Amur

Coordinates: 52°56′50″N 141°05′02″E

The Amur (Russian: река Амур, IPA:  [ɐˈmur]), or

Heilong Jiang (Chinese: 黑龙江 ; pinyin: Hēilóng
Amur

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
Jiāng, "Black Dragon River", IPA: [xéɪ.lʊ̌ŋ tɕjáŋ]), [6]

ᡠᠯᠠ
is the world's tenth longest river, forming the border
between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China
(Inner Manchuria). The Amur proper is 2,824 sahaliyan ula (in Manchu)
kilometres (1,755 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 黑龙江 Hēilóng Jiāng (in Chinese)
1,855,000  km2 (716,000  sq  mi).[1][7] Including its Аму́р, Amur (in Russian)
source river Argun, it is 4,444 km (2,761 mi) long.[7][2]
The largest fish species in the Amur is the kaluga,
attaining a length as great as 5.6 metres (18  ft).[8] The
river basin is home to a variety of large predatory fish
such as northern snakehead, Amur pike, taimen, Amur
catfish, predatory carp and yellowcheek,[9] as well as
the northernmost populations of the Amur softshell
turtle[10] and Indian lotus.[11]

Name
The Russian name Amur comes the Tungusic term for The river Amur (Heilong Jiang)
“river”. Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group
formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or
Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia
and Northeast Asia.

Historically, it was common to refer to a river simply as

"water". There are similar words for "water" or "river"
in a number of Asiatic languages: e.g. 물
mul ("water")
in Korean, muren or mörön ("river") in Mongolian, and
水 midu > mizu ("water") in Japanese. The name
Map of the Amur watershed
"Amur" may have evolved from a root word for water,
coupled with a size modifier for "Big Water".[12] Etymology Mongolian: amar ("rest")
Location
Its ancient Chinese names were Yushui, Wanshui and
Heishui, formed from variants to shui, meaning Countries Russia · China
"water".[13] The modern Chinese name for the river, Cities Blagoveshchensk · Heihe ·
Heilongjiang means "Black Dragon River", while the Tongjiang · Khabarovsk ·
Manchurian name Sahaliyan Ula, the Mongolian names Amursk · Komsomolsk-on-
Amur · Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
Physical characteristics
Source Onon-Shilka
" Amar mörön " (Cyrillic: Амар мөрөн) originates  • location Khan Khentii Strictly Protected
from the name " Amar " meaning to rest and Khar Area, Khentii Province,
mörön (Cyrillic: Хар мөрөн) mean Black River.[1] Mongolia
 • coordinates 48°48′59″N 108°46′13″E
 • elevation 2,045 m (6,709 ft)
Course
2nd source Argun
The river rises in the hills in the western part of  • location Greater Khingan, Hulunbuir,
Northeast China at the confluence of its two major China
affluents, the Shilka and the Argun (or Ergune), at an  • coordinates 49.937°N 122.465°E
elevation of 303 metres (994  ft).[14] It flows east Source  
forming the border between China and Russia, and confluence
slowly makes a great arc to the southeast for about 400
 • location Near Pokrovka, Russia
kilometres (250  mi), receiving many tributaries and
 • coordinates 53°19′58″N 121°28′37″E
passing many small towns. At Huma, it is joined by a
major tributary, the Huma He. Afterwards it continues to  • elevation 303 m (994 ft)
flow south until, between the cities of Blagoveshchensk Mouth Strait of Tartary
in Russia and Heihe in China, it widens significantly as  • location Near Nikolayevsk-on-Amur,
it is joined by one of its most important tributaries the Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
Zeya.  • coordinates 52°56′50″N 141°05′02″E
 • elevation 0 m (0 ft)
The Amur arcs to the east and turns southeast again at
the confluence with the Bureya, then does not receive Length 2,824 km (1,755 mi)[1][2]
another significant tributary for nearly 250 kilometres Basin size 1,855,000 km2
(160 mi) before its confluence with its largest tributary, (716,000 sq mi)[1]
the Songhua, at Tongjiang. At the confluence with the Width  
Songhua the river turns northeast, now flowing towards
 • maximum 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
Khabarovsk, where it joins the Ussuri and ceases to
define the Russia–China border. Now the river spreads Depth  
out dramatically into a braided character, flowing north-  • maximum 57 m (187 ft)
northeast through a wide valley in eastern Russia, Discharge  
passing Amursk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The valley  • location Strait of Tartary, Sea of
narrows after about 200 kilometres (120  mi) and the Okhotsk (near mouth)
river again flows north onto plains at the confluence  • average (Period of data: 1896-
with the Amgun. Shortly after, the Amur turns sharply 2004)11,330 m3/s
east and into an estuary at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, about (400,000 cu ft/s)[3]
20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream of which it flows into
the Strait of Tartary.[15] 357.4 km3/a (11,330 m3/s)

During years with heavy precipitation, the Amur river (Period of data: 1934-
system is connected with the Kherlen river. The 2012)10,929  m3/s
normally exit−less endorheic lake Hulun Lake, into (386,000 cu ft/s)
which Kherlen flows, will overflow at its northern shore
through the arroyo of Mutnaya Protoka, and the water 343 km3/a (10,900 m3/s) to
will meet the Argun River (Ergune) after about 30 364 km3/a (11,500 m3/s)[2]
kilometres (19  mi). The Amur Basin of the Kherlen  • minimum 514 m3/s (18,200 cu ft/s)
 • maximum 30,700 m3/s
(1,080,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge  
 • location Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Russia
(Basin size: 1,730,000 km2
(670,000 sq mi)[4]
River−Argun/Ergune River−Amur River system has a  • average (Period of data: 1896-
total length of 5,052 kilometres (3,139  mi) to its river 2004)10,100 m3/s
mouth on the Sea of Japan.[16] (360,000 cu ft/s)[3]
Discharge  
 • location Khabarovsk, Russia
Tributaries
 • average (Period of data: 1896-
2004)8,360 m3/s
The largest tributaries of the Amur are, from source to
(295,000 cu ft/s)[3] (Period of
mouth:[7][17] data: 1940-2009)8,321 m3/s
(293,900 cu ft/s)[5]
Argun (right)
 • minimum 4,360 m3/s (154,000 cu ft/s)[3]
Shilka (left)
 • maximum 25,500 m3/s
Amazar (left)
(900,000 cu ft/s)[3]
Oldoy (left)
Basin features
Huma (right)
Zeya (left) River system Strait of Tartary
Bureya (left) Tributaries  
Songhua (right)  • left Shilka, Zeya, Bureya, Amgun
Bira (left)  • right Argun, Huma, Songhua,
Ussuri
Ussuri (right)
Tunguska (left)
Amur
Anyuy (right)
Gur (right)
Gorin (left)
Amgun (left)

There are also numerous lakes in the floodplain of the Amur. Some
of the largest ones are Bolon, Khummi and Udyl.[18]

History and context Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur

used to be the longest in Imperial
Many historical references distinguish two geopolitical entities in Russia and Eurasia.
the area of the Amur: Outer Manchuria (Russian Manchuria) and
Inner Manchuria (northeast China). The Chinese province of Chinese name
Heilongjiang on the south bank of the river takes its name from the Traditional Chinese 黑龍江
river, as does the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The
native Manchu people and their Qing Empire of China, who
Simplified Chinese 黑龙江
regarded this river as sacred, use the name Sahaliyan Ula (Black Literal meaning "Black Dragon
River). River"
Transcriptions
The Amur is an important symbol of, and geopolitical factor in,
Chinese–Russian relations. The Amur became especially Standard Mandarin
prominent in the period of the Sino–Soviet political split of 1956– Hanyu Pinyin Hēilóng Jiāng
1966.
Alternative Chinese name
For many centuries, inhabitants of the Amur Valley comprised the Traditional Chinese 阿穆爾河
Tungusic (Evenki, Solon, Ducher, Jurchen, Nanai, Ulch), Mongol
(Daur) people, some Ainu and, near its mouth, the Nivkhs.[19] For
Simplified Chinese 阿穆尔河
many of these groups, fishing in the Amur and its tributaries was
the main source of their livelihood. Until the 17th century these Transcriptions
peoples were not known to Europeans, and little known to the Han
Standard Mandarin
Chinese, who sometimes collectively described them as the Wild
Jurchens. The Chinese-language term Yúpí Dázi 魚皮韃子 ("Fish- Hanyu Pinyin Āmù'ěr Hé
skin Tatars") came to apply to the Nanais and related groups as Mongolian name
well, owing to their traditional clothes made of fish skins.[20] Mongolian Cyrillic Хар Мөрөн /
The Mongols, ruling the Амар Мөрөн
region as the Yuan dynasty, Transcriptions
established a tenuous SASM/GNC Khar Mörön ("black
military presence on the river") or Amar Mörön
lower Amur in the 13th
("rest")
and 14th centuries; ruins of
a Yuan-era temple have Manchu name
been excavated near the

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ
Manchu script
village of Tyr.[21]

During the reigns of the

Yongle and Xuande Romanization Sahaliyan Ula
Emperors (early-15th Russian name
century), the Ming dynasty
reached the Amur in their Russian Амур
drive to establish control Romanization Amur
over the lands adjacent to
the Ming Empire to the northeast, which would later become
A remnant of Yishiha's monuments known as Manchuria. Expeditions headed by the eunuch Yishiha
at Tyr c. 1860 reached Tyr several times between 1411 and the early 1430s, re-
building (twice) the Yongning Temple and obtaining at least the
nominal allegiance of the lower Amur's tribes to the Ming
government. [22][23] Some sources report also a Chinese presence during the same period on the middle
Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of
the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun was located on the
opposite bank to the later Aigun that was later relocated during the Qing Dynasty.[24] In any event, the
Ming presence on the Amur was as short-lived as it was tenuous; soon after the end of the Yongle era, the
Ming dynasty's frontiers retreated to southern Manchuria.

Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New

Year, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon,
spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry,
heating, iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among
Amur natives such as the Udeghes, Ulchis, and Nanais.[25]

Russian Cossack expeditions led by Vassili Poyarkov and

Yerofey Khabarov explored the Amur and its tributaries in
1643–44 and 1649–51, respectively. The Cossacks established
the fort of Albazin on the upper Amur, at the site of the former
capital of the Solons.
Nanai village along the Amur, north of
Khabarovsk, 1895 At the time, the Manchus were busy with conquering China;
but a few decades later, during the Kangxi era of 1661–1722,
they turned their attention to their north-Manchurian backyard.
Aigun was re-established near the supposed Ming site in about 1683–84, and a military expeditions went
 upstream to dislodge the
Russians, whose Albazin
establishment deprived the
Manchu rulers of the tribute
of sable pelts that the
Solons and Daurs of the
area would supply
otherwise. [26] Albazin fell
during a short military
campaign in 1685. The The Amur (under its Manchu name,
Treaty of Nerchinsk, Saghalien Oula) and its tributaries on
Nanai men with dog sled on the concluded in 1689, marked a 1734 map by Jean Baptiste
Amur, 1895 the end of the hostilities: it Bourguignon d'Anville, based upon
left the entire Amur valley, maps of Jesuits in China. Albazin is
from the convergence of shown as Jaxa, the old (Ming) site of
the Shilka and the Ergune downstream, in Chinese hands. Aigun as Aihom and the later, Qing
Aigun, as Saghalien Oula.
Fedor Soimonov was sent to map the then little explored area of the
Amur in 1757. He mapped the Shilka, which was partly in Chinese
territory, but was turned back when he reached its confluence with the Argun.[27] The Russian
proselytization of Orthodox Christianity to the indigenous peoples along the Amur was viewed as a threat
by the Qing.[28]

The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with
Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid-19th
century, forcing the Manchus to yield all lands north of the river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of
Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussuri and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the
Convention of Peking (1860).[29]

Wildlife
It is believed there are at least 123 species of fish from 23 families inhabiting the Amur. The majority are of
the Gobioninae subfamily of Cypriniformes, followed in number by Salmonidae. Several of the species are
endemic. Pseudaspius and Mesocottus are monotypic genera found only in the Amur and some nearby
coastal rivers.[13]

Four species of the Acipenseridae family can be found: the kaluga, Amur sturgeon, Sakhalin sturgeon and
sterlet. The Kaluga and Amur sturgeon are endemic. The sterlet was introduced from the Ob in the
1950s.[30]

Direction
Flowing across northeast Asia for over 4,444 kilometres (2,761 mi) (including its two tributaries), from the
mountains of northeastern China to the Sea of Okhotsk (near Nikolayevsk-na-Amure), it drains a
remarkable watershed that includes diverse landscapes of desert, steppe, tundra, and taiga, eventually
emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the
northern end of the island of Sakhalin.

The Amur has always been closely associated with the island of Sakhalin at its mouth, and most names for
the island, even in the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region, are derived from the name of the
river: "Sakhalin" derives from a Tungusic dialectal form cognate with Manchu sahaliyan ("black", as in
 sahaliyan ula, "Black River"), while Ainu and Japanese
"Karaputo" or "Karafuto" is derived from the Ainu name of the
Amur or its mouth. Anton Chekhov vividly described the Amur in
writings about his journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890.

The average annual discharge varies from 6,000 cubic metres per
second (210,000 cu ft/s) (1980) to 12,000 cubic metres per second
(420,000 cu ft/s) (1957), leading to an average 9,819 cubic metres
per second (346,800 cu ft/s) or 310 cubic kilometres (74 cu mi) per
On the Amur in Khabarovsk
year. The maximum runoff measured occurred in Oct 1951 with
30,700 cubic metres per second (1,080,000  cu  ft/s) whereas the
minimum discharge was recorded in March 1946 with a mere 514
cubic metres per second (18,200 cu ft/s).[31]

Bridges and tunnels

The first permanent bridge across the Amur, the Khabarovsk Bridge with an overall length of 2,590 metres
(8,500 ft), was completed in 1916, allowing the trains on the Trans-Siberian Railway to cross the river year-
round without using ferries or rail tracks on top of the river ice. In 1941 a railway tunnel was added as well.

Later, a combined road and rail bridge over the Amur at Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1975; 1400 m) and the
road and rail Khabarovsk Bridge (1999; 3890 m) were constructed.

The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was

proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the
vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in
Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur will connect
Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish
Autonomous Oblast.[32] The Chinese portion of the bridge
was finished in July 2016.[33] In December 2016, work
began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of
structural link between the two sides of the bridge was
completed in March 2019.[34][35] Opening to rail traffic Ice drift on the Amur
has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019
estimate being "the end of 2020",[36] and then 3rd quarter
of 2021.[37]

See also
Amuri, Tampere, a Tampere district named after battles at river Amur during the Russo-
Japanese war
Amur cork tree
Amur maple
Amur falcon
Amur leopard
Amur tiger
Amur honeysuckle
Geography of China
Geography of Russia
 Sino-Soviet border conflict
Jilin chemical plant explosions 2005
Home of the Kaluga (Acipenseriformes)
List of longest undammed rivers
Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilong Jiang
Amur Military Flotilla

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14. Source elevation derived from Google Earth
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Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090702234744/http://web2.bium.univ-paris5.fr/livan
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Further reading
Bisher, Jamie (2006). White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=Mg6RAgAAQBAJ). Routledge. ISBN 1135765952. Retrieved 24 April
2014. also ISBN 1135765960
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amur (River)"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%
C3%A6dia_Britannica/Amur_(River)). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.).
Cambridge University Press. p. 899.
Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony
1581-1990 (https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC) (illustrated, reprint,
revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521477719. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Kang, Hyeokhweon. Shiau, Jeffrey (ed.). "Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean
Military Revolution and Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20140115010819/http://history.emory.edu/home/assets/documents/endeavors/volume4/Ka
ng.pdf) (PDF). Emory Endeavors in World History (2013 ed.). 4: Transnational Encounters in
Asia: 1–22. Archived from the original (http://history.emory.edu/home/assets/documents/ende
avors/volume4/Kang.pdf) (PDF) on 2014-01-15. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
金
Kim , Loretta E. 由美 (2012–2013). "Saints for Shamans? Culture, Religion and
Borderland Politics in Amuria from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries". Central Asiatic
Journal. Harrassowitz Verlag. 56: 169–202. JSTOR 10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0169 (http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0169).
 McAleavy, Henry. "China and the Amur Provinces" History Today (June 1964) 14#6 pp 381–
390.
Stephan, John J. (1996). The Russian Far East: A History (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=Jce4rBWjG5wC) (illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804727015.
Thubron, Colin (2021). The Amur River: Between Russia and China. London: Chatto &
Windus.
Ziegler, Dominic (2015). Black Dragon River: A Journey Down the Amur River Between
Russia and China.

External links
Amur-Heilong River Basin Information Center (https://web.archive.org/web/2009121605582
8/http://amur-heilong.net/) - maps, GIS data, environmental data
Information and a map of the Amur’s watershed (https://web.archive.org/web/200410272218
38/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=344&th
eme=2)

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