NOTE CHAPTER 4 The Periodic Table of Elements

CHAPTER 4 : THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)
CHAPTER 4:
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
4.1: The Development of Periodic Table of Elements
No Name Year Contributions

1 Antoine 1743- 1. Classified according to certain groups such as:
Lavoisier 1794 a) gases b) nonmetals c) metals d) metal oxide
2. Less accurate because:

a) Classified light, heat and a few compounds into the
groups as elements.
b) Several elements that were classified into same
group but showed different chemical properties
Gases Non-Metal Metals Metal oxides

• light • Sulphur • Cobalt, • Lime (Calcium
• heat • Phosphorus Mercury, Tin oxide)
• oxygen • Charcoal • Copper, • Magnesia
• nitrogen (carbon) Nickel, Iron (Magnesium
• hydrogen • Gold, Lead, oxide)
Silver, Zinc • Argilla
• Manganese, (Aluminium
Tungsten oxide)
• Platina • Silex (Silicon
(Platinum) dioxide)
PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

2 Johann W. 1780- 1. Atomic mass of strontium atom, Sr was similar to the

Dobereiner 1849 average mass of Calcium atom, Ca and Barium atom, Ba.
These elements had the same chemical properties.
2. Similar condition occurred with Chlorine (Cl), Bromine

(Br) and Iodine (I).
3. The group consisting of these 3 elements

(Cl, Br, I) was named triad.
4. His classification showed the relationship between the

chemical properties of elements and atomic mass.
5. Disadvantage: Dobereiner’s classification was limited

to several element only.
Triad 1 Triad 2 Triad 3 Triad 4 Triad 5

Li Ca S Cl Mn
Na Sr Se Br Cr
K Ba Te I Fe
3 John Newlands 1837-1898 1. Arrange elements according to their increasing

atomic masses.
2. He arranged seven elements in a row because

he found that chemical and physical properties of
the first element recurred at every eight elements.
3. He named the arrangement as The Law of

Octaves.
4. The Law of Octaves had only been confirmed by

the first 17 elements. However, the recurrence in
properties of the eighth element showed the
presence of periodic pattern in the properties of
elements.
Row 1 H Li Be B C N O
Row 2 F Na Mg Al Si P S
Row 3 Cl K Ca

4 Lothar Meyer 1830-1895 1. Meyer plotted the graph of atomic volume

against atomic mass of elements.
2. He found that the elements at equivalent

positions on the curve of the graph had similar
chemical properties
3. For example, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium and

Rubidium that were located at the peaks of the
curve.
4. Meyer also proved the recurrence in properties

of elements similar to Newlands.
5 Dmitri 1834-1907 1. Arranged the element s according to their

Mendeleeve increasing atomic mass.
2. Only elements with similar chemical properties

were arranged in the same vertical column.
3. He had left several empty space in his periodic

table to be filled by elements.

6. Henry Moseley 1887-1915 1. He found a relationship between the X-ray

spectrum and proton numbers.
2. He proposed that each element ought to have its
own proton number.
3. He arranged the elements in the Periodic Table
of elements according to their increasing proton
numbers.
4. Moseley also left empty spaces in his periodic
table like Mendeleev and successfully predicted
four elements namely Technetium (Tc),
Promethium (Pm), Hafnium (Hf), Rhenium (Re)
which were discovered later.
4.1.2 : Basic Principle of Arrangement of Elements in the Periodic Table of Elements.
1. Element in the Periodic Table of

Elements are arranged in ascending
order of proton numbers
(ranging from 1 to 118).
2. Elements with similar chemical

properties are placed in the same
vertical columns.

4.2 The Arrangement in the Periodic Table of Elements
1. The modern Periodic Table of Elements is a form of systematic classification of elements in

ascending order of proton numbers from left to right and from top to bottom.
2. Group
Questions a) Group is the vertical columns in the
Periodic Table of Elements
b) There are 18 groups in the Periodic Table of
Elements
c) The number of valence electrons will
determine the position of the group of an
element.
Concept of Group Examples

Electron Group
Arrangement
With one or two Number of valence electrons 2.8.1 1
valence electrons
With three until eight Number of valence electrons + 10 2.8.3 13
valence electrons
3. Period
a) Period is the horizontal rows in the Periodic Table
of Elements.
b) There are seven periods in the Periodic Table of
Elements.
c) The number of shells filled with electrons will
determine the position of an element in a period.
Examples
Electron Arrangement Period
2.8.1 3
2.8.8.1 4

Determine position of element below in Periodic

Table and Explain
𝟑𝟓.𝟓
𝟏𝟕𝐗
Keyword: Do electron arrangement
Use concept chapter 2 = element means neutral atom
So number of proton = 12 = number of electron
How to Conclusion
determine
Group 17 (must + 10) because has 7
Group 2 8 7 number of valence electrons
Period 1st 2nd 3rd Period 3 because 3 shells filled with

electrons
shell Shell Shell
Electron Arrangement → 2.8.7
Answer:
• Position: Group 17, Period 3
Reason:
Questions
• Group 17 because has 7 number of valence
electrons
• Period 3 because 3 shells filled with electrons

4.3 Group 18
• Group 18 have eight valence electrons.

Element Symbol Proton Electron Valence Electron
Number arrangement Electron Arrangement
a) Helium He 2 2 2 Duplet
b) Neon Ne 10 2.8 8 Octet
c) Argon Ar 18 2.8.8 8
d) Krypton Kr 36 2.8.18.8 8
e) Xenon Xe 54 2.8.18.18.8 8
f) Radon Rn 86 2.8.18.32.18.8 8
Elements Group knows as noble gas or inert gas or monoatomic or chemically

unreactive
This is because noble gases achieved a stable duplet or octet arrangement, causing the atoms of
noble gases to not donate, accept, nor share electrons with the atoms of other element due to
valence shells that are fully filled with electrons.

General Physical Properties Group 18
1. Nobles gases exists as monoatomic gases (exist as a single atom) e.g : He, Kr
2. They are colourless gases at room temperature
3. They are insoluble in water
4. They cannot conduct electricity and are poor conductor heat
5. They have low melting points and boiling points
A. When going down the group 18, atomic mass increases

Reason: This is because the number of electrons occupied shells in the atom increases
B. When going down the group 18, melting point and boiling point of elements increases.
Reason:
Increase in the atomic size of elements will increase the attraction force between the atoms.
Thus more heat energy is required to overcome this force.
C. When going down the group, density of element increases

Reason:
This is because of the increase in relative atomic mass is more than increase in atomic size.
The ratios of relative atomic mass to the atomic size increases down the group
Element Uses Group 18

Helium Used to fill weather balloons
Used in the oxygen tanks of divers
Neon Used in advertising board lights
Argon Used to fill in electric bulbs
Used to provide an inert atmosphere for welding in high
temperature
Krypton Used in flashlight of cameras
Used in lasers for eyes retina treatment
Xenon Used in lighthouses lamps
Used for anaesthesia
Radon Used to treat cancer

4.4 Group 1
• Elements Group knows as alkali metals

• Group 1 have one valence electron.
Element Symbol Proton Electron arrangement Valence Electron

Number
a) Lithium Li 3 2.1 1
b) Sodium Na 11 2.8.1 1
c) Potassium K 19 2.8.8.1 1
d)Rubidium Rb 37 2.8.18.8.1 1
e) Caesium Cs 55 2.8.18.18.8.1 1
f) Francium Fr 87 2.8.18.32.18.8.1 1
1. Alkali metals are soft and can be cut easily with knife
2. They have low melting points and boiling points
3. They have low densities and can float on water
4. All alkali metals are grey in colour with silvery and shiny surface when freshly cut


B. When going down the group 1, melting point and boiling point of elements decreases
Reason:
This because as the atomic size increases, the metallic bond become weaker.
Thus less heat energy is required to overcome the weak metallic bond.

Reason:
The ratios of relative atomic mass to the atomic size increases down the group
Chemical Properties Group 1

Reaction with water
Procedure
1. Cut Lithium into small piece using a knife and forceps. Lithium
is dried using a piece of filter paper.
2. Put a piece of Lithium into a basin filled with distilled water.
3. When the reaction stops, put a piece of red litmus paper into
the solution.
4. Record all changes.
5. Repeat step 1-4 by using Na and K.
Group 1 Movement of alkali metal on water surface Colour changes of litmus paper
Lithium Lithium moves slowly and randomly on the Red Litmus Paper turns blue
water surface with a soft ‘hiss’ sound (Produce alkaline solution-LiOH)
2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH +H2
Sodium Sodium melts into a small sphere, moves Red Litmus Paper turns blue
rapidly and randomly on the water surface (Produce alkaline solution-NaOH)
with a ‘hiss’ sound.
2Na+ 2H2O → 2NaOH +H2
Potassium Potassium burns with a lilac flame, moves Red Litmus Paper turns blue
very rapidly and randomly on the water (Produce alkaline solution-KOH)
surface with a ‘hiss’ sound and explodes.
2K + 2H2O → 2KOH +H2


Reaction with oxygen
Procedure
1. Cut Lithium into small piece using a knife and
forceps. Lithium is dried using a piece of filter paper.
2. Put a piece of Lithium in a combustion spoon.
3. Heat Lithium and the burning lithium quickly lowered
into a gas jar filled with oxygen gas.
4. When the reactions stop, pour 20 cm3 of distilled
water into gas jar and shake.
5. Put a piece of red litmus paper into the solution.
Group 1 Burning if alkali metal in oxygen Colour changes of litmus paper

Lithium Lithium burns with red flame producing a Red Litmus Paper turns blue
white solid. The white solid dissolves in (Metal oxide dissolved into water
water to produce a colourless solution and produce alkaline solution-LiOH)
4Li + O2 → 2Li2OH (WHITE COLOUR) Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH
Sodium Sodium burns with bright, yellow flame Red Litmus Paper turns blue
producing a white solid. The white solid (Metal oxide dissolved into water
dissolves in water to produce a colourless and produce alkaline solution -NaOH)
solution
4Na + O2 → 2Na2OH (WHITE COLOUR) Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
Potassium Potassium burns with vigorously with a Red Litmus Paper turns blue
bright, lilac flame producing a white solid. (Metal oxide dissolved into water
The white solid dissolves in water to and produce alkaline solution -KOH)
produce a colourless solution
4K+ O2 → 2K2OH (WHITE COLOUR) K2O+ H2O → 2KOH


Reaction with Chlorine
Procedure
1. Cut Lithium into small piece using a knife and forceps. Lithium
is dried using a piece of filter paper.
2. Put a piece of Lithium in a combustion spoon.
3. Heat Lithium and the burning lithium quickly lowered into a
gas jar filled with chlorine gas.
.
Group 1 Burning if alkali metal in oxygen
Lithium Lithium burns with red flame producing a white fume which becomes white
solid on the inside of the gas jar
2Li + Cl2 → 2LiCl (WHITE COLOUR)
Sodium Sodium burns with rapidly with bright, yellow flame and produces white
fume which becomes white solid on the inside of the gas jar
2Na+ Cl2 → 2NaCl (WHITE COLOUR)
Potassium Potassium burns with vigorously with a bright, lilac flame and produces
white fume which becomes white solid on the inside of the gas jar
2K+ Cl2 → 2KCl (WHITE COLOUR)

Reactivity Group 1
1. When Going Down Group 1

the atomic size Increases.
2. The single valence electron becomes

further away from the nucleus.
3. Hence attraction forces between the

nucleus and the valence electrons
becomes weaker.
4. As a result, it is easier for atom to lose

the single valence electron to achieve
the duplet or octet electron
arrangement.
5. Therefore, the reactivity of Group 1

elements increases down the group.

4.5: Group 17
• Elements Group knows as Halogen

• Exists as diatomic molecules.
• Halogens have seven valence electrons.
Element Symbol Proton Electron arrangement Valence Electron
Number
a) Fluorine F 9 2.7 7
b) Chlorine Cl 17 2.8.7 7
c) Bromine Br 35 2.8.18.7 7
d) Iodine I 53 2.8.18.18.7 7
e) Astatine As 85 2.8.18.32.18.7 7

1. Halogen exist as diatomic molecule ( eg: F2, Cl2)

2. They have low melting points and boiling points. The Van Der Waals’s attraction
forces between molecules are weak. Thus, less heat energy required to overcome
these forces.
3. They are insulator of electricity
4. They are poor conductors of heat
5. They have low densities
6. Has intense smell and poisonous
When Going Down Group 17

Element Symbol Physical State at room Colour
temperature
a) Fluorine F Gases A Pale-Yellow Gas
b) Chlorine Cl Gases A greenish-Yellow Gas
c) Bromine Br Liquid A reddish-brown liquid
d) Iodine I Solid A Purplish-black solid

B. When going down the group 17, melting point and boiling point of elements increases
Reason:
This because as the molecular size increases, the forces between the molecule become
stronger. Thus more heat energy is required to overcome the weak metallic bond.

Reason:

D. The Existence of physical states of elements at different room conditions

(Gas→ Liquid → Solid)
Reason: The atomic size increases when going down the group, the forces between the
molecule become stronger, Tends to exits as solid
Chemical Properties of Group 17
React with H2O React with Hot Fe React with sodium hydroxide
From two acids and Form brown solid, FeX3 Form water, sodium halide and sodium
change blue litmus paper halate (I)
to red and bleached it
X2 + H2O → HX + HOX 3X2 + 2Fe →2 FeX3 X2 + 2NaOH →NaX +NaOX + H2O
Cl2 + H2O → HCl+ HOCl 3Cl2 + 2Fe →2 FeCl3 Cl2 + 2NaOH →NaCl +NaOCl + H2O
HCl = hydrochloric acid FeCl3 = Iron (III) Chloride NaOCl = sodium chlorate (I) solution
HBr = hydrobromic acid FeBr3 = Iron (III) Bromide NaOCl = sodium bromate (I) solution
HI= hydroiodic acid Fel3 = Iron (III) Iodide NaOCl = sodium iodate (I) solution
HOCl= hypochlorous acid • Chlorine→ chlorate

HOBr= hypobromous acid
HOl= hypoiodous acid
* Chlorine → chlorous

REACTIVITY SERIES GROUP 17
1. When Going Down Group

17 the atomic size Increases.
2. The valence shell of halogen

becomes further away from
the nucleus.
3. Hence attraction forces

between the nucleus and
the electrons becomes
weaker.
4. As a result, it is difficult to
attract one electron into the
valence shell.
5. Therefore, the reactivity of

Group 17 elements
decreases down the group.

4.6 : Period 3
Element in Period 3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
All the atoms in Period 3 have 3 shells occupied by electrons
Trends properties Element Across Period 3

Symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Proton number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Electron 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8

Arrangement
Physical State Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Gas Gas
Metal Metal Metal Semi- Non Non Non Non

Metallic
metal Metal Metal Metal Metal
Conductivity of Can Can Can Weak Cannot Cannot Cannot Cannot
electricity conduct conduct conduct conduct conduct conduct conduct conduct

Atomic sizes --------------------------------> The atomic size decreases
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -

electronegativity
--------------------------------> Electronegativity increases
Melting point (oC) 98 650 660 1411 44 115 -101 -189
Boiling point (oC) 892 1105 2517 3231 280 444 -34 -186
Atomic radius (Atomic size) decreases Electronegativity increases

1. When across Period 3 from left to right 1. When across the Period 3, atomic size decreases.
The number of proton increases. 2. The number of protons in the nucleus increases. This
2. The attraction force of the nucleus increases the positive charge of the nucleus.
towards the electrons becomes strongest. 3. As a result, the attractive forces between the nucleus
3. The electrons are pulled closer to the and electrons in the valence shell becomes stronger.
nucleus causing the atomic size (atomic 4. This increases the tendency to attract electrons.
radius) to decreases. 5. Thus, the electronegativity of elements increases.
Changes in Chemical Properties of Oxides Elements Across Period 3

P2O5
Symbol Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 SO2 Cl2O7
P4O10
Silicon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Phosphorus Sulphur Dichlorine
Name (IV)
oxide oxide oxide pentoxide dioxide heptoxide
oxide
Properties of Basic Basic Amphoteric Acidic Acidic Acidic Acidic
oxides

Experiment Change of Chemical Properties of oxides elements across Period 3
Reaction of oxides of Period 3 elements Reaction of oxides of Period 3 elements with

with water sodium hydroxide and nitric acid
Procedure: Procedure:
1. Add a half spatula of sodium oxide, 1. Add a ¼ spatula of MgO into a two different
Na2O into a test tube. test tube.
2. Pour 5 cm3 of distilled water into test 2. Pour 5 cm3 2 moldm-3 of NaOH into first test
tube containing sodium oxide, Na2O and tube and 5 cm3 2moldm-3 of HNO3 into second
shaken vigorously. test tubes.
3. Measure pH value of the solution by 3. Heat both test tube and stirred using glass rod
using pH meter. until no further changes occur.
4. Repeat step 1 to 3 by using magnesium 4. Record result.
oxide, Aluminium oxide and sulphur 5. Repeat step 1 to 4 by using Aluminium oxide
dioxide and silicon (IV) oxide
Oxide Solubility in pH value Oxide With NaOH With HNO3

element water element
Na2O Dissolves pH 14 MgO -No change White powder
quickly to (basic) -White dissolves to
form a powder in form
colourless insoluble colourless
solution solution
MgO Dissolves a pH 8 Al2O3 White White powder
little to (amphoteric) powder dissolves to
form a dissolves to form
colourless form colourless
solution colourless solution
Al2O3 Insoluble in pH 7 solution
water SO2 White -No change
SO2 Dissolves to pH 3 (acidic) powder -White
produce a dissolves to powder in
colourless form insoluble
solution colourless
solution
Al2O3 is insoluble in water, its reacts
with acid and alkalis to shows the MgO + HNO3 → MgNO3 + H2O
amphoteric properties
Al2O3+ 6HNO3 → 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
Al2O3+ 6NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + 2H2O
SiO2 + 2NaOH → 2Na2SIO3+ 2H2O

4.7: Semi metallic elements
Silicon
Si
Germanium
Ge
Also called as Metalloid

Properties Have both the properties of metals and non-metals
1. Having 4 valence electrons, they need to share 4 other valence electrons
to achieve the octet arrangement.
2. They form large covalent molecules, which cannot conduct electricity.
3. If heated at high temperature, the semi metal’s covalent bonds break and
its free valence electrons can conduct electricity.
4. Weak conductors of electricity but in high temperatures metalloids are good
electrical conductors
Uses Metalloids like silicon are used as semiconductors in the manufacture of
electronic microchips. This electronic microchip widely used in the
installation of computers, televisions, mobile phone and cameras.

4.8 : Transition Element
Transition Elements are placed in Group 3 until Group 12 in The Periodic Table
General Properties of Transition Elements

1. Solids with shiny surface 2. Very hard compared to metals in Groups 1 and
3. Very high densities 4. Have high melting point and boiling points
5. Malleable 6. Ductile
Special Characteristic of Transition Elements

1. Transitions elements
function as a catalyst
to increase the rate of Catalyst Process Production
reaction without
undergoing chemical Iron Fe Haber Ammonia
change at the end of Platinum Pt Ostwald Nitric acid
the reaction.
Vanadium (V) V2O5 Contact Sulphuric acid
oxide
Nickel Ni Hydrogenation Margarine

Platinum Pt

2. Transition elements Transition Colour

form coloured ions or
compounds Chromium (III) ion Cr3+ Green
Dichromate (VI) ion, Cr2O72- Orange

Manganese (II) ion Mn2+ Pink
Manganate (VII) ion MnO4- Purple

Iron (II) ion Fe2+ Green
Iron (III) ion Fe3+ Brown
Copper (II) ion Cu2+ Blue
3. Transition elements
have more than one Transition Oxidation Compound Symbol
oxidation number element number
Chromium, +3 Chrominium (III) CrCl3

Cr chloride
+6 Potassium K2Cr2O7
dichromate (VI)
CrCl3 K2Cr2O7
Cr + 3 Cl= 0 2K + 2Cr+ 7O= 0
Cr + 3(-1)=0 2 (+1) + 2(Cr) +7(-2)=0
Cr-3=0 +2 +2Cr-14=0
Cr = +3 2Cr-12= 0
2Cr= +12
Cr=+6

4. Transition elements
can form complex ion
Ion of transition element Production
Tetraaminocopper (II) ion (Cu(NH3)4)2+

Hexacyanoferrate (III) ion (Fe(CH)6)3-
Hexacyanoferrate (II) ion (Fe(CH6)4-
Hexaaquaferrate (II) ion (Fe(H2O)6)2+
Uses of Transition Elements

1. As Catalyst in Industry
Catalyst Process Production
Iron Fe Haber Ammonia
Platinum Pt Ostwald Nitric acid
Vanadium (V) V2O5 Contact Sulphuric acid

oxide
Nickel Ni Hydrogenation Margarine

Platinum Pt
2. Manufacturing of alloys
The transition elements like iron are mixed with metals such as aluminium and zinc to make
stronger, harder and corrosion-resistant alloy
3. Manufacturing of ornamental items

The addition transition elements like manganese to ornamental items such as beads and
glass can give an attractive colour to them
6.12.2022 (1.21 p.m)

NOTE CHAPTER 4 The Periodic Table of Elements

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

NOTE CHAPTER 4 The Periodic Table of Elements

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 4 : THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

4.1: The Development of Periodic Table of Elements

No Name Year Contributions

2. Less accurate because:

Gases Non-Metal Metals Metal oxides

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

2 Johann W. 1780- 1. Atomic mass of strontium atom, Sr was similar to the

2. Similar condition occurred with Chlorine (Cl), Bromine

3. The group consisting of these 3 elements

4. His classification showed the relationship between the

5. Disadvantage: Dobereiner’s classification was limited

Triad 1 Triad 2 Triad 3 Triad 4 Triad 5

3 John Newlands 1837-1898 1. Arrange elements according to their increasing

2. He arranged seven elements in a row because

3. He named the arrangement as The Law of

4. The Law of Octaves had only been confirmed by

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

4 Lothar Meyer 1830-1895 1. Meyer plotted the graph of atomic volume

2. He found that the elements at equivalent

3. For example, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium and

4. Meyer also proved the recurrence in properties

5 Dmitri 1834-1907 1. Arranged the element s according to their

2. Only elements with similar chemical properties

3. He had left several empty space in his periodic

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

6. Henry Moseley 1887-1915 1. He found a relationship between the X-ray

4.1.2 : Basic Principle of Arrangement of Elements in the Periodic Table of Elements.

1. Element in the Periodic Table of

2. Elements with similar chemical

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

4.2 The Arrangement in the Periodic Table of Elements

1. The modern Periodic Table of Elements is a form of systematic classification of elements in

Concept of Group Examples

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

Determine position of element below in Periodic

Keyword: Do electron arrangement

Use concept chapter 2 = element means neutral atom

So number of proton = 12 = number of electron

Period 1st 2nd 3rd Period 3 because 3 shells filled with

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

• Group 18 have eight valence electrons.

b) Neon Ne 10 2.8 8 Octet

Elements Group knows as noble gas or inert gas or monoatomic or chemically

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

General Physical Properties Group 18

A. When going down the group 18, atomic mass increases

C. When going down the group, density of element increases

Element Uses Group 18

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

• Elements Group knows as alkali metals

Element Symbol Proton Electron arrangement Valence Electron

General Physical Properties Group 1

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

A. When going down the group 1, atomic mass increases

C. When going down the group, density of element increases

Chemical Properties Group 1

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA

Chemical Properties Group 1

Group 1 Burning if alkali metal in oxygen Colour changes of litmus paper

4Li + O2 → 2Li2OH (WHITE COLOUR) Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH

4K+ O2 → 2K2OH (WHITE COLOUR) K2O+ H2O → 2KOH

PREPARED BY: NUR AFIQAH BINTI YAHAYA