong = (8-43 +8) = 9 BF 1 Energy stored = SCV" By 3 Energy in series combination pater = U, Energy in parallel combination = $x onto x2 > Una Uyeien | Upuates = 19 . Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in series is I .F. What will be their net capacitance if connected in parallel? Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations if they are both connected to the same source. [CBSE (AD) 2011) Let C be the capacitance of each capacitor, then in series 111,13 c ec 3X LpF =3 pF When these capacitors are connected in parallel, net capacitance, C, = 3 € = When these two combinations are connected to same source the poten combination is same. Ratio of energy stored, x 3=9 pF I difference across each fs Xam idea Physics-XIl Q.12. Find the equivalent capacitance of the network shown in the figure, when each capacitor is of 1 hE. When the ends X and Y are connected to a 6 V battery, find out (i) the charge and (i) the energy stored in the network. [CBSE Patna 2015] r xe ‘Ans. The given circuit can be rearranged as SK KM a, PA] fe), bv BV ev Ly Itis known as wheatstone bridge of the capacitor, Since Vy = Vp, so the bridge capacitor between points A and B can be removed. (@ The equivalent capacitor of the network xe, Ox. c+0*G+e c,¢ Hate = C= 1pF Charge in the network, Q= Gy ¥ oxr = 1nFX6V = 6nC (i) Energy stored in the capacitor, v= 50,0 = Px IHEX 6? = 189] Q. 13. The figure shows a network of five capacitors connected to a 10 V battery. Calculate the charge acquired by the 5 uF capacitor. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/3)] Sur 10uF 15 UF E tour 20uF 1H ce 40v 7 . Ans. Net capacitance of parallel , & Cy = C, + Cy c Gy = 15-45 = 200F Net capacitance of parallel G, & C, = C + Cs Cys = 10+ 10 = 20nF Only, Crs _ 20x20 in series, Cja45 = . - | Ca Ci 08 Cae = ee = apeaD 7 HOOF i ov Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance A Cin parallel with Cys45, 10 +20 = 300F PD. across C\y45 = 10 V PD. across Cs Charge on 5#F, Q = CV 5x10" x 5G 25 x 10°C Q. 14, Four charges +q,—q, + gand—q are to be arranged respectively at the four corners of a square ABCD of side ‘a’. (@) Find the work required to put together this arrangement. (©) A charge qy is brought to the centre of the square, the four charg. held fixed. How much extra work is needed to do this? [HOTS\CBSE (F) 2015] ‘Ans. (a) Work done in bringing charge +q at point 4 > 4 W=0 A 8 Work done in bringing charge ~q to the point B W,-Wy =-qx 4-1 nea ane, a Work done in bring the charge +y to the point C ny Fae We =Wyc Wp zqx—_ 4 449,(-_1 4 i. ane, aft { =) ne, a2 tne, a Work done in bringing a charge ~q to the point D 1p = Way + Want Wen ot 2 fa 0g ol aaah) Paes Total work done W=W,+Wy+ Wet Wy Lt ane, a a wes) (0) Work done in bringing a charge from infinity to a point is given by W=¢ol, (V,= Electric potential at the point) Electric potential at the centre of the square is v £0-4(3:46-44 0 as, 5)" ae, 5)" ane, 5)” ane and electric potential at infinity is always zero. Hence, work done W= 0. Q.15. Consider two conducting spheres of radii R, and Ry with R, > R,. If the two are at the same potential, the larger sphere has more charge than the smaller sphere. State whether the charge density of the smaller sphere is more or less than that of the larger one. [HOTS|NCERT Exemplar] Ans. Since two spheres are at the same potential, therefore Vy Q Q “‘ne,R, 4m ,R, Q_R® . ar “ QR fe Xam idea Physics-XIl Q16. Ans. Qi Ans. Given, Ry>Ry 2 Q>Q = Larger sphere has more charge Now, 2 an QR QR 6, Ry RP 2 ae [From equation (i)] Since R, > Ry, therefore 6 > 6, Charge density of smaller sphere is more than that of larger one. The two graphs are drawn below, show the variations of electrostatic potential (V) with — (r being the distance of field point from the point charge) for two a point charges q, and gy. (i) What are the signs of the two charges? (i) Which of the two charges has the larger m: — je and why? lwors} = ( The potential due to positive charge is positive and duc to negative charge, itis negative, so, qs positive and qz is negative. 174 (i) V= Fer ‘The graph between Vand 1 is r Asthe magnitude of slope of the line due to charge gg is greater than that due to q,,qg has larger magnitude ‘Two identical capacitors of 12 pF each are connected in series across a 50 V battery. Calculate the electrostatic energy stored in the combination. If these were connected in parallel across the same battery, find out the value of the energy stored in this combination. [CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)] raight line passing through the ori 4 with slope Fe Net capacitance in series combination is given by $x 6x10"? «50% 50 500 x 10" 7.5 x 10°] Net capacitance in parallel combination is given by Gy, = 12 pF + 12pF 1 pF E = $6," hl 2 po Het x10 5050 =3x10"y Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance {a SSeS DLO SOU) Rue Qi Ans. Ans. Define an equipotential surface. Draw equipotential surfaces [CBSE Gentral 2016) (0 im the case of a single point charge and (i) ina constant electric field in Z-direction. Why the equipotential surfaces about a single charge are not equidistant? (iii) Can electric field exist tangential to an equipotential surface? Give reason. An equipotential surface is the surface with a constant value of potential at all points on the surface. Equipotential surface fea nes ( Incase of a single point charge Here point charge is positive, if itis negative then ot Eauipotential id will be radially inward but equipotential surfaces are same and are concentric spheres with centres at the charge. (ii) In case of electric field in Z-direction _ Potential ofa point charge ata distance ¥ = Gre Vat r (X-Y) plane Hence equipotential surfaces about a single charge are not equidistant, z (ii) No if the field lines are tangential, work will be done moving a charge on the surface which goes against the definition of equipotential surface. % Show that the potential energy of a dipole making angle 0 with the direction of the field is given by U(0) =-P .E. Hence find out the amount of work done in rotating it from the position of unstable equilibrium to the stable equilibrium. [CBSE East 2016) The potential energy of an electric dipole in an electric field is defined as the work done in bringing the dipole from infinity to its present postion in the electric field. Suppoxe the dipole is brought from infinity and placed at orientation @ with the direction of electric field. ‘The work done in this process may be supposed to be done in two parts, ( The work done (IV) in bringing the dipole perpendicular to electric field from infinity (#) Work done (1¥2) in rotating the dipole such that it finally makes an angle @ from the direction of electric fi a. Let us suppose that the cleetrie dipole brought from infinity in the region of a uniform electric field such that its dipole moment always remains perpendicular to electric field The electric forces on charges +9 and ~q are gE and ~ 8, along the field direction and opposite to field direction respectively. +<— From infinity qual distance therefore, net work done in bri As charges +g and -y travers under equal and opposite force of electric field perpendicular to field-direction will be zero, ie., W Now the dipole is rotated and brought to orientation making a (i.e, 0) = 90° and 0; = 0), therefore, work done 1g the dipole in the region 0. gle 0 with the field direction al Xam idea Physics-XIl Ans. pE (cos 0 cos 8,) PE (cos 90° cos 0)= = PE cos 0 Total work done in bringing the electric dipole from infinity, ie., Electric potential energy of electric dipole U=H,+W,=0 =p cos 0 == pE cos 0 -p-E For rotating dipole from position of unstable equilibrium (0,= 180°) to the stable equilibrium (0-0) Wy =PE(cos 180° cos 0°) BCA -1) =~ 2pE In vector form U . Three concentric metallic shells A, B and C of radii a, b and c (a 1 increases; therefore, charge on plates increases. (iii) The capacitance of eapacitor i (ie) The charge Q = Cl, V = same, C () Energy stored by capacitor U = fev? also increases. @ Find equivalent capacitance between A and B in the combination given below. Each capacitor is of 2 uF eapacitance. & a[& &]& aii 8 Qi (ii) If.a de source of 7 V is connected across AB, how much charge is drawn from the source and what is the energy stored in the network? [CBSE Delhi 2017 Ans. (i) Capacitors C,, Cy and C, are in parallel Coy = Cy + Cy + Cy = 2 uF + 2 pF + 2 UF ogy = OU Capacitors Gy, Czy, and C; are in series, 1 ati oon ol a” G G2 76t2 oe 6 6 Cg = GRE (i) Charge drawn from the source Q=CyV = Sx7uc = 6ue g Energy stored in the network, U = 36 6x6x10 x7 6 = SXBX10 XT) <1 x10 J = 21 2x6x10 J J WJ Q.8. ‘Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y have the same area of plates and same separation between. them. X has air between the plates while Y contains a dielectric medium x y 5 =4. tt tf ( Calculate the capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent capacitance of the combination is 4 (ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X and ¥. 4 os (iii) Estimate the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y. ‘sv [CBSE Dethi 2016) Ans. Capacitance of X, €, Capacitance of ¥ CG, “ Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 2 (2, In series charge on each capacitor is same, so oe 1 Rd. VEG aver WaGa4 ay, =4y, (ii) vy Also Vy tVy= 15 (ii) From (i) and (ii), Vy + Vy Vy=3V Vx = 15 2V ‘Thus potential difference across X, Vy = 12 V, Pd. across Y, Vy = 3 V nergy storedin XQ? /2C, Energy soredin¥ Q7/2G, Gj 1 0, 1 Q.9. Ina parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of 5 X 10° m* and the separation between the plates is 2.5 mm. ( Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. (ii) If this capacitor is connected to 100 V supply, what would be the charge on each plate? (iii) How would charge on the plates be affected, if a 2.5 mm thick mica sheet of K = 8 is inserted between the plates while the voltage supply remains connected? [CBSE (F) 2014] 4_ Uy 4 oe (iti) Ans. (@ Capacit fA ns. (i) Capacitance, ¢ = 2 - d 8.85 x10"! x 5x10 25x10 17.7 x10 F (i) Charge Q = CV = 17.7 x 10" x 100 = 177 x10" (ii) New charge, Q = KQ X ITT X 10" 416 xX 10°C Q-10. A 200 uF parallel plate capacitor having plate separation of 5 mm is charged by a 100 V de source. It remains connected to the source. Using an insulated handle, the distance between the plates is doubled and a dielectric slab of thickness 5 mm and dielectric constant 10 is introduced between the plates. Explain with reason, how the (i) capacitance, (ii) electric field between the plates, (if) energy density of the capacitor will change? [CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)] ‘Ans. Dielectric slab of thickness 5 mm is equivalent to an air capacitor of thickness = > mm. Effective separation between the plates with air in between is = (5 + 0.50) mm = 5.5 mm. ( Effective new capacitance = 1820F (i) Effective new electric field 1007 _ 200000 55x10%m 1 = 18182 Vim Vim, where E = 20000 Vim New energy density () Original energy density fa Xam idea Physics-XIl New Energy density willbe (7?) of the original energy density = 190 the original energy den Q. 11. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is charged to a potential V. Itis then connected to another uncharged capacitor having the same capacitance. Find out the ratio of the energy stored in the combined system to that stored initially in the single capacitor[CBSE (Al) 2014) ‘Ans. Energy stored in the capacitor = CV" Net capacitance of the parallel combination (when capacitors are connected together) C+C= 7. Since the total charge Q remains same, initial energy = 37> 2 Final energy % 22@0) 2 Q.12, Calculate the equivalent capacitance between points A and B in the circuit below. Ifa battery of 10 V is connected across 4 and B, calculate the charge drawn from the battery by the circuit. [CBSE East 2016] y= 10 uF = 20nF a— 50 uF 8 10 uF Ans. This is the condition of balance so there will be no current across PR (50 AF capacitor) A . 8 Now C, and C, are in series GG. _10%20 200 _ 20 G+, 10420 30 3 Cy and C, are in series G 5x10 = wv 510 Equivalent capacitance between A and B is eee — 40,222 : 8 8 Gaske ®atone we aw Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance la Qi. Ans. Qi. Ans. Hence, charge drawn from battery (Q) = = 10 x 10pC = 100 pC = 104 G ‘Two capacitors of unknown capacitances C, and C; are connected first in series and then in parallel across a battery of 100 Y. If the energy stored in the two combinations is 0.045 J and 0.25 J respectively, determine the value of C, and C,. Also calculate the charge on each capacitor in parallel combination. [CBSE Delhi 2015] Energy stored in a capacitor, E = In parallel, (C, + €,)(100F ali) CC, In series, ‘1007 ti) From (i) 0.25 x 2x 104 5x 10% (iit) From (ii) 0.045 x 2 x 107 Grey 7 009 x 104 = 9 x 10 From (iii) ©, Cy = 9X10 X5X10% = 4.5 x 107” wltv) 8.2 x 10% x 100 = 38.2 x 104 Q=CV 1.8 x 10% x 100 = 11.8 x 104 ‘Two capacitors of capacitance 10 j1F and 20 jiF are connected in series with a 6 V battery. After the capacitors are fully charged, a slab of dielectric constant (K) is inserted between the plates of the two capacitors. How will the following be affected after the slab is introduced: (a) the electric field energy stored in the capacitors? () the charges on the two capacitors? (©) the potential difference between the plates of the capacitors? Justify your answer. [CBSE Bhubaneshwer 2015] Initial charge on cach capacitor Q=cr, Q where Vand Vy are p.d across the capacitors On inserting the dielectric slab the capacitance of each capacitor becomes a Xam idea Physics-XIl (@) New electric field energy becomes Q? _ ke U ive., electric field energy increases in each capacitor. (0) Q'=KQ (as stated above) ie., charges ar ko 6 o v,=-£--8 rreases on each capacitor. and i.e., pd across each capacitor remains same. Q.15. A 12 pF capacitor is connected to a 50 V battery. How much electrostatic energy is stored in the capacitor? If another capacitor of 6 pF is connected in series with it with the same battery connected across the combination, find the charge stored and potential difference across each capacitor. i [CBSE Delhi 2017) Ans. Electrostatic energy stored, U= CV" = Fx 12x10"? «50x50 J= 15 x 10° J Equivalent capacitance of 12 pF and 6 pF, i DLLs c 12 > c Charge stored across each capa Q=CV =4x 0? x50V x10"G nation, change on each capacitor is same. Charge on each capacitor, 12 pF as well as 6 pF is same Potential difference across capacitor C, In series com! (12 pF capacitor) ax10-!9 2 Potential differ Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 2 Q.16. Two identical capacitors of 12 pF each are connected in series across a battery of 50 V. How much electrostatic energy is stored in the combination? If these were connected in parallel across the same battery, how much energy will be stored in the combination now? Also find the charge drawn from the battery in each case. [CBSE Dethi 2017] — Ay 12 pF 12pF ‘Ans. In series combinat 13) k i i 6X10" x50%50 tye J ov x10!y Q=6,V=6x 10? x50 =800 x 10 G=8 x 10 12pr In parallel combination: C, = (12 + 12) pF s G,= 24 x PF Ex 24x10" 2500 J 3x10] 1apF ov ‘ Q,=24 x 10 x 506 Q,= 1.2 x 10°C Gov Q. 17. In the following arrangement of capacitors, the energy stored in the 6 uF capacitor is E. Find the value of the following: “AT ( Energy stored in 12 uF capacitor. {HE (i) Energy stored in 3 uF capacitor. (iii) Total energy drawn from the battery. [CBSE (F) 2016] our Ans. Given that energy stored in 6 pF is E. ( Let V be the voltage acros 6 UF capacitor T Abo, 6 uF and 12 4F capacitors ar parallel, “Therefore, voltage across 12 F = Voltage across 6 LF capacitor Ve lea E vad ox” oa ae > & L E y Energy stored in 12uF=112x| [© | 26 ay sor n tnt Latzr{ fF (i) Since charge remains constant in series. Sum of charge on 6 jF capacitor and 12 nF capacitor is equal to charge on $ uF capacitor Using Q = Cr, Charge on 3 uF capacitor = (6 + 12) x V = 18 x Q* _ (sv)? _ 18x18) 2x3 6 Energy stored in 3 F capacitor (ii) Total energy drawn from batery = E +26 + ISB = 21 fe Xam idea Physics-XIl Q 18. Calculate the potential difference and the energy stored in the capacitor C, in the circuit shown in the figure. Given potential at A is 90 V, C, = 20 uF, Cy = 30 uF, C, = 15 uF. [CBSE Allahabad 2015) ‘ a @ & - Ans. Capacitors C), Cz and n series. So, its net capacitance is Net charge on the capacitors, C), C, and C, remain same. = Cy Vp . 2 uk(90-0)= 600 uC “The pud across Cy due to charge 600 WC is pe con G30 Energy stored in the capacitor C, > SOME «(20)* = 6000 yJ= 6X10" J Q.19. Inanework, four eapacitors Cy, Czy C; and C, are connected as shown in the figure. 2 04 Gy=3uF HE ev (a) Calculate the net capacitance in the cire (6) If the charge on the capacitor C, is 6 j1C, (i) calculate the charge on the capacitors C, and Cy, and (ji) net energy stored in the capacitors Cy and C, connected in seri it. [CBSE 2019 (55/2/3)] Ans. (a) Capacitance across Cy & C 7 19x4 es One 64,2 PA sur : ‘ Capacitance across C & C, ia i Cig=6+3=9nF | r Equivalent capacitance oo C 9x3 _ 9nF Cy=3 nF 12 4 Q ) @ Q= 6, YS G if 6 " 8x17 oy 3x10 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance {an Qe = CV, = 6X 10% x2 = 12nC As Cy & C, are in series they earry a (i) Q= 18nG rge of 18 HC ca (8x10)? 3x10" 14x 10°Sjoule Q.20. ‘Two identical parallel plate (air) capacitors C, and Cy have cy capacitances C each. The space between their plates is now filled with dielectrics as shown. If the two capacitors still have equal capacitance, obtain the relation between dielectric constants K, K, and K,. [HOTS] (CBSE (F) 2011} Ans. Let A> area of each plate, EA a % After inserting respective dielectric slabs: KC a) £5 (IQ) KyEy(AI2) eg Eg a Let initially C, and lid) From (i) and (ii) C,=C, = KC 2 1 Cu tky = K=hK +k Q.21. You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor C,. The space between its plates is now filled with slabs of dielectric constants K; and K, as shown in C. Find the capacitances of the capacitor C;, ifarea of the plates is A and distance between the plates is d. (HOTS) {CBSE (F) 2011) Ans. 2 oy KA 1% ‘ Fe +K, | Q. 22. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as that of the plates of a parallel plate capacitor but has the thickness d/2, where d is the separation between the plates. Find out the expression for its capacitance when the slz inserted between the plates of the capacitor. P! pact pl 7 [HOTS] [CBSE (Al) 2013) Ans. ‘Area =A Separation'a” Vacuum Dialectic a Xam idea Physics-XIl Capacitance with dielectric of thickness‘ coo Putt ¢ d-tet K yA 2eyAK 7d a os a4, + 741) aKe0 272K 272K i) ce) Q.28. Two identical parallel plate capacitors A and B are connected (o a battery of V volts with the switeh closed. The switchs now opened and the free space between the plates ofthe capacitors isfilled with a dielectric of dielectric constant K. Find the ratio ofthe total electrostatic energy stored in both capacitors before and after the introduction of the dielectric. [CBSE (41) 2017] s Ans. ‘Two capacitors are connected in parallel. Hence, the potential on each of them remains the same. So, the charge on each capacitor is Q = Qy = CV 2 Formula for energy stored = CV" 1g Ne =20 scapaianc ih sich Sdosed = 6 6 = bxacxr =r! Energy store Alter the switch S is opened, capacitance of each capacitor = In this case, voltage only across A remains the same. Q_2 The voltage across B changes to V" Energy stored in capacitor A Energy stored in capacitor B= ‘Total energy stored Svea = cre) EEL Required ratio Q.24. A charge Q is distributed over the surfaces of two concentric hollow spheres of radii r and R (R >> 1), such that their surface charge densities are equal. Derive the expression for the potential at the common centre. [CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)] Ans. Ifcharge gy is distributed over the smaller sphe: Q=4th fi) Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance a cand qy over the larger sphere, then If 6 is the surface charge density of the two spheres, then = O-4 n % ° an? an ae or q=4m?6 and qy = 47 From (i), we have o Q= 4n7o + 4nR?0 dro? +R) —2 “ ang +R) The potential ata point inside the charged sphere is equal to the potential at its surface. So, the potential due to the smaller sphe 1 fi at the common centre, 1 [Qu+R) & Aney| 1? +R | (By putting the value of «) Q.25. (a) Derive an expression for the electric potential at any point along the axial line of an electric dipole. (6) Find the electrostatic potential at a point on equatori Ans. (a) Potential at point P ine of an electric dipole. Vp _ a. 1 see ee = Grey Oa) Trey ‘ ——" —- -_ | ale - fe [eaents Gre, [ar tay q 2a qx 2a ey where p is the dipole moment) Fora short dipole, () Let P be a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole due to charges ~q and +4 with separation 2a The distance of point P fx a Xam idea Physics-XIl m centre of dipole = AP = BP = Vi +a" 1y4 ane, Electrostatic potential at P, Vp, = | Fe, | Vrte Vrte That is electrostatic potential at each equatorial point of an electric dipole is zero. Q.26. IFN drops of same size each having the same charge, coalesce to form a bigger drop. How will the following vary with respect to single small drop? [CBSE Sample Paper 2017] (@ Total charge on bigger drop (i) Potential on the bigger drop (iii) Capacitance Ans. Letr,q and v be the radius, charge and potential of the small drop. ‘The total charge on bigger drop is sum of all charge on small drops. @ ~ Q= Ng (where Qis charge on bigger drop) The volume of small drops = N47 Volume of the bigger drop 42° = yas — yrs, Greg rN = Ne (ii) Capacitance = Ansght = dre! AN (4neyr) =N%G [where C is capacitance of the small drop] Q.27. (a) Explain briefly, using a proper diagram, the difference in behaviour of a conductor and a dielectric in the presence of external electric field. (8) Define the term polarization of a dielectric in terms of electric field. Ans. (a) For conductor: Due to induction the free electrons " . ~ collect on the left face of slab creating equal positive —|-— ayo charge on the right face. Internal electric field is equal and opposite to external field; hence net electric field E=0 + (inside the conductor) is zero - +{_ = + Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 2 For dielectric: Due to alignment of atomic dipoles along £,, the net electric field within the diclectrie decreases 88888888 (ume een (ee Q. 1. Derive an expression for the electric potential at a point due to an electric dipole. Mention Ans. the contrasting features of electric potential of a dipole at a point as compared to that due to a single charge. ICBSE Delhi 2008, 2017] Potential at a point due to a dipole. Suppose, the negative charge ~q is placed at a point A and the positive charge q is placed at a point B (fig,), the separation AB = 2a. The middle point of AB is O. The potential is to be evaluated at a point P where OP = rand ZPOB = 0. Also, let r >> a. Let Aa’ be the perpendicular from 4 to PO and BB! be be the perpendicular from B to PO. Since a is very small compared to r, AP = A'P = OP +04" OP + AO cos tacos Similarly, BP = B'P = OP -OB' =r-acos0 The potential at P due to the charge -y is ya et ‘ne, AP ne, r+ acos6 ‘The potential at P due to the charge q is y=. _4 4né, BP ~ 4n€, r—acos0 “The net potential at P due to the dipole is Vany4l 1fo4 4 ane,[r—acos0 7 +acosO oe Xam idea Physics-XIl Q2 Ans. (i) When poi cos 8 =cos 90°= 0 v=o It may be noted that the electric potential at any point on the equitorial line of a dipole is zero. 1P lies on the equatorial plane of the dipole, then Briefly explain the principle of a capacitor. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, whose plates are separated by a dielectric medium. Principle of a Capacitor: A capacitor works on the principle that the capacitance of a conductor increases appreciably when an earthed conductor is brought near it ‘a -@ Parallel Plate Capacitor: Consider a parallel plate capacitor having two plane metallic plates A and B, placed parallel to each other (see fig.). The plates carry equal and opposite charges +Q and -Q respectively. In general, the electric field between the plates due to charges +Q and = emains uniform, but at the edges, the electric field lines deviate outward. If the separation between the plates is much smaller than the size of plates, the electric field strength between the plates may be assumed uniform. | I Let A be the area of each plate, ‘d’ the separation between the plates, K the dielectric constant of medium between the plates. If is the magnitude of charge density of plates, then ‘The electric field strength between the plates “2, where ey = permitivity of fe space. ~ The potential difference between the plates, Vy, = Ed = ti) Putting the value of 6, we get (QiAyd __Qd Ke, Capacitance of capacitor, Q Q Ke i) Van QUiKeAy Thisisa general expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor. Obviously, the capacitance is directly proportional to the dielectric constant of medium between the plates: EA Forair capacitor (K=1); capacitance (a) (b) In series first plate of each capacitor has charge +Q and second plate of each capacitor has charge ~Q i., charge on cach capacitor is Q Let the potential differences acrovs the capacitors C,, Cz, Cy be V), V2, Vs respectively. As a Xam idea Physics-XIl the second plate of first capacitor C, and first plate of second capacitor C, are connected together, their potentials are equal. Let this common potential be Vy. Similarly the common potential of second plate of C, and first plate of Cy is Vo. The second plate of capacitor Cs is connected to earth, therefore its potential )=0. As charge flows from higher potential to lower potential, therefore V4>V,>Vc>Vp. For the first capacitor, V;, =V,—V, “ For the second capacitor, Ve (ii) For the third capacitor, V, = V, -V, lit) Seo t poe wt le IFV be the potential difference between A and D, then Toyav So Lie V=(W+K+h)=Q a (0) onenjaldeded] If in place of all the three capacitors, only one capacitor is placed between A and D such that on giving it charge Q, the potential difference between its plates become V, then it will be called equivalent capacitor. If its capacitance is C, then yak (vi) c Comparing (v) and (vi), we get | a or | ‘Thus in series arrangement, “The reciprocal of equivalent capacitance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals ofthe individual capacitors.” (i) Parallel Arrangement: In fig. (0) three capacitors of capacitance G,,C,,C, are connected in parallel, (vit) “4-3 or a in oo A een 8 oe af je 2 ad r | fo. ; \ ye ee © @ In parallel the potential difference acro difference betwe Vs-V, The charge Q gi same F (say). Clearly the pote plates of each capacitor Visay) 1n to capacitors is divided on capacitors C, Cs Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 2 Let qu. qa, qg be the charges on capacitors Cy, Cy, Cs respectively. Then Q= 444,445 od) and 4 = C\Vady = CoVaty = CV Substituting these values in (), we get GVACVHECVY or Q=(G +6, 46,V ) If, in place of all the three capacitors, only one capacitor of capacitance C be connected between A and B; such that on giving it charge Q, the potential difference between its plates be V, then it will be called equivalent capacitor. If C be the capacitance of equivalent capacitor, then a= (ii) Comparing equations (ji) and (ii), we get CV = (C40, C,)V or C=(C+C,+ Gy) ev) Important Note: It may be noted carefully that the formula for the total capacitance in series and parallel combination of capacitors is the reverse of corresponding formula for combination of resistors in current electricity Q.5. (a) Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor C, charged to a potential difference V. Hence derive an expression for the energy density of a capacitor. [CBSE (Al) 2012, (F) 2013, Allahabad 2015, 2020(55/3/1)] OR Obtain an expression for the energy stored per unit volume in a charged parallel plate capacitor. (6) Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the parallel and series combination of two capacitors C, and C, with their capacitances in the ratio 1:2 so that the energy stored in the two cases becomes the same. [CBSE Central 2016] Ans. (a) When a capacitor is charged by a battery, work is done by the charging battery at the expense ofits chemical energy. This work is stored in the capacitor in the form of electrostatic potential energy. sa a pees eeee\> Npg2V—> Consider a capacitor of capacitance C. Initial charge on capacitor is zero. Initial potential difference between capacitor plates is zero. Leta charge @ be given to it in small steps, When charge is given to capacitor, the potential difference between its plates increases, Let at any instant when charge a Now work done in on capacitor be q, the potential difference between its plates V = ving an additional infinitesimal charge dg to capacitor. The total work done in giving charge from 0 to Q will be equal to the sum of all such infinitesimal works, which may be oblained by integration, Therefore total work vig 2) ies cle)" 20 capacitor plates, then Q=CV IV is the final potential difference betwee fe Xam idea Physics-XIl Ans. Loy 2C xe This work is stored as electrostatic potential energy of capacitor it, 5 4 Loyal Electrostatic potential energy, U yor" = 50v Energy density: Consider a parallel plate capacitor consisting of plates, each of area A, separated by a distance d. If space between the plates is filled with a medium of dielectric constant K, then —_ , _ KeoA Capacitance of capacitor, € = If ois the surface charge density of plates, then electric field strength beuween the plates —o B= Be, 70 = Keyl Charge on each plate of capacitor, Q = 6A = KeyEA (Ke, BA)? 2C ~ 2(Ke,Ald) 2 But Ad = volume of space between capacitor plates Energy stored, U= Ke, 6*Ad Energy stored by capacitor, U hit =Lulye pt Electrostatic Energy stored per unit volume, u, = 7 = Keb" This is expression for electrostatic energy density in medium of dielectric constant K. i = pte In air or free space (K= 1) therefore energy density, o Find the expression for the energy stored in the capacitor. Also find the energy lost when the charged capacitor is disconnected from the source and connected in parallel with the uncharged capacitor. Where does this loss of energy appear? [CBSE Sample Paper 2017) Refer to Q. 5 (a), Page number 98. Let a charged capacitor of capacitance C, is charged by a cell of emf V volt. When this capacitor is connected with uncharged capacitor Cy and charge distributes between capacitors still they acquire common potential say V volt tor Charge on other capacitor of capacitance Cy is qy = Cy Vp But total charge on pair of plates committed together remains constant equal to Q = qy + qs Q= CV = CM) + Energy stored i Cy Ve 2 Yo Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance oo where, common potential GV G+G Energy stored in both capacitor, Us = 4(G, +epx( Loss of energy H = U,- Uz The lost energy appears in the form of heat. Q.7. (@) Explain why, for any charge configuration, the equipotential surface through a point is normal to the electric field at that point. Draw a sketch of equipotential surfaces due to a single charge (~ q), depicting the electric field lines due to the charge. (6) Obtain an expression for the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’ as shown below. [CBSE North 2016] aig ag Ans. (a) The work done in moving a charge from one point to another on an equipotential surface is zero. Hthe field is not normal toan eq) surface, it would havea non zero component along the surface. This would imply that work would have to be done to move a charge on the surface which is contradictory to the definition of equipotential surface. Mathematically Work done to move a charge dy on a surface can be express das dW =dg(E-dr) Butdl¥ = 0 on an equipotential surface Eide Equipotential surfaces for a charge -q is shown alongside () Work done to dissociate the system = ~ Potential energy of the system -—o@ , en , nen 4ne,| a a a 109? are, 1 2 2g] = = gba + 21a] = two Xam idea Physics-XIl Qs. Ans. ( Compare the individual dipole moment and the specimen dipole moment for H,0 molecule and O, molecule when placed in (a) Absence of external electric field (b) Presence of external eclectic field. Justify your answer, (ii) Given two parallel conducting plates of area A and charge densi +o ands. Adielectric slab of constant K and a conducting slab of thickness d each are inserted in between them as shown, (@) Find the potential diffe Dielectric ‘Conductor sdevdee donde ed srence between the plates. (6) Plot £ versus x graph, taking x = 0 at positive plate and x = 5d at negative plate. @ [CBSE Sample Paper 2016] Non-Polar (O,) Polar (H,0) (a) Absence of electric field Individual Specimen No dipole moment exists No dipole moment exists Dipole moment exists Dipole are randomly oriented. Nap = (b) Presence of electric field Individual Specimen Dipole moment exists (molecules become polarised) Dipole moment exists “Torque acts on the molecules to align them parallel to E [Net dipole moment exists parallel we (i) (@) The potential difference Eo Fo Va bylt dt byl 0+ kyl = V= Sey od (0) B versus graph between the plates is given by Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance a [Self-Assessment Test Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 30 Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. @x1=3) (0 A parallel plate condenser is filled with two dielectrics as shown. Area of each plate is metre® and the separation isd metre. The dielectric constants are K, and Ky respectively, Its capacitance in farad will be Ae a2 i 2 A @ “AK tK) oP EA (© “2K, -K,) (i) The work done is placing a charge of 8 x 10°" coulomb on a capacitor of capacity 100 microfarad (a) 16 x 10° joule (3.1.x 107° joule (©) 4x 10" joule (@) 82 x 10° joule (iii) A capacitor is charged by a battery. The battery is removed and another identical uncharged capacitor is connected in parallel. The total electrostatic energy of resulting system (a) decreases by a factor of 2 (0) remains the same (6) increases by a factor of 2 (@) increases by a factor of 4 Fill in the blanks. a dielectric slab is inserted between the plates, the charge on the plates of capacitor (ii) The amount of work done is bringing a charge q from infinity to a point un-accelerated and is equal to acquired by the charge. What is the electrostatic potential due to an electric dipole at an equatorial point? 1 . A hollow metal sphere of radius 10 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface is SV. What is the potential at the centre of the sphere? 1 Why is the electrostatic potential i ed conducting shell constant throughout the volume of the conductor? 1 ‘Two identical capacitors of 10 pF each are connected in turn (i) in series, and (i) in parallel across a 20 V battery. Calculate the potential difference across each capacitor in the first case and charge acquired by each capacitor in the second case. 2 ‘2 Xam idea Physics-XIl A 8 10. ul. 12. The figui total shows a network of five capacitors connected to a 100 V supply: Calculate the rgy stored in the network. ‘ Sur a 1, i 2ur i too A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as that of the plates of a parallel plate capacitor but has the thickness d/3, where d is the separation between the plates. Find out the expression for its capacitance when the slab is inserted between the plates of the capacitor. 2 Explain briefly the process of charging a parallel plate capacitor when it is connected across a dc. battery A capacitor of capacitance ‘C’ is charged to ‘V” volts by a battery. After some time the battery is disconnected and the distance between the plates is doubled. Now a slab of diclectric constant, 1

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