MSE 3207 MATERIALS PROCESSING

2 LECTURE 16

Velocity:

vx
Vx =
v0
∂vx ∂vx ∂τ v0 ∂vx v0 ∂Vx ∂vx v02 ∂Vx
= = = =
∂t ∂τ ∂t L ∂τ L ∂τ ∂Vx L ∂τ
2
∂ vx ∂ 2 Vx 2
v0 ∂ V x
= v0 2 = 2
∂y 2 ∂y L ∂Y 2
2
v ∂Vx v0 ∂ 2 V x
ρ 0 =μ 2
L ∂τ L ∂Y 2

 
∂Vx μ ∂ 2 Vx
=
∂τ ρLv0 ∂Y 2

ρ L v0 inertial force
Reynold’s Number: Re = =
μ viscous force

Flow in a Tube:

Geometry Critical Re
channel ∼ 1000
tube ∼ 2100
1 free surface (e.g. falling film) ∼ 20

Below Recrit : definitely laminar

Above Recrit : might be turbulent, needs perturbation
 3.044 MATERIALS PROCESSING 3

ΔP  2
vx (r) = R − r2
4Lμ
ΔP R
τrx =
2 L
Kinetic Force:

Fk = τ dA

Fk = ΔP πR2

What if Flow is Turbulent?

“Plug Flow”:

⇒ Cannot solved explicitly for vx (r)

Generalized Drag Force:

Fk = f A K
  
friction factor char. area of momentum transfer char. kinetic energy of flow
16
Laminar: fL = Re A = 2πRL KE of flow = 21 ρvavg
2
4 LECTURE 16

How do you use Fk ?

(P1 − P2 ) πR2 = f AK
⇒ Provides a relationship between ΔP and vavg

Summary:
If Laminar: Fk can be calculated
 exactly
vx (r) → τrx → Fx = τ dA
If Turbulent: Use empirical f from experiment or simulation
f = f (Re, Geometry)

Flow Past Objects:

Fk = Ffriction + Fform
     
shear griping dynamic pressure
sides of impinging flow

Fk = (f AK)friction + (f AK)form
 3.044 MATERIALS PROCESSING 5

Solve for: (f AK)friction

Laminar: Solve exactly with Stokes Law
24
ffric =
Re
π
A = d2
4
1 2
K = ρv
2
Fk, fric = 3πμvd
Turbulent: negligible

Solve for: (f AK)form

Laminar: Fform ≈ 0

Turbulent:

fform  0.44
π
A = d2
4
1 2
K = ρv
2
π
Fform = fform d2 ρv 2
8
6 LECTURE 16

Summary:
Fk = Ffric + Fform
   
laminar turbulent
term term
where ffric is a function of the Reynolds Number
and fform is a function of Geometry