Wireless Quiz - III

Name Roll

Umair Sabir 200992

ZRP VS AODV & DSR

Detailed comparison of ZRP with AODV and DSR, focusing on key differences and
advantages of ZRP over these protocols:

Routing Approach:
ZRP: ZRP employs a hybrid routing approach, combining proactive and reactive
techniques. It divides the network into zones, where each zone has a proactive
routing protocol running to maintain routes within the zone. For inter-zone
communication, a reactive routing protocol is used.

AODV: AODV is a reactive routing protocol that establishes routes on-demand

when a node wants to communicate with a destination node. It uses a sequence
number-based mechanism to ensure loop-free routing.

DSR: DSR is also a reactive routing protocol that discovers routes on-demand. It
utilizes source routing, where each packet carries the complete path from the
source to the destination. Nodes maintain a route cache to store previously
discovered routes.

Routing Table Structure:

ZRP: ZRP maintains a Global Zone Routing Protocol (GZRP) table for inter-zone
routing and a Local Zone Routing Protocol (LZRP) table for intra-zone routing. The
GZRP table contains information about routes to other zones, while the LZRP table
stores routes within the current zone.

AODV: AODV uses a routing table that includes destination IP addresses, next-hop
nodes, sequence numbers, and route flags.

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 DSR: DSR does not have a traditional routing table. Instead, each node maintains a
route cache, which stores the discovered routes in the form of source routes.

Route Discovery:
ZRP: ZRP uses a proactive approach within zones, where routes are precomputed
and maintained. For inter-zone communication, it employs a reactive approach
similar to AODV and DSR.

AODV: AODV uses a route discovery mechanism based on flooding. When a node
wants to find a route, it broadcasts a route request (RREQ) packet, which
propagates through the network until reaching the destination or a node with a valid
route.

DSR: DSR also utilizes a route discovery process based on flooding. When a node
needs a route, it broadcasts a route request (RREQ) packet, and intermediate
nodes that have the route reply with a route reply (RREP) packet.

Zone Routing Efficiency:

ZRP: By dividing the network into zones, ZRP reduces the routing overhead within
each zone by using proactive routing. It maintains routing information only for nodes
within the same zone, resulting in reduced control message exchange and routing
table size.

AODV: AODV does not employ zone-based routing, and each node maintains
information about routes to all destinations, leading to higher routing overhead and
larger routing tables.

DSR: Similar to AODV, DSR does not utilize zones, resulting in higher routing
overhead and larger routing tables as each node maintains routes to all
destinations.

Scalability:
ZRP: ZRP's zone-based routing approach enhances scalability by reducing the
number of nodes and routes that each node needs to maintain and manage. The
proactive nature of intra-zone routing ensures efficient routing within each zone.

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 AODV: AODV suffers from scalability issues in large networks due to the flooding-
based route discovery process. As the network size increases, the number of
control packets and route maintenance overhead also grows, impacting scalability.

DSR: DSR also faces scalability challenges as the route discovery process involves
flooding, resulting in increased control overhead and route maintenance
requirements in larger networks.

1. Route Maintenance:

ZRP: ZRP employs proactive route maintenance within each zone to update
and verify routes. When a route becomes stale or broken, the local zone routing
protocol updates the routing table accordingly.

AODV: AODV uses a route maintenance mechanism based on periodic route

advertisement and route error packets. If a route breaks, AODV triggers route
repairs to establish new routes.

DSR: DSR relies on source routing, where each packet carries the complete
route. If a node encounters a broken link, it uses the route error (RERR) packet
to notify the source, which can then initiate a route repair.

Summary
Overall, ZRP combines the benefits of proactive and reactive routing, leveraging zone-
based routing to reduce overhead and enhance scalability. Its hybrid approach and
proactive intra-zone routing make it suitable for large MANETs with dynamic network
conditions. AODV and DSR, on the other hand, are purely reactive protocols and may
face scalability issues in larger networks due to flooding-based route discovery and
maintenance.

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