Introduction

Language (from old French 'language' 'language,' and from Latin 'lingua' 'the tongue') was
introduced by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in 1915. It was used to refer to the two main
components of speech, language, and parole, which are innate to all humans and are learned
through heredity. It is sometimes claimed that these two components generally equate to
competence and performance.
In plainer terms, it can be described as a specific form of verbal communication, such as the
English language, that is utilized by a particular group of people or a nation. More formally,
according to psychologist Karl Bühler and philosopher Karl Raimund Popper, language is a
conventional system of communication sounds and occasionally, but not always, written symbols
that can perform the following hierarchy of functions: expressing a communicator's bodily,
emotional, or mental state; sending signals that may provoke a response from another person;
describing a notion, an idea, or an outside circumstance; and making comments on prior
communications. The term "language" is frequently used in a broad sense to refer to both codes
developed for particular purposes, such as programming languages, and communication methods
that fulfill some but not all of the four functions listed above, such as body language and the
language of the bees, neither of which can perform the fourth and highest function.
Language Acquisition
Language acquisition can be understood as how children learn a language. It is often used
interchangeably with language development; however, language acquisition is preferred by those
who highlight the child's active involvement as a learner with significant innate linguistic
knowledge.

One may wonder why a child would acquire language without learning or developing it.

Since the late 1950s, Noam Chomsky's work and the nativist (generativist) ideas it inspired have
impacted society, and this effect is reflected in the term "acquisition." The phrase has linguistic
roots and highlights the idea that grammar is activated by the environment rather than being
learned. Additionally, it suggests that linguistics and other types of development are mostly
independent of language development. The procedure relies on ingrained grammatical
understanding, and its modeling is formalist, with very little weight given to experience.

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Learning is a concept with ties to behaviorism and psychological roots. Skinner proposed the
first scientific theory of how a language is learned in the late 1950s. It strongly emphasized
hands-on learning and associative language acquisition, with adult reinforcement gradually
influencing the child's language development.

Stages of Language Acquisition

The distinct progression of stages children experience during the first five years of life is one of
the most compelling arguments that language acquisition is genetically hardwired. Additionally,
each stage has traits that remain constant over time. For instance, only nouns and verbs appear up
until the two-word stage. Although kids will have heard these word classes in their environment,
no child ever starts using conjunctions or prepositions. Overextending is another trait. Children
always start learning semantics by extending the meaning of words. For example, suppose the
first animal they encounter is a dog. In that case, they may start using the word "dog" to refer to
all other animals. Alternatively, they may refer to all men as papa or use the spoon for all
utensils. Children move from general to particular, which is the generalization made here.

To begin with, all linguistic levels of their language lack differentiation. As they repeatedly
encounter things from their environment, they gradually introduce more and more distinctions.
The ability to make distinctions between things in language may be related to cognitive
development; the more discerning a child is in how they perceive and interpret the environment,
the more they will try to represent that in their language.

Conditions of Language Acquisition

It includes −

Learning a language comes naturally to kids and happens quickly.

Without Explicit Teaching

A first or native language can be learned without formal training, unlike learning a second
language as an adult. Typically, parents do not teach their kids the grammar rules or dictate what

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sorts of phrases they may and cannot use. Language naturally evolves when children are exposed
to linguistic input or from what they hear. Children are not often corrected, and even when they
are, they rebel against it.

Based on Positive Evidence

Children should be informed by their parents of the limitations of the language they are exposed
to; this type of information is referred to as negative evidence. Corrections are infrequent and do
not appear to change how children speak. Many studies have been done to determine whether
children have access to negative evidence from their parents' disapproval or failure to
comprehend, parents' extension of what children say, and the frequency of parents' reactions to
children's utterances. The widespread consensus is that not all kids are given negative evidence
consistently, even though this issue is still hotly contested. Negative evidence is, therefore, not a
credible source of information. By relying on positive evidence, such as the utterances they hear
around them—a readily accessible resource—children have the best chance of succeeding in
learning a language.

Under varying circumstances and in a limited amount of time

The conditions under which children pick up language vary, as does the linguistic information
each child is exposed to. However, they all do so in a short period and with the same level of
expertise. Although their vocabulary is still developing, they have grasped most of the language's
constructs by the time they are about five years old.

In identical ways across different languages

Regardless of the particular language to which they are exposed, children develop their linguistic
skills in parallel. For instance, all infants begin to babble—that is, to make repeated words like
ba…ba…ba.. around 6 to 8 months. They start speaking at around 10 to 12 months, and between
20 and 24 months, they start putting words together. Although the language they are exposed to
may not provide this option, it has been demonstrated that children between the ages of 2 and 3
who speak a wide variety of languages employ infinitive verbs in main sentences or omit
sentential subjects. Young children over-regularize the past tense or other tenses of irregular

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verbs in all languages. It is interesting to note that both spoken and signed languages exhibit
commonalities in language acquisition. For instance, deaf babies begin to babble manually at the
same age that hearing babies begin to babble orally. It is remarkable that, despite wide variances
in input and learning environments, the timing and developmental milestones of language
acquisition are comparable, as well as the nearly identical content of early languages.

Logical Problem with Language Acquisition

Researchers have identified specific language acquisition issues. For starters, even though they
only hear a limited number of sentences, children develop extensive language knowledge.
Another issue is that children tend only to use data that supports their conclusions, that is,
positive evidence. Children are not taught which sentences are poorly constructed or which
interpretations are not permitted in their language, but gradually they learn this information; all
mature speakers can determine whether a sentence is appropriate. Furthermore, youngsters'
"mistakes" do not always make the mistakes that would be anticipated if they extrapolate from
verbal information. Children may hear phrases like "Whom do you want to invite?" and "Whom
do you want to see?" but they do not automatically generalize these phrases to "Whom do you
want to come?" or other impossibly difficult English phrases. Even though this generalization
seems sensible, kids never say anything like that.

Conclusion

Language acquisition is an extensive area with its specifics still being looked into. At present,
emergentism is the foundation for much contemporary research on child language. The theory of
complexity is related to emergentist models. It is asserted that the process of learning a language
is a recursive one in which interactions between basic linguistic components result in higher-
level emergent linguistic entities with emergent properties, which then interact to produce
higher-level emergent entities with their emergent properties, yet so on.

Reference

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/language-acquisition-meaning-and-significance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition

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