LINGUISTICS INTRODUCTION

PHO NETICS
NOLOGY

PRESENT BY

SALSYA HANA INTAN HAMALA AULIA NUR ANISA JULIYANTI SITI RAHMA
PENGERTIAN PHONETICS
&PHONOLOGY.
Phonetics is the result in the form of sounds/sounds
produced by the letters we pronounce. With the help of
Phonetic we will focus on discussing how a sound can be
formed by using several parts of the body such as lips,
tongue, teeth, pharynx, lungs, and others so that it
becomes easier for us to learn how the sound of a word
sounds.
Phonology is a branch of linguistics where by
studying it we will know about how the
systematic organization of sound and how to
produce it in a language. In simple language,
phonology is the study of how to pronounce a
language. In fact, not only that, we will also
study how a language can appear and how
language can disappear.
AREAS OF PHONETICS.
articulatory phonetics
The study of how speech are produced by the
brain and mouth.
Acoustic phonetics
The study of the physics
Auditory phonetics of speech sound
The study of how sound are
perceived nya the ear and brain
 objectives
Describe and
learn the parts of the mouth relevant for speech classify consonants

Transcribe English into IPA

Translate IPA into English

Describe and
classify vowels Use IPA chart to:
WHAT IS
IPA?
Explanation :

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an

alphabetic system of phonetic notation based
primarily on the Latin script
 CONSONANT
is a speech sound that is articulated with
complete or partial closure of the vocal tract.

Consonants are produced by pushing air up from

the lungs and out through the mouth or nose.
TERMS OF CONSONANT SOUND

VOICED
VOICING
there is vocal fold vibration
Voicing refers to and an audible 'buzzing' sound.
the presence or
absence of vocal
vibration during VOICELESS
speech sound
production. there is no vocal fold vibration.
 EXAMPLE

THERE THINKER
first sound is voiced fist sound is voiceless
represented by /θ/ represented by /ð/
TERMS OF CONSONANT SOUND

PLACE OF
DIAGRAM OF THE VOCAL TRAC
ARTICULATION

The place of articulation is

the physical location in the
vocal tract that a phoneme
is produced in, and the
kinds of articulatory
movements that are
involved in producing a
sound.
 POINT OF ARTICULATION

BILABIAL CONSONANTS :
PRODUCED AT THE LIPS
/P/ AS IN "PURSE"
/B/ AS IN "BACK"
/M/ AS IN "MAD"

LABIO-DENTAL CONSONANTS :
PRODUCED WITH THE LOWER LIP
AND THE UPPER TEETH
/F/ AS IN "FAMILY"
/V/ AS IN "VINE"
POINT OF ARTICULATION
ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS :
DENTAL CONSONANTS : PRODUCED WITH THE TIP OF THE
PRODUCED WHEN THE TONGUE AND THE ALVEOLAR
TONGUE IS PLACED BETWEEN RIDGE (THE HARD, BONY RIDGE
THE TEETH BEHIND THE TEETH)
/N/ AS IN "NO"
/T/ AS IN "TAB"
/Θ/ AS IN "THICK" /D/ AS IN "DEEP”
/ / AS IN "THEM" /S/ AS IN "SUIT"
/Z /AS IN "ZIP"
/L/ AS IN "LUCK"
PALATAL CONSONANT :
PRODUCED WITH TONGUE RAISED
TO THE HARD PALATE OR ROOF OF
THE MOUTH
/ / AS IN "SHOT"
/3/ AS IN "VISION"
/T / AS IN "CHIN"
/ / AS IN "JAM"
/J/ AS IN "YES"
 POINT OF ARTICULATION

VELAR SOUNDS : PRODUCED

BETWEEN THE BACK OF THE
TONGUE AND THE VELUM
/P/ AS IN "PURSE"
/N/ AS IN "ANKLE"
/B/ AS IN "BACK"
/K/ AS IN "KITE"
/M/ AS IN "MAD"
/G/ AS IN "GOOD"
/W/ AS IN "WAIT"

GOLTTAL SOUND : PRODUCED AT THE

GLOTTIS OR THE SPACE BETWEEN
VOCAL FOLDS
(GLOTTAL FRICATIVE) /H/ AS IN
"HEIGHT"
(GLOTTAL STOP) /?/
AS IN "BUTTON"
POINT OF ARTICULATION
TERMS OF CONSONANT SOUND

MANNER OF
ARTICULATION

COMPLETE CLOSE OPEN

CLOSURE APPROXIMATION APPROXIMATION
PLOSIVES INVOLVE A
COMPLETE CLOSURE
(PLOSIVE)
The vocal articulators fully
meet and air flow is stopped
This creates the 'explosion'
of sound when the closure is
released
The plosive sounds in English area:
/p b t d k g/
FRICATIVES INVOLVE A
CLOSE APPROXIMATION
(FRICATIVE)
the vocal articulators do not fully
meet and air flow is forced through a
narrow passage
This creates the friction
sound
The fricative sounds in English are:
/f v s z θ ð ʃ ʒ/
APPROXIMANTS
INVOLVE AN OPEN
APPROXIMATION NASAL SOUNDS

The vocal articulators are produced by air coming out

still close but not enough to through the nose and mouth
create friction

The approximant sounds in English The nasal sounds in English are

are: /j r w/ /m n ŋ/

TABLE OF CONSONANT

voiceless voiced in between

 VOWEL
VOWELS ARE CLASSIFIED BY
HOW HIGH OR LOW THE
TONGUE IS, IF THE TONGUE IS
IN THE FRONT OR BACK OF
THE MOUTH, AND WHETHER
OR NOT THE LIPS ARE
ROUNDED
 HEIGHT (HIGH, MID, LOW)

THREE CATEGORIES OF VOWEL HEIGHT: HIGH AS IN BEAT (LEFT), MID AS

IN BET (CENTRE), AND LOW AS IN BAT (RIGHT).

THE HEIGHT OF THE TONGUE DURING THE

ARTICULATION OF A VOWEL IS CALLED
VOWEL HEIGHT, OR SIMPLY HEIGHT FOR
SHORT.
 FRONTNESS AND BACKNESS
(FRONT, CENTRE, BACK)

THREE CATEGORIES OF VOWEL BACKNESS: FRONT AS IN BEAT (LEFT),

CENTRAL AS IN BUT (CENTRE), AND BACK AS IN BOOT (RIGHT).

FRONTNESS AND BACKNESS VOWEL IS

THE LOCATION OF THE TONGUE IN THE
MOUTH FROM BACK TO FRONT.
ANOTHER EXAMPLES
 LIPS
(ROUNDED AND UNROUNDED)

THREE CATEGORIES OF ROUNDING: ROUND AS IN BOOT (LEFT),

NEUTRAL AS IN BUT (CENTRE), AND SPREAD AS BEAT (RIGHT),
WHERE NEUTRAL AND SPREAD ARE ALSO CLASSIFIED TOGETHER
AS UNROUNDED.
 TONGUE ROOT
ADVANCE
If the tongue root is advanced
forward away from the pharyngeal
wall, the tongue root pushes into the
rest of the tongue. This causes the
tongue to be somewhat denser and
firmer overall, so a vowel with an
advanced tongue root is sometimes
called a tense vowel.
TONGUE ROOT
PLAIN
If the tongue root is instead in a more
retracted position closer to the
pharyngeal wall, as for the vowel in
the English word bit, it keeps the
tongue somewhat more relaxed, so a
vowel with a retracted tongue root is
sometimes called a lax vowel.
 TONGUE ROOT
(ADVANCE OR RETRACTED)

Two categories of tenseness: tense with an

advanced tongue root as in beat (left) and lax with
a retracted tongue root as in bit (right).