ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TCHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF MECHANICAL AND

MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TITLE: DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC MECHANIC CREEPER

NAME OF INTERNS:

1. YONAS MEKONNEN ETS 1037/09

2. YOSEF GASHAW ETS 1055/09

NAME OF MENTOR: Mr. Yehualawork D.

March, 2021

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

 DECLARATION
we are hereby declare that this internship project is an authentic record of our own works as
requirements of Industrial Training during the period from March to June for the award of degree
of B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis
Ababa, under the guidance of Mr. Yehualawork Damtew.

NAME OF STUDENTS YOSEF GASHAW YONAS MEKONNEN

SIGNITUR OF STUDENTS -------------------- --------------------

ID.NUMER ETS 1055/09 ETS 1037/09

Date: March, 2021

I
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In performing our assignment, we had to take the help and guide line of some respected persons,
who deserves our greatest gratitude. The completion of this project gives us so much pleasure.
We would like to show our gratitude Mr. Yewualawork Damtew for giving us a good guideline
for the project throughout numerous consultations. We would also like to expand our deepest
gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us in writing this project.
Many people, especially our classmates and team members itself, have made valuable comments
suggestions on this project which gave us an inspiration to improve our work. we thank all the
people for their help directly and indirectly to complete our task.

II
 ABSTRACT
In this project, we have introduced, designed and presented a project that challenges a problem
and produces an optimal solution to moenco. Through undertaking report concerning various
work-related hazards we had come to determine that a major cause of accidents can be related to
back body and knee while performing car maintenance. Car mechanic often suffered back pain
and muscle soreness as a result of improper body posture while repairing and maintaining their
cars the use of an outdated technology, the Creeper induces a substantial portion of all these
damages. Over decades, this board has not been reinvented and the same technology has been
used since its inception. This project examined the function and feature of a specially made type
of equipment that be adjusted manually which is hydraulic mechanic creeper pad or a creeper
seat. Hence, this equipment was designed to tackle this issue by offering car mechanics better
body support while performing repairing duties.

III
 Table of Contents
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................ I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..................................................................................................................................... II
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... III
List of tables ................................................................................................................................................. VI
List of figures ............................................................................................................................................... VII
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background and justification ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2. statement of the problem.................................................................................................................. 1
1.3. Objective of the project ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1. General objective of the project ................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2. Specific objective of the project ................................................................................................. 2
1.4. scope of the project ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Significance of the project ................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. Literature survey ................................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................................ 7
METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS ................................................................................................................ 7
3.1 planning method ................................................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Data collection method....................................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Data processing and analysis .............................................................................................................. 7
3.4 Product Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 8
3.4.1 Market analysis ............................................................................................................................ 8
3.4.2 Economic analysis ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.5 Conceptual design ............................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 10
DESIGN PROCESS......................................................................................................................................... 10
4.1. Recognition of need ......................................................................................................................... 10
4.2. Definition of problem ....................................................................................................................... 10
4.3. Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 10
4.4. Product definition ............................................................................................................................ 10

IV
 4.5. Solution principle for material selection.......................................................................................... 11
4.5.1. Material selection for base frame............................................................................................. 11
4.5.2. Material selection for ram cylinder based on material ............................................................ 13
4.5.3. Material selection for ram piston based on material ............................................................... 14
4.5.4. Material selection for pump piston based on material ............................................................ 14
4.5.5. Selection of oil........................................................................................................................... 15
4.5.6. Material selection for handle of hydraulic system based on material ..................................... 16
4.5.7. Material selection for bolt based on material .......................................................................... 16
4.5.8. Material selection for nut based on material ........................................................................... 17
4.5.9. Material selection for pin based on material............................................................................ 17
4.5.10. Material selection for casters based on material ................................................................... 18
4.6. Working principle of hydraulic mechanical creeper ........................................................................ 19
4.7. Detail design..................................................................................................................................... 20
4.7.1. Structural system design ........................................................................................................... 20
4.7.2. Force analysis during up stand case.......................................................................................... 26
4.7.3. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM DESIGN ..................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 43
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................... 43
5.1 Result ................................................................................................................................................ 43
5.2 Discussion.......................................................................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER SIX................................................................................................................................................ 46
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................... 46
6.1. conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 46
6.2. Recommendation............................................................................................................................. 46
References .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Appendices.................................................................................................................................................. 48
Appendix A .............................................................................................................................................. 48
Appendix B .............................................................................................................................................. 49
Appendix C .............................................................................................................................................. 50

V
 List of tables
Table 4. 1 solution principle of base frame according to cross section. ....................................... 12
Table 4. 2 solution principle of base frame according to material type. ....................................... 12
Table 4. 3 solution principle of ram cylinder ................................................................................ 13
Table 4. 4 solution principle of ram piston ................................................................................... 14
Table 4. 5 solution principle of pump piston ................................................................................ 14
Table 4. 6 solution principle of oil ................................................................................................ 15
Table 4. 7 solution principle of handle ......................................................................................... 16
Table 4. 8 solution principle of bolt .............................................................................................. 16
Table 4. 9 solution principle of nut ............................................................................................... 17
Table 4. 10 solution principle of pin ............................................................................................. 18
Table 4. 11 solution principle of casters ....................................................................................... 18

VI
 List of figures
Figure 2.1 Existing mechanic creeper……………………………………………………………………………………………………..7

Figure 4. 1 working principle of mechanics creeper………………………………………………………19

Figure 4. 2 main frame free body diagram.................................................................................................. 21

Figure 4. 3 main frame concentric load diagram or point load FBD .......................................................... 21

Figure 4. 4 FBD of frame during section .................................................................................................... 22

Figure 4. 5 Left hand and right-hand section part of frame ........................................................................ 22

Figure 4. 6 point load diagram of left-hand section of frame ..................................................................... 23

Figure 4. 7 point load diagram of right-hand section of frame ................................................................... 23

Figure 4. 8 Shear force and bending moment diagram of frame ............................................................... 24

Figure 4. 9 uniform load distribution during maximum height .................................................................. 26

Figure 4. 10 point load diagram during maximum height for force analysis .............................................. 26

Figure 4. 11 section part the frame during maximum height ...................................................................... 27

Figure 4. 12 left hand section part of the frame during maximum height................................................... 27

Figure 4. 13 point load diagram of left-hand section parts of frame ........................................................... 28

Figure 4. 14 free body diagram of creeper .................................................................................................. 29

Figure 4. 15 parameter of bolt and nut ........................................................................................................ 30

Figure 4. 16 structural free body diagram ................................................................................................... 35

Figure 4. 17 FBD of creeper during maximum load ................................................................................... 36

Figure 4. 18 FBD of hydraulic cylinder during maximum load ................................................................. 36

Figure 4. 19 FBD of handle ........................................................................................................................ 42

Figure 4. 20 assuming handle as a cantilever beam .................................................................................... 42

VII
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This research examined the potential use of a modifiable type of equipment that could be
adjusted to become a hydraulic mechanic creeper and a creeper seat. It was also designed to be
more comfortable in a way that supported body posture. This enabled car mechanics to position
themselves in the most efficient, comfortable and least harmful manner when they had to lie
down under the car to do maintenance and repairing work. The existing creeper or the
conventional car creeper did not properly support human body and they did not cater to the
comfortable and safe posture that car mechanics needed to be at. Consequently, car mechanics
tended to suffer muscle pain, body aches and fatigue. Thus, this modified creeper pad was
invented to overcome this issue by cushioning their body against hard surface while supporting
their postures and body during the process.

1.1. Background and justification

This project deals with design and fabrication creeper. Maintenance and servicing of machinery
it may require going down to fix the problem. For this type of operation, we need mechanics
creeper which is a simple to move also comfortable to slide over than do the required work.
Mechanical creeper is low frame or platform on wheels or casters, for a mechanic to lie on when
working under an automobile and machineries. The wheels on the creeper help to move it easily
form place to place without lifting it not only but also without losing any energy to transfer it to
other place.

1.2. statement of the problem

Car mechanics are regularly suffered back pain and muscle soreness as a result of improper body
posture and lack of equipment that could support their body weight and position while repairing
cars. Their tendency to simply slide their body under the car without any physical support posed
greater risk to their health and made them prone to injuries and pain. They also often bent their
bodies for a longer duration or squatted next to their cars when they were doing maintenance

1
duties on the interior parts of the car. Furthermore, their use of old creeper could further worsen
their health risks and increase their exposure to physical harm.

1.3. Objective of the project

1.3.1. General objective of the project

General objective of the project is to design, analysis and simulation of a mechanic creeper by a
hydraulic system.

1.3.2. Specific objective of the project

In order to achieve the major goal, more discrete and narrower aims are specified that
leads to the general objective. These specific objectives of the project are:
 Study and analyses the problem in detail.
 Perform all the pre-design procedures.
 Determination of components needed to the machine and develop a mechanism
 Determining specification and justifying them
 Material selection for each component based on solution principle
 Design of parts such as:
 Design of frame
 Design of ram piston
 Design of pump piston
 Design of ram cylinder
 Design of Reservoir cylinder
 Design of bolt and nut
 Design of caster wheel
 Force and stress analysis for the components of the machine
 Modelling of parts and assemblies on 3D by using Auto disc inventor design software
 Motion studies for the mechanism and Animations developing using Autodesk inventor
software.

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When we design as much as possible, we will try to consider each and individual things in order
to full fill a particular need within our overall objective. We will also recognize subobjective
requirement.

1.4. scope of the project

Our design project starts from the theoretical definitions, classifications and literature review,
and includes a proper material selection for our given design specific parameters and some other
significant standard data books.
Our project also covers a detail design of hydraulic mechanic creeper components using different
physical principle and calculations. The design includes finding of the proper dimensions, like
diameter, length, thickness and others. There is also a part drawing and assembly drawing with
Autodesk inventor software for our hydraulic mechanic creeper.

1.5. Significance of the project

As stated in the problem statement this project will solve the problems like safety, health and
comfort of mechanic creeper by proper design of its components. And by analyzing the
consumers in our country to find out the type and specifications of mechanic creeper needed the
most and designing an appropriate creeper. Which then solves the safety, health and comfort
problems.

The cost of the hydraulic mechanic creeper can furtherly reduce by avoiding complexity of the
design, by using proper materials and opening a manufacturing site in our country.
Lastly, the mechanic also will be happy with working freely, safe and comfort all the time,
therefore work motivation of the mechanics is greatly will be improved.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction

As its name suggests, a creeper enhances the action of getting underneath a stationary car by
providing a stable wheel-driven platform to support your body and its movements. Using a
mechanic‟s creeper to access a vehicle‟s underbelly eliminates strain-inducing postures such as
kneeling, bending, and crawling during repairs and maintenance. The best creepers combine
functionality and comfort. The tool should not just get you under the car, but should also be
comfortable enough to support prolonged tasks while boosting maneuverability.

2.2. Literature survey

U.S. Pat. No. 4,698,731 issued on Oct. 6, 1987 to Frederick W. Johns, Sr., titled
“Mechanic's Creeper,” describes a generally conventional creeper having an extension
attached to the head end thereof, with a light installed on the extension. The extension is
connected to the head of the creeper by a butt joint, with a metal plate securing the two
components together; no folding or collapsible structure is provided for the extension. As
the main problem of a conventional creeper for use in the intended operating environment
of the present invention is its length, the addition of a permanently installed extension on
the Johns, Sr. creeper teaches away from the present invention. Moreover, Johns, Sr. does
not provide any means for tool or parts storage, arm rests, or other features provided in the
present creeper.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,986,558 issued on Jan. 22, 1991 to Philip W. Morris, titled “Attachment
For Mechanic's Creeper,” describes a conventional creeper formed of a single, unitary
sheet of material and having an extension permanently attached thereto. The extension
includes lighting along the sides and head end thereof, as well as a tool storage tray
disposed at the head end of the creeper. The same drawbacks as noted in the discussion of
the creeper of the '731 U.S. Patent to Johns, Sr. immediately above, i.e. the lack of any
means for collapsing or folding the device for compact storage, are noted here as well.

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U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,826 issued on Apr. 5, 1994 to Henry C. Flowers, titled “Multi-
Function Cart,” describes a utility cart having an adjustable width, but no adjustment for
the length is provided. The Flowers cart includes numerous accessories and components
in order to provide an extremely versatile device. One of the components which may be
added to the Flowers cart is a relatively thin and flat, padded sheet of material which
permits the cart to be used as a creeper. However, the thickness of the undertray of the
device with the creeper portion installed thereon, results in a relatively thick assembly
which is not desirable when working in the limited clearance beneath a vehicle. Flowers
does not disclose any provision for lighting, arm rests, or lateral storage for tools and parts
in his cart, which features are all a part of the present creeper invention.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,211 issued on Jul. 19, 1994 to Michael A. Nicholson, titled
“Mechanic's Creeper,” describes a creeper having a slide-out extension for supporting the
buttocks or hips of a person reclining thereon. The headrest also pivotally folds on the
Nicholson creeper, for further reduction of length for storage. However, the extension
comprises a nearly full width panel having considerable length, thereby taking up much of
the space between the frame members when the extension is retracted into its storage
position. The extension of the present creeper comprises a tubular frame which telescopes
into the peripheral tubular frame of the primary structure, with a relatively small hip
support pad or cushion removably installable on the deployed extension. The result is
considerably more storage room between the frame members of the present creeper, than
provided in the Nicholson creeper. Moreover, it is noted that the extension of the
Nicholson creeper does not have any support wheels or casters, but is cantilevered from
the primary frame structure with its wheels or casters. It would appear that this would
overbalance the Nicholson creeper when most of the weight of an occupant is resting
toward or upon the deployed extension, as occurs from time to time during use and
particularly when initially lying down upon or rising from the creeper. The tool storage
area of the Nicholson creeper is necessarily limited by the room required for storage of the
extension, as noted further above. The Nicholson storage drawers are accordingly
relatively narrow and shallow, and do not provide sufficient room for many tools. In
contrast, the storage area of the present creeper extends for substantially the entire width
and length of the area defined by the frame of the device, with considerably less than half

5
the storage space being taken up by the extension cushion. Moreover, Nicholson fails to
provide any form of storage case or container for his assembly, whereas the present
creeper is configured for storage in, and includes, a relatively compact storage container.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,460,392 issued on Oct. 24, 1995 to Michael R. Hansen, titled “Height
Adjustable Universal Creeper Apparatus,” describes a device having an open frame with a
single vertical arm extending upwardly from the frame crossmember. A platform is
attached to the upper end of the arm, and is telescopically adjustable in height. An
extension tray is provided for holding tools and the like, but the tray is much too light to
support a person working atop the creeper and any substantial weight placed on the
extension tray would overbalance the assembly due to the lack of support beneath the
extension. The Hansen creeper cannot be lowered for working beneath a vehicle or
structure having relatively little ground clearance, as can the present creeper, but is
adapted more for extending over otherwise difficult to reach structures.

Figure 2.1. Existing mechanical creeper

6
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS
Methodology is the basic part of any scientific research because it gives detail about the data.
Methods of data collection and sample size are useful to carry out research activities.

3.1 planning method

Our project has a large number of activities that could be performed in parallel and were
dependencies exit between those activities so critical path analysis is used. By this method we
are based on time-line and we are going to follow some steps
 write down all the project tasks on an approximate timeline
 label those tasks that must happen in parallel
 label those tasks that are dependent on each other

3.2 Data collection method

In this study to collect the necessary data the researcher will use primary sources. Among the
Primary sources observation and direct interviews will be used to collect data from prospective
Mechanics and supervisors. Thus, this way we can get a correct and clear data that can help us
for the design.

3.3 Data processing and analysis

After the necessary data for the study is collected, the processing and analysis of the data will be
done. Thus, from this process on wards we will be able to get our design requirements and start
Designing accordingly.

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3.4 Product Analysis

3.4.1 Market analysis

Mechanic creepers have a great role in mechanical workshops for under car maintenance and
service. This product is required by many servicing workshops but in our country this machine is
not available easily in the market due to its expensive cost and lack of suppliers who import the
product and sell them in the market. To overcome this, our new design is a best solution for this.
The mechanic creeper will be manufactured in different industries in the country according to the
design we developed. Our new product is going to control the market since there are a lot of
users who wants to buy any use our product. Once we fulfill the local market, we can turn our
face to the neighboring countries markets and also to the global market.
Step by step we are going to update the existing design based on the customer‟s response to
existing creeper. We are also consider working together with fellow companies based
on common interest to make a better mechanic creeper and control the global market.

3.4.2 Economic analysis

Mechanic creeper on current market is expensive to buy and use them. This is due to them
Availability in the country is limited to some suppliers which makes the suppliers sell them for
The prices they want and force the buyers to buy them at higher price and also to the mechanic
creeper require a foreign currency to import them to the country. Allocating a foreign currency to
Import these products gets less attention in the government eye due to the fact that the
Government wants to spent the foreign currency on basic needs which gets first place. There is
Also, limitation of suppliers and the companies who produce mechanic creeper don‟t turn them
Face to developed countries market believing the price is too much to afford and lack of
Awareness about the market demand so our new product will fulfill the space left by the above
Reasons. The price of the hydraulic mechanic creeper will be fair in the market and many
suppliers will be there when our products rich the market so we will build a big economy in the
country. We will also reduce the use of foreign currency to import the hydraulic mechanic
creeper. This will increase the stability of economy in the country. There will be workers in

8
industries or in supplying of the products this will bring a high economic chain and help the
country‟s economy.

3.5 Conceptual design

9
 CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN PROCESS
4.1. Recognition of need
If any automotive mechanic whose maintenance tasks involve working under vehicles, you‟ll need to find
a creeper to be of great value because of its ability to reduce operator strain while boosting productivity.

4.2. Definition of problem

The problem that we see and try to solve is there is a mechanical creeper that the mechanics to use; which
means there is no mechanical creeper in the compound at all for the mechanics use to do task that
involves working under vehicles with comfort.

4.3. Analysis
In the design part, different parts will be designed and optimization of parameters of the
components of mechanical creeper will be done. In this section design of the following parts will
be done:

4.4. Product definition

The components of the hydraulic mechanical creeper will be discussed in this subsection. In this
section the importance and purpose of the component will elaborate. Various mechanical parts
used by the hydraulic mechanical creeper are:
1. Bolt: is a form of mechanical threaded fastener with an external male thread we use nuts in
different parts of the hydraulic mechanical creeper to connect components.
2. Foot pedal or Handle: a lever activated by one‟s foot or hand is used to raise the transmission
jack to its maximum lifting height.
3. Welded Joint: A welded joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the
edges of the two parts to be joined together, with or without the application of pressure and a
filler material. The heat required for the fusion of the material may be obtained by burning of gas
(in case of gas welding) or by an electric arc (in case of electric arc welding). The latter method
is extensively used because of greater speed of welding. Welding is extensively used in

10
fabrication as an alternative method for casting or forging and as are placement for bolted and
riveted joints.
4. wheels: wheels are used in hydraulic mechanical creeper because of their ability to reduce
friction. Instead of simply sliding over the ground the wheels dig in and rotate the hydraulic
mechanical creeper to the direction we want and help us in multiplying the force we spent to
move the creeper.
5. Ram pistons: the rams are expanded when the hydraulic cylinder is pumped pushing the
adopter against underside of the creeper for upward case.
6. Release valve: when the release valve is partially opened, it allows pressure to be released,
causing the oil to run back into reservoir inside the hydraulic cylinder. this enables the creeper to
be lowered.
7. Check valves: allows free fluid flow in one direction and block oil flow in the opposite
direction
8. Reservoir: the reservoir is used to store the fluid. During the lifting of the creeper oil is
sacked from the reservoir and used to push the rums with a pressure. During the lowering of the
ram‟s oil is dragged from the cylinder returning to the reservoir.
9. Piston assembly: the piston assembly consists of a pump piston and a cylinder. When the user
lifts the jack handle, it lifts the pump piston drawing oil into the pump cylinder from the
reservoir.
10. O-ring: O-rings provide a pressure seal for the pump
11.Filler plug: this plug can be removed to add hydraulic oil to the hydraulic cylinder.
12.Pin: it used to fasten various components of the machine. It also transmits load from one part
to other part which are fastened together.
13.Caster: is an undriven wheel that is designed to be attached to the bottom of the creeper. It is
used as a support and as a wheel for the creeper.

4.5. Solution principle for material selection

4.5.1. Material selection for base frame

Choice of cross-section of the tubes used in base frame is an important decision as it affects
manufacturing, cost, weight and structural behavior.
Solution principle for base frame according to type cross section:

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Table 4. 1 solution principle of base frame according to cross section.

Criteria 40×40mm I-cross U-cross Circular cross Weight

rectangular hallow section section section %
cross-section

score unit score unit score unit score unit

Availability 9 1.8 7 1.4 8 1.6 8 1.6 20

Cost 6 0.9 9 1.35 7 1.05 8 1.2 15

Strength 9 2.25 7 1.75 8 2 8 2 25

Manufacturing 9 1.8 8 1.6 7 1.4 7 1.4 20

feasibility

Durability 8 0.8 6 0.6 7 0.7 7 0.7 10

Weight 7 0.7 8 0.8 6 0.6 8 0.8 10

Total 48 8.25 45 7.5 43 7.35 46 7.7 100

Rank 1 3 4 2

After the study the solution principle of the above table on the criteria of availability, cost,
strength, manufacturing feasibility, durability, and weight the decision was taken to go ahead
with the 40×40 mm cross-section.

Solution principle of base frame according to material:

Table 4. 2 solution principle of base frame according to material type.
Criteria Weight Gray cast iron Plain carbon steel Structural steel Mild steel

score unit Score unit score unit score Unit

Strength 25 14 3.5 19 4.75 15 3.75 16 4

Cost 20 9 1.8 8 1.6 7 1.4 8 1.6

12
Fatigue 10 5 0.5 8 0.8 6 0.6 7 0.7
resistance

Stiffness 20 10 2 15 3 13 2.6 14 2.8

Corrosion 10 9 0.9 8 0.8 7 0.7 6 0.6

resistance

Brittleness 15 8 1.2 10 1.5 12 1.8 14 2.1

Total 100 55 9.9 68 12.45 60 10.85 65 11.8

Rank 4 1 3 2

Plain carbon steel (Syt=380 N/mm2) is selected from the solution principle of base frame
according to material type on the criteria of strength, cost, fatigue resistance, stiffness, corrosion
resistance, and brittleness.

4.5.2. Material selection for ram cylinder based on material

Table 4. 3 solution principle of ram cylinder

Criteria Weight % Commercial steel Mild steel Plain Carbon steel

score unit score unit score Unit

Availability 20 12 2.4 15 3 17 3.4

Temperature 30 15 4.5 20 6 25 7.5

Suitable for high 20 15 3 10 2 17 3.4

pressure

strength 10 6 0.6 7 0.7 9 0.9

Sliding speed 20 10 2 17 3.4 15 3

Total 100 58 12.5 69 15.1 83 18.2

Rank 3 2 1

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Plain carbon steel (Syt=520 N/mm2) is selected from the solution principle of ram cylinder
according to material type on the criteria of availability, temperature resistance, suitability for
high pressure, strength, and sliding speed.

4.5.3. Material selection for ram piston based on material

Table 4. 4 solution principle of ram piston

Criteria Weight % Cast iron Mild steel Plain Carbon steel

score unit score unit score Unit

Availability 20 12 2.4 15 3 17 3.4

Temperature 30 26 7.8 20 6 25 7.5

Suitable for high 20 19 3.8 10 2 17 3.4

pressure

strength 10 8 0.8 7 0.7 9 0.9

Sliding speed 20 18 3.6 17 3.4 15 3

Total 100 58 18.4 69 15.1 83 18.2

Rank 1 3 2

Cast iron (Syt=150 N/mm2) is selected from the solution principle of ram piston according to
material type on the criteria of availability, temperature resistance, suitability for high pressure,
strength, and sliding speed.

4.5.4. Material selection for pump piston based on material

Table 4. 5 solution principle of pump piston

Criteria Weight Carbon steel Alloy steel Bronze

%
Score Unit Score Unit Score Unit

Pressure rating 30 22 6.6 26 7.8 24 7.2

14
Corrosion resistance 25 21 5.25 22 5.5 24 6

Wear resistance 20 14 2.8 15 3 16 3.2

Machinability 15 12 1.8 13 1.95 11 1.65

Cost 10 9 0.9 8 0.8 6 0.6

Total 78 17.35 84 19.05 81 18.65

Rank 3 1 2

Alloy steel (Syt=430 N/mm2) is selected from the solution principle of pump piston according to
material type on the criteria of pressure rating, corrosion resistance, wear resistance,
machinability, and cost.

4.5.5. Selection of oil

Table 4. 6 solution principle of oil

Criteria Weight Mineral oil Synthetic oil Low Temperature oil

%
Score Unit Score Unit Score Unit

Corrosiveness 25 24 6 20 5 22 5.5

Viscosity 20 18 3.6 15 3 16 3.2

Stability 15 10 1.5 14 2.1 12 1.8

Durability 15 13 1.5 12 1.8 11 1.65

Anti-foam 15 13 1.95 12 1.8 14 2.1

Cost 10 12 1.2 14 1.4 13 1.3

Total 100 90 16.2 87 15.1 88 15.55

Rank 1 3 2

Mineral oil is selected from the solution principle of oil according type on the criteria of
Corrosiveness, Viscosity, Stability, Durability, Anti-foam, Cost.

15
4.5.6. Material selection for handle of hydraulic system based on material

Table 4. 7 solution principle of handle

Criteria Weight % Stainless steel Mild steel Plain carbon steel

score unit score unit score Unit

Availability 10 12 1.2 10 1 14 1.4

Strength 30 25 7.5 24 7.2 22 6.6

Cost 15 9 1.35 10 1.5 13 1.95

Ease of 20 9 1.8 13 2.6 15 3

manufacturability

weight 10 6 0.6 8 0.8 9 0.9

Corrosion 15 12 1.8 11 1.65 10 1.35

resistance

Total 100 73 14.25 76 14.75 80 15.2

Rank 3 2 1

Plain carbon steel is selected from the solution principle of handle according to material type on
the criteria of availability, cost, strength, ease of manufacturability, weight, and corrosion
resistance.

4.5.7. Material selection for bolt based on material

Table 4. 8 solution principle of bolt

Criteria Weight Cast iron Mild steel Plain Carbon steel

Score Unit Score Unit Score Unit

availability 25 25 6.25 16 4 20 5

durability 25 22 5.5 12 2.64 15 3.75

16
reliability 30 25 7.5 15 4.5 25 7.5

strength 20 15 3 20 4 20 4

Total 100 87 22.25 63 18.14 80 20.25

Rank 1 3 2

Cast iron (Syt=150 N/mm2) is selected from the solution principle of bolt according to material
type on the criteria of availability, durability, reliability, and strength.

4.5.8. Material selection for nut based on material

Table 4. 9 solution principle of nut

Criteria Weight Cast iron Phosphors bronze Commercial steel

Score Unit Score Unit Score Unit

Corrosion 30 15 4.5 25 7.5 16 4.8

resistance

durability 25 20 5 20 5 20 5

Toughness 20 15 3 23 4.6 12 2.4

Resilience 25 18 4.5 20 5 15 3.78

Total 100 68 17 88 22.1 63 15.95

Rank 2 1 3

Phosphors bronze is selected from the solution principle of nut according to material type on the
criteria of corrosion resistance, durability, toughness, and resilience.

4.5.9. Material selection for pin based on material

17
Table 4. 10 solution principle of pin

Criteria Weight % Mild steel Cast iron Tempered steel

Score Unit Score Unit Score Unit

Strength 30 22 6.6 20 6 24 7.2

Stiffness 20 20 4 16 3.2 15 3

Ductility 15 12 1.8 9 1.35 11 1.65

Machinability 20 16 3.2 14 2.8 13 2.6

Cost 15 11 1.65 13 1.95 12 1.8

Total 100 81 17.25 72 15.3 75 16.25

Rank 1 3 2

Mild steel (Syt=370 N/mm2) is selected from the solution principle of pin according to material
type on the criteria of strength, stiffness, ductility, machinability, and cost.

4.5.10. Material selection for casters based on material

Table 4. 11 solution principle of casters

Criteria Weight Tempered steel Nylon/plastic Rubber

Score Unit Score Unit Score Unit

Availability 25 22 5.5 23 5.75 20 5

Durability 40 38 15.2 30 12 32 12.8

Strength 30 30 9 22 6.6 24 7.2

Chemical 5 3 0.15 5 0.25 4 0.2

resistance

Total 100 93 29.85 80 24.6 80 25.2

18
Rank 1 3 2

Tempered steel (Syt=690 N/mm2) is selected from the solution principle of casters according to
material type on the criteria of availability, durability, strength, and chemical resistance.

4.6. Working principle of hydraulic mechanical creeper

A hydraulic mechanical creeper uses a fluid, which is incompressible, that is forced into a
cylinder by a pump plunger. Oil is used since it is self-lubricating and stable. When the plunger
pulls back, it draws oil out of the reservoir through a suction check valve into the cylinder. The
suction valve ball is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the plunger. The discharge
valve ball is outside the chamber and opens when the oil is pushed into the cylinder. At this point
the suction ball within the chamber is forced shut and oil pressure builds in the cylinder. When
the handle is moved upward, ball is seated and fluid is drawn from the reservoir through the
screen into the valve assembly. From there fluid enters the plunger cylinder.

Figure 4. 1 working principle of mechanics creeper.

Hydraulic mechanical creeper works on the principle of “Pascal „s law”. Inside the hydraulic
cylinder there is an operating arrangement that is comprised of a reservoir, a main cylinder, a
main piston, a pump piston, pump cylinder, check valves, a release valve, oil, oil ports and many
seals to prevent air or oil leakage in the pressurized system.
The check valves are the important parts of the arrangement and deliver the main function of
preventing oil within the ports from traveling in the wrong direction. The pump piston is
connected to a lever that is moved up and down. The up-and-down action of the lever moves the
pump piston up and down within the pump cylinder. As the pump piston is moved upward in the
pump cylinder, it creates a suction that pulls open the first check valve and draws oil from the
reservoir through the oil ports and thereafter into the pump cylinder. Continues operations of the
pump will create sufficient pressure to raise the ram. When the ram is raises it raise the creeper

19
to the height that we want under car during maintenance and it also used when the lifting is
maximum condition which is used for seating purpose. Each side has 5 casters with wheels
which used for transporting purpose and for preventing capture in a crack or in expansion joint
on the floor of the work place.
As the lever is brought downward, the pump piston pushes the oil, closing the first check valve
and opening a second check valve that let the fluid which we use to raise the rams returns to the
fluid reservoir. Due to these fluid flow to reservoir, the ramps will go down till the fluid which is
used to raise the rams is fully returned to the reservoir tank. after that we can safely remove the
hydraulic mechanical creeper from the car and working area.

4.7. Detail design

This section of the paper illustrates all the necessary documentation regarding the detailed design
of this project. The design is classified in design of system. the system is hydraulic system,
structural design, bolt and nut design are included. During design process, force and stress
analysis is primarily used.
The specification used to design the machine are:
 Capacity of the creeper is 200kg
 2m Length and 0.5m width of creeper on horizontal surface
 68.20 maximum inclination angle from horizontal
 100 minimum inclination angles during maximum load

4.7.1. Structural system design

Frame design
Material selected for frame is plain carbon steel (yield strength =380 N/mm²)
Using uniform load distribution, we need to find the reaction force on the frame

20
 Figure 4. 2 main frame free body diagram
Assuming the average human weight =200 kg and human height = 2 m.
We need to find the reaction force which act on the frame by using concentrated load or point
load.
W=100kg x 9.81 m/s²=981N

Figure 4. 3 main frame concentric load diagram or point load FBD

 By using summation of moment at A.

Fb = 981 N by using

21
By using cross section of frame, we need to determine the moment and shear force on the frame

Figure 4. 4 FBD of frame during section

Figure 4. 5 Left hand and right-hand section part of frame

22
The left Section of the frame when 0
Know we use concentrated load in order to find the shear force and moment.

Figure 4. 6 point load diagram of left-hand section of frame

V = 981 – 981 * X when X= 0 Vo = 981 N

X=1 V1= 0
By using summation of moment at A.

M= - 490.5 * X + 981 * X
When X= 0 Mo = 0
X= 1 M1 = 490.5 Nm
The right-side section of the frame when 1≤X≤2m

Figure 4. 7 point load diagram of right-hand section of frame

V= 981- 981*X when X=1 V1= 0

When X = 2 V2 = - 981 N
By using summation of moment at V.
23
 when X=1 M1= - 490.5 Nm

As we gate from the above the maximum bending moment on the frame is 490.5 Nm.
The bending moment diagram and shear force diagram are given below

Figure 4. 8 Shear force and bending moment diagram of frame

Bending stress can be deternined by the following equation

24
We select 40x40mm cross section is selected for frame. the moment of inertia for frame is given
by:

I= = since b=d=40mm

b₁=d₁= 40 - 2*t
from above relation we need to determine the thickness of frame from the bending stress
equation.

Y= =

I= =

I= –

Bending stress on the frame will be

factor of safety for frame=3

Know the thickness will be determine from the above given

126.26 = –

b₁=38.88mm since b=b-2xt 38.88=40 -2xt t=1.12mm

from standard table we select 3mm of thickness.

25
4.7.2. Force analysis during up stand case

When the creeper is in up case, we need to calculate the force and bending moment at point C.
4905 N/m

Figure 4. 9 uniform load distribution during maximum height

by using concentric load, we need to calculate the force at point C.
1962 N

Figure 4. 10 point load diagram during maximum height for force analysis
Fc = 1962 N

26
Bending moment at point C can be calculated from the uniform load distribution of load.

Figure 4. 11 section part the frame during maximum height

Left part section of frame when 0≤x≤0.2

Figure 4. 12 left hand section part of the frame during maximum height

27
By suing concentric load, we need to find the shear force and bending moment when 0
4905 N

Figure 4. 13 point load diagram of left-hand section parts of frame

V = 4905 * X

M=2452.5*X² + 4905*X
When X = 0 V= 0 M=0
X=0.2 V=981N M =1097.1 Nm
X=0.4 V= 1962 N M = 2354.4 Nm
So, our maximum bending moment will be at X=0.4m which is M = 2354.4 Nm.
Design of casters
To know the load capacity of casters we will divide the sum of weights of the mechanic and the
creeper itself to the number of casters available. Material selected for casters is tempered steel
with Syt=690 Mpa.
Case 1: when the mechanic lying down on the creeper performing some tasks.
We assume the weight of the creeper to be 40 Kg.

Fc = = = 40 N

But in our design casters are subjected to crushing stress, which is given by;
σc = =

But for the design to be safe

σc ≤ , Syt = Syc = 690 Mpa.

28
 ≤

A≥0.174 mm2.but area exposed to crushing stress is A=D*L. assuming L to be 30 mm.

A = D*L ≥ 0.174
D*30 ≥ 0.174
D ≥ 0.00579mm.
Case 2: When the creeper attains its maximum height, the free body diagram will look like as
follows;
1962 N
200mm 200mm

1077mm

68.20

800mm
F1 F2
Figure 4. 14 free body diagram of creeper
Σ FY = 0, F1 + F2 – 1962 = 0
F1 + F2 = 1962 …………………………eqn 1
ΣMo = 0,
1962*200 + F2*(800 – 1077*cos68.20) – F1*1077*cos68.20 = 0
392400 + 400 F2 – 400 F1 = 0
F2 = F1 + 981 ………………………eqn 2
Now substitute equation 2 into equation 1 we get,
F1 + F1 + 981 = 1962
2*F1 + 981 = 1962
F1 = 490.5 N
F2 = 1471.5 N
The maximum force exerted on the casters is 735.75 N, which will cause a crushing stress.

29
σc = = =

But for the design to be safe

σc ≤ , Syt = Syc = 690 Mpa.

A≥3.199 mm2.but area exposed to crushing stress is A=D*L. assuming L to be 30 mm.

A = D*L ≥ 3.199
D*30 ≥ 3.199
D ≥ 0.1066mm.
So, considering both conditions we can take the diameter of casters to be 50 mm.
Design of bolt
A bolted joint subjected to tensile force P is shown in Fig. The cross-section at the core diameter
dc is the weakest section. The maximum tensile stress in the bolt at this cross-section is given by

σt =

Figure 4. 15 parameter of bolt and nut

Bolt with nut

Where d= nominal or major diameter
Dc= core diameter
P=pitch of the tread
Id=length of unthreaded portion

30
L=total length of bolt
LT=thread length
Lt=length of threaded
H=height 0f the nut
The height of the nut h can be determined by equating the strength of the bolt in tension with the
Strength in shear. The procedure is based on the following assumptions:
(i) Each turn of the thread in contact with the nut supports an equal amount of load.
(ii) There is no stress concentration in the threads.
(iii) The yield strength in shear is equal to half of the yield strength in tension (Ssy = 0.5Syt).
(iv) Failure occurs in the threads of the bolt and not in the threads of the nut.
Since the tensile stress is given by

σt =
From the solution principal material selected for bolt is cast iron (Syt=150N/mm2). And we have
factor of safety=3. The bolt is subjected to a force due a weight of an operator or mechanic.
Since we use five bolts with nuts in our creeper, the force on each bolt will be;

= = 392.4 N

σt =

= 25 N/ mm2
Know we need to determine the core diameter from the tensile stress

σt =

25 =

dc = 4.47 mm, but from standards of bolt, we can use dc = 5 mm.

but dc = 0.8d
5 = 0.8d

31
 d ≥ 6.25 mm, we can select 8 mm.
From the text book shigley table8.1 we can get the nominal diameter and the pitch value with
core diameter by principle of the highest value of the difference b/n nominal value and pitch
value. So according to this d=8mm p=1.25mm.
dr = p – d
= 8 – 1.25
= 6.75 mm

dm = d – p/2
= 8 – 1.25/2
= 7.375 mm
Now we must design width, height and length of nut. So, width of nut=3d=3x8=24mm
Design of nut
A suitable material for the nut is phosphor bronze which is a Cu-Zn alloy with small percentage
of Pb and the yield stresses may be taken as
Yield stress in tension σty = 125MPa
Yield stress in compression σcy = 150MPa
Yield stress in shear τy = 105MPa
Safe bearing pressure Pb = 15MPa.
Considering that the load is shared equally by all threads bearing failure may be avoided if

F = (d2 – dc2)pb*n,
Where n/ is the number of threads in contact. Substituting values in the above equation.

F = (82 – 52)15*n
n = 0.903 and we can take n = 5
Therefore H = np = 5*1.25 = 6.25
The nut threads are also subjected to crushing and shear. Considering crushing failure we have

σc =

32
σc = 5.42N/mm2 This gives σc = 5.42MPa which is adequately safe since σcy = 150 MPa and
therefore crushing is not expected.
To avoid shearing of the threads on the nut we may write F = πd t n/ τ where t is the thread
thickness which for the square thread is p/2= 0.625.

τ=

= 5 N/mm2
This gives τ =5 MPa and since τy= 105MPa shear failure of teeth is not expected. Due to the
screw loading the nut needs to be checked for tension also and we may write

C*F = (D12 – dc2)*σty

A correlation factor C for the load is used to account for the twisting moment. With C=1.3 and
on substitution of values in the equation D1 works out to be

1.3*392.4 = * (D12 – 6.752)*125

D1 = 7.13 mm
D1=6.94 mm. But D1 needs to be larger than major diameter and we take D1 = 10mm.
We may also consider crushing of the collar of the nut

F = (D22 – D12)*σc
392.4 = (D22 – 102)*150

D2 = 10.165 mm, D2 can be taken as 12 mm.

To avoid crushing we Consider shearing of the nut collar πD1tτy= F. Substituting values we have
F = πD1tτy
392.4 = π*10*t*105
t = 0.12 mm, we can take t as 6 mm.
Design of pin
In our design pins connect the padded backrest with both padded back bench and padded
headrest. And material selected for pin is mild steel with Syt=370 Mpa.
When the mechanic carries out a task lying on the creeper the pins are subjected to shear force,
and it is given by;

33
Fp = = = 327 N

= , since the pin is only subjected to shear stress, τxy = τmax

According to maximum shear stress theory:

max , we considered factor of safety to be 3.

A= ,

,d 2.6mm

According to distortion energy theory:

,n=3

√
Simplified the above equation, give us:

√ , √ , ,

= , =

,d 2.42 mm

From both theories the diameter of pin is taken to be 5 mm

34
4.7.3. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM DESIGN

From the geometrical relationship we need to determine the piston road length and its height of
lift during maximum angle ( .

Figure 4. 16 structural free body diagram

From the geometric relationship we need to calculate the hydraulic piston extension.
From the geometry

From hypotonus

From the piston ram extension and thickness of the hydraulic cylinder we assume 200mm piston
length place on the frame.
Design of hydraulic cylinder

35
Force analysis on the hydraulic cylinder during maximum load will be determine from uniform
load distribution.

Figure 4. 17 FBD of creeper during maximum load

During maximum load we assume

The concentrated load is
From the concentrated load the load at the point of connection between the creeper plate and
hydraulic cylinder is determined.

Figure 4. 18 FBD of hydraulic cylinder during maximum load

The force which acts on the ram piston is N.

36
Design of ram piston
The force on piston ram is
The net displacement needed by ram piston is
The ram piston is circular cross section and is made up of cast iron AS G Ni 20 Cr

The failure of link due to compressive force is

Selecting the standard diameter for ram piston

For this ram piston an O-ring of internal diameter greater than 30 mm.
1.030 O-ring from the table is selected. Units in the table are in inches. Therefore, the dimension
converted into mm.
The dimensions of O-ring are:
⁄

Design of ram cylinder

Material selected is plain carbon steel Fe E 520 with yield strength of 520 MPa.
Ram cylinder internal diameter is the same as O-ring outer diameter =50.18 mm.
The force applied by ram cylinder (W=981 N)
Lame‟s equation

[√ ]

37
 [√ ]

Design of reservoir cylinder

Taking an allowance volume of 25% then

Design of pump piston

Material selected for piston pump is alloy steel (for cold drawn 1.5% manganese steel bars).
11C15 tensile strength of 430 MPa.
To find the size of the pump piston let‟s take a ram piston to pump piston area ratio as1: 2.

38
For this pump piston an O-ring of outer diameter around 21.88 mm has to be selected. Therefore,
1.016 O-ring from the table is selected. The diameters of O -rings are:

( )

Since the factor of safety more than 1 is safe. So, the design is acceptable.
Design of pump cylinder

Stress in the pump cylinder

Material selected for ram cylinder is high tensile cast steel CS1230 with yield strength of 1000
MPa.
Ram cylinder internal diameter is same as O -ring outer diameter = 23.81 mm.
Force applied by ram piston W = 4056.6 N.
Lame‟s equation

[√ ]

[√ ]

Design of release valve

Diameter of release valve should be less than the diameter of pump cylinder (23.81 mm).
The diameter of valves can be taken as

39
Design of relief valve
The axial force acting on the spring is 30 N when valve is closed. 15 N when it is open.
The length of spring is 20 mm when valve is open and 25 mm when valve is closed.
Material selected for spring is oil-hardened. Tempered valve spring wire with
⁄
The permissible shear force for the spring wire should be taken as 30% Sut.
The modulus of rigidity is ⁄
The minimum inside diameter of the spring is 10 mm.

( ) where G=81370N/mm²

( ) ( )

The design is failed as 458.8 > 411, so let‟s select d = 2 mm.

( )

40
Check factor of safety:

The design is safe.

Number of active coils:

Total number of coils It is assumed that the spring has square and ground ends. The number of inactive
coils is 2. Therefore

Pitch of coil

Design of lever or handle

The force on the lever can be calculated from pascal principle of the hydraulic piston.

For operating simplicity let‟s take a lever length.

41
 Figure 4. 19 FBD of handle

The lever argument can be approximated to a cantilever shaft.

Figure 4. 20 assuming handle as a cantilever beam

Using maximum stress theory

42
 CHAPTER FIVE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Result

1. Seat frame dimensions

 Material = plain carbon steel (Syt = 380 N/mm2)
 width = 540 mm
 Length = 400mm
 Thickness = 3 mm
2. Middle frame dimensions
 Material = plain carbon steel (Syt = 380 N/mm2)
 width = 460 mm
 Length = 1070 mm
 Thickness = 3 mm
3. Main frame dimensions
 Material = plain carbon steel (Syt = 380 N/mm2)
 width = 540 mm
 Length = 1440 mm
 Thickness = 3 mm
4. Caster dimensions
 Material = tempered steel (Syt = 690 N/mm2)
 Diameter = 50 mm
 Length = 30 mm
5. Bolt dimensions (M8)
 Material = cast iron (Syt = 150 N/mm2)
 Collar diameter(dc) = 5 mm
 Main diameter(d) = 8 mm
 pitch(p) = 1.25 mm
 mean diameter (dm) = 7.375 mm
6. Nut dimensions (M8)
 Material = phosphor bronze (Syt = 125 N/mm2)
43
  Width = 24 mm
 Height = 6.25 mm
 Inner diameter = 10 mm
 Outer diameter = 12 mm
 Thickness = 6 mm
7. Pin dimensions
 Material = mild steel with yield strength of 370 Mpa.
 Diameter = 5 mm
 Length = 90 mm
8. Ram piston dimensions
 Material = cast iron ASG Ni 20 Cr (Syt = 390 Mpa and E=200*103 Mpa)
 Diameter = 30 mm
 Length = 200 mm
9. O-ring for ram piston dimensions
 Material = plain carbon steel FeE 220 (Syt = 220 N/mm2)
 Inner diameter = 28.58 mm
 Outer diameter = 30.96 mm
 Mean diameter = 29.78 mm
 Ring cross-section diameter = 1.6 mm
10. Ram cylinder dimensions
 Material = plain carbon steel Fe E 520 with yield strength of 520 MPa
 Inner diameter = 30.95 mm
 Outer diameter = 36.95 mm
 Height = 179 mm
 Length = 185 mm
 Thickness = 3 mm
11. pump piston dimensions
 Material = alloy steel (for cold drawn 1.5% manganese steel bars). 11C15 tensile
strength of 430 MPa.
 Inner diameter = 21.88 mm
 Outer diameter = 30.95 mm

44
  Length = 75 mm
12. O-ring for pump piston dimensions
 Material = alloy steel (for cold drawn 1.5% manganese steel bars). 11C15 tensile
strength of 430 MPa.
 Inner diameter = 18 mm
 Outer diameter = 23.81 mm
 Mean diameter = 20.905 mm
 Diameter of O-ring wire = 2.1125 mm
13. Reservoir cylinder dimensions
 Material = plain carbon steel Fe E 520 with yield strength of 520 MPa
 Height = 179 mm
 Inner diameter = 48 mm
 Outer diameter = 54 mm
 Thickness = 3 mm

5.2 Discussion

The dimensions of all components of the hydraulic mechanics creeper are determined and tested
with different theories of failure. Proper materials and types are selected considering different
parameters. The design weas successful and it fits the stated specifications. It has been tried to
minimize the initial and operating costs. This project can add some values to the existing
machine. It can improve safety and comfort of the creeper. Two modes of failure analysis,
namely maximum shear stress theory and maximum principal theory are used to design all
components. anyone with up to 200kg weight can easily use the creeper without any problem so,
using this project for the selected capacity will be economical and cost effective.

45
 CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1. conclusion

Design, modelling and simulation of hydraulic mechanic creeper was performed in this project.
This mechanic creeper is an important asset in workshop for sliding in and out under the car and
for siting purpose during maintenance operation. The machine design in this project is done by
using maximum shear stress theory and maximum principal stress theory and found to be safe
and valid. Hence, it is verry efficient machine as per design. In addition, the cost needed to set up
is fair and can be easily manufactured in our country .it is more beneficial and effective in
performing maintenance under the car. this mechanic creeper added with hydraulic lift which
allow the creeper under the car to move up and down as the need of mechanic during
maintenance operation and it also give comfort and safety to the mechanic during work. The
product is not only limited under car operation it also used for siting purpose during engine
overhaul and engine tune up. Finally, we can conclude that the project was a success though it
can be more developed and get to production.

6.2. Recommendation

The member of this project recommended that, it will be beneficial to manufacture this product
and distribute to the site of workshop. Further studies should be done by producing a prototype
and doing experiment analysis. Testing of the machine is highly recommended on the field of
operation. so, our greatest recommendation to the company is to manufacture it.

For the proper functioning of the machine, the operator should use the following safety methods.

 Before placing the hydraulic mechanic creeper under the car, the floor must neat and
clean from oil droplet.

 When adding a fluid to the reservoir, be careful not to drop to the surfaces because it
causes a loss with regard to economy and slipperiness on the surfaces regarding to
operation.

46
 References
1 Bhandari, V., Design of machine elements. 2010: Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
2 Data, D.J.C.b.P.c.o.T.C., Published by Kalaikathir AchchagamCoimbatore, Data book of
Engineers. 1968.
3 Khurmi, R. and J. Gupta, A textbook of machine design. 2005: Eurasia
4 Shigley, J.E., et al., Mechanical engineering design. Vol. 10. 1989: McGraw hill New York
5 Charles Riche Benjamin et al., Offering body support for car mechanics through the use of
modifiable creeper pad. Automotive Technology, Keningau Vocational College.
6 Shubham Tripathi, Design and Implementation of Automatic Creeper, Journal of
Information and Computational Science. Volume 10 Issue 1 – 2020: Mumbai, India

47
 Appendices
Appendix A: - Diameter and Area of Course-pitch and Fine-Pitch Metric method

48
Appendix B: - 1-016 O-ring Inner and outer diameter of pump piston

49
Appendix C: - 1-006 O-ring Inner and outer diameter of ram piston

50