Key Question 1

● bullying: Bullying is unpleasant, threatening behavior displayed by

school-age youth that incorporates a real or imagined power
disparity. The action is repeated throughout time or has the potential
to be repeated.
● sexual harassment: In opposed to unwelcome contact of sexual body
parts, which is sexual assault, sexual harassment refers to any
unwanted sexual remark, gesture, or action that causes someone to
feel frightened, uncomfortable, or ashamed.
● Sick Building Syndrome: When residents of a building experience
health-related problems as a result of poor indoor air quality and the
precise source of the symptoms is unknown, the phenomenon is
known as sick building syndrome.
Key Question 2
● Nine (9) areas of concern regarding youth violence in Canadian
schools are:

1. Physical assault
2. Verbal abuse
3. Sexual harassment
4. Cyberbullying
5. Substance abuse
6. Gang activity
7. Possession and use of weapons
8. Racism and discrimination
9. Mental health issues
● Three (3) warning signs that a person may be close to acting in a
dangerous manner are:

1. Increased aggression or irritability

2. Expressing feelings of hopelessness or desperation
3. Obsession with violence or weapons
 ● Three (3) policies or procedures that schools use to ensure
safety for staff and students are:

1. Implementing security measures such as cameras, locked doors,

and metal detectors
2. Developing emergency response plans for situations such as
lockdowns and evacuations
3. Providing resources for mental health support and counseling
● (a) Three (3) TV shows or movies that showed some form of
violence are:

1. The Walking Dead

2. Game of Thrones
3. Breaking Bad
● (b) The message that these shows send to teens about violence
is that it can be entertaining and thrilling, but also dangerous and
deadly.

● Three (3) precautions that might keep you from becoming a

victim of violence are:

1. Avoiding dangerous neighborhoods or areas

2. Traveling with friends or in groups
3. Trusting your instincts and leaving a situation if it feels unsafe
● Strategies you might apply in your selection of friends as a
means of avoiding violence, gangs, weapons, and drugs include:

● Surrounding yourself with positive influences and role models

● Avoiding individuals who engage in risky or illegal activities
● Building relationships based on mutual respect and trust, rather
than peer pressure or fear.
Key Question 3
 ● "Teen gang violence: A problem on the rise?" - BBC News (June
14, 2021)

1. The article discusses the increasing problem of teenage gang

violence in the UK. It highlights the reasons behind why young
people join gangs and what kind of violence they are involved in.
The article also looks at the challenges of preventing gang
violence, including the lack of resources and the difficulty in
engaging with young people.

● "Multiple Injuries Reported in High School Shooting in Texas" -

The New York Times (May 18, 2021)

1. The article reports on a school shooting in Texas that left several

people injured. It describes the incident and the response from
law enforcement and school officials. The article also highlights
the impact of school shootings on the community and the
ongoing debate over gun control in the United States.

Key Question 4
1. However, bullies often have a desire for power and control over
others and may engage in behaviors such as name-calling,
physical aggression, exclusion, and intimidation.
2. There are several types of bullying, including physical bullying,
verbal bullying, social bullying, cyberbullying, and relational
bullying. Physical bullying involves physically hurting someone,
while verbal bullying involves using words to hurt or intimidate.
Social bullying involves excluding someone or spreading rumors,
and cyberbullying involves using technology to bully someone.
Relational bullying involves manipulating social relationships to
hurt someone.
3. Teasing is generally considered to be good-natured and done in
a playful manner, whereas taunting is meant to be hurtful and
done with the intention of causing harm or humiliation.
4. Schools can take several steps to stop bullying, including
implementing clear and consistent policies against bullying,
providing education and training for students and staff, creating a
safe and inclusive school environment, and enforcing
consequences for bullying behaviors.
5. Bullying and sexual harassment both involve unwanted behavior
that can cause harm to the victim. However, sexual harassment
specifically involves unwanted sexual advances, comments, or
gestures.
6. If you are being sexually harassed, you can: speak up and tell
the harasser to stop, keep a record of the incidents, report the
harassment to a trusted adult or authority figure, seek support
from friends and family, and consider getting professional help.
7. If you witness sexual harassment of another person, you can:
speak up and intervene if it is safe to do so, offer support to the
victim, report the harassment to a trusted adult or authority
figure, and encourage others to take action against sexual
harassment.
8. Sexual harassment can have a significant impact on a student's
academic performance and well-being. It can cause stress,
anxiety, and difficulty concentrating, which can lead to poor
grades and difficulty graduating.
9. Three things you can do to reduce backpack overload include:
only bringing essential items to school, using a backpack with
padded straps and good back support, and distributing weight
evenly across your back.
10. Two ways of avoiding unsafe or threatening situations at
school include: being aware of your surroundings and avoiding
 isolated areas, and reporting any suspicious behavior or
incidents to a trusted adult or authority figure.

Key Question 5
Issue Description Possible Symptoms Prevention
Causes
Carpal Carpal Repetitive Tingling, Take
Tunnel tunnel hand and numbness, frequent
Syndrome syndrome wrist or burning breaks
(CTS) is a movements, sensations when
condition such as in the hand performing
that affects typing or and fingers, repetitive
the hand using a especially tasks, and
and wrist. computer the thumb, stretch your
mouse, index, and hands and
especially if middle wrists
done for fingers. periodically.
long periods
without
adequate
breaks.
Hearing loss Hearing loss Exposure to Difficulty Protect your
is a loud noises, hearing ears from
common such as sounds, loud noises
condition working in a especially by wearing
that occurs noisy soft or high- earplugs or
when there environment pitched earmuffs
is a partial or listening sounds. when in
or complete to loud noisy
loss of the music over environment
ability to a long s.
hear period.
sounds.
Back injury Back injury Accidents, Pain or Practice
 is a such as falls stiffness in proper lifting
common or car the back, techniques,
condition accidents, especially in such as
that can can cause the lower lifting with
range from back injuries back area. the legs
mild muscle such as instead of
strains to herniated the back,
severe discs or and avoid
spinal cord fractures. lifting
damage. objects that
are too
heavy for
you.
Workstation Workstation Poor Pain or Maintain
safety safety refers ergonomics, stiffness in proper
to the steps such as an the neck, ergonomics
that can be improperly back, or by ensuring
taken to adjusted wrists. that your
prevent chair or chair, desk,
injuries and desk, can and
illnesses in lead to poor computer
the posture and monitor are
workplace. back, neck, adjusted to
or wrist the right
pain. height and
distance.

Key Question 6
● The definition of "worker" is any person who performs work or
supplies services for monetary compensation or reward,
including employees, independent contractors, and apprentices.
● (c) The definition of "employer" is any person or organization that
employs or contracts workers to perform work or services,
including corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, and
government entities.

● (d) The definition of "supervisor" is a person who has authority

over a worker or group of workers and is responsible for
ensuring that work is performed safely and in compliance with
applicable laws and regulations.

● (e) The definition of "owner" is the person or organization that

has legal ownership of a workplace or business.

● (f) Three worker's rights are:

1. The right to refuse unsafe work

2. The right to know about hazards and risks in the workplace
3. The right to participate in workplace health and safety activities
and programs
● (g) Three employer's responsibilities are:

1. Providing a safe and healthy workplace

2. Providing training and instruction on workplace hazards and safe
work practices
3. Ensuring compliance with applicable health and safety laws and
regulations
● (h) Two powers that a health and safety representative has are:

1. The power to identify workplace hazards and make

recommendations to the employer for their correction
2. The power to investigate work refusals and accidents or
incidents that result in injuries or illnesses
 ● (i) The four main functions of the WSIB (Workplace Safety and
Insurance Board) are:

1. Providing workplace insurance coverage and benefits for

workers who are injured or become ill as a result of their work
2. Promoting workplace health and safety through education,
training, and research
3. Providing compensation to injured workers for lost wages and
medical expenses
4. Resolving disputes between injured workers and employers
related to workplace injuries or illnesses.
Key Question 7
● Pandemic: A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads over a wide
geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of
the population. It refers to a disease outbreak that has spread
across multiple countries or continents and affects a large
number of people.
● Gender Inequities HIV: Gender inequities HIV refers to the
disproportionate impact of HIV/AIDS on women and girls due to
social, economic, and cultural factors. Women and girls are often
more vulnerable to HIV due to their lack of access to education,
economic opportunities, and healthcare, as well as their unequal
status in society.
● SARS: SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a viral
respiratory illness that caused a global outbreak in 2003. It is
caused by a coronavirus and can cause severe respiratory
symptoms, including fever, cough, and difficulty breathing.
● Sexual and Reproductive Health: Sexual and reproductive health
refers to the physical, emotional, and social well-being of
individuals in relation to their sexual and reproductive systems. It
includes access to healthcare services, information, and
 education related to sexuality, contraception, pregnancy, and
sexually transmitted infections.
● Perinatal Period: The perinatal period is the period of time
around childbirth, which includes the prenatal, labor and delivery,
and postpartum periods. It refers to the time from the 22nd
completed week of pregnancy to the 7th day after birth.
● AIDS: AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a
chronic and potentially fatal condition caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It attacks the immune system,
leaving the body vulnerable to infections and cancers.
● WHO: WHO (World Health Organization) is a specialized agency
of the United Nations that is responsible for promoting health,
preventing disease, and providing health services worldwide. It
provides leadership and coordination for international health
activities and sets standards for health services and products.
Key Question 8
● Gender-based discrimination and inequality: Women and girls
often face discrimination and inequality in access to education,
employment, and healthcare, which can limit their ability to
improve their health.
● Cultural and societal attitudes: Traditional cultural beliefs and
societal attitudes towards women and girls can impact their
access to healthcare services, including reproductive health
services.
● Economic and political factors: Poverty, conflict, and political
instability can create barriers to women's access to healthcare,
as well as limit their ability to make decisions about their own
health.

● The five leading causes of death for women are:

1. Cardiovascular diseases
2. Cancer
3. Respiratory diseases
4. Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
5. Lower respiratory infections
● What percentage of people living with HIV are women?

● According to UNAIDS, approximately 50% of people living with

HIV worldwide are women.

● What does MTCT stand for?

1. MTCT stands for mother-to-child transmission, which occurs

when a woman living with HIV passes the virus to her child
during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

● What percent of the world’s poor do women comprise?

1. According to the World Bank, women comprise approximately

70% of the world's poor.

● What are the "three delays" and how are they related to maternal
mortality? What is fistula?

1. The "three delays" refer to delays in seeking appropriate medical

care that can lead to maternal mortality. The three delays are:

● Delay in deciding to seek care: Women may delay seeking

medical care due to cultural or social factors, lack of knowledge
about available healthcare services, or lack of resources.
 ● Delay in reaching care: Women may face barriers in accessing
healthcare services due to geographic or transportation barriers,
lack of available healthcare providers, or financial constraints.
● Delay in receiving adequate care: Women may receive
inadequate or substandard healthcare services due to lack of
trained healthcare providers, inadequate healthcare
infrastructure, or lack of necessary medical supplies or
equipment.
● Fistula is a medical condition that can result from prolonged or
obstructed childbirth, in which a hole develops between the
vagina and bladder or rectum, causing incontinence and other
health problems.

● Antenatal care refers to the medical care and support provided to

pregnant women before the birth of their child. It includes regular
check-ups, screenings, and tests to ensure the health of the
mother and the baby.

● A fundamental component of reproductive health services

is access to safe and effective family planning methods,
which allows individuals to make informed decisions about
their reproductive health and prevent unintended
pregnancies.

● The percentage of women receiving prenatal care varies by

country, but according to the World Health Organization,
globally, approximately 81% of pregnant women receive at
least one antenatal care visit, and 62% receive four or more
visits.
Key Question 9
● According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 5.2
million children worldwide die before the age of five each year.
● Three tangible improvements in child health include increased
access to vaccinations, improved nutrition, and better sanitation
and hygiene practices.
● The five leading causes of childhood deaths worldwide are
pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, complications during birth, and
neonatal sepsis.
● The largest single contributor to premature death for both
children and adults is cardiovascular disease, followed by cancer
and respiratory disease.
● A Vitamin A deficiency increases the risk of blindness, as well as
the risk of infections such as measles and diarrhea.
● (a) Three diarrheal diseases include cholera, rotavirus, and E.
coli infections.
● (b) Diarrhea can quickly lead to death in young children due to
dehydration, which can occur rapidly in infants and young
children.
● (c) Diarrhea is a leading global health threat for children because
it is a major cause of dehydration, malnutrition, and death,
particularly in low-income countries where access to clean water
and sanitation is limited.
● ORS stands for Oral Rehydration Solution, and it is used to treat
dehydration caused by diarrhea. It contains a mixture of salt,
sugar, and water, which helps to replace fluids and electrolytes
lost during diarrhea.
● The two vaccinations that are still not routinely given worldwide
are the rotavirus vaccine and the pneumococcal vaccine.
● According to UNICEF, an estimated 100,000 children worldwide
die from AIDS each year.
 ● According to UNICEF, there were an estimated 15 million
children worldwide who had lost one or both parents to AIDS as
of 2020.
Key Question 10
● The bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, is
estimated to have killed between 75 million and 200 million
people worldwide during the 14th century.
● The largest population of people with HIV currently lives in sub-
Saharan Africa.
● The second-highest prevalence rate of HIV is in the Caribbean
region.
● (a) ART stands for antiretroviral therapy, which is a combination
of medications used to treat HIV and prevent the progression of
the disease.
● (b) According to UNAIDS, as of 2021, around 28 million people
who need ART are receiving it, representing around 70% of
people living with HIV globally.
● In some parts of Africa, up to 30% of pregnant women may have
HIV.
● According to UNAIDS, an estimated 170,000 children born with
HIV die before the age of two each year.
● In 2003, the total number of adults and children living with HIV
was around 40 million.
● In Russia, around 57% of people living with HIV were infected
through injecting drug use, according to UNAIDS.
● Women are more vulnerable to HIV due to biological factors
such as the increased risk of vaginal tearing during sex, as well
as social and economic factors such as gender inequality and
violence.
● HIV-positive women may transmit HIV to their children during
pregnancy, during childbirth, or through breastfeeding. However,
 with appropriate interventions such as antiretroviral therapy, the
risk of mother-to-child transmission can be greatly reduced.
Key Question 11
● The six leading causes of death due to infectious diseases are:
1. Lower respiratory infections
2. HIV/AIDS
3. Diarrheal diseases
4. Tuberculosis (TB)
5. Malaria
6. Hepatitis B
● The seven factors that contribute to the expanding impact of
infectious diseases are:
1. Global travel and migration
2. Climate change and urbanization
3. Changes in land use and agriculture practices
4. Poverty and social inequalities
5. Microbial evolution and antibiotic resistance
6. Weak healthcare systems and inadequate funding
7. Political instability and conflict
● Two key risk factors for several major killers are:
1. Poverty
2. Lack of access to healthcare and basic sanitation
● Infectious diseases once believed to be under control have re-
emerged as major global threats due to several factors, including
the emergence of new strains of existing diseases, increased
global travel and migration, and a lack of investment in
healthcare infrastructure and disease surveillance.
● Infectious diseases are particularly tragic because they are often
preventable and treatable, yet they still cause significant
morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable
populations.
 ● Vulnerable populations, such as children, pregnant women, the
elderly, and those with weakened immune systems, are
especially susceptible to the impact of infectious diseases.
● Poverty is exacerbated by infectious diseases, as they often lead
to reduced productivity, increased healthcare costs, and a cycle
of poverty and ill health.
● Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of
mortality overall, while infectious diseases remain a primary
cause of death for children under age five.
● Pneumonia is the most serious of the lower respiratory
infections, and it is a leading cause of death worldwide,
particularly among children.
● Diarrheal diseases are caused by a variety of pathogens,
including bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
● The lifetime risk for developing TB is estimated to be about 10%.
Key Question 12
● Public health issues can evolve over time due to a variety of
factors such as changes in environmental conditions, emergence
of new diseases, advancements in medical treatments and
technologies, global travel, population growth, urbanization, and
lifestyle changes.
● Antibiotics enable humans to treat bacterial infections and
prevent the spread of disease. They work by killing or stopping
the growth of bacteria, which can cause infections such as
pneumonia, tuberculosis, and urinary tract infections.
● Since 1983, the five pathogens that have been recognized as
emerging threats are:
1. HIV/AIDS
2. Ebola virus
3. Hantavirus
4. Nipah virus
5. SARS coronavirus
● The main causes of new or recurring epidemics include factors
such as changes in the environment, the emergence of new
pathogens, population growth, global travel, urbanization,
poverty, and lack of access to healthcare.
● Resistance to antibiotics is considered a significant emerging
public health issue because it can lead to the failure of antibiotics
to treat bacterial infections. This can result in longer hospital
stays, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates.
● The five factors that contribute to the emergence of new health
threats are:
1. Environmental changes
2. Global travel and trade
3. Microbial adaptation and change
4. Poverty and social inequality
5. Inadequate public health infrastructure
● Air pollution has been implicated in a growing number of chronic
and fatal diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, and respiratory
infections.
● The spread of diseases such as malaria and cholera can be
affected by factors such as climate, access to clean water and
sanitation, and human behavior.
● Tobacco use is accounted for about 8 million deaths each year,
which is approximately 14% of all deaths worldwide.
● Vulnerability to evolving health crises varies depending on
factors such as age, health status, socioeconomic status, access
to healthcare, and geographic location. Some groups that may
be particularly vulnerable include children, the elderly, people
with weakened immune systems, and those living in poverty.
● (a) Children are especially vulnerable to infectious diseases,
malnutrition, and environmental hazards.
● (b) This is because their immune systems are not fully
developed, they may not have access to adequate healthcare
 and nutrition, and they may be more exposed to environmental
hazards such as air pollution.
● (b) What i remember about SARS is,The SARS outbreak had a
significant impact on global public health and led to measures
such as quarantine and travel restrictions to contain the spread
of the virus. It also resulted in a significant economic impact and
increased awareness of the potential for emerging infectious
diseases to cause global health crises.

Key Question 13
1. https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-
fi7jo2tcEIi_3xp0idL8rThX3kzJGQXkW7Kt4wTfew/edit
2. https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-
uLH9PRN6ofrjhrgFheBTkU4PVKoL6K2aUg83UvRJrs/edit

Key Question 14
● CEPA stands for the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. It
is a federal law in Canada that aims to protect human health and
the environment by assessing and managing the risks posed by
substances that can have harmful effects.
● Environment refers to the natural and physical surroundings in
which organisms live and interact. This includes the air, water,
soil, and living organisms, as well as the physical, chemical, and
biological factors that influence them.
● Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere, including the
weather and climate, and the processes that govern its behavior.
This includes the study of atmospheric phenomena such as
temperature, pressure, humidity, and precipitation, as well as the
interactions between the atmosphere and the earth's surface.
● Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a particular
place and time, including temperature, humidity, wind speed and
direction, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure. Weather can
 change rapidly and is affected by a range of factors, including
the sun's radiation, the earth's rotation, and the topography of
the land.
● Climate change refers to a long-term shift in global weather
patterns, including changes in temperature, precipitation, and
sea levels, as well as more frequent extreme weather events
such as hurricanes, droughts, and heat waves. Climate change
is caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and
deforestation, which release greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere and contribute to global warming.
Key Question 15
● Environmental Citizenship is a concept that describes the
responsibility of individuals to take action to protect the
environment and promote sustainability. It involves actively
engaging in environmental issues and working towards a more
sustainable future.
● (a) According to Statistics Canada, the average Canadian uses
about 251 liters of water per day.
● (b) To reduce water usage, an "Environmental Citizen" can take
actions such as fixing leaks, taking shorter showers, installing
low-flow toilets and showerheads, and using rainwater for
outdoor activities.

● (c) Most household water is used for activities such as flushing

toilets, showering, washing clothes and dishes, and watering
lawns and gardens. To reduce waste, an "Environmental Citizen"
can take steps such as using a broom instead of a hose to clean
driveways and sidewalks, fixing leaks promptly, using a watering
can instead of a hose to water plants, and taking shorter
showers.
● (a) An "Environmental Citizen" would dispose of old cleaners in a
safe and responsible way, such as by taking them to a
hazardous waste collection site.
● (b) Putting something down the drain can cause clogs and
backups in the plumbing system, as well as contribute to
pollution of waterways and harm to aquatic life.

● (c) Increased levels of CO2 threaten to enhance the greenhouse

effect, which can lead to global warming and climate change.

● (a) Burning fossil fuels contributes to greenhouse gas emissions,

which are a major driver of climate change and global warming.
● (b) To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, an "Environmental
Citizen" can take actions such as using public transportation or
carpooling, using energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs,
reducing energy consumption by turning off lights and electronics
when not in use, and supporting renewable energy sources.

● (a) As the ozone layer gets thinner, more harmful ultraviolet

radiation from the sun can penetrate the earth's atmosphere,
leading to increased risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and other
health problems.
● (b) An "Environmental Citizen" can protect the ozone layer by
supporting policies and initiatives that reduce the use of ozone-
depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which
are commonly found in refrigerants, air conditioners, and aerosol
sprays.

● (c) To protect themselves from the sun, an "Environmental

Citizen" can wear protective clothing such as hats and long
sleeves, use sunscreen, and avoid spending time outdoors
during peak sun hours.
 ● (d) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are contributing to the depletion
of the ozone layer by breaking down ozone molecules in the
atmosphere.

● According to the World Bank, the average person generates

about 1.2 kg of waste per day. However, this varies widely
depending on factors such as location, lifestyle, and
consumption patterns.
Key Question 16
● CEPA, or the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, is a
federal law that regulates the use and release of toxic
substances in Canada. Environment Canada is a federal
government department responsible for environmental policy and
regulations, while Health Canada is a department responsible for
promoting and protecting the health of Canadians.

● CEPA gives the government the authority to regulate and

monitor the use and release of toxic substances in Canada, and
to take action to protect human health and the environment. This
includes the power to ban or restrict the use of certain
substances, and to require testing and reporting of information
about the use and release of toxic substances.

● (a) A "CEPA-toxic" substance is a substance that has been

identified as toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection
Act. These substances are considered to have the potential to
harm human health or the environment, and are subject to
regulation under CEPA.

● (b) Health Canada's role regarding "CEPA-toxic" substances is

to assess the potential health risks associated with exposure to
 these substances, and to provide advice and recommendations
to the government on measures to protect human health. Health
Canada scientists look at factors such as toxicity, exposure
levels, and potential health effects when assessing the risks
associated with exposure to toxic substances.

● Individuals can help by being mindful of the products they use

and dispose of, and by following safe and responsible disposal
practices for hazardous materials such as batteries, electronics,
and cleaning products.

● (a) An Environmental Assessment is a process used to evaluate

the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project or
activity. It involves identifying potential impacts, assessing their
significance, and developing measures to mitigate or minimize
them.

● (b) Environmental Assessments can have significant impacts on

the lives of Canadians by ensuring that proposed projects and
activities are evaluated for their potential environmental impacts,
and that measures are put in place to mitigate or minimize those
impacts. This can help to protect human health, preserve
ecosystems, and ensure sustainable development.

● According to the World Health Organization, the two hazards that

have led to human vulnerability are climate change and
environmental pollution. Climate change can lead to increased
heatwaves, droughts, and extreme weather events, while
environmental pollution can lead to air and water contamination,
as well as exposure to hazardous chemicals and substances
Key Question 17
● (a) Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and
deforestation are contributing to climate change by increasing
the concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gasses trap heat from the sun, leading to a warming
of the Earth's surface.

● Greenhouse gasses are gasses that trap heat in the Earth's

atmosphere and contribute to the greenhouse effect. The main
greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
and fluorinated gases.

● Current climate trends include increasing global temperatures,

more frequent and severe heatwaves, changes in precipitation
patterns, melting ice and rising sea levels, and increasing
frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as
hurricanes, droughts, and floods.

● One of the most effective ways of estimating our future climate is

through computer models that simulate the Earth's climate
system based on different scenarios of greenhouse gas
emissions and other factors.

● The five groups of people who suffer most during summer heat-
waves in Ontario are seniors, infants and young children, people
with chronic illnesses, low-income individuals, and those who
work outdoors.

● Climate change would affect British Columbia and Alberta by

causing more frequent and severe wildfires, changes in
precipitation patterns leading to droughts and floods, and melting
glaciers affecting water availability.
● Climate change would affect the North by causing melting
permafrost, changing ice conditions affecting transportation and
wildlife habitat, and altering weather patterns affecting traditional
hunting and fishing practices.

● Climate change could have a variety of effects on the Great

Lakes, including changes in water levels, water temperatures,
and ice cover, as well as impacts on aquatic ecosystems and
coastal communities.

● Climate refers to the long-term patterns and trends in

temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions in a
particular region.

● Six climatic elements include temperature, precipitation, wind,

humidity, atmospheric pressure, and solar radiation.

● Canada's wetlands are important for providing habitat for wildlife,

improving water quality, storing carbon, and providing
recreational opportunities.

● Climate change would affect Atlantic Canada by causing more

frequent and severe storms, coastal erosion and flooding, and
changes in the distribution of fish and other marine species.

● Climate change would affect the Prairies by causing more

frequent and severe droughts and heatwaves, changes in
precipitation patterns, and impacts on agricultural production and
water resources.

● Nationally, climate change could alter ecosystems, wildlife

habitat, and biodiversity, affect human health and well-being, and
 impact economic sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and
tourism.
Key Question 18
● Canada's climate is being affected by various human activities,
including the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture,
and industrial processes. These activities are leading to an
increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which is
causing global temperatures to rise and climate patterns to
change.
● Six segments of the Canadian population that are expected to be
affected to a greater degree by climate change are:
1. Indigenous peoples, who rely heavily on traditional land-based
activities for food, cultural, and spiritual practices
2. Northern and remote communities, which are particularly
vulnerable to changes in weather patterns and sea level rise
3. Coastal communities, which are at risk of flooding and erosion
due to sea level rise and storm surges
4. Urban communities, which are vulnerable to heat waves and
poor air quality due to climate change
5. Children, who are more susceptible to certain health impacts of
climate change
6. Older adults, who are also more susceptible to certain health
impacts of climate change
● (a) Health Canada's eight significant health concerns related to
climate change are:
1. Increased risk of injuries and death due to extreme weather
events
2. Increased frequency and severity of air pollution, leading to
respiratory and cardiovascular health impacts
3. Increased risk of foodborne illness due to changes in food
production and distribution
 4. Increased risk of waterborne illness due to changes in water
quality and availability
5. Increased exposure to vector-borne diseases (Lyme disease)
due to changing climate conditions
6. Mental health impacts related to climate-related stress,
displacement, and trauma
7. Increased risk of heat-related illness and death during heat
waves
8. Increased risk of food insecurity due to changes in agricultural
production and food prices
● (b) Beside each concern, here is one example of a health
vulnerability:

● Increased risk of injuries and death due to extreme weather

events: people who live in areas with poor infrastructure and
inadequate emergency planning may be more vulnerable to the
impacts of extreme weather events

Key Question 19
● Air pollution is a global environmental issue caused by the
release of harmful substances into the air. It can have serious
impacts on human health, wildlife, and the environment. Air
pollution has been a concern for decades, but it became a
significant issue in the 20th century with the rise of
industrialization and increased use of fossil fuels. In Canada, air
pollution was a major problem in urban centers in the 1950s and
1960s, leading to the creation of the Air Pollution Control Act in
1967. Air pollution can have a range of health effects, from mild
irritation to serious respiratory and cardiovascular problems.
Short-term exposure can cause symptoms like coughing,
wheezing, and shortness of breath, while long-term exposure
can lead to chronic diseases like asthma, lung cancer, and heart
 disease. Health Canada is responsible for monitoring and
assessing the health risks of air pollution, and for developing
policies and regulations to reduce exposure.
● Water pollution is a significant global environmental issue
caused by the release of harmful substances into bodies of
water. It can have serious impacts on human health, wildlife, and
the environment. Water pollution can be caused by a variety of
sources, including industrial and agricultural practices, urban
runoff, and sewage treatment. Water pollution has been a
concern for centuries, but it became a significant issue in the
20th century with the rise of industrialization and increased use
of synthetic chemicals. Water pollution can have a range of
health effects, from mild gastrointestinal illness to serious
diseases like cholera, hepatitis, and cancer. It can also impact
aquatic ecosystems and wildlife, leading to declines in fish
populations and habitat destruction. Sources of water pollution
include industrial processes, agricultural runoff, sewage
treatment, and urban runoff.
● Wood smoke is a type of air pollution caused by the burning of
wood and other biomass fuels for heating and cooking. It can
have serious impacts on human health, particularly for
vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and those with
respiratory problems. Wood burning has been a traditional
source of heat and cooking for centuries, but it has become a
significant environmental issue in recent years due to concerns
about air pollution and climate change. Wood smoke contains a
complex mixture of harmful substances, including particulate
matter, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds.
Exposure to wood smoke can cause a range of health effects,
including respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, and even
premature death.
Key Question 20
Definitions:
● Immune system: A complex network of cells, tissues, and organs
that work together to defend the body against infections and
other diseases.
● Leukocytes: A type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the
immune system, by detecting and fighting against foreign
invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.
● Lymphocytes: A type of white blood cell that is a key component
of the adaptive immune system, which is responsible for
recognizing and destroying specific pathogens.
● Antibodies: Proteins produced by B cells that specifically
recognize and neutralize foreign substances (antigens) in the
body.
● IgA: An antibody that plays a key role in mucosal immunity,
which provides protection against infections at the mucous
membranes of the body (e.g. in the respiratory and digestive
tracts).
● Antibiotics: Medications that are used to treat bacterial infections
by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
● Immune response: The coordinated set of processes that the
immune system undergoes to defend the body against foreign
invaders, including the recognition of antigens, the activation of
immune cells, and the production of antibodies.
● Phagocytes: A type of immune cell that is responsible for
engulfing and digesting foreign invaders such as bacteria and
viruses.
● Antigen: A foreign substance that is recognized by the immune
system and triggers an immune response.
● Immunodeficiencies: A group of disorders in which the immune
system is impaired, leading to an increased susceptibility to
infections and other diseases.
 ● Vaccine: A biological preparation that provides active acquired
immunity to a particular disease, by stimulating the immune
system to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen.
● Chronic diseases: A group of conditions that typically develop
slowly over time and persist for long periods, often for the
remainder of a person's life. Examples include heart disease,
diabetes, and cancer.
Key Question 21
● When you get a cut, your immune system responds by initiating
an inflammatory response. This response involves sending white
blood cells to the area to fight off any potential infection. Platelets
also rush to the area to help clot the blood and prevent further
bleeding. Once the bleeding has stopped, the immune system
sends specialized cells called fibroblasts to the area to help
rebuild damaged tissue.

● When you get a mosquito bite, the mosquito's saliva enters your
skin, which can cause an allergic reaction. Your immune system
responds by releasing histamines, which cause inflammation and
itchiness in the area. This response is meant to flush out any
potentially harmful substances from your body.

● Colds are caused by viruses that infect the upper respiratory

system, particularly the nose and throat. These viruses can be
spread through the air or by touching contaminated surfaces.
Symptoms of a cold often include a runny or stuffy nose, sore
throat, coughing, and fatigue.

● Two common symptoms of a breach of the immune system are

frequent infections and slow healing of wounds.
● The human body may reject organ transplants because the
immune system recognizes the transplanted organ as foreign
and tries to attack it. This response is known as organ rejection
and can be prevented or minimized through the use of
immunosuppressive drugs.

● (a) Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against

pathogens and other foreign substances. It includes physical
barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes, as well as
specialized cells and proteins that can recognize and destroy
invaders.
● (b) Adaptive immunity is a more specific and targeted response
to pathogens that have evaded the innate immune system. It
involves the production of antibodies and the activation of
specialized immune cells that can recognize and destroy specific
invaders.
● (c) Passive immunity refers to immunity that is acquired through
the transfer of antibodies from another individual or source,
rather than through the body's own immune system.

● (a) Acquired immunodeficiencies are conditions in which the

immune system is compromised or weakened, often due to a
viral infection or medication.
● (b) Examples of acquired immunodeficiencies include HIV/AIDS
and chemotherapy-induced immunodeficiency.

● (a) Autoimmune disorders are conditions in which the immune

system attacks and damages the body's own tissues and
organs, mistaking them for foreign invaders.
● (b) Examples of autoimmune disorders include rheumatoid
arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
 ● (a) Allergic disorders are conditions in which the immune system
overreacts to harmless substances, such as pollen or food,
causing an allergic reaction.
● (b) Examples of allergic disorders include asthma, hay fever, and
eczema.

● Cancers of the immune system are types of cancer that affect

the cells of the immune system, including lymphoma and
leukemia.

● Organ degradation refers to the gradual deterioration of an organ

over time, often due to aging or disease.

● The skin is an important part of the immune system because it

acts as a physical barrier that prevents harmful substances from
entering the body. It also contains specialized immune cells and
proteins that can recognize and destroy invaders. In the nose,
mouth, and eyes, the immune system produces mucus and other
secretions that help trap and flush out potential pathogens.
These areas also contain specialized immune cells and proteins
that can recognize and destroy invaders, as well as the tonsils
and adenoids, which help filter out harmful substances.
Key Question 22
● B-cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response.
They produce antibodies that can recognize and bind to specific
foreign substances, such as viruses or bacteria, and mark them
for destruction by other immune cells.
● In Canada, vaccines are administered through various methods,
including at hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and public health
clinics. Depending on the vaccine, they may be given as a shot,
a nasal spray, or orally.
● Three optional vaccines available in Canada include the HPV
vaccine, the chickenpox vaccine, and the shingles vaccine.
● Vaccines are extensively tested and monitored for safety before
they are approved for use. They contain weakened or inactivated
forms of the virus or bacteria they protect against, which cannot
cause the disease. The small amount of antigen present in
vaccines is not enough to cause harm, but it is enough to
stimulate the immune system to produce a protective response.
● Vaccines cannot lead to chronic illness because they do not
contain the live virus or bacteria that cause the disease. The
immune response triggered by the vaccine is temporary and
does not cause long-term damage to the body.
● It is important to be up-to-date with vaccines because it helps to
protect not only yourself, but also those around you who may be
more vulnerable to the disease. Vaccines also help to prevent
the spread of diseases, which can ultimately lead to the
eradication of some diseases.
● Vaccines are not toxic because they are rigorously tested for
safety before they are approved for use. They are made using
small amounts of weakened or inactivated virus or bacteria,
which cannot cause harm to the body.
● Vaccines strengthen the immune system by training it to
recognize and respond to specific pathogens. This helps to
prepare the immune system to fight off the disease if it
encounters the pathogen again in the future.
● Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, such as strep
throat, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. They work by
killing or slowing the growth of bacteria.
● Antibiotics lose effectiveness over time because bacteria can
evolve and become resistant to the drugs that are used to treat
them. This happens when antibiotics are overused or misused,
allowing bacteria to develop ways to resist their effects.
 ● Three causes of drug resistance include overuse and misuse of
antibiotics, incomplete courses of antibiotics, and the use of
antibiotics in animal agriculture.
● Five ways to prevent and reduce drug resistance include:
1. Only using antibiotics when they are prescribed by a healthcare
professional.
2. Taking antibiotics exactly as prescribed, and completing the full
course of treatment.
3. Avoiding sharing antibiotics with others.
4. Preventing infections by practicing good hygiene, such as
washing hands regularly and keeping surfaces clean.
5. Supporting efforts to reduce the use of antibiotics in animal
agriculture.

Key Question 23
● Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that affects the airways,
making it difficult to breathe. The signs and symptoms of asthma
can vary from person to person but typically include wheezing,
coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. There is no
cure for asthma, but it can be managed effectively with proper
treatment. Treatment options may include the use of inhalers,
corticosteroids, and other medications to reduce inflammation
and improve breathing. Prevention strategies for asthma include
identifying and avoiding triggers, such as allergens or irritants,
managing co-existing conditions like allergies and acid reflux,
and maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a
balanced diet.
● Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic
inflammatory skin condition that causes the skin to become dry,
itchy, and inflamed. The signs and symptoms of eczema can
vary from person to person but typically include dry, itchy, and
inflamed skin, red or brownish-gray patches, small raised bumps
 that can leak fluid, and thick, cracked, or scaly skin. moisturizers,
topical corticosteroids, and other medications to reduce
inflammation and improve skin barrier function.
Key Question 24
● The seven primary risk factors for developing a chronic disease
are:
1. Age
2. Genetics
3. Environmental factors
4. Lifestyle choices (such as tobacco use, physical inactivity,
unhealthy diet)
5. High blood pressure
6. High cholesterol
7. High blood sugar
● Background risk factors are factors that cannot be modified, such
as age, gender, family history, and genetics. These factors can
increase the risk of developing certain chronic diseases.
● Behavioural risk factors are factors that individuals can modify
through lifestyle changes, such as tobacco use, physical
inactivity, unhealthy diet, and alcohol consumption.
● Intermediate risk factors are factors that are related to underlying
health conditions, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol,
and high blood sugar levels.
● The four factors that impact health in communities are:
1. Social and economic factors
2. Physical environment
3. Health behaviors
4. Clinical care
● The seven most common chronic diseases in Canada are:
1. Cancer
2. Cardiovascular diseases
3. Chronic respiratory diseases
 4. Diabetes
5. Mental illness
6. Musculoskeletal diseases
7. Chronic kidney disease
● Certain groups are at a higher risk for poor health, early death,
and chronic disease, such as:
1. Older adults
2. Individuals with chronic medical conditions
3. Individuals living in poverty
4. Indigenous peoples and racialized communities
5. Individuals with limited access to healthcare
● (a) The signs that someone is going to have a heart attack can
include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea,
lightheadedness, and sweating.
● (b) The signs that someone is having a stroke can include
sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg
(especially on one side of the body), confusion, trouble speaking
or understanding speech, sudden trouble seeing in one or both
eyes, sudden severe headache, and trouble walking, dizziness,
or loss of balance or coordination.
Key Question 25
● CCAC 2: CCAC stands for Community Care Access Centre, which is
a government-funded agency that coordinates home care and
community support services for individuals who require health care in
their homes or in the community. CCAC 2 is not a commonly used
term, so it is unclear what it specifically refers to.
● Public Health Unit: A public health unit is a government-funded
organization responsible for protecting and promoting the health of
the public within a particular geographical area. Public health units
carry out a range of activities, including monitoring and responding to
disease outbreaks, providing health education and promotion, and
enforcing public health laws and regulations.
● Foster Care: Foster care is a system in which children who are
unable to live with their biological parents are placed with temporary
caregivers who provide a safe and nurturing environment for them.
Foster care can be provided by individuals, families, or group homes,
and the goal is usually to reunite the child with their biological family
or to find them a permanent adoptive family.
● Family Counseling: Family counseling is a type of therapy that
focuses on improving the relationships and communication between
family members. Family counseling can address a range of issues,
including conflict, trauma, addiction, and mental health problems.
● Lifestyle Diseases: Lifestyle diseases are chronic diseases that are
largely caused by unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as poor diet, lack
of exercise, and smoking. Examples of lifestyle diseases include
diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.
● CHC: CHC stands for Community Health Centre, which is a type of
healthcare organization that provides primary care, health promotion,
and community development services. CHCs are often located in
underserved or marginalized communities and aim to provide
accessible, affordable, and culturally appropriate healthcare services.
● Transition House: A transition house is a temporary shelter for
individuals who are fleeing domestic violence or other forms of abuse.
Transition houses provide a safe and supportive environment for
individuals and families, as well as access to counselling, advocacy,
and other support services.
● Support Groups: Support groups are organized gatherings of
individuals who share a common experience or challenge and come
together to provide mutual support, share information, and offer
encouragement. Support groups can be focused on a range of topics,
such as addiction recovery, grief and loss, or chronic illness.
● Mediator: A mediator is a neutral third party who helps facilitate a
resolution to a dispute or conflict between two or more parties.
Mediators are trained in conflict resolution techniques and work to
help parties communicate effectively, identify common goals, and find
mutually acceptable solutions.
Key Question 26
● Five types of programs offered by Community Health Centres
(CHCs) can include:
1. Primary health care services such as medical care, nursing, and
chronic disease management.
2. Health promotion and education programs focused on healthy
living, disease prevention, and community development.
3. Mental health and addictions services, including counselling,
support groups, and crisis intervention.
4. Community social services such as housing, income support,
and legal advocacy.
5. Specialized services for marginalized populations, such as
refugees, Indigenous people, and LGBTQ+ individuals.
● One Community Health Centre in my community is "Parkdale
Queen West Community Health Centre" in Toronto, Ontario.
● The four different hospital types in Ontario are:
1. Public Hospitals, which are funded and operated by the
provincial government and provide acute care and specialized
medical services.
2. Private Hospitals, which are privately owned and operated but
still regulated by the provincial government.
3. Children's Hospitals, which specialize in providing medical care
for children and youth.
4. Psychiatric Hospitals, which provide specialized care for
individuals with mental illness.
● Provincial psychiatric hospitals in Ontario are designed to
provide specialized care and treatment for individuals with
severe mental illness who require more intensive services than
can be provided in the community. These hospitals offer a range
of services including assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and
rehabilitation.
● The role of social agencies is to provide a range of social
services and supports to individuals and families in need. These
agencies can provide services such as counselling, housing
support, income support, and legal advocacy. Social agencies
work to address social issues such as poverty, homelessness,
and mental health, and aim to improve the overall well-being of
individuals and communities.