Department of Education

National Capital Region

School Division Office – MANILA

Most Essential Learning Competency in Technical Drafting

Grade 9 (Quarter 1
Week 1)
MODULE 1: DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT AND
DETAILS
 Fundamentals of Drafting
HOW DO YOU USE THIS MODULE?
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while
enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit.
Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions

MATERIALS, TOOLS, indicated
AND in every page of this module.
EQUIPMENT
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning,
that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer keycard.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

LESSON 1: Fundamentals of Drafting

• Identify materials and tools in terms of its uses and classification

• Describe how tools and materials are used
• Maintain effective use of drafting tools in the production of quality projects

Objectives
1. Identify tools, materials and equipment in Technical Drafting;
2. Know the proper use of tools, materials and equipment in Technical
Drafting;
3. Observe proper maintenance and handling of tools.

2
LEARNING CONTENT

Drafting Tools, Materials and Equipment

Drafting tools refers to a set of tools that are used in all drafting works or activities
especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation. Before the start of any
activity, it is expected that all drawing tools needed must be available in the work
station.
Drafting materials are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in drafting
works or activities. The draftsman cannot perform his drafting task without these
items. Drawing Equipment are the instruments, attachments, and other equipment
used to make mechanical drawings.

Classification of Drawing Tools, Materials and Equipment

Classificatio
Name Function Illustration
n

This is where the

drawing paper is laid
and fastened. Their
Drafting working edge should
Table or be perfectly straight
Drafting Tool
Drawing and their surface

Board trim and smooth as

this is the place
which the T-square
is moved.

This is made of
plastic, wood, or
combination of both.
Drafting Tool T-square It is used for drawing
horizontal lines and
serves as a guide for
triangles when

3
 drawing other kinds
of lines.

Used for drawing

vertical and oblique
lines. The most
Drafting Tool Triangles
commonly used are
the 45o and the 30o
by 60o.

The type of scale

commonly used for
general drawing. The
scale has various
divisions.
Its sole purpose is to
Triangular
Drafting Tool reproduce the
Scale
dimensions of an
object full size on a
drawing or to reduce
or enlarge them to
some regular
proportion.
A technical pen is a
specialized
instrument used by
an engineer,
architect, or drafter
Technical
Drafting Tool to make lines of
Pen
constant width for
architectural,
engineering,
or technical drawing
s

4
 A mechanical pencil,
also known as a
clutch pencil, is
a pencil with a
replaceable and
mechanically
extendable solid
pigment core called a
Drafting Tool Mechanic "lead". The lead,
often made
al Pencil
of graphite, is not
bonded to the outer
casing, and can be
mechanically
extended as its point
is worn away as it is
being used.
The drawing pencil is
one of the
draftsman’s most
important tool. They
Come in different
grades of hardness
indicated by
numbers and letters
found on one end.
They range in grade
Drafting Tool Pencil
of hardness from 9B,
the softest, to the
medium grade F, and
9H, the hardest. The
grade of the pencil to
be used depends
upon the nature of
work being done as
well as the kind of
paper to be used.

5
 Pencils should be
sharpened whenever
Pencil they show signs of
Sharpener dullness. A pen knife
Drafting Tool
or or pencil sharpener

Penknife is usually used to

remove the wood
from the lead.

A drafting
template is a flat
piece of plastic with
Drawing standard symbols
Drafting Tool cut in it. The drafting
Templates
templates shapes are
used as guides for
drawing symbols on
plans.

A semi-circular scale
divided into 180
equal parts, each of
which is called a
degree (o). It is used
for measuring and
Drafting Tool Protractor
laying out arcs and
circles as well as
angles that cannot
be measured with
either the 45o or the
30o x 60o triangles.

6
 These dusting
brushes feature
wooden handles for
the easy removal of
Dusting
Drafting Tool eraser shavings, dust
Brush
and dirt from
drawings and/or
drafting surfaces
without smudging.

The erasing shield is

a useful tool to
Erasing
Drafting Tool protect the rest of
Shield
the drawing when
making an erasure.

Used for drawing

Drafting Tool Compass arcs or circles.

A flexible tape that

slides into a

Push Pull material case and it

Drafting Tool
is used to measure
Rule
irregular and
regular shapes.

7
 Bond paper is a
durable paper that
is especially suitable
Bond for electronic
Drafting
Paper printing and use in
Material (Short and office machines,
Long) including copiers
and network and
desktop printers.

Tracing paper is
paper made to have
low opacity, allowing
light to pass
through. It is named
as such for its
ability for
Drafting an image to
Tracing
be traced onto it. It
Material Paper
was originally
developed for
architects and
design engineers to
create drawings
which could be
copied precisely.

8
 An A3 piece of paper
measures 297 × 420
Drafting A3
mm or 11.7 × 16.5
Drawing
Material inches. Cutting it in
Paper
half will create two
A4 sheets of paper.

Drafting Erasers are used to

Pen and
remove smears,
Material Ink Eraser
pencil, or ink lines.

Tapes are used for

fastening paper to

the drawing board or

table. It may be used

Drafting
Masking
either by attaching a
Material Tape
short piece across

each corner or by

taping the entire

edge of the paper.

Ink, fluid or paste of

Drafting various colors, but
Ink usually black or dark
Material
blue, used for writing
and printing.

9
 A drafting machine is
a tool used in
technical drawing,
consisting of a pair
Drafting
Drafting of scales mounted to
Equipment Machine form a right angle on
an articulated
protractor head that
allows an angular
rotation.
Mechanical lettering
is done using tools
such as lettering
guides, templates, or
Drafting
using a small
Leroy
Equipment mechanical
pantograph referred
to by the Keuffel and
Esser trademark
"Leroy".

10
 A computer is a
machine that can be
instructed to carry
Drafting out sequences of
Computer arithmetic or logical
Equipment
operations
automatically
via computer
programming.

Objectives
1. Recognize the technical know-how in good lettering;
2. Practice freehand uppercase lettering with the use of guidelines;
3. Value the importance of guidelines and good lettering in Technical
Drafting.

LEARNING CONTENT

Guidelines and Upper Case Lettering

Lettering is a fundamental part of drawing. It is a combination of different types

of lines. It is closely related to design. In mechanical drafting, architectural lettering is
used. This is characterized by normal upper case letters. Normal upper case letters
are neither too narrow nor too wide and have the same height.

Generally speaking, letters are important because they constitute the words by
which we communicate through the written language. They are important because:

1. They add other information which the regular orthographic or pictorial

drawings cannot show.
2. Graphic presentation by views of structures or other figures cannot
be
constructed correctly by workmen unless accompanied by size specifications
and instructions.
3. A legible and plain style lettering in all dimensions and notes in drawing is a
good practice for ease of interpretation and execution.

11
 LETTERING
Cap Line

Base Line
Guidelines are very light lines used for drawing letters. For uniformity in letter
construction, they should be used when lettering any part of a drawing. In
mechanical drafting, horizontal guidelines are used. Horizontal guidelines have two
parts, the cap line and the base line.

1. Cap Line – Uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letters.
2. Base Line – A horizontal guideline where all letters rest or stand.
Objectives
1. Familiarize with the alphabet of lines in Technical Drafting;
2. Apply appropriate line symbols in every drawing;
3. Value the importance of line weights in Technical drawing.
LEARNING CONTENT

Alphabet of Line

For finished inked drawings, three weights of lines, thick, medium, and thin
are considered desirable and for pencil drawings, the medium and light lines.
Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to as
alphabet of lines. Certain conventional lines have been developed and
standardized by long usage in industry. Some of the most used lines in a
working plan are:
1. Visible Lines – This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil. They
are sometimes called object lines. The thickness of the lines may vary to
suit the size of the drawing.

Break (Short)

12
2. Hidden Lines – This type of lines is represented by a series of medium weight
dashes about 1/8” long and spaced 1/16” apart. They show surfaces or edges
hidden from view by other parts of the object.
3. Cutting Plane Lines – These are used to indicate an imaginary cut through an
object along the line. It is made with long heavy dashes alternating with two
small dashes.
4. Center Lines – These lines are used to locate centers of objects, arcs, and
circles. They are drawn by a series of lightweight long and short dashes. The
short dashes are about 1/8” long and the long dashes 1” in length and the
spaces between dashes are about 1/16”.
5. Dimension Lines – They are light in weight and broken in the middle to provide
space for dimensions. Arrow heads are placed at the middle to provide
dimensions. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines to show the
points where the dimension end.
6. Extension Lines – These are lines used to show clearly the dimension limits.
7. Break Lines – These are lines used to show the fact that a part has been cut
off or broken out.
a. Long Break Lines – These lines are light in weight with definite breaks.
b. Short Break Lines – These are indicated with a heavy freehand line.
8. Section Lines – These are light lines used in sectional views. They are evenly
spaced to make shaded effects.

13
 TECHNICAL
DRAFTING
ARCHITECTURAL
LAYOUT AND
DETAILS
Most Essential Lesson
Grades 9

QUARTER 1 WEEK 2 MODULE 2

Set Up Tools Materials and Equipment

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Standard
Basic Mensuration and Calculation
Scaling and Dimensioning

14
 LESSON 2 – SET UP TOOLS MATERIALS AND
EQUIPMENTS

LO1 – Observe Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Standard

LO 2 – Perform Basic Mensuration and Calculation
LO 3 – Perform Dimensioning and Scaling

EXPECTATIONS

At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:

• Observe Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in preparation and setting up

Tools Materials and equipment for Drawing based on the Job requirements
• Perform Mensuration and Calculation
Conversation of Metric to English and vice versa
Fraction to Decimal and vice versa
Rounding of Numbers
• Perform Uses of English and Metric Scale
• Apply Methods and Kinds of Dimension
https://www.slideshare.net/NormanPolilin/performing-mensuration-and-calculatio

TOPIC:

LO1 – Setting up Materials, Tools and Equipment and Observe Occupational

Health and Safety (OHS)

OBJECTIVE:

1. Observe OHS and SOP policies in setting up materials tools and

equipmentIn Technical Drafting
2. Observe other important practices in the work station/place

LEARNING CONTENT:

1. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) - is a multidisciplinary practice

dealing with all aspects of health and safety in the work place.

2. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) – rules, pointers and considerations

on the proper care, use handling of materials, tools and equipment and the
safety measures of the students/workers and the workplace.

15
 3. Safety Standard – designed to ensure safety of the products activities
or processes and others

4. Standard - any established measure; an accurate type; an authoritative

model as an example or comparison

Acronyms:
OHSC – Occupational Health and Safety Commission
OHSS – Occupational Health and Safety Standards
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment

OHS Standards
1. Moral – a person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is
and is not acceptable for them to do.

2. Economic – human welfare in terms of production, distribution and

consumption of goods and services.

3. Legal – occupational health and safety requirement reinforced in

civil law and/or criminal law.

Good Housekeeping – is one of the sure ways to keep a safe workplace

preventing accident and injuries, saves space, time and
materials

WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Japanese Productivity Philosophy Methodology of the 5S

1. Seiri (Sorting) – take out unnecessary items and dispose

2. Seiton (Set in Order) – everything should be in its place

16
3. Seiso (Sweeping) – take time to clean up your work space and any mess
made after use

4. Seiketsu (Standardizing) – maintain high standard of housekeeping

5. Shitsuke (Sustaining) – do things spontaneously without being told or

ordered

17
 WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Before the Start of the Drafting Activity:

1. Select materials, tools and equipment needed in the assigned task

2. Properly set up the required tools and materials in a place convenient for you
to move and execute your work
3. Clean the table and tools, see to it that these are free from dust and other
elements that would cause damage to your work
4. Wash your hands with clean water

Activity Proper:

1. Perform the activity by following the standard operating procedure per job
requirement
2. Properly manipulate all the tools and equipment that are used in the activity
3. In case of errors or mistakes along the way (for instance misprinting of lines,
letters and other forms of mistakes) use appropriate eraser

After the Activity:

1. Submit output for checking

2. Check all tools and materials to ensure that nothing is lost
3. Return the tools and materials to the tool keeper
4. Withdraw your borrower’s card from the tool keeper and signed out that you
have returned the borrowed tools and materials on time
5. Clean you work station before leaving

Other Important Practices that must be Observed in the Work Station/Place

1. Observe safety precautions:

a. never smoke inside the work station
18
 b. never use any tools and equipment without having it cleaned first
c. avoid talking with your co-students during working period
d. always turn off the lights, air condition, ceiling/wall/stand fan, computer
units and other equipment after use and before leaving the work station
e. use tool and equipment properly

2. Observe punctuality of attendance

3. Observe and practice the value of respect

4. Avoid quarreling with your co – students

5. Observe and practice proper disposal of waste

TOPIC:
LO2 – Basic Mensuration and Calculation

OBJECTIVE:

1. Identify measuring tools in every job requirements

2. Learn conversion of English to Metric system of measurement
3. Demonstrate how to round off decimal numbers

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON:

Identify the pictures and its functions

19
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing_tool

Safety Practices

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/650699846130430203/

LEARNING CONTENT

Other Types of Measuring

Tools

Caliper Meter stick Pull-push rule Try Square Zig-zag rule

Caliper – used for measuring diameter

Meter stick – a measuring device which is one meter in length
Pull-push rule – used for measuring long pieces of stock
Try Square – used for checking flatness and squareness
Zigzag rule – a folded measure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing_tool

TWO SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS

1. English system – originated from England also known as the US customary

system of measurement.
2. Metric system – developed in France also known as the I S (International
Standard)
A. Unit of Measures – Linear Measurement
ENGLISH
METRIC Yard (yd)
Meter (m)
Foot (ft) Decimeter 1/10
20
 Inch (in) Centimeter 1/100
Millimeter 1/1000

B. Reading of Measurements
Reading the inch – the inch is divided into segments called
graduations. Each graduation represents a measurement in a form of a
proper fraction. The inch can be divided into 16, 8, 4, and 2 equal parts.
(English system)

Note: The illustration is not the actual length of an inch

Reading the centimeter and millimeter – a centimeter is divided into
segments called millimeter 1/10 (metric system of measurements)

Calculation – the act or process of or result of calculation

Graduation – scale of a measuring tool
Mensuration – art or act of measuring

C. Converting Fractions to Decimal

Fraction – number expressed as a quotient of two other numbers.

In converting fractions number to decimals number, divide the numerator by its
denominator whether it is proper, improper or mixed fraction

Examples:

21
 2/5 = 0.4 11/3 = 3.66 2½=

Standard – serves as a measure of reference.

D. Converting Decimal to Fractions

Decimal – number expressed in a counting system that uses units of 10.
A decimal is changed to fraction by using 10 or any power of 10 as denominator
of the given decimal, then change to the lowest term when possible.

Examples:

A. 0.4 = 4 or 2 B. 0.25 = 25 or 1 C. 0.328 = 328 or 82 or 41

10 5 100 4 1000 250 125

E. Rounding Off Decimals

Metric measurements in decimals are often long numbers. They must often
be rounded to a convenient number of digits.

22
 Rules in Rounding Off Decimals
1. If the first number to be eliminated is less than 5, simply drop it (and the
number to the right of it) and let the last significant digit stand.

Examples:

Round off 25.4 mm to whole millimeter solution: Simply drop the 4 answer:
25

Round off 0.3125 (5/16) into two significant digits

solution: first number to be eliminated is 2 simply drop it and all the numbers to
its right (5) answer: 0.31

2. If the number to be eliminated is 5 or more, drop the number then add one to
the last digit retained

Examples:

Round off 78.6 into its nearest ones.

Solution: the number to be rounded off is 6 which is greater than 5, drop 6
and add to the last digit retained. answer: 79
Round off 92.65 into its nearest tenths.
solution: The number to be rounded off is 5, drop 5 and add 1 to 6 which is
the last digit retained. answer: 92.7

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TOPIC:

LO 3 – Scaling and Dimensioning

OBJECTIVE:

1. Identify different kinds of scale and commonly used scale

2. Learn the kinds and method of dimensioning
3. Apply the commonly used scale and dimensions in drawing

LOOKING BACK:

Describe the pictures given

LEARNING CONTENT:

Scale – a graduated measurement to allow production of a drawing to any size

desired.
Proportion – size or distance in comparison to another.
Proportion scale – A scale for measuring distances for drawing

The Scale

In drafting, architecture and engineering the term scale has two meanings. A
scale is a dimension that represents the structure shown in a plan. A scale is also a
ruler used in drawing and measuring architectural and engineering plans.
A measuring tool used for enlarging or decreasing the size of a drawing. There
are two types of scale the metric scale (engineers scale) and the English scale
(architect scale)
To scale a drawing by hand, start by measuring the width and height of the
object you'll be scaling. Next, choose a ratio to resize your drawing, such as 2 to 1
to double the image in size. Then, multiply your measurements by the first number
in your ratio to increase the size. https://www.google.com/search?
q=different+kinds+english+metric+scale&rlz=1C1GGRV_enPH785PH78
24
5&sxsrf

Architect Scale Engineer Scale Metric Scale

https://www.amazon.com/Aluminum-Triangular-Metric-Scale-Ruler/dp/B004QJVNTS

Drafting Scale Rulers Read Architectural & Engineering Drawings in Inch &
Metric

Architectural scales units are based on foot/inch dimensions. Floor plan

drawings are usually drawn to the scale of 1/4" = 1'-0". For a very large plan, a
scale of 1/8" = 1'-
0" may be used. When drawing a small plan or a single room, scales of 3/8" = 1'-0",
1/2"
= 1'-0", 3/4" = 1'-0", or 1" = 1'-0" may be used to fit the size of your drawing format.

Engineers Scales units of measure are equal to parts per inch and parts per
foot. The most common graduations are 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 parts per inch, but
there are scales available that have 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 parts per foot. The
graduations vary based on the application. An engineer’s scale is the representation
of the scale used in drawing on the drawing sheet numerically. For example, if the
length of the drawing is
5 cm and the actual length is 10m, then it is numerically represented as 5cm = 10m.

Metric Engineering Scales - metric scale measurements is the standard.

Used in meters (m) and millimeters (mm). One meter is slightly larger than one yard.
A millimeter is 1/1000 of a meter. Metric scales are usually based on ratios. A ratio is
the relationship of one measurement to another. For example, metric plot plans are
often drafted in ratios of 1:100. This scale is very close to the scale 1/8" 1'-0" (1:96).
Metric floor plans are drawn in a ratio of 1:50. This is very close to a scale of 1/4" =
1'-0" (1:48). Construction details may be drawn to metric scales of 1:20, 1:10, or 1:5.
It should be noted that all dimensions in metric dimensions are in millimeters.
Therefore, it is not necessary to use the symbol mm.

25
 Graphical Scale = used in survey maps drawn on the drawing. When the
drawing ages, the engineer’s scale shrinks and may not give accurate results.
Hence graphical scale is used as the drawing shrinks, the scale will also shrink.

https://www.google.com/search?
q=different+kinds+english+metric+scale&rlz=1C1GGRV_enPH785PH78
5&sxsrf

Commonly Used Scale

1. Full-Size Scale – has a ratio of 1:1 his means 1mm on the drawing represents
1mm of the actual object. The views on the drawing paper are the same as those
of the actual object
2. Reduced Scale (Scaled Down) – has a ratio of 1:2 this means that 1mm
on the drawing represents 2mm on the actual object. The actual object is twice
the size of the drawing.
3. Enlarging scale - the drawing is drawn with the bigger dimensions in
comparison to
the actual dimensions of the object. A representative fraction of 1:0.2 means 5:1,
i.e. the drawing is five times bigger than the actual object. Hence the scale is
enlarging scale.
https://www.google.com/search?q=different+kinds+english+metric+scale&rlz

https://www.google.com/search?q=scale+drawing&rlz=1C1GGRV

DIMENSIONING
Dimension – measurable extent such as length, thickness and width.
Dimensioning – process of placing sizes/measurements and related information on
a drawing either in Metric or English system

Size Dimension – gives the detail and overall sizes of the object

26
Location Dimension – merely locates part or parts and features of the object

METHODS OF DIMENSIONING

1. Aligned method – all dimensions are placed aligned with the dimension line and
be read from either the bottom or right side of the paper.

2. Unidirectional method – all dimensions are read from the bottom of the page
as illustrated. This is a new method.

Example:

https://images.app.goo.gl/CgTZkDivhzFrRfBT8

KINDS OF DIMENSIONS

1. Over – all dimension – every object regardless of its shape, has three over -
dimension. An over- all dimension indicates the over – all width, height and
depth
of an object.

2. Detail dimension – provide size or location information concerning any

feature or object other than its over – all dimension.

27
 https://images.app.goo.gl/CgTZkDivhzFrRfBT8

RULES IN DIMENSIONING

ACTIVITY 3
A. Identify the following scale and give their differences. Write down your
answer on a ½ sheet crosswise intermediate paper.

https://www.google.com/search?q=different+kinds+english+metric+scale&rlz

B. Apply the two kinds and method of dimension on the following given drawing.
Use another sheet of A-4 size of bond paper

28
 https://www.google.com/search?q=method+and+kinds+of+dimension+drawing&tbm

RULES IN DIMENSIONING

1. Dimensions should be placed between views

2. Avoid repetition of dimensions

3. Use outside dimensions if the space is limited, and use an inside dimension if
there is enough space

4. Continuous dimensions should be used whenever possible

5. Staggered dimensioning may be used when the space for dimensioning is

limited

6. When dimensioning a circle, it should be from center to center.

7. Dimensions without measures are entered in millimeters

8. Extension line must have a distance of about 10mm from the object edge
and approximately 2 millimeters between dimension lines

29
REMEMBER:
Scale is used to enlarge, decrease in size or for drawing in full or actual size
Architectural or Engineering plans, regardless of what kind of plan is presented. The
commonly used kinds of scale are: English (Architect’s scale) whose units are in
fraction numbers and Metric system (Engineer’s scale) with units in decimal
numbers. Knowing what scale to use should be applied when applying Dimensions
in a drawing.
Dimensioning is important for the process of placing sizes/measurements and
related information on a drawing either in Metric or English system. That in
dimensioning you can choose between align or unidirectional method in detail or
over-all dimension provided you observe some rules in dimensionin

30
 The term orthographic comes from the Greek “orthos” and “graphos” meaning
straight line drawing. Orthographic drawing is a method of representing the exact
shape and size of a given object in one or several views. It is otherwise known as a
“Working Drawing” because it is utilized for purposes as observed of as “Multi-views
drawing” for it represent not only one but
several views which are projections of an object as observed in one surface.

Objectives
1. Enumerate the 6 (six) orthographic views.
2. Identify the 3 (three) planes of projection.
3. Classify the methods of obtaining views
4. Follow the steps in drawing an Isometric and its orthographic views.
LEARNING CONTENT

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
Orthographic Drawing is the method of representing the exact shape and size of a
given object in one or several views. It is otherwise known “working drawing” because
it is utilized for purpose of building or constructing an object.
The views of an object may be obtained by either of 2 (two)
methods
1. Natural method- Each of the necessary views is obtained looking at the
particular side of an object the views is represent. The object should not be
moved.

2. Glass box method- an imaginary”Glass Box” is used to explain

the arrangement of the orthographic views. The observer views an
enclosed object from the outside. The views are obtained by running
the projection from a point on the object to the planes.

The 6 (six) views of an Orthographic

Drawing 31
1. Front view - vertical projection of front elevation. The projection of the front plane.
2. Top view - horizontal projection or plan or the projection on the horizontal plane.
3. Left side view - profile projection, side elevation.
4. Right side view – sometimes called end view or end elevation. The projection
on the side or profile plane.
5. Bottom view – by reversing the direction of the sight of a bottom view will be
obtained instead of the top view.
6. Rear view – this view is obtained instead of the front view when the direction
of sight is also reversed.

Plane of Projection – an imaginary plane which a view is conceived to be drawn.

The three (3) planes of projection

1. Frontal plane – this shows the shape of the object when viewed from the front.
2. Horizontal top plane – the projection on this plane is formed by
extending perpendicularly to the transparent plane from the top of the object
which will give the appearance of the object as if viewed from directly above
and will show the distance from front to rear.
3. Profile or side plane- this will show the shape of an object when viewed from
the side and the distance from bottom to top and from front to rear.

The three (3) Principals of Dimension

32
1. Width – This is the perpendicular distance between 2 profile planes.
2. Height – This is the perpendicular distance between 2 horizontal planes.
3. Depth – The length from front to back is depth, but depth can also be the length
from top to bottom. Length is how long something is, breadth is how broad
something is, width is how wide something is, height is how high something is,
and depth is how deep something is.

Principles of Orthographic Projection

1. The top view is directly over the front view.

2. The front view is in line vertically with top view.

3. The side view is in line horizontally with front view.
4. The width of an object is found at the front view and top view.
5. Depth of an object is found at the top view and side view.
6. The height of an object is found at the front view and side view.
7. The space between the top view and front view is generally equal to the space
between front view and side view as controlled by miter line with an angle of 45
degree.
8. Surface parallel to the plane of projection are shown on that plane as in its true
size and shape.
9. Surface perpendicular to the plane of projection are shown on that plane as a line in
its true length.
10. Surface inclined to the plane of projection are shown shorten surface.
11. An edge inclined to the plane of projection are shown on that plane as a
shortened line.
12. An edge parallel to the plane of projection are shown on that plane as a point.
Projection – Technical term of a view.
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Orthographic projection – Representation of the exact shape of an object in two or
more views.
End view – Another term for side view.
Corner or point – The common intersection of three or more surface or edge. A
corner always appears as a point in every view.
Edge – Intersectional or two plane surface.
Surface – A plane bounded by straight line or curves or combination of them.
Miter Line – A 45 degree line which control space between the top view and front
view and front view to side view.
Three (3) Directions of line
1. Perpendicular
2. Parallel
3. Inclined

Objectives
1. Identify the three (3) kinds of pictorial drawing.
2. Draw isometric figures accurately.
3. Find pleasure in drawing isometric figure.

LEARNING CONTENT
ISOMETRIC PICTORIAL DRAWING

Pictorial Drawing representation of the three faces of an object in one view.

Derived from the word “picture” which refers to a drawing of an object as it appears to
the eye.
1. Isometric drawing- in which the front and side profiles of an object are drawn with
an inclination of about 30 degrees.
ISO- means equal METRIC – means measure

2. Oblique drawing – similar to isometric drawing having 3 axis.

- two of the axis of an oblique drawing are always at right angles to each other and the
third or cross axis may be at any angle to each other (30o and 45o are generally used)

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3. Perspective drawing – is the representation of an object as it appears to an
observer stationed at a particular position relative to the object.
ISOMETRIC PICTORIAL DRAWING The term isometric is derived from the Latin words
iso, which means Equal, and metre, which means measure. However, isometric
drawing is described as a representation of an object on a single plane (as on a sheet
of paper) wherein the width and depth lines are projected along angled parallel lines (
the angle usually set at 30 degree from the horizontal), while the height line are
projected on parallel vertical lines. The length, depth, and height are drawn to actual
scale. This is the most commonly used type of pictorial drawing.

Isometric Principles
Before going further, you must know the different facets of a figure. These will serve as
your basis in constructing your isometric drawing.
Three (3) principal views of an
object

Constructing an isometric drawing An isometric drawing in which all the three

principal views are drawn on one plane. The three axes are drawn to represent the
three basic
dimensions such as height, represented by the left axis, the depth, represented by the
right axis. The left and right axes are 120 degree apart from each other.

35
The steps in constructing an isometric drawing based on the given views as
follows:
1. Draw the isometric axes and plot the basic dimensions, where the height is
represented by the vertical axis and the left and the right axes are angled at 120 degree
to represent the width and depth of the object, respectively. Use light lines only.

2. Use light lines to complete the isometric

box.

3. Use light lines to lay out the detailed dimensions.

36
4. Analyze the figure and determine the points in relation to other point representing
the corners, surfaces, and edge. Draw the respective lines then darken the outline.

5. Finalize the figure by erasing unnecessary lines.

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The term oblique means “slanting” or “inclined”. Its representation shows that one view
appears in its true size and shape; the top and right or left side views slant away the observer’s
eyes.
Oblique drawing is the easiest to make. This is because one of the views is shown in its actual
size, that is, it is laid flat on the ground line and the left axis is drawn perpendicular to the
vertical axis forming a 90o angle while the two remaining axes can have an opening within the
range of 120 o to 150 o.
Objectives
1. Define oblique drawing;
2. Follow the steps in drawing oblique figures;
3. Draw oblique figures neatly and accurately

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LEARNING CONTENT

OBLIQUE
DRAWING
An Oblique Drawing is similar to isometric drawing by having three axes representing three
mutually-perpendicular edges, upon which measurements can be made. Two of the axes of an oblique
drawing are always at right angles to each other, and the third or cross axis may be at any angle to
each other but 30O and 45 O are generally used.

Types of Oblique Drawing

Cavalier oblique drawing the receding side is scaled in actual size. For example, if you have a
measurement of 6 mm, the receding side remains 6 mm.

Cabinet oblique drawing the receding side is half-scaled. This means that if the actual size is
6 mm, it will be laid out as 3 mm.

General oblique drawing the receding side is two-thirds of its actual dimension. For example, 6
mm will be laid out as 4 mm

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Constructing an Oblique Figure
The steps in drawing an oblique figure are almost the same as those used in drawing an
isometric figure. The only difference is in the manner by which the figure is laid out on the
ground line. The front view of an oblique figure is laid flat on the ground line whereas both the
front and side views of an isometric figure are laid out 30° from the ground line.

The steps in constructing an oblique drawing are as follows:

1. Draw the oblique axis. The left axis must be perpendicular to the vertical axis. Plot the basic
dimensions (height, width, and depth).

2. Complete the oblique box. Use light lines only

3. Lay out the detailed dimensions. Use light line only.

4. Analyze the figure. Determine which point to connect to another point. Draw lines to show the
edges, corners, and surfaces.

40
5. Determine which lines are to be moved inward to meet another line to show the surfaces,
edges, and corners.

6. Finalize the figure. Erase unnecessary lines.

The following are points to remember when making oblique drawings:

1. One side of an oblique drawing is laid flat on the ground.

2. The receding axis must be angled not less than 30° and not more than 60°.
3. When you increase the angle of the receding axis, the end of the object is compressed.
4. The most descriptive features of the object must be placed parallel to the ground line.
5. The longest dimension of the object must be placed parallel to the ground line to avoid too
much distortion.

Objectives
1. Identify and discuss the importance of perspective drawing;
2. Enumerate the different kinds of perspective drawing;
3. Draw perspective figures accordingly
LEARNING CONTENT

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
Among the three main types of pictorial drawing, a perspective drawing lends most of
realism to an illustrated object. Perspective drawing is the representation of an object as it
appears to an observer stationed at a particular position relative to the object.
Perspective projection is not suitable for working drawing. This is because a perspective
view does not reveal exact size and shape. It is usually used in preliminary sketches.
Distinction should also be made between “artist perspective” and geometrical perspective.
In an Artist’s perspective, the artist draws the object as he sees it before him or as he
visualizes it through his creative imagination.

41
 Geometrical perspective is projected mechanically in a plane from view or measurement of
the object presented. Projected geometrical perspective is very similar to the optical system in
photography.

Terms and Abbreviations Used in Perspective Drawing

In making perspective drawing, certain terms and abbreviations are used to understand them.
The following definitions and meanings are given:

42
1. Plane - This is an imaginary flat surface which has length and width but no thickness.
It may extend indefinitely in any direction.
2. Station Point - The place or point where the observer is supposed to stand while viewing the
object is called a station point.
3. Picture Plane (PP) - This imaginary flat surface is usually located between the station point
and the object being viewed and is ordinarily a vertical plane perpendicular to the horizontal
projection of the line of sight to the object’s center of interest.
4. Horizon Plane - The horizontal plane at level is called horizon. It is normally above the
horizontal ground plane upon which the object is assumed to rest.
5. Horizon Line - The horizon line is the intersection of the horizon plane and the picture plane.
6. Ground Plane - This is a plane which is in level or in line with the eye.
7. Ground Line - The ground line is the intersection of the ground plane and the picture plane.
8. Axis of Vision - The line through the station point that is perpendicular to the picture plane is
known as the axis of vision.
9. Center of Vision -This is the piercing point of the axis of vision with the picture plane.
10. Vanishing Point - This is a point where the edges of the object seem to converge or meet.

VARIOUS POSITIONS OF PERSPECTIVE FIGURES

There are three positions used in drawing a perspective: worm's eye view, man's eye view, and
bird’s eye View.

Worm's eye view. The object is drawn above eye level.

Man's eye view. The object is drawn at eye level.

Bird's eye view. The object is drawn below eye level.

43
 Kinds of Perspective Drawing

1. Parallel or one-Point perspective this is a drawing in which one principal surface of the object is
parallel to the picture plane. it has only one vanishing point which is usually located on the horizon.

2. Angular or two-point perspective This type of drawing is one in which no principal surface
of the object is parallel to the picture plane. It has two vanishing points usually located in the
horizon.

44
 Steps in presenting a perspective drawing by using the Parallel method

1. Draw a line representing your horizon. Use light lines only.

2. Locate your vanishing point on any part of your horizon.

3. Draw the front View of the given figure just below the horizon opposite the vanishing point.
Use light lines only.

4. Project your receding lines from the vanishing point to all the Points or corners of the front
view drawn below your horizon.

5. Draw the detailed dimensions. Use light lines only.

45
6. Finalize the drawing. Erase unnecessary lines.

Steps in presenting a Two-Point perspective drawing by the angular method:

1. Draw the picture plane.
2. Measure 30O to the left and 60 O to the right.
3. Draw the plan or the top view of an object.
4. From the corner of right side elevation and left side elevation draw line downward to be used as your
measuring line.
5. Draw station point and measure again 30 O and 60 O line and extend downward.
6. Draw horizon line where the vanishing point is to be located.
7. Draw ground line.
8. Draw elevation or side view to the side to get the height of an object.
9. Draw receding lines from measuring line towards the vanishing point.
10. Determine the width of the object (supposedly left-side) and draw vertical lines.
11. Determine the length of the object (supposedly right side) and draw vertical line
12. Complete the drawing by connecting all given points made by 2(two) intersecting lines and placing
emphasis on the object lines.

46
LESSON 1: SITE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
EXPECTATIONS:
1. Define site development planning and explain the symbols used;
2. Use site analysis as guide in site development planning;
3. Follow the zoning code in the proposed site development design.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
The site development plan provides a graphic representation of the arrangement of
buildings, parking, drives, landscaping and any other structure that is part of
a development project. It entails full details regarding the right of way, public roads, sidewalks
and any driveways. The preliminary stage of site development planning requires plans drafted
according to the building code standard used by the city council or municipality.

The size and shape of the site affect the flexibility of choice in location of the house. What is
on the site is crucial when it comes to the design of a building. That’s why a lot of time, thought,
and money goes into conducting a site analysis before the conceptual phase of design even
begins

47
 Site development planning entails the
drawing to scale of plans to illustrate proposed
development of a subject property. Such plans
include details regarding the total footprint of
structures, location of structures, designs, layouts
for particular utilities, public access, and control
over drainage, existing and planned vegetation,
lights, landscape features, street layout and more.

One consideration in finalizing the site is the

zoning ordinance on zoning laws in accordance
with the National Building Code.
Example of a site development plan.
Source: https://pin.it/6nucBS

48
Words to remember
Building Code –A set of local laws that establish the standard for structural design within the
community.
Building Footprint –The area on a project site that is used by the building structure and is
defined by the perimeter of the building plan.
Lot/Site –An area of land available for construction or the lot on which building is constructed.
Orientation –The relative physical position or direction of the site or structure.
Road Right of Way –The legal right, established by usage or grant, to pass along a specific
route through grounds or property belonging to another.
Site Development Plan – Depicts the general layout and configuration of a site, including
building footprints, parking and street layout, conceptual landscaping and lighting,
site cross section drawings, and building elevations.
Sun Path –Refers to the position and direction of the sunrise and the sunset.
Vegetation/Landscape –An assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide.
Zoning – A governmental process and specification which limits the use of a property. Zoning
laws may limit where you can locate a structure.

Symbols Used in Site Development Plan

Below is a quick explanation of the important features on a site development plan,
important guidelines and how they’re represented:
1. Orientation - The compass on a floor plan tells you
which way is north.
2. Property Line – Including the property lines on your Compass symbol showing North
orientation.
development site plan is one of the most important Source: https://build.com.au/floor-
plan-abbreviations-and-symbols
elements. You can have the most innovative or beautiful
building, but you can’t encroach on an owner’s adjacent
property. This is represented by long dashed lines and
Property Line.
two short dashed lines.
3. Setbacks – Understanding your site goes beyond staying inside your own property
lines. Surrounding infrastructure and buildings play an important role in shaping your
design.
Based on the National Building Code of the Philippines and its 2004 Revised
implementing rules and regulations, it states that:
“Front setback for a single-detached dwelling MUST be 3.00 meters deep, and the
two side setbacks and the rear setback shall be at 2.00 m deep each. The setback
which applies to the ground level of the building is measured from the property line to the
exterior face of the building wall; there shall be full yards on all sides of the residential
49
 dwelling.”
4. Building Footprint – The area on a project site that is
used by the building structure and is defined by the BUILDING
perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, landscapes, FOOTPRINT
Building footprint
and other non-building facilities area are not included in
the building footprint. The building footprint is
represented by dashed lines.
5. Parking space – Parking is a huge issue when it comes
to planning a site. The standard parking space size for a
residential building is 3.00 meters
wide with 5.00 to 6.00 meters depth.

6. Driveway – From the driveway width to the curb cut

dimensions, there are many code requirements
governing the design of access onto your site. For a
residential building, a 3.00-meter wide driveway should
be enough and may increase depending on the number
of vehicles the occupants may have.

7. Sidewalk and pathways – Also known as a footpath or

footway, is a path along the side of a road.

8. Vegetation/Landscaping – Landscaping is not only used

for aesthetics, but oftentimes it’s part of a fragile ecosystem
that must be preserved. Make sure to put in existing
and proposed landscaping, including erosion and runoff
controls. Often represented by the top view of trees and
plants.

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Building Code
Building Codes are local laws that set standards for structural design within the
community. This is a collection of local laws that regulate the building of homes and other
structures. These legal requirements are intended to protect the safety and health of the people
who live and work in the buildings. They regulate restrictions concerning the construction of
buildings to provide safety to the occupants. All constructions in an area must meet the
requirements of building codes. Some of the designs and construction features covered by
building codes include:

• Qualifications of persons who can design building within the area.

• Structural design that can be used.
• Lot sizes for certain types of buildings.
• Types and sizes of materials that can be used.

Site Analysis
Architects and designers understand how vitally important the process of proper site
analysis and site planning is to the overall success of any project.

It is important to understand the

characteristics of a site before deciding on a
design. Every site is unique and will consist
of many complex elements. Physical
constraints that are needed to be properly
recorded and assessed are:
1. Site area
2. Boundary configuration
3. Site access for both pedestrian and Example of site analysis.
vehicle Source:https://www.allarohomes.com.au/News/H
ave-You-Done-A-Thorough-Home-Site-Analysis
4. Significant landscape features
particular to the site
5. Issues relating to possible flooding
and storm water overland flow
6. Favorable and not so favorable
views

51
 7. Direction of north
8. Climatic factors such as the potential for solar access and prevailing winds

These factors all need to be identified and analyzed. Only when this data has been collated
and properly considered then it is possible to determine the most appropriate site location and
optimal orientation and configuration for a building.

Steps in Drawing a Site Analysis

The following illustrations below show how to do a simple site analysis based on the lot plot
in the previous page.

Step 1. In drawing your site analysis, first, you must establish the orientation of the site and
its boundaries. Then, mark possible entrances and access for both pedestrians and vehicles.
The symbols below are labeled to show what each symbol represent.

ORIENTATION

PROPERTY
BOUNDARIES

POSSIBLE
ENTRANCE

ACCESS

Preliminary site analysis symbols

Step 2. Now consider other elements such as the sun path and prevailing winds. We know
that the sun rises in the East and sets in the West. Prevailing winds such as Amihan comes
from the Northeast and Habagat comes from the Southwest.
.

52
 ORIENTATION

NORTHEAST MONSOON
(AMIHAN)
SUNSET
SUNRISE
PROPERTY BOUNDARIES

AFTERNOON
SUN

SUNPATH

SOUTHEAST
MONSOON
(HABAGAT) POSSIBLE

ENTRANCE ACCESS

Sunpath and prevailing winds symbol.

53
 Step 3. Add vegetation and wind buffers where it is needed. For instance, Northeast
Monsoon or Hanging Amihan brings a cool and dry northeast wind while the Southeast
Monsoon or Hanging Habagat is characterized by frequent heavy rainfall and humid weather. It
is important to break the heavy winds the Habagat brings before it reaches the structure, so a
wind buffer is needed.

ORIENTATION
VEGETATION NORTHEAST MONSOON
(AMIHAN)
SUNSET
SUNRISE

PROPERTY BOUNDARIES

AFTERNOON
SUN

WIND
BUFFER SUNPATH

SOUTHEAST POSSIBLE
MONSOON ENTRANCE
(HABAGAT)
ACCESS

54
 Acknowledgement
This Learning Module was developed for Technical Drafting, Grade 9 of the K to 12
Curriculum with the assistance of the following persons:
Writer: Linda Desamero MT - Ramon Magsaysay High School
Editors: Ariel D. Tosio EPS,
Reviewer: Jesusa Y. Alcaraz - HT-VI,
Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim-Schools Division Superintendent-
Manila, Aida H. Rondilla-Chief Education Supervisor Lucky S. Carpio-EPS and Lady
Hannah C Gillo, Librarian II-LRMS

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