True or false

1. True

2. False. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) produces an invasive infection that affects the colon, causing
symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, but it does not produce shiga toxin.

3. True

4. True

5. False. Newborns are at a higher risk of contracting Listeria monocytogenes infections, and it is
recommended that pregnant women avoid soft cheeses such as Brie and Camembert to prevent
exposure to this pathogen.

One word question

1. Salmonella

2. Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)

3. Dental caries or tooth decay

4. Periodontitis

5. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

Long questions
1. Dental caries is a common dental disease caused by the demineralization of tooth structures,
specifically the enamel and underlying dentin, due to the acids produced by bacteria in the mouth.
The process of dental caries involves four stages:

- Stage 1: Demineralization of the enamel due to acid production by bacteria. This stage is usually
not painful and may be reversible with proper oral hygiene practices.

- Stage 2: Destruction of the enamel and dentin, forming a cavity or hole in the tooth. This stage may
cause sensitivity or mild pain.

- Stage 3: Spread of the decay into the deeper layers of the tooth, including the pulp or nerve. This
stage can cause severe pain and may require root canal therapy or tooth extraction.

- Stage 4: Abscess formation, which is a pocket of pus caused by bacterial infection. This stage can
cause severe pain, swelling, and even fever.

2. Periodontal disease is a bacterial infection that affects the soft tissue and bone supporting the
teeth. The stages of the disease are:

- Stage 1: Gingivitis, which is inflammation of the gums due to plaque buildup. This stage is reversible
with proper oral hygiene practices.

- Stage 2: Early periodontitis, which involves the breakdown of the bone and fibers supporting the
teeth. This stage is usually not painful but can cause gum recession and tooth mobility.

- Stage 3: Moderate periodontitis, which involves significant bone loss and tooth mobility. This stage
may require periodontal treatment, such as scaling and root planing.

- Stage 4: Advanced periodontitis, which involves severe bone loss and tooth mobility. This stage
may require periodontal surgery or tooth extraction.

3.

Plaque-mediated diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, can be controlled through
several measures, including:

- Regular toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day

- Daily flossing to remove plaque and food debris from between teeth

- Use of antimicrobial mouthwash to reduce bacterial growth in the mouth

- Maintaining a healthy diet low in sugary and acidic foods and drinks

- Regular dental check-ups and cleanings to detect and treat early signs of dental disease.
4. Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that can cause botulism, a rare but serious illness that can
lead to paralysis and even death. It can be manifested in several ways, including:

- Foodborne botulism, which is caused by consuming contaminated food

- Wound botulism, which is caused by bacterial growth in a wound

- Infant botulism, which is caused by ingestion of spores in honey or soil.

The neurotoxin produced by C. botulinum can cause muscle weakness, double vision, dry mouth,
difficulty swallowing, and even respiratory failure. Treatment typically involves administering
antitoxin, which can neutralize the effects of the toxin.

5. There are many serotypes of E. coli, but some of the most well-known are:

- Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), which can cause severe bloody diarrhea and can lead to
hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a life-threatening complication.

- Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), which is a common cause of traveler's diarrhea and can also cause
diarrhea in children in low-resource countries.

- Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), which can cause diarrhea in infants and young children.

- Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), which can cause persistent diarrhea in children and adults.