Electronic Final 01

ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

AND MANAGEMENET
BASIC ELECTRONICS
LAB MANUAL
SEMESTER III
BATCH 12
YEAR 2020
NAME: ADNAN JAVED
R.NO: 4-7/2020/003
Course In-charge Lab Engineer
ENGR.TAHA MUSHTAQ SHAIKH ENGR. SYED HASSAN SARWAR

ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. ADNAN JAVED bearing Enrollment no.
4-7/2020/003 of 3RD Semester Biomedical Engineering has satisfactorily completed
the necessary lab work for the course of Physiology-II prescribed by the
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ziauddin University Faculty of
Engineering, Science, Technology and Management, under my supervision for
the academic session 2020-2024
____________________________________ ____________________________________
Course In-charge Lab In-charge

Mr. M. Arif Engr. Syed Hassan Sarwar
Lecturer Lab Engineer
Biomedical Engineering Department Biomedical Engineering Department
ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY
RUBRICS
Lab Performance (Continuous Assessment) / Performance Test

Group/Student: Course: Electronics Courses
Performance
Sr.# Exemplary (5) Satisfactory (4-3) Developing (2-1)
Indicator Unsatisfactory (0)
Fully understand the Has very good Has some understanding of Has poor understanding of
lab instruments understanding of the lab the lab instruments the lab instruments
1 Ability to including its purpose instruments including its including its purpose and including its purpose and
Conduct and quite able to purpose and able to able to conduct experiment unable to conduct
Experiment conduct the entire conduct experiment with with a lot of help from lab experiment on his own; lab
experiment with some help from lab instructor instructor provides help in
negligible help from instructor almost every step of the
lab instructor experiment
Always analyzes and Analyzes and interprets data Analyzes and interprets data Analyzes and interprets data
interprets data correctly correctly most of the time; correctly occasionally; incorrectly most of the time;
and precisely; always most of the conclusion are some conclusion are many conclusions are
Data Analysis & draws correct and useful correct and useful; incorrect; occasionally incorrect; most of the time
2 Interpretation conclusions; always compares theory against compares theory against never attempts to compare
compares theory against experimental results and experimental results and theory against
experimental results and calculates related error most calculates related error. experimental results.
calculates related error. of the time.
ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY
Construction is excellent Construction is good with Construction has Circuit construction is

3 Troubleshooting and carefully planned. minor problems. Circuits several problems. incorrect and does not
Circuit function according function as planned. Student is unable to work. Student does not
to plan. troubleshoot. know how to troubleshoot
to solve problem.
RUBRICS
Lab Reports/Assignments
Group/Student: Course:
Sr.# Performance Exemplary (5) Satisfactory (4-3) Developing (2-1) Unsatisfactory (0)
Indicator
Information is presented in a Information is presented in Information is presented in Unable to submit the lab
1 Organization / logical, interesting way, somewhat logical manner. All quite less continuity and report.
Structure which is easy to follow. All sections are in a correct order less logical manner.
sections are in a correct order as directed and submitted on a Sections are not in proper
and submitted on a time. time. order as directed unable to
follow the submission
deadline.
Calculations are somewhat Unable to submit the lab
Calculations are completely Calculations are quite logical report.
logical and systematic.
logical and systematic. and systematic.
Results and conclusion are
Calculations Results and conclusion are Results and conclusion are
2 stated but reflect little
and Data stated and reflect complete stated and reflect acceptable
Presentation knowledge of the
knowledge of the experiment. knowledge of the experiment.
experiment.
Presents data very clearly Presents data appropriate
Data presentation is not that
using appropriate graphs/waveforms. Figure
clear. Graphs/waveforms,
graphs/waveforms. Figure captions and units are
figure captions and units are
captions and units are always included most of the time.
not always included.
included.
Document Document Document
Document
presented/submitted for presented/submitted for review presented/submitted
Originality presented/submitted for
review purely reflect student must reflect student for review is copied
3 / review must reflect student
Uniqueness understanding and should not understanding with a section from an online source or
understanding with two
be copied from any online copied from any online source resembles that of their
sections copied from any
source and should not or resembles that of classmate class mates clearly
online or resembles that of
resembles that of their indicating lack of
classmate.
classmate understanding
Timely Document submitted on Document submitted on the Document submitted on Document not submitted
4 Submission the date and day date and day assigned with the date and day
assigned with all the assigned with two on the date and day
necessary sections one missing sections missing sections assigned
RUBRICS
Viva Voce
Group/Student: Course:
Sr.# Performance Exemplary (5) Satisfactory (4-3) Developing (2-1) Unsatisfactory (0)
Indicator
Responsiveness to Generally responsive

1 Responds well, quick Responsive but evasive or Non-responsive.
Questions/Accura and accurate most of the
and very accurate all the inaccurate most of the times.
cy times.
time.
No grasp of
Level of Demonstration of full At ease with content and information. Clearly no
2 Understanding knowledge of the able to elaborate and Only basic concepts are knowledge of subject
of the learned subject with explain to some degree. demonstrated and interpreted. matter. No questions are
skills explanations and answered. No
elaboration. interpretation made.
Lab Project /Open Ended Labs
Performance Satisfactory
S Exemplary (5) Developing (2-1) Unsatisfactory (0)
Indicator (4-3)
r.
#
Project Design
(Hardware/Software)
Project is completed with
quite less technical Project is completed but
assistance from the not working properly. The project is not
Project is completed instructor or others in Or implemented or not
Implementation and
1 without any external order to complete the Project is completed and completed with
completion
assistance and is project and is working working properly but with implementation in
working properly. properly. unreasonable amount of initial phase only.
Or technical assistance from
Project is completed with the instructor or others in
no external assistance at order to complete the
all but is not working project.
properly.
Student chose an Student choose a complex Student chose a project Student chose a simple
Problem Analysis innovative, project with good with acceptable scope that project with limited scope
2 and Designing challenging project technical challenges that solves a technical problem that required very little
Solution that required an required innovative and required some creative development or
effort that exceeds problem solving and technical expertise in technical expertise.
the normal engineering. hardware and/or software.
expectations for the
course project.
Student developed a Student demonstrated the Student was able to Student demonstrated
3 Testing and good systematic ability to test hardware identify the problems in little or no ability to
Analysis procedure for testing and/or software in order hardware and/or software troubleshoot hardware
hardware and/or to identify technical but required some and/or software for the
software that allowed problems and was able to assistance in fixing some project.
for quick solve any problems with of the problems.
identification of little or no assistance.
technical problems.
Student was very good
at analyzing and
quickly solving all
technical problems.
Project Report
Information is
Information is Information is presented in
Organization/ presented in a logical,
presented in somewhat quite less continuity and less
1 Structure interesting way, which Unable to submit the
logical manner. All logical manner.
is easy to follow. All lab report.
sections are in a Sections are not in proper order as
sections are in a
correct order as directed unable to follow the
correct order and
directed and submitted submission deadline.
submitted on a time.
on a time.
2 Literature Collected a great deal Collected some basic Did not collect any
Review Collected very little
of information--all information--most information that
information--some relates to the
relates to the topic. relates to the topic. relates to
topic. the topic
Clearly discusses what
Results and Generally clear Limited discussion of results and Reader can gain very
results mean and what
discussion of results conclusions. Little or no reference little information about
Discussion conclusions may be
3 and conclusions but to published standards or other why the project was
drawn from them.
may miss some points. reports. done and what the
Cites published
Some use of references results may mean. No
standards or other
and published reference to other
related reports.
standards. studies.
Project Viva
Responsiveness to Generally Responsive Responsive but evasive or
Responds well, quick Non-responsive.
1 Questions/Accuracy and accurate most of inaccurate most of the times.
and very accurate all
the times.
the time.
2 Depth of Knowledge At ease with content Only basic concepts are
Demonstration of full No grasp of information.
and able to elaborate demonstrated and interpreted.
knowledge of the Clearly no knowledge of
and explain to some
project with subject matter. No
degree.
explanations and questions are answered.
elaboration. No interpretation made.
TABLE OF CONTENT
S.No. Lab Objectives CLO PLO Domain Marks
Observe the working of diode with forward and reverse bias.

1 CLO1 PLO1 P1
Produce diode characteristic curve.
2 CLO1 PLO1 P1
Observe and calculate the bulk resistance of the diode. Also

3 observe its effect in the diode approximations. CLO1 PLO1 P1
Observe the working of half wave.

4 CLO4 PLO1 P2
Observe the working of full wave.

5 CLO1 PLO1 P1
Observe the working of bridge rectifiers.

6 CLO1 PLO1 P1
Analyze the working of Clipper Circuit.

7 CLO3 PLO1 P2
Analyze the working of Clamper Circuit.
8 CLO1 PLO1 P1
Observe the working of some other types of diodes

9 CLO2 PLO1 P1
Make a Zener limiting circuit and observe its output.

10 CLO2 PLO1 P1
Observe, analyze and Troubleshooting the NPN and PNP

11 Transistor using Multimeter. CLO3 PLO1 P1
Use the transistor in switching mode.

12 CLO2 PLO1 P1
Observe the operation and determine the biasing parameter
13 of Voltage Divider Bias Circuit. CLO3 PLO1 P1
ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER III
LAB # 1
OBJECTIVE:
Observe the working of diode with forward and reverse bias.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Variable DC power supply
Diode 1N4001
Resistor 1KΩ & 10KΩ
Multimeter (digital/analog)
DESCRIPTION:
A diode is an electrical device that allows current to flow in one direction much more easily than
the other. The semiconductor diode is the most prevalent type of diode used in modern circuit
design, while alternative diode technologies exist.
The diode is considered to be forward-biased when the polarity of the battery allows electrons to
flow freely through it. The diode is considered to be reverse-biased when the battery is "backward"
and the diode blocks current.
Reflexes are valuable tools for clinical evaluation of nervous system function. For reflex to occur,
all elements must be functional and pathways must be intact. If reflexes are absent, physician can
diagnose where pathway is interrupted; if reflexes are abnormal, can diagnose where function is
compromised. Reflexes are evaluated according to:
PROCEDURE:
BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 1

• A diode is an electrical component that acts as a current one-way valve.

• A diode is said to be forward-biased when voltage is applied across it in such a way that it
allows current to flow.
• A diode is said to be reverse-biased when voltage is applied across it in such a way that
current cannot flow through it.
• The forward voltage is the voltage dropped across a conducting, forward-biased diode. The
chemical composition of the P-N junction determines the forward voltage of a diode, which
fluctuates only minimally with changes in forward current and temperature.
• The forward voltage of silicon diodes is about 0.7 volts.
• The Peak Inverse Voltage, or PIV rating, is the greatest reverse-bias voltage that a diode can
sustain without "breaking down."
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Forward Bias Reversed Bias
OBSERVATIONS:
Forward Bias Reverse Bias
S. No. VS 1KΩ 10KΩ 1KΩ 10KΩ
VD VR VD VR VD VR VD VR
1. 0V 3.4mv 0 mv 3.3 mv 0mv 18.3 mv 0mv 4.3 mv 0mv

2. 1V 0.5v 0.5 v 0.449 v 0.589 v 1.096 v 0mv 1.12v 0mv
3. 2V 0.604v 1.44 v 0.792 v 1.581 v 2.126 v 0mv 2.06 v 0mv
4 4V 0.646v 3.42 v 0.533 v 3.54 v 4.08 v 0mv 4.06 v 0mv
5 8V 0.681v 07.89 v 0.570 v 7.51 v 8.11 v 0mv 8.06 v 0mv
6 12 V 0.702v 11.37 v 0.591 v 11.49 v 12.08 v 0mv 12.12 v 0mv
7 14 V 0.71v 14.30 v 0.601 v 14.46 v 15.07 v 0mv 15.14 v 0mv
CONCLUSION:
A diode (PN junction) in an electrical circuit allows current to flow more easily in one direction than the
other. When a voltage is applied to a diode that allows current to flow freely, it is called forward biassing;
when a voltage is applied in the opposite direction, it is called reverse biassing. The voltage does not cause
any significant current to flow when reverse biassing is used.

LAB # 2
OBJECTIVE:
Produce diode characteristic curve.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Diode 1N4001
Resistor 1KΩ
Multimeter (digital/analog)
DESCRIPTION:
The current and voltage of a diode are not proportional to one another, making it a non-linear
device. When the applied potential exceeds the barrier potential, which is 0.7V for silicon diodes
and 0.3V for germanium diodes, the device conducts. When reverse biased and only a small
amount of carrier current runs through it, it inhibits current from flowing. The diode enters the
breakdown area as the reverse voltage is increased.
THEORY:
The current-voltage curves of an electrical device or component, or I-V Characteristic Curves, are
a series of graphical curves used to define the operation of the device or component inside an
electrical circuit. The relationship between the current flowing through an electronic device and
the applied voltage across its terminals is depicted by I-V characteristic curves, as the name
implies. The forward and reverse current voltage (IV) characteristics of a diode are usually
compared on a single characteristic curve. Forward voltage and reverse voltage are commonly

plotted on the horizontal line of the graph, as shown in the figure under the section "Forward
Characteristics."
I-V characteristic curves are commonly used to determine and comprehend a component's or
devices basic properties, as well as to mathematically model its behavior inside an electronic
circuit. However, because there are an endless number of I-V characteristic curves representing
numerous inputs or parameters in most electrical devices, we can display a family or group of
circles on the same graph to indicate various values.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIASE

S.NO VS(V)
VD(V) ID(mA) RD=VD/ID(Ω) VD(V) ID(mA) RD=VD/ID(Ω)
1 0 0V 0.68 mA 0Ω
2 0.5 0.45 V 0.67 mA 67.16 Ω
3 1 0.51 V 0.70 mA 72.85 Ω
4 2 0.56 V 0.71 mA 78.87 Ω

5 4 0.61 V 1.01 mA 60.39 Ω
6 6 0.63 V 1.34 mA 47.01 Ω
7 8 0.65 V 1.67 mA 38.92 Ω
8 10 0.67 V 2.07 mA 32.36 Ω
9 12 0.68 V 2.51 mA 27.09 Ω
10 14 0.70 V 2.59 mA 27.02 Ω
11 15 0.71 V 3.18 mA 22.32 Ω
GRAPH:
FORWARD BIAS
3.5
3
Current (mA)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Voltage (V)

CONCLUSION:
On a single characteristic curve, a diode's forward and reverse current voltage (IV) properties are
typically compared. Forward and reverse voltages are often shown on the horizontal line of the
graph, as shown in the image under the section Forward Characteristic.

LAB # 03
OBJECTIVE:
Observe and calculate the bulk resistance of the diode. Also observe its effect in the diode
approximations.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Diode 1N4001
Resistor 220 Ω
Multimeter (Digital/Analog)
DESCRIPTION:
In the ideal approximation, a diode acts like a switch open when reverse biased and it becomes
closed when forward biased and no voltage drop across it. In the second approximation we
include the knee voltage i.e. diode drops 0.7V before the conduction starts. In the third
approximation, total diode drop is barrier potential plus the voltage drop due to the bulk
resistance.
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Adjust the source to setup a current of I1 = 10mA through the diode. Measure the diode
voltage drop and record in table 3.1.
Step 2: Adjust the source to setup a current of I2 = 50mA through the diode. Measure the diode
voltage drop and record in table 3.1.
Step 3: Calculate bulk resistance by using rB = ΔV/ΔI. (Here ΔV = VD2 - VD1 & ΔI = I2 - I1)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
Table 3.1:
S. No. Current (I) Diode Voltage (VD)
1.
2.
Table 3.2:
DIODE APPROXIMATIONS VOLTAGE MEASURED (VD)
Ideal approximation
Second approximation
Third approximation
CONCLUSION:
The Diode Characteristics Apparatus is a tool for measuring and calculating the diode's bulk
resistance. It also enables us to see how it affects diode approximations. The bulk resistance of a
diode is measured and calculated using the diode characteristics instrument. The influence of the

three approximations in this circuit, namely forward transition approximation, saturation

approximation, and reverse transition approximation, can also be detected.

LAB # 04
OBJECTIVE:
Observe the working of half wave.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Resistor 1 KΩ
Diode 1N4001
Transformer / Center tab transformer
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
DESCRIPTION:
Half Wave Rectifier:
The Half wave rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc
Voltage. In the Half wave rectifier the transformer serves two purposes.
It can be used to obtain the desired level of dc voltage (using step up or step down transformers).
It provides isolation from the power line.
During the positive half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the voltage across the
secondary forward biases the diode. As a result a current I flow through the load resistor, RL.
The forward biased diode offers a very low resistance and hence the voltage drop across it is
very small. Thus the voltage appearing across the load is practically the same as the input
voltage at every instant. During the negative half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the
secondary voltage gets reversed. As a result, the diode is reverse biased. Practically no current
flows through the circuit and almost no voltage is developed across the resistor. All input
voltage appears across the diode itself. Hence we conclude that when the input voltage is going
through its positive half cycle, output voltage is almost the same as the input voltage and during

the negative half cycle no voltage is available across the load. This explains the unidirectional
animated dc waveform obtained as output. The process of removing one half the input signal
to establish a dc level is rightly called half wave rectification.
To get a voltage from ac line voltage, we can use a half wave rectifier. The ripple frequency of
half wave rectifier is equal to the input frequency. The load voltage can be calculated by Vin
= Vpp – 0.7.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CALCULATIONS:

S.No. Parameters Calculated Measured

1 RMS voltage 12 14.8
2 Peak output voltage 16.3 20
3 DC output voltage 5.406 6.33
4 Ripple frequency 52 50
CONCLUSION:
Examine how half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers function. Understand how various
filters' circuits work. Change the filter parameters to see how they affect the output waveforms.
A simple but effective set-up for demonstrating the operation of half-wave, full-wave, and
bridge rectifiers. I can readily see the AC to DC conversion and calculate the rectification
procedure' efficiency.

LAB # 05
OBJECTIVE:
Observe the working of full wave.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Resistor 1 KΩ
Diode 1N4001
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
DESCRIPTION:
Full Wave Rectifier:

A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating
dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one
conducts during one half cycle while the other conducts during the other half cycle of the
applied ac voltage.
During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes reverse
biased and D2 becomes forward biased. Hence D1 remains OFF and D2 conducts. The load
current flows through D2 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.
The second winding has a center tab connected to one end of the load resistor. The other end
of the load resistance is connected to the diode. The circuit acts like two half wave rectifier
conducting on alternating two half cycle. The ripple frequency of full wave rectifier is equal to
twice the input frequency. The load voltage can be calculated by VL = V2/2 – 0.7.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


1 RMS voltage 12 14
2 Peak output voltage 18.4 18.5
3 DC output voltage 10.812 11.60
4 Ripple frequency 100 111.1
CONCLUSION:
Half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers should all be observed in action. Understand how
various filters' circuits are set up. Change the filter parameters and look at the output waveforms
to see how they change. A simple yet effective set-up for demonstrating how half-wave, full-wave,
and bridge rectifiers function. I can readily examine and calculate the efficiency of the rectification
process by observing the conversion of AC to DC.

LAB # 06
OBJECTIVE:
Observe the working of bridge rectifiers.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Resistor 1 KΩ
Diode 1N4001
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
DESCRIPTION:
Bridge Rectifier:
It consists of four diodes; transformer and load resistor connected as shown in figure below
.The ac signal is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the two diodes whereas another two
ends of the diode is connected to the load resistor as shown in figure.
At the time of positive half-cycle of secondary winding voltage the upper end of the secondary
winding becomes positive w.r.t the lower end of its. Under this condition diode D1 and D4 are
in forward biased where as other diode are in reverse biased. Hence the diode D1 and D4 conduct
current through the load resistor.
At the time of negative half-cycle of the secondary winding voltage, the lower end of the
secondary winding is positive w.r.t the upper end of the secondary winding. Under this
condition, D2 and D3 are in forward biased and where as other diodes are in reverse biased.
Hence the diode D2 and D3conduct current through the load resistor. This flow of current is in
same direction as for positive half-cycle of the secondary winding voltage. Hence dc output is
obtained across the load resistor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Bridge Rectifier:
Bridge Rectifier:

1 RMS voltage 24 27.4
2 Peak output voltage 33.94 35
3 DC output voltage 21.61 19
4 Ripple frequency 100 111.1
CONCLUSION:

Half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers should all be observed in action. Understand how
various filters' circuits are set up. Change the filter parameters and look at the output waveforms
to see how they change. A simple yet effective set-up for demonstrating how half-wave, full-wave,
and bridge rectifiers function. I can readily examine and calculate the efficiency of the rectification
process by observing the conversion of AC to DC.

LAB # 07
OBJECTIVE:
Analyze the working of Clipper Circuit.

DESCRIPTION:
A clipper is a device which limits, remove or prevents
some portion of the wave form (input signal voltage) above or
below a certain level In other words the circuit which limits positive
or negative amplitude, is called chipping circuit.
There are varieties of diode networks called clippers that have the ability to
clip-off the portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining portion of
the alternating waveform. The half wave rectifier is the simplest example of diode
clipper. The clipper circuits are of the following types.
 Series Positive Clipper,

 Series Negative Clipper,
 Parallel Positive Clipper,
 Parallel Negative Clipper.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Biased Clipper
OBSERVATIONS
s.no Input Waveform Output Waveform

1 Unbiased
2 Biased
CONCLUSION:
The clipper circuit allows you to make square waves out of simple sinusoidal signals. It's a quick
and easy approach for designers to make square wave generators. Clipper circuits can also be
utilised as auxiliary circuitry in a wide range of applications where a square wave is required, such
as logic circuits, timing circuits, and DC-to-DC switching circuits.

POST LAB TASK:
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

LAB # 08
OBJECTIVE:
Analyze the working of Clamper Circuit.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
(Write text here)
DESCRIPTION:
Certain applications in electronics require that the upper or
lower extremity of a wave be fixed at a specific value in such
applications, a clamping/clamper circuits are used.
A circuit that places either the positive or negative peak of a signal at a desired D.C
level is known as a clamping circuit. A clamping circuit introduces (or restores) a
D.C level to an A.C signal. Thus a clamping circuit is also known as D.C restorer, or
D.C reinserted or a baseline stabilizer. The following are two general types of
clamping.
1. Positive clamping occurs when negative peaks raised or

clamped to ground or on the zero level in other words, it
pushes the signal upwards so that negative peaks fall on the
zero level.
2. Negative clamping occurs when positive peaks raised or
clamped to ground or on the zero level in other words, it
pushes the signal downwards so that the positive peaks fall on
the zero level.
In both cases the shape of the original signal has not changed,
only there is vertical shift in the signal. Figure below shows the
clamping wave form.

Positive Clamper: the circuit for a positive clamper is shown in the figure. During
the negative half cycle of the input signal, the diode conducts and acts like a short
circuit. The output voltage 𝑉0 = 0𝑉 . The capacitor is charged to the peak value of
input voltage 𝑉𝑚 and it behaves like a battery. During the positive half of the input
signal, the diode does not conduct and acts as an open circuit. Hence the output
voltage 𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑚 . This gives a positively clamped voltage.

Negative Clamper:
During the positive half cycle the diode conducts and acts like a short circuit. The
capacitor charges to peak value of input voltage𝑉𝑚 . During this interval the output
VO which is taken across the short circuit will be zero.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CALCULATIONS:
S.NO INPUT WAVEFORM OUTPUT WAVEFORM
CONCLUSION:
The clamper circuit generates negative and positive voltage pulses using a combination of diodes
and a capacitor. The circuit can be used to adjust a waveform's DC level to any desired value. A
clamper is a circuit that shifts (or clamps) the DC level of an AC signal. A constant reference
voltage is provided by the clamper circuit, which is used to shape an AC waveform.
LAB # 09
OBJECTIVE:
Observe the working of some other types of diodes

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Power supply
Multimeter
Light emitting diode

Zener diode IN752
Resistor 1 kΩ, 10 kΩ &180 kΩ
DESCRIPTION:
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:
ZENER DIODE:

A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow

in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in
the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value – the
breakdown voltage known as the Zener voltage.
These diodes are made by heavily doped N and P type semiconductors, the quantity of doping of
semiconductors is kept different so that their break down voltages are different. In that way,
Zener diodes different voltage levels have different voltage capacity. The Zener resistance can be
calculated by RZ = VZ / IZ
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
S.NO LED LIGHT(red) RESPONSE
1 0 -
2 0.5 -
3 1 -
4 1.5 -
5 1.8 Active minor

6 2.2 Active minor
7 2.5 Maximum
8 2.9-3.0 Orange
9 3.5 Yellowish fade
10 4 Full yellow
11 4.5 Yellowish
12 5 Yellow
13 6 Yellow + orange
14 7 Red
15 9 Red dot
16 10 Burn
CONCLUSION:
A diode is a device that only enables current to flow in one direction. It's a reliable way to convert
alternating electricity to direct current. Silicon planar diodes, germanium diodes, Schottky diodes,
and PIN diodes are all common rectifier diodes. Let's have a look at how these various sorts of
diodes work.

LAB # 10
OBJECTIVE:
Make a Zener limiting circuit and observe its output.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Function generator
Resistor
Zener diode
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
DESCRIPTION:
In addition to voltage regulation, Zener diode can be used in AC
applications to limit voltage swing to desired levels.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS: BREAK DOWN REGION 6 – 20 V
S.NO ZINER DIODE RESPONSE
1 0V Minor
2 2V 2.07 V
3 4V 4.11 V
4 6V 5.98 V
5 6.5 V 6.03 V
6 7V 6.05 V
7 7.5 V 6.07 V
8 8V 6.08 V
9 9V 6.12 V
10 10 V 6.16 V
11 12 V 6.23 V
12 13 V 6.31 V
CONCLUSION:
A series resistor and a Zener diode make up a Zener Limiting Circuit, which is a simple AC circuit.
The Zener diode permits current to flow forward but not backward. When a voltage is put across
the limiting circuit's leads, the current decreases until the supply voltage equals the Zener diode's
breakdown voltage, at which point the current hits zero.

LAB # 11
OBJECTIVE:
Observe, analyze and Troubleshooting the NPN and PNP Transistor using
Multimeter.
THEORY:
A digital multi meter can be used as a fast and simple way to check a transistor for open or shorted
junction or identify the transistor terminals. For this test, you can view the transistor as two diodes
connected as shown in figure for both NPN and PNP transistors. The base collector is one diode
and the base emitter is the other.
As you learn a good diode will show an extremely high resistance (or open) with reverse bias and
a very low resistance with forward bias. A defective open diode will show an extremely high (or
open) for both forward and reverse bias. A defective shored or resistive diode will show zero or a
very low resistance for both forward and reverse bias. An open diode is the most common type of
failure.
Since the transistor PN junctions are, in effect diodes, the same basic characteristics apply.
THE DMM DIODE TEST POSITION:
Many digital multi meters (DMMs) have a diode test position that provides a convenient way to
test a transistor. A typical DMM has a small diode symbol to mark the position of the function
switch. When set to diode test, the meter provides an internal voltage sufficient to forward-bias
and reverse-bias a transistor junction. The internal voltage may vary among different makes of
DMM, but 2.5V to 3.5V is a typical range of values. The meter provides a voltage reading to
indicate the condition to the transistor junction under test.
When the Transistor is not defective:
The red (+VE) lead of the meter is connected to the base of an NPN Transistor and the black (-
VE) lead is connected to the emitter to forward bias the base-emitter junction. If the junction is
good, you will get a reading of between 0.5V and 0.9V, with 0.7V being typical for forward bias.

The process just described is repeated for the base-collector junction. For a PNP transistor the
polarity of the meter leads are reversed for each test.
When the Transistor is Defective:
When a transistor has failed with an open junction or internal connection, you get an open circuit
voltage reading (2.6V is typical for many DMMs) for both the forward bias and the reverse-bias
conditions for that junction. If a junction is shored, the meter reads 0V in both forward and reverse-
bias tests. Sometimes, a failed junction may exhibit a small resistance for both bias conditions
rather than a pure short. In this case, the meter will show a small voltage much less than the correct
open voltage. For example a resistive junction may result in a reading of
1.1V in both directions rather than the correct reading of 0.7V forward and 2.6V reverse bias.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NPN Transistor

PNP Transistor
OBSERVATION:
S.No Transistor Model Type VBC VBE
1
CONCLUSION:
The emitter of a PNP transistor is indicated by an arrow. The current flow is represented by this
arrow. It's important to understand that in both NPN and PNP transistors, this arrow points in the
direction of current flow. Keep in mind that the power supply's polarity must match the circuit
schematic. One of the most significant tools in electronic and radio engineering is the
multimeter. It is primarily used to measure the voltage and resistance of current flow in circuits,
as well as to determine frequency, impedance, and conductance.

LAB # 12
OBJECTIVE:
Use the transistor in switching mode.

DESCRIPTION:
A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with no
current) and as an amplifier (always partly on). There are two types of standard transistors, NPN
and PNP.
Transistors are manufactured in different shapes but they have three leads (legs). The BASE - This
is the lead responsible for activating the transistor.
The COLLECTOR - This is the positive lead. The EMITTER - This is the negative lead.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Measured Calculated

1 VC 3.62mv 3.70mv
2 VB 0.762v 0.79v
3 VE 5.2mv 5.1mv
4 IB 0.004A 0.0038
5 IC 0.034A 0.035
CONCLUSION:
In switching mode, a transistor is a circuit device that can be used to control current flow. If the
voltage on the base is high enough in this circuit, the transistor will begin to conduct. It will stop
conducting if this does not happen. Transistors amplify a current by using current amplification,
or to put it simply they are effective electronic switches. They are found in almost all electronic
equipment. From the light bulb to your personal computer every device that involves electronics
uses transistors.

LAB # 13
OBJECTIVE:
Observe the operation and determine the biasing parameter of Voltage Divider Bias
Circuit.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Power Supply: 12V
General purpose transistor
Resistors
Multimeter
PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit according the figure
Calculate VB, VE and VC
Calculate IC and IE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
S. No Calculated Measured
VB VC VB VC
S. No Calculated Measured
IC IB IE IC IB IE
CONCLUSION:
A bias circuit is designed to make the initial operation of a transistor more predictable. Without a
bias circuit, qualitative decisions about transistors have to be made. Based upon this report, the
biasing of Transistor Q1 and Transistor Q2 was observed and the experimental data was
recorded. The experimental data was then analyzed in order to determine the biasing
parameter(s) of Voltage Divider Bias Circuit.

OPEN ENDED LAB
OBJECTIVE:
Demonstrate the working of an electronic circuit using diodes (zener’s rectifier/LED)
And the concepts of clipping, clamping, and rectifying.
COMPONENTS:
 Step-down Transformer (12V x 0)
 Diodes (silicon)
 Oscilloscope
 DC source
 Breadboard
INTRODUCTION:
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current
primarily in one direction; it has low resistance in one direction, and high resistance in the other.
Semiconductor crystal diodes (rectifier) are made binding the P-type and N-type of semiconductor,
known as PN junction. Depending on the supplied voltage polarity, the energy band gap will
increase or decrease thus the diode resistance is changing and can be very small (Ohms) or very
high (Mega Ohms). A Silicon Diode is a semiconductor that has both positive and negative charge
polarity and can allow an electrical current to flow in one direction whilst restricting another. These
have a very high value of reverse resistance and give a forward volt drop of about 0.6 to 0.7v
across the junction. They have fairly low values of forward resistance giving them high peak values
of forward current and reverse voltage. A Germanium Diode works in the same way but has a low
forward voltage which results in it being a low power loss and an efficient diode. However,
germanium diodes have the advantage of an intrinsically low forward voltage drop, typically 0.3
volts; this low forward voltage drop results in a low power loss and more efficient diode, making
it superior in many ways to the silicon diode.
PROCEDURE:
 To overcome the diode drop, To check the whole mechanism of diodes that how diodes
work and how much diodes drop, we make a circuit on breadboard
 First connect a step-down transformer of 12V output to an AC source.
 Connect three silicon diodes in series such that n terminal of each diode connect with the
p terminal of other one given in following diagram

 Connect one wire of the transformer to the p-type of 1st diode and second wire of
transformer to the n-type of diode.
 Observe the diode drop on oscilloscope. These are three silicon diodes so they drop to
about (0.7+0.7+0.7) 2.1V.
 Now to overcome this diode drop of 2.1V we apply a 2.1V DC voltage supply to the diodes
circuit such that its +ve terminal faces p-type of diode and -ve terminal faces to the wire of
the transformer.
 Observe the reading on oscilloscope that this DC will overcome the 2.1V drop of diodes.
 Repeat the same mechanism for germanium diode as three series diode of germanium drops
about (0.3+0.3+0.3) 0.9V or 1V. So give it a 1V DC supply same as to overcome diode
drop and observe the readings.
APPLICATIONS:
This circuit is useful in those applications where we need all the incoming
voltage with no interruptions (voltage drop).
OBSERVATON:
For silicon diode:

Before:
After:

For germanium diode:

Before:
After:
CONCLUSION:
We can apply this circuit on those applications where we need all the voltage coming from input.
If voltage is drop either of due to three, four, five and so on diodes, we can overcome this voltage
drop by applying DC biasing to our circuits. This circuit is useful in those applications where we

need all the incoming voltage with no interruptions. We can overcome the voltage drops for both
silicon and germanium diodes.

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Electronic Final 01

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ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

NAME: ADNAN JAVED

Course In-charge Lab Engineer

ENGR.TAHA MUSHTAQ SHAIKH ENGR. SYED HASSAN SARWAR

Course In-charge Lab In-charge

Lab Performance (Continuous Assessment) / Performance Test

Construction is excellent Construction is good with Construction has Circuit construction is

Responsiveness to Generally responsive

S.No. Lab Objectives CLO PLO Domain Marks

Observe the working of diode with forward and reverse bias.

Observe and calculate the bulk resistance of the diode. Also

Observe the working of half wave.

Observe the working of full wave.

Observe the working of bridge rectifiers.

Analyze the working of Clipper Circuit.

Observe the working of some other types of diodes

Make a Zener limiting circuit and observe its output.

Observe, analyze and Troubleshooting the NPN and PNP

Use the transistor in switching mode.

Observe the working of diode with forward and reverse bias.

Variable DC power supply

Resistor 1KΩ & 10KΩ

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 1

• A diode is an electrical component that acts as a current one-way valve.

Forward Bias Reversed Bias

Forward Bias Reverse Bias

S. No. VS 1KΩ 10KΩ 1KΩ 10KΩ

1. 0V 3.4mv 0 mv 3.3 mv 0mv 18.3 mv 0mv 4.3 mv 0mv

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 2

2. 1V 0.5v 0.5 v 0.449 v 0.589 v 1.096 v 0mv 1.12v 0mv

3. 2V 0.604v 1.44 v 0.792 v 1.581 v 2.126 v 0mv 2.06 v 0mv

4 4V 0.646v 3.42 v 0.533 v 3.54 v 4.08 v 0mv 4.06 v 0mv

5 8V 0.681v 07.89 v 0.570 v 7.51 v 8.11 v 0mv 8.06 v 0mv

6 12 V 0.702v 11.37 v 0.591 v 11.49 v 12.08 v 0mv 12.12 v 0mv

7 14 V 0.71v 14.30 v 0.601 v 14.46 v 15.07 v 0mv 15.14 v 0mv

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 3

Produce diode characteristic curve.

Variable DC power supply

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 4

FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIASE

2 0.5 0.45 V 0.67 mA 67.16 Ω

3 1 0.51 V 0.70 mA 72.85 Ω

4 2 0.56 V 0.71 mA 78.87 Ω

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 5

5 4 0.61 V 1.01 mA 60.39 Ω

6 6 0.63 V 1.34 mA 47.01 Ω

7 8 0.65 V 1.67 mA 38.92 Ω

8 10 0.67 V 2.07 mA 32.36 Ω

9 12 0.68 V 2.51 mA 27.09 Ω

10 14 0.70 V 2.59 mA 27.02 Ω

11 15 0.71 V 3.18 mA 22.32 Ω

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 6

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 7

Variable DC power supply

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 8

S. No. Current (I) Diode Voltage (VD)

DIODE APPROXIMATIONS VOLTAGE MEASURED (VD)

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 9

three approximations in this circuit, namely forward transition approximation, saturation

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL 10

Observe the working of half wave.

Transformer / Center tab transformer