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Elective Mathematics For Senior High SCH
Elective Mathematics For Senior High SCH
ELECTIVE
MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER THREE
Binary Operations
3.1 Introduction
In this section, we consider operations on a non-empty set “R” consisting of real
numbers, by which we combine any two numbers x, y R to produce another number.
For instance, one element of N, the set {0, 1, 2 …}, may be added to another element of
that set to produce a third number, e.g. 2 + 5 = 7. Mathematical operation of addition (+)
has been performed on the numbers 2 and 5 to produce 7. Addition (+) is said to be a
binary operation on the set N of natural numbers because it combines two elements of the
set to produce a third number. Other basic operations that we are familiar with are
subtraction (–), multiplication (), division (), intersection () and union (). Apart
a b = 2a + b + ab
(b) 13 * 32
= 2 13 32 13 32 = 231
3 2 2
= 8.
3
a b = 22a b , where a, b R.
a 2
Evaluate: (a) 2 3, (b) 3 2.
Solution
2(2) 3 2(3) 2
(a) 2 3 = (b) 3 2 =
2 2 32 2
2
= 1, = 4.
6 11
Table 3.1
1 3 5
1 3 1 5
3 1 3 5
5 5 5 5
Page 36
AKRONG SERIES
ELECTIVE
MATHEMATICS
(a) (3 1) 5 = 1 5 = 5, (b) 3 (1 5) = 3 5 = 5.
Solution
a b a b 2ab , where a, b R.
Evaluate: (a) 2 3, (b) – 4 5, (c) 2 3 (–4)
2. A binary operation is defined on the set R of real numbers by
x y = 3x + 2y – xy, where x, y R
Evaluate: (a) 4 2, (b) 2 4.
3.2 Closure
Suppose the binary operation * is defined on the set R of real numbers by
a * b = a + b + 2ab..Then for any two real numbers x and y, when they are combined
using the binary operation *, that is x * y = x + y + 2xy, the result is always another real
number. For example, 3 and 4 are two distinct real numbers. When they are combined,
the result, that is 3 * 4 = 3 + 4 + 2(3)(4) = 31, is also a real number. The set R is therefore
said to be closed under the binary operation *.
a * b R for all a, b R.
Example 3.3
are both elements of T, however 3 * 2 = 17 does not belong to the set T. Hence we can
conclude that the set T is not closed under the operation *.
Example 3.4
Table 3.2 defines the operation on the set S = {a, b, c, d}.
The set S is closed with respect to since when any two elements a b
Table 3.2
c d
a b S, a c S, a d S,
b d c b a
b c S, b d S, c d S.
c a b c d
d c a d b
Example 3.5
The operation * is defined on the set of real numbers R by a * b = a + b + 2ab.
Show that * is commutative.
Solution
a * b = a + b + 2ab……….(1)
b * a = b + a + 2ba
= a + b + 2ab ……… (2)
From (1) and (2), a * b = b * a for all a , b R. Hence the operation * is commutative.
[Since ba = ba and b + a = a + b]
x y = x – y + 3xy ……………………………………………………………(1)
Solution
y x = y – x + 3yx ……………………………………………………………(2)
Since subtraction is not commutative it follows that x – y y – x and therefore
x y y x. Hence the operation is not commutative.
Refer to Table 3.2. The operation is commutative on the set S since for every pair of
Example 3.7
Addition (+) and multiplication () are both associative since for all a, b, c R,
3.3.2 Associative operations
(A B) C = A (B C) and (A B) C = A (B C).
intersection () are also associative since for any three sets A, B and C,
Example 3.8
The operation is defined over the set of real numbers “R” by a b = a b 12 ab. Find
(a) (2 3) 4, (b) 6 (2 5).
2 3 12 (2)(3) 4
Solution
(i) (2 3) 4 = [Note: 2 3 12 (2)(3) = 8]
8 4 = 8 4 12 (8)(4) = 28.
=
(i) 6 (2 5) = 6 2 5 12 (2)(5) [Note: 2 5 12 (2)(5) = 12]
= 6 12 = 6 12 12 (6)(12) = 54.
Example 3.9
Show that the operation * defined over the set of real numbers “R” is associative, where
a * b = a + b + ab.
Solution
(a * b) * c = (a + b + ab) * c
= (a + b + ab) + c + (a + b + ab)c
= a + b + ab + c + ac + bc + abc
= a + b + c + ab + ac + bc + abc……………………………...(1)
a * (b * c) = a * (b + c + bc)
= a + (b + c + bc) + a(b + c + bc)
= a + b + c + bc + ab + ac + abc
= a + ab + ac + abc ……………………………………………………(1)
a (b c) = a (bc + b) = a(bc + b) + a = abc + ab + a
= a + ab + abc …………………………………………………………(2)
From (1) and (2) (a b) c a (b c) and therefore the operation is not associative.
a b = a b.
Determine whether is;
ab
(a) commutative, (b) associative. June 1998.
Solution
(a) Let Q denote the set of non-zero rational numbers.
a ab b c =
(a b) c = a (b c)
a b abc
a b abc
a ab b c
(a b) c = a b c =
( a b )c ac bc
ab = .....................(1)
a b bc =
ab
c
ab
abc b c
abc b c
a b bc
a (b c ) = a b c =
c a (b c ) ab ac
bc = …………...(2)
bc
Example 3.12
Table 3.3 defines the operation on the set
Table 3.3
Y = {r, s, t, u} r s t u
(a) (u r ) (t s) = p,
Find p and q if; r s u r t
(b) (q r) (t u) = s.
s u t s r
t r s t u
u t r u s
Solution
(a) (u r) (t s) = p t s = p s = p.
satisfies it. Only ‘s’ satisfies the equation and thus forms the root. That is:
(s r) (t u) = u u = s.
Hence q = s.
Example 3.13
A binary operation is defined on the set
Table 3.4
a b = a + b – ab, where a, b T.
T = {1, 2, 3, 4} by 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
–1 –2
(ii) Is T closed with respect to ?
(a) (i) Copy and complete Table 3.4. 2 1
–1
(b) Evaluate (2 3) 4. June 1994.
3 1
4 1 –2 –8
Solution
Table 3.5
(a) (i) The completed table is as shown in 1 2 3 4
(ii) T is not closed with respect to since
Table 3.5.
1 1 1 1 1
there exist a, b T such that a b T
2 1 0 –1 –2
For example 3 4 = –5 T
3 1 –1 –3 –5
(b) (2 3) 4 = –1 4 4 1 –2 –5 –8
= –1 + 4 – (–1) (4) = 7.
by a b 3a 2b ab, where a, b T . 2 3
Table 3.6
4 5
Example 3.15
a * b a b 2, where a, b S.
A binary operation * is defined on set S = {2, 3, 5, 7} by
2 3
Table 3.7
5 7
(a) Copy and complete Table 3.7. 2 2 3 5 7
(b) (i) Show whether or not S is closed under *. 3 3 4 8
(ii) Evaluate 3 * (2 * 5). Nov. 2006. 5 5 8
Ans: (b) (i) S is not closed under *, (ii) 3 * (2 * 5) = 6.
7 7 8 10
Example 3.17
A binary operation * is defined on the set of real numbers by a * b a b 2. Compute
(a) 2*1,
each of the following, leaving your answers in surd form:
(b) 3*(2*3). Nov. 2001.
Ans: (a) 2 2, (b) 9 2 2.
The binary operation * and are defined on the set R, of real numbers by
Example 3.20
a * b 2a ab and x y x y xy
respectively, where a, b, x, y R.
(a) Determine whether or not is commutative.
(b) Evaluate (3 * 2) (5 3). June 2006.
Ans: (a) is commutative, (b) 89.
Example 3.21
A binary operation * is defined on the set R of real numbers by
a*b = ab where a, b R and a, b 0
3 2 ,
b a
(a) (i) Calculate 3 2 2 3 *
(ii) Deduce the value of 3 2 * 3 2 2 3 .
(b) (i) If x * y = 1, show that y = 12 x x 5
(ii) Hence find the values of y for which 4 2 5 * y = 1, giving your answer in
the form p q r where p, q and r are rational numbers.
Solution
3 2 2 3 3 2
(a) (i) 3 2 2 3 * 3 2 =
3 2 3 2 2 3
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 = 3 6 6 6 2 6 = 6 .
3 2 3 2 3 2 32
=
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3
= 3 6 6 6 2 6 = 6.
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 18 12
=
6
3 2 2 3 * 3 2 = 3 2 2 3 3 2
3 3 2 2 3
6
= 6– = 5 6.
2 6 6
3 2
3 2 * 3 2 2 3 = 3 2 2 3 = 6 = 5 6.
3 2 2 3 3 2
6
(ii) –
6 6
x2 y 2
= 1
y 2 2
(b) (i) x * y = 1 x =1 x – y = xy
x – y2 – xy = 0
y x xy
2 2 2
y + xy – x = 0 [which is a quadratic in y]
2
A = 1, b = x, c = –x .
b b2 4ac x x 2 4(1)( x 2 )
= x x2 4 x2
= x 5x
…………………………………………………………(1)
2
y = = .
2a 2(1) 2 2
1 x x 5 .
5 * y = 1 x = 4 2 5
=
2
(ii) 4 2
y = 1 4 2 5 4 2 5 5 = 1 4 2 5 4 5 10
Therefore from (1), we have
2 2
y1 = 4 2 5 4 5 10 =
1 1 14 6 5 = 7 3 5.
1 4 2 5 4 5 10 = 1 6 2 5 = 3 5.
2 2
2 2
y2 =
m p
2 2
= m + p – mp
Find: (a) 4 3,
(b) x such that x y = y. Stating the range of values of y for which x is defined.
June 1995.
4 3 = 4 + 3 – 4 3 = 16 + 9 – 12 = 13.
2 2
x y = y x + y – xy = y
2 2 2 2
(b) x – yx + y – y = 0
This is a quadratic equation in x, where
2
a = 1, b = –y, c = y – y
y ( y )2 4(1)( y 2 y ) y 4 y 3 y 2
x = b b 4ac =
2
= .
2a 2(1) 2
4y – 3y 0 3y – 4y 0 y(3y – 4) 0
x is defined if
2 2
y =0 or y = 4
3
Hence the range of values of y for which x is defined is y : 0 y 4 .
3
(a) Evaluate 3 1 and 1 3.
12 12
2
Solution
3 1 3 1 3 1 2 3
2 2
(a) = 3 1 =
12 12 12 12 12
37 2 1 = 37 1 = 25 .
= 12 4 12 12
1 3 1 3 2 3
2 1 3 = 12
2 3
= 1 3
12 12 12 12
37 2 1 = 37 1 = 25 .
1225 1225
= 12 4 12 12
3 1 1 3 = 25 25 = 2 25 25
2 2
(b)
12 12 12 12 12 12
=
625 625 625 =
625 625 = 0.
(c) 2 a = 9 2 + a – 2(2)(a) = 9 4 + a – 4a = 9 a – 4a – 5 = 0
144 144 72 72 72
2 2 2 2
(a + 1)(a – 5) = 0 a = –1 or a = 5.
The truth set = {a: a = –1, 5}.
Exercise 3(b)
1. The operation * is defined on the set R of real numbers by a * b
a b
a , where
a + b 0. Determine whether or not the operation is:
(a) commutative, (b) associative.
2. A binary operation is defined on the set R of real numbers by
a b = a2 – 4ab + b2, where a, b R
(a) 2 3, (b) 3 2, (c) (1 2) 3.
3. A binary operation is defined on the set T = {1, 2, 3, 4} by
a b = a + b – ab, where a, b T.
(a) (i) Copy and complete the table below.
1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 –1 –2
3 1 –1
4 1 –2 –8
(b) Evaluate (2 3) 4.
(ii) Is T closed with respect to?
(x 1) + (x 2 ) = 1 2.
(b) Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the truth set of the equation
7. An operation * is defined on the set of real numbers by x * y = x2 – y2.
Calculate 2 3 * 4 3 .
Example 3.24
The operation * is defined over the set R of real numbers by a * b = a + b + 2ab.
Find the identity element under the operation *.
Let e R be the identity element under the operation *. It then follows that for every
Solution
1 2a
e= 0 = 0.
Hence the identity element under * is 0.
The inverse of the element a under addition (+) is (–a) since a + (–a) = 0.
The inverse of the element a under multiplication () is 1 since a 1 = 1.
a a
Example 3.25
.Table 3.8 below defines the operation on the set
a b
Table 3.8
S = {a, b, c, d}. The identity element in the set S is ‘c’ since
for every element x S, x c = c x = x, That is
c d
a b d a c
a c = c a = a, b c = c b = b, b d c b a
c c = c c = c, d c = c d = d. c a b c d
It therefore follows that: d c a d b
a d = c},
b b = c},
(i) the inverse of a=d {since
c c = c},
(ii) the inverse of b=b {since
d a = c}.
(iii) the inverse of c=c {since
(iv) the inverse of d=a {since
Example 3.26
Find the inverse under * of a general element a R and state which element has no
inverse. Determine the inverses of 2 and 3.
For a R, let a–1 R be the inverse. From Example 3.25, the identity element is e = 0
Solution
a * a–1 = a–1 * a = e = 0.
a * a–1 = 0
a + a–1 + 2aa–1 = 0
a–1 + 2aa–1 = –a
a–1(1 + 2a) = –a
a–1 = a .
1 2a
The inverse expression a–1 becomes undefined when the denominator is zero.
That is, a–1 is not real when 1 + 2a = 0 a 12 . Hence 12 has no inverse.
2 = 2.
1 2(2)
The inverse of 2 =
5
3 = 3.
1 2(3)
The inverse of 3 =
7
a b = a + b –5ab
where a, b R and R is closed under . Find under , the
(a) identity element (b) inverse of 14 . June 2001.
Ans: (a) 0 (b) 1 .
9
m n = m + n + 10
a e = a a + e + 10 = a e + 10 = a – a e + 10 = 0
e = –10.
Hence the identity element is –10.
(b) For every a R, there exist a–1R such that
a a–1 = e a + a–1 + 10 = –10 a + a–1 = –20
a = –20 – a.
–1
A table of values which defines the operation on the set T is given in Table 3.9 below.
Solution
Table 3.9
0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
1 1 0 1 2
2 2 1 0 1
3 3 2 1 0
0 1 = 1 T, 1 3 = 2 T, 2 3 = 1 T etc.
Hence the set T is closed with respect to the operation .
0 1 = 1 0 = 1, 0 2 = 2 0 = 2, 0 3 = 3 0 = 0,
(b) It can be seen from Table 3.9 that
1 2 = 2 1 = 1, 1 3 = 3 1 = 2, 2 3 = 3 2 = 1.
Hence the operation is commutative.
(c) From the Table 3.9, whenever the element ‘0’ is combined to other element it gives
0 0 = 0, 0 1 = 1, 0 2 = 2, 0 3 = 3, 0 4 = 4.
the same element. That is,
Example 3.30
Table 3.10 shows the operation on the set
a b c
Table 3.10
{a, b, c, d}. d
Use it to answer the following questions. a b c a d
(a) State the identity element. b c d b a
(b) Find the inverse of the elements a and d. c a b c d
(c) State whether or not the operation is d d a d c
Example 3.31
A binary operation * is defined on the set, R of real numbers by a * b a b 3 ,
a, b R. Find:
4
(a) the identity element of the operation; (b) the inverse of a real number x.
(c) the inverse of 2 . June 2003.
Ans. (a) 3 , (b) x 1 3 x, (c) the inverse of 2 is 19 .
3
4 4 3 10
x, y R.
(a) Calculate 3*(5*2).
(b) Determine whether or not the operation * (i) is commutative, (ii) is associative.
Ans: (a) 3*(5*2) 16, (b) (i) * is commutative, (ii) * is associative, (b) 6.
(c) Find the identity element of the operation *. Nov. 2004.
Exercise 3(c)
1. An operation * is defined on the set of real numbers by x * y = x + y – 2xy.
(b) Determine the inverse under * of an element x R, stating the element of x for
(a) Find the identity element e of R under the operation *.
x * y = x + y – 2xy, where x, y R.
2. An operation * is defined on the set R of real numbers by
(c) Determine the inverse of a general element c R, stating the element for which
no inverse exists.
3. An operation is defined over the set R of real numbers by
x y = x + y + xy
(a) Find the neutral element e under the operation.
y, such that y x = e
(b) Determine whether or not, to each real number x, there corresponds a real number
(c) Find y such that (x y) x = 3. Stating the values of x for which there is no
p q = p + q – pq , where p, q R.
(b) the inverse of the general element x R, stating the value for which no inverse
exists.
5. A binary operation * is defined on the set R of real numbers by
p * q = p + q – 2 , where p, q R.
(a) Evaluate 2 1 2 1
(b) Find: (i) the identity element, e of R under *, (ii) the inverse p–1 of p,
(iii) the inverse of 2 2 .
p * q = p + q – 2, where p, q R.
6. A binary operation * is defined on the set R of real numbers by
m * n = m + n – 12 mn
(a) Calculate 1 3 * 1 3 , (b) Find:
(i) the identity element under *, (ii) inverse of the general element a,
(iii) the inverse of –1 under *.
(d) Find the inverse of a general element a R, and state which element of R has no
(c) Find the identity element e of R under the operation.
inverse.
13. An operation * is defined on the set of real numbers by
x * y = x + y + 8xy.
(a) Determine whether or not * is commutative .
Revision Exercises 3
1. An operation * is defined on the set Z of integers by x * y = x + y + 3xy.
(a) Construct a table for this operation on the set S = {–1, 0, 1, 2}.
(b) Find, from your table, a number b S, such that c * b = c for all c S.
(b) Find y such that x y = x, stating the value of x for which there is no such y.
(i) commutative, (ii) associative.
(b) the element y such that x y = x, stating the value of x for which there is no such
y.
5. The binary operation is defined on the set R of real numbers by
m p
2 2
= m + p – mp
Find: (a) 4 3
(b) x such that x y = y. Stating the range of values of y for which x is
defined.
6. An operation * is defined on the set of real numbers by
x * y = x2 – y2.
(a) Determine whether or not * is commutative .
(b) Calculate 2 3 * 4 3
(c) Find x such that (i) x * 3 = 7, (ii) (2 – x) * (3 – 5x) = –3.
a * b = a + b + 2ab, where a, b R.
7. An operation * is defined on the set R of real numbers by
(a) Calculate (2 * 3) * 5
(b) Find the truth set of the equation (a * 7) = (a * 5) + (a * 2)
(c) If a * b = 0, express b in terms of a and state the largest possible domain of b.
8. A binary operation is defined on the set R of real numbers by
ab = , where a, b R and a, b 0
a b
b a
(a) Calculate 5 2 4 3 5 2 4 3 .
(b) Determine whether or not the operation is associative.
(c) Find the truth set of (x + 1) (x – 1) = 3 13 .
(x 2) + (3 x ) = 25.
2
15. A binary operation * is defined on the set P of non-negative real numbers by
x*y = x y , where x, y P.
(a) Calculate:
(i) 24 * 8, leaving your answer as a surd in its simplest form.
(ii) r * r, r R
(b) Show that * is commutative.
16. A binary operation is defined on the set R of real numbers by
a b = , where a, b R and a , b 0
b a
(a) Determine whether or not, the operation is (i) commutative, (ii) associative.
a b
a * b = a , where a, b R and b 0.
a
b
Calculate: (a) 3 2 5 * 3 8 5 , (b) 3 2 5 * 1 3 5 .
(c) The value of b such that 3 2 5 * (b) 25 9 5 .