GRADING SECTION

Program: EE242/CEEE242/CEEE223 Semester: 7

Ownership: Discipline of Power
Date
Version: 1.0 March 2022
Issued:
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY V
Course Code: EPO662
Mode of Delivery: ! Face to Face Virtual
PV MODULES ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SOLAR IRRADIATION
(Part A) Assessment Criteria * Marks Allocated Weighted Marks
Obtained (WMO)
Results:
• List all the data collected and show them graphically. 30.00
• Present and label clearly the figures, tables and graphs.
• Exhibit significant results of the project
Discussions:
• Discuss and analyze all results thoroughly. 30.00
• Discuss and evaluate the experimental procedure to achieve the
objectives
• Include calculation and interpret them by comparing with
theoretical values.
• Explain the reason on each interpretation
Conclusions:
• Summarize the whole experimental results 10.00
• State whether your results support your theory
• Comments about its success and effectiveness.
• Explain your achievements, problems and suggestions.
Grammar:
Written with correct grammar e.g. sentence structure, tenses and 5.00
spelling

Total Part (A) 75.00

*Notes: All criteria in Part (A) and Part (B) are assessed based on the PO10 Lab Report Evaluation rubrics
Marks Marks Obtained
(Part B) Assessment Criteria* Remarks
Allocated
Pre-Lab 15.0
Pre-lab is assessed based on the
Students need to answer and submit all 0
pre-lab in the report. markingscheme of the respective
laboratory
Quizzes 10.0
Quizzes are assessed based on the
Students need to submit answer forquizzes in the 0
markingscheme of the respective
lab report.
laboratory
Total Part (B)
25.0
0

TOTAL ( (A) + (B))

/100%
Instructor’s Comments
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH ALAM

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(POWER)
EE242

PV MODULES ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SOLAR

IRRADIATION(PV1)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY V (EPO 662)

PREPARED
BY:GROUP F3
NAME STUDENT ID

FAKHIRUL AZIFF BIN HAMDAN 2021189901

FIRDAUS IDDIN BIN ISMAIL 2021125901

PREPARED FOR
MOHAMAD HAFIZ MAMAT (ASSOC PROF. IR. Ts. DR.)

SUBMISSION DUE DATE 1 JUNE 2023

PRE-LAB WORK

Block Function
Solar Module Solar PV systems convert sunlight into electrical
(Functional mode) energy. Photons of light hitting the solar panel knock
electrons in the substrate material into a higher level
of activity; these electrons are then channeled off of
the panel to create DC electricity.
Voltage Probe: Measures a node voltage with respect to ground
Pmax, Vcell & Power

Current Probe: Icell Measures the current through the probe.

(between two nodes) For the current probe, a small resistor of 1 µΩ is

used internally to measure the current.

Voltage sensor: Measure voltage at a specific point in the circuit
Vsen1 and provide the measurement data for further
analysis or visualization.
Current sensor: Current sensors measure the currents of the
Isen1 power circuit and send the value to the control
circuit. The current sensor has an internal
resistance of 1 µΩ.
Triangular-wave A triangular-wave voltage source (VTRI) is
voltage source defined by its peak to-peak amplitude,
frequency, duty-cycle, and DC offset. The duty
cycle is defined as the ratio between the rising-
slope interval versus the period.
Simulation control The simulation control function allows you to set
up and control various aspects of your
simulation. It includes features such as
simulation time settings, starting and stopping
the simulation, and defining simulation
parameters.
Multiplier Allows you to multiply 2 signals together. This
can be useful in various power electronics and
control system simulations where signal
multiplication is required.
Ground Used to define a reference point or zero potential
in a circuit simulation. It represents the electrical
connection to the ground, which is typically
considered a point with zero voltage
 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Table 1 : Electrical Characteristics of the PV Module

Characteristics Unit Monocrystalline Polycrystalline
Maximum Power (Pmax) W 50 50
Voltage at Maximum Power (Vmp) V 18.68 18.80
Current at Maximum Power (Imp) A 2.68 2.65
Short-circuit current (Isc) A 2.86 2.84
Open-circuit voltage (Voc) V 22.32 21.30
Temperature coefficient of short- %/C 0.05±0.01 0.05±0.01
circuit current
Temperature coefficient of power %/C -0.45±0.05 0.45±0.05

Table 2 : Field Data

Monocrystalline
Field data
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4
Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit
G_measured 698 𝑊𝑚−2 742 𝑊𝑚−2 761 𝑊𝑚 −2 771 𝑊𝑚−2
G_calculated 825.1748 𝑊𝑚−2 835.6643 𝑊𝑚−2 835.6643 𝑊𝑚−2 793.7063 𝑊𝑚−2
Isc_measured 2.36 A 2.39 A 2.39 A 2.27 A
Isc_calculated 2.0346 A 2.1262 A 2.2189 A 2.2514 A
Temperature_measured 63.4 C 62.6 C 64 C 67 C
%Different 7.40 % 5.84 % 3.71 % 0.41 %

Polycrystalline
Field data
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4
Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit
G_measured 679 𝑊𝑚−2 732 𝑊𝑚−2 752 𝑊𝑚 −2 760 𝑊𝑚−2
G_calculated 869.7183 𝑊𝑚−2 904.9296 𝑊𝑚−2 883.8028 𝑊𝑚 −2 876.7606 𝑊𝑚−2
Isc_measured 2.47 A 2.57 A 2.51 A 2.49 A
Isc_calculated 1.9202 A 2.1248 A 2.1839 A 2.2087 A
Temperature_measured 68.4 C 69.2 C 70.2 C 71.5 C
%Different 12.52 % 9.48 % 6.95 % 5.99 %
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

The amount of peak sun hour (PSH) for one complete year.

Table 1.1 Annual Solar Irradiation

Month Unshaded solar % Shaded Left Monthly Solar
irradiation side+ right hand Irradiation
(kWh/ sq.m) side (kWh/sq.m)
Jan 122 94 11.468
Feb 130 94 12.220
Mac 145.9 92 13.423
Apr 134.8 92 12.402
May 135 94 12.690
Jun 132 92 12.144
July 135 94 12.690
Aug 137 94 12.878
Sep 130.9 89 11.650
Oct 133.9 96 12.587
Nov 119 94 11.186
Dec 119 94 11.186
 ulated

a) Monocrystalline

(63.4-25) 7
Reading temp =(1+085
=
1.0192

PSF 698
=
0.698
=

108

Esc - calculated =
2.86 (1.092) (0.698)
2.0346 A
=

G. calculated:2.36x1000
2.86

825. 1748
=
Wm-L

↳ Disferent 2.0346
C 2.36 C 100%
=
2.36 -

2.0346
+

7.40%
=

Reading 2 tlemp:21+ 0 r (62.6-25)]

100

=10019

psF 242
=
0.742
=

1000

Isc -calculated 2.86

=

(1.0019) (0.742)
2.1262 A
=

(23)
a-calculated
=
x1000

835.6643Wm-2
=

(22)
i. Different =

x1000

5.84%
=
Reading 3
-temp
=

[I+0.05 (64-25)]
100

1.0195
=

PSF -

0.361
=

Is- calculated 2.86 (1-0195) (0.761)

=

2.2189 A
=

4- calculated 2.39
=
x1000
2.86

835.6643Wm-2
=

Different
[ 2.39 2.2189 I
2.39-2.2189 100%
-
% x

3.718
=

Reading -lemp [1
4
=
0.05
+
(67-25)]
100

=1.021

PSF
2 0.331
=
=

Is- calculate d 2.86 (1.021) =

(0.771)
=2.251A A

G-calculated 2.27 x
1000 =

2.86
=
793.7063 WM-2

Different
%
C 2.2-2.2514
2.27 +
2.2514 C 100%
x

0.41%
=
b) Polycrystalline

1 Hemp (1+ (60.4-25)]

Reading
0.05
=

1.0217
=

PSF 679 0.679

=

1000

Iscalculated 2.84(1.0217) (0.679)

=

=1.9202 A

G. calculated 2.4 1000

=

2.84

=869.7183 Wi

% Different
C 2.47 -1.9202
C 100%
-
x

2.47 + 1.9202

=12.52%

Reading 2 - temp (1+

= 0.05 (69.2-25)]
100
=

1.0221

PSF 732
=
0.732
=

1000

Isc-calculated 284(1.0221) (0.732)

=

=2-1248 A

G. calculated 2.57
=
1000
x

2.84

=904.9296 Wm

I
%Dinherent x100%
C
=
2.57 -

2.1248
2.57 2.1248
+

9-48%
=
 (20.2-25)
Reading 3 temp
(1+0
=

1.0226
=

0.752
PSF
=
=

Esc -calculated 2.84(1.0226) (0.752)

=

=2.1839 A

2-calculated 2.51
=
1000
x

2.84

885.8028 Wi-
=

%o Different I

S 2.51-2.1839
2.81 2.1839
+
C x100%
6.95%
=

Reading 4 flemp =
(1+0.05 (71.5-25)]
100

=1.0233

PSF:
760 0.760
=

1000

F: -calculated 2.84(1.0233) (0.760)

=

2-2087 A
=

h.calculated 2.49
= x1000

2.84
=
876.7606 Wm2

% Different
[
2.49-2.2087
C
x100%
=

2.49 2.2087
+

5.99%
=
3
.

Repentage shaded leftand right

hand side

(4 +2)
January 100 94
-
=

(4 2) =
94
February
100 - +

March 100 -
(4+4) 92 =

100
-
24 4) 92
April
+
=

(2+4):
94
-

100
May
June 100
-

(414) 92
=

July 100 -
24+ 2):94
August 100
-

24+2):94
September (4 2) 89
=

100 - +

October 100 -
(2 + 2) 96 =

November 100 -
(274) 44
=

December 100 -

(2+4):94

Monthly solar irradiation

122 94
x
11468
January
=

130 94
x
=

12220
February
March 145.9 92
x
13422.80
=

134.8 42
x
12401.60
April
=

qr 128i
135 =

May
June 132
*
135 94
x 12690
July
=

137 94:
x 12878
August
130.9 89
x
=

11650.10
September
October 135.9 96
x 12586.60
=

114 X 94 =11186
November
December 119 X 94 11186
=
DISCUSSION

Based on the experiment for part A, it can be conclude that value of Voc and Idc
increasing as the solar radiance increasing. The short circuit, Isc also occur when the solar
cell’s electrode are short circuit and its current flow through an external circuit. Moreover,
Isc were depending on the photon flux incident on the solar cell that is usually influenced
by the amount solar irradiance surrounding. Hence, the photon current generated will
increase when the solar irradiance also increases which also causing increasing in Isc. Other
than that, Vdc also can be affected when there has a change between saturation of current
density of the solar cell and the photocurrent generated at Isc causing the Vdc increase, the
Isc also increase.

Based on the experiment for part B, solar path finder had been used to discover the
level of the solar irradiance. March had the highest solar irradiation which at a level of
13.423 kWh/sq.m. which causing March’s hot weather and possible for the PV module to
absorb more solar energy. Besides, November and December had the lowest solar irradiation
level as it can be due to the presence of rain and other severe weather conditions resulting
in reduced sunlight absorption that contributed to the lower solar irradiation level as usually
end of year is monsoon seasons.
CONCLUSION

PV (photovoltaic) module electrical characteristics and solar irradiance are essential

factors in influencing the performance and efficiency of solar modules. The quantity of solar
energy received at a specific place is described by solar irradiance, and the electrical
characteristics of a PV module define its behaviour and performance at various irradiance
levels. Understanding these variables is crucial for optimising solar panel installations and
increasing energy production.
The intensity of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface is quantified by solar
irradiance, which is measured in watts per square metre (W/m2). This is determined by a
variety of factors, including geographic location, time of day, season, and weather
conditions. Solar energy specialists can predict the prospective energy production of PV
systems and make educated judgements regarding module location and size by analysing
historical solar irradiance data.
PV modules have certain electrical properties such as open-circuit voltage (Voc),
short-circuit current (Isc), maximum power voltage (Vmp), maximum power current (Imp),
and temperature coefficient. These factors affect the electrical performance of the panel at
varied degrees of insolation and temperature. Manufacturers supply datasheets with these
specs to assist system designers in selecting the best PV modules for their individual
application and ensuring optimal performance.
To estimate an effective solar panel, consider elements such as efficiency,
temperature coefficient, and manufacturer's performance promises. A PV module's
efficiency is the ratio of output power to incoming solar radiation, and more efficient
modules may convert the majority of the sunlight into useable electricity, maximising energy
production. Furthermore, the temperature coefficient demonstrates how temperature
variations effect the module's performance and aids in predicting behaviour under various
environmental situations.
When selecting an efficient solar panel model, consider its electrical qualities in
proportion to the quantity of solar radiation available at the installation location. You may
build a PV system that can generate the needed quantity of electricity and offer optimal
performance during its lifespan by selecting modules with the appropriate efficiency and
temperature coefficient, as well as taking into account the predicted amount of solar
radiation.
 Lastly, knowing the electrical properties of PV modules as well as the influence of
solar irradiation is critical for constructing efficient solar power systems. By taking these
aspects into account and selecting an efficient solar panel type that corresponds to the
individual irradiation levels and requirements, one may fully utilise solar energy and
contribute to a sustainable and renewable energy future.
QUIZ

1. Define of Solar Irradiance and Solar Irradiation?

• Solar Irradiance: The power per unit area received from the Sun's radiation at a
specific location on Earth's surface. It is typically measured in watts per square
meter (W/m²). Solar irradiance represents the intensity of solar energy reaching
a given area at a given time and is affected by factors such as atmospheric
conditions, cloud cover, and the angle of the Sun's rays.
• Solar Irradiation: The total amount of solar energy received over a given period
of time by a surface area, often measured in joules per square meter (J/m²) or
watt-hours per square meter (Wh/m²). It represents the energy accumulated
from solar irradiance over a specific duration. Solar irradiation takes into
account the duration of exposure to solar energy, such as daily, monthly, or
annual totals, and provides a measure of the energy received by a surface or
location over time.

2. What is Peak Sun Hour (PSH)?

Peak Sun Hour (PSH) is a performance indicator based on irradiance received at a
particular site. 1 PSH equals to 1kwh/m², the measurement used are generally based on
the daily average of solar energy output in a year. Basically, the higher the Sun Hours,
the more energy can be harvested from the sunlight.
3. What is solar fraction?
The solar fraction (f) is defined as the percentage of the total thermal load satisfied by
solar energy and is given by(3.56)f=Qload−[Qaux(Qload)],where Qload is the energy
required by the load, in kJ and Qaux is the auxiliary energy, in kJ.
4. Which PV modules have better temperature coefficient for power?
Monocrystalline IBC cells have a much better (lower) temperature coefficient of around
-0.30%/°C