4 5 6

0 2
WEEK 1
1 3
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

7 8 9
 Let's Try
Use this space to apply concepts learned in previous slides.
Today's Lesson
Null hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
Level of Significance
Reflection Region
Types of errors in hypothesis
testing
 Null Hypothesis
Type of statistical hypothesis that proposes that no
statistical significance exists in a set of given observations.
It is denoted by the symbol H0.
It is the initial claim
The independent variable has no effect on the dependent
variable
Uses the symbol of equality
 Alternative Hypothesis
It is denoted by Ha or H1
It is contrary to the null hypothesis
This shows that there is significant difference, an effect,
change, relationship between a parameter and specific
value.
The independent variable has an effect on the dependent
variable
Uses the symbol <, >, ≠.
0 Determining Null and 5
Alternative Hypothesis
1 Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
Usually uses the following on a
6
Usually uses the following on a statement:

2 7
statement: ≠
= not equal, different from, not same as
Equal to >
The same as greater than, above, higher than,
Not change from longer than, bigger than, increased, at
Is

3
least

8
<
less than, below, lower than, smaller
than, shorter than, decreased, at most

9
 Real-life examples
The Average Bus Driver in Metro Manila is 38.8 years old.
H0: u = 38.8 years
Ha: u ≠ 38.8 years
The Average number of calories of a low-calorie meal is at
most 300
H0: u = 300
Ha: u < 300
 Let's Try
Company XYZ manufactures calculators with an average mass
of 450g. An engineer believes that average weight to be
different and decides to calculate the average mass of 50
calculators. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
 Answer

NULL : Ho u = 450g

Alternative : Ha u ≠ 450g
 Let's Try

The teacher in a school believes that at least 80% of students

will complete high school. A student disagrees with this value
and decides to conduct a test. State the null and alternative
hypothesis
 Answer

NULL : Ho u ≥80%

Alternative : Ha u < 80%

 Level Of Significance
Significant is defined as the quality of being statistically
significant.
It is denoted by alpha or α refers to the degree of
significance which we accept or reject the null hypothesis.
100 % accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a
hypothesis.
The significance level is also the probability of making the
wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true.
 Level Of Significance
In public health research, alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%.
In social science, alpha is usually 0.05 or 5%.
In other studies, alpha is usually 0.10 or 10%.
Implies that there is 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of rejecting
the null hypothesis.
The level of significance is changed into its decimal form.
0 Determining the Level of 5
Significance
1 < or > ≠ 6
If the alternative hypothesis used If the alternative hypothesis used not

2 7
either greater than or less than: equal:
Just change the level of Just change the level of significance
significance or the value of alpha or the value of alpha into its decimal
into its decimal form. form.
Then, divide the level of significance
or the value of alpha that was turned

3
8
into its decimal form by 2.

9
 Example
In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in
2015 were not married. A researcher surveyed a random
sample of 500 couples. He found out that 18% of them were
living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level if
the current percentage of unmarried couples is different from
34%.
 Answer

α/2 = 0.025

 Example
A Chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of
rechargeable battery. The said additive will extend on average
the battery's lifespan to 48 months. Test the hypothesis at a
significance level of 1% that the average lifespan is higher than
48 months.
Answer

α = 0.01

 Example
The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A
sample of 30 senior high school students were asked and
found out that the mean number of years to finish their basic
education is 12 with a standard deviation of 2 years. Test the
hypothesis at 93% confidence interval that the average
number of years to finish basic education is less than 14 years.
Answer

α = 0.07

0 One-Tailed Test vs Two-Tailed 5

Test
1 One-Tailed Test
When the alternative hypothesis
Two-Tailed Test
When the alternative hypothesis
6
is two-sided like Hα: μ ≠ μ0

2
assumes a less than or greater
than value.
greater than, above, higher than,
not equal, different from, change
from, and not the same as.
7
longer than, bigger than,
increased, less than, below, lower
3
8
than, smaller than, shorter than,
decreased, and reduced from

9
 Example
The mean height of Grade 12 students is less than 66 inches.
 Answer

One-Tailed Test
 Example
The mean standard deviation of their height is not equal to 5
inches.
 Answer

Two-Tailed Test
0 Illustrating the Rejection 5
Region
1 Rejection Region Non-Rejection Region 6
also known as the critical region, also known as the acceptance region,

2 7
is the set of all values of the test is the set of all values of the test
statistic that causes to reject the statistic that causes us to fail to reject
null hypothesis. the null hypothesis.

3
8
The Critical Value is a point
(boundary) on the test distribution that
is compared on the test statistic to
determine if the null hypothesis would

9
be rejected.
0 Allen
x

132
x-m

-20
x-m^2

400
Mean = 5
Bryan 148 -4 16
1520/10
1 Ellen

Jake
165

157
13

5
169

25
= 152
Variance =
6
Mindie 120 -32 1024

2
3548/10-1
Shamsi

Candice
144

136
-8

16
64

256
= 394.22
7
Dori 160 8 64
Standard
3
8
Mitch 185 33 1089

Mila 173 21 441 Deviation =

Σx-m^2=
√394.22 = 19.855
3548
9
0 Key Concepts of Hypothesis 5
Testing
1 Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis 6
It is a decision making Is an assumption or

2 process for evaluating

claims about a population
conjecture about a
population parameter
which may or may not be
7
It is basically testing an true
3 assumption that we can
make about a population
8
9
0 Types of Error in Hypothesis 5
Testing
1 Type I
Rejecting the null
Type II 6
Accepting the null

2
hypothesis when it's true is
7
hypothesis when it's false is
called a Type I error with called a Type II error with
probability denoted by probability denoted by beta
alpha (α). In hypothesis (β). In hypothesis testing,
testing, the normal curve the normal curve that shows
3
8
that shows the critical the acceptance region is
region is called the alpha called the beta region.
region.
REMEMBER
the larger he value of the alpha, the smaller is
the value of beta.
9
 Testing Your Skills
Let's say that the null hypothesis Ho is: John's used car is safe
to drive.
a. Which statement represents a type I error?
b. Which statement represents type II error?
c. Which type of error has greater consequences?
 Statements
(a) John thinks that his car is maybe safe when, in fact, it is not safe.

(b) John thinks that his car may be safe when, in fact, it is safe.

(c) John thinks that his car may not be safe when in fact it is not safe.

(d) John thinks that his car may not be safe when, in fact, it is safe.
 Answer
a. Which statement represents a type I error?
STATEMENT (D)
b. Which statement represents type II error?
STATEMENT (A)
c. Which type of error has greater consequences?
TYPE I STATEMENT (A)