Solid Propellant Rocket Motors (PDFDrive)

Solid Propellant Rocket Motors:
Performance Prediction and Internal Ballistics

Design
S. Krishnan
Professor of Aerospace Engineering (Retired)
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai, India
November 2016
Contents
List of Figures xii
List of Tables xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Solid Rocket Motor Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Pressure-Time Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Methods of Performance Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Equilibrium Pressure Analysis 11

2.1 Assumptions in Equilibrium Pressure Analysis . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Mass Conservation Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Operational Stability of Rocket Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Prediction of Pressure-Time Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.1 Ignition Transient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.2 Equilibrium Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.3 Tail-off Transient after complete burnout . . . . . . 44
3 Incremental Analysis 61
3.1 Frozen Flow Versus Shifting Equilibrium Flow . . . . . . . . 61
3.2 Incremental-Analysis Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.3 Assumptions in Incremental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.4 Erosive Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.5 Incremental-Analysis Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5.1 Unsteady Flow Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5.2 Steady Flow Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.5.3 Solution of Steady Port-Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.5.4 Solution of Unsteady Port-Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
i
ii CONTENTS
4 Computer Program 107

4.1 Computer Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.1.1 Main Program Steadyfull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.1.2 Subprogram Propellant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.1.3 Subprogram Prsrratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.1.4 Subprogram Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.1.5 Subprogram Segsteady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.1.6 Subprogram Erosive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.1.7 Subprogram Starttransienteql . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.1.8 Subprogram Falci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.1.9 Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.1.10 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.1.11 Sample Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Problem01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Problem02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Problem03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Case10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Case11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Case13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.1.12 Sample Output: Case13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Computer Output for Case13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2 Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
About the author
Subramaniam Krishnan received degrees in mechanical engineering from

the University of Madras (B.E., 1964) and the Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore (M.E., 1968), and in aerospace engineering from the Indian
Institute of Technology Madras (Ph.D., 1976). He was a research assistant
at Gas Turbine Research Establishment, Bangalore from 1964 to 1966.
He joined the Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) as a
Lecturer in 1968 and rose to the position of Professor in 1987. He retired
from IIT Madras in 2002. Professor Krishnan taught a wide variety courses
in aerospace propulsion from 1968 to 2013. His research interest lies in solid
propulsion: solid rockets, solid fuel ramjet, and hybrid rockets. He has
several publications to his credit in these areas. He was a visiting professor
at the Israel Institute of Technology (1999-2000), Kyungpook National
University, South Korea (2002-2005), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (2008-
2011), and SRM University Madras (2005-2008 and 2011-2013). He is an
Honorary Fellow of the High Energy Materials Society of India, a Fellow
of the Aeronautical Society of India, and an Associate Fellow of American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
iii
iv CONTENTS
Preface
Starting from the preliminary design stage to the development of designed

hardware and also beyond, performance prediction of propulsion systems
is invariably required. Development of solid propellant rocket motors is
not an exception to this. Practicing engineers and scientists in space and
defence R&D centres involved in solid rocket development have to predict
the motor performance during the development and beyond. The material
compiled here was discussed by the author in many short term courses
conducted for them. Also, under the course known as “Selected Topics”
the methods presented here were taught to graduate and senior under-
graduate students for about 20 class-hours including practicing sessions.
The course participants were expected to have undergone a first course in
aerospace propulsion at the under graduate level.
The limitations that arise out of the assumptions used in the prediction
methods are discussed in detail here. It is hoped that this will motivate
young researchers to improve upon the discussed methods. Many examples
are presented to aid in understanding the practical applications. As the
purpose is to train the readers in internal ballistics design, the solutions to
these examples are rather long and may not fit into the type to be solved
in short time-durations.
In Chapter 1, a brief introduction to the components of solid propel-
lant rocket motor is given. Next, the two basic-methods of performance
prediction, namely, equilibrium pressure analysis and incremental analysis,
are introduced and their applicability conditions are explained.
Equilibrium pressure analysis is detailed in Chapter 2. The required
mass conservation equation and its variations during ignition transient,
equilibrium operation, and tail-off transient are derived. The importance
of having the burning rate index less than unity for operational stability
v
vi CONTENTS
of the rocket motor is discussed. Governing equations for the burning area
progression for tapered cylindrical grains housed in a cylindrical casings
are derived through an example.
In Chapter 3 incremental analysis is discussed. Related to this analy-
sis, discussions on frozen flow versus shifting-equilibrium flow and erosive
burning are presented. For the unsteady port-flow, mass- and momentum-
conservation equations are derived. To get the governing equations for
the steady port-flow, the two unsteady equations are readily simplified by
dropping the unsteady terms. Solution procedure for steady port flow as
well as unsteady port flow are explained along with examples.
Adopting steady-flow incremental-analysis, a FORTRAN program has
been realized to predict the performance of solid propellant rocket mo-
tors having tapered cylindrical grains. All the three phases of operation,
namely, ignition transient, equilibrium operation, and tail-off transient are
included. For easy readability and quick understanding of the program
logic, the print version of the source code with detailed comments is given.
The source code, typical examples along with their outputs, and an exe file
of the code are stored in the attached USB-device. By running the code
and also by developing the code for other grain configurations, the readers
will get hands-on experience in the performance prediction and internal
ballistics design.
It is hoped that the book will fit the needs of the faculty for instruction
and be useful to the young practicing engineers and scientists in the field
of solid rocket technology.
Subramaniam Krishnan
Chennai (Madras)
Nomenclature
A = area, m2
a = pre-exponent factor in the burning rate equation, ṙ = apn
CF = thrust coefficient
CF0 = characteristic thrust coefficient
cp = specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg-K
cs = specific heat of solid propellant, J/kg-K
c∗ = characteristic velocity, m/s
D = characteristic dimension; hydraulic diameter, m
d = diameter, m
F = thrust, N
G = mass flux, kg/m2 − s
h = convective heat transfer coefficient, J/s − m2 − K; height, m
K = ratio of grain burning area to nozzle throat area
k = proportionality constant in Lenoir-Robillard erosive burning model,
vii
viii CONTENTS
m3 K/J
L = length, m
l = length, m
M = Mach number
ṁ = mass flow rate, kg/s
m̄ = molar mass with respect to gaseous species, kg/kg-mole
m̄c = molar mass with respect to gaseous as well as condensed species,

kg/kg-mole
NG = number of gaseous species
NS = total number of gaseous and condensed species
n = burning rate index in the burning rate equation ; number of kg-moles

of species
Pr = Prandtl number
p = pressure, Pa
R = specific gas constant, J/kg-K
Re = Reynolds number
Ru = universal gas constant, 8314.51J/kg-mole-K
r = radius, m
ṙ = burning rate, m/s

CONTENTS ix
T = temperature, K
s = burning perimeter, m; slant length of cone, m; entropy, J/(kg-K)
t = time, s
u = velocity, m/s
V = volume, m3
v = specific volume, m3 /kg
x = mole fraction
y = burned distance, m
Subscripts
0 = stagnation condition; zero crossflow velocity
a = ambient condition
b = burning; burnout
c = combustion chamber
E = equilibrium operation
e = nozzle- exit plane; erosive burning condition
f = final
h = head end
x CONTENTS
I = ignition transient
i = initial
j = jth station in incremental analysis; jth species
N = nozzle entry
m = mean value
n = nth step or nth iteration; nozzle end
p = propellant; port
R = provision of nozzle rupture disc or nozzle plug
s = sliver; surface
T = tail-off
t = throat section of nozzle
Greek letters
α = erosive constant in Lenoir-Robillard erosive burning model, m2.8 /(kg 0.8 s0.2 )
β = dimensionless exponential constant in Lenoir-Robillard erosive burn-

ing model
√
Γ = γ[2/(γ + 1)](γ+1)/[2(γ−1)] function of specific-heats ratio
γ = specific-heats ratio
γs = isentropic exponent
CONTENTS xi
ε = erosive burning ratio
θ = grain-port taper angle, deg.
λ = thermal conductivity of combustion products, J/(s-m-K)
µ = viscosity of combustion products, kg/m-s
ρ = density, kg/m3
xii CONTENTS
List of Figures
1.1 A schematic sketch of a solid propellant rocket motor. 1

1.2 A typical pressure versus time of a rocket motor. . . 4
1.3 Incremental control volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 Operational stability of a solid propellant rocket mo-

tor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Arrangements of nozzle closures. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Typical pressure-time traces of solid propellant mo-
tors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4 Effect of calculations with different time steps adopt-
ing quasi steady-state assumption (schematic). . . . 26
2.5 Plot of equilibrium pressure for propellants with two
different values of burning rate index n. cylindrical
grain length = 140mm; dpi = 10mm; dt = 5mm;
ṙ = 1.8 ∗ 10−5 pn m/s; p[P a]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6 Comparison of ignition transients with and without
a nozzle closure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.7 Schematic diagram of the rocket motor of Example
2. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.8 Schematic sketch of the solid propellant thruster of
Example 2. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.9 Tail-off transient of the rocket thruster of Example
2. 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.10 Schematic sketch of the rocket motor of Example 2.
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.11 Pressure-time trace of the rocket motor of Example
2. 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
xiii
xiv LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 Incremental stations fixed with respect to a rocket

chamber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2 Deflection (exaggerated) due to static pressure fall
along the port of a pure cylindrical grain of low
structural strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3 Typical incremental segment with flow conditions. . 81
List of Tables
2.1 Ignition transient with nozzle closure from an initial

pressure of 1 bar to 75 bar, Example 2. 1 . . . . . . . 31
2.2 Ignition transient after the nozzle closure is relieved
at 75 bar, Example 2. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3 Ignition transient without nozzle closure from the
minimum choking pressure of 1.838 bar, Example 2.
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4 Iterative calculations for the initial equilibrium pres-
sure for Example 2. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.5 Iterative calculations for the burnout equilibrium
pressure for Example 2. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.6 Tail-off transient-calculation results, Example 2. 4 . 46
2.7 Grain characteristics of cylindrical segment . . . . . . 48
2.8 Ignition transient, Example 2. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.9 Equilibrium operation during the first phase burn-
ing: pressure versus burned-distance, Example 2. 5 55
2.10 Equilibrium operation during second phase burning
(sliver burning) pressure versus burned-distance, Ex-
ample 2. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.11 Ignition transient: pressure-time trace . . . . . . . . . 59
2.12 First phase of equilibrium operation: pressure-time
trace, Example 2. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.13 Second phase of equilibrium operation (tail-off tran-
sient): pressure-time trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.1 Results of a typical shifting equilibrium flow calcu-

lation using program CEC71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
xv
xvi LIST OF TABLES
3.2 Typical iteration results for the unsteady flow through

grain port segmental volume, Example 3. 4 . . . . . 102
3.3 Typical iteration results for the steady flow through
grain port segmental volume, Example 3. 4 . . . . . 105
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Solid Rocket Motor Components

A schematic sketch of a solid propellant rocket motor is given in Figure 1.1.
Solid propellant rocket motors are generally of cylindrical configuration
with propellant grains having central perforations. The major components
of the motor are: (i) the igniter, which is to initiate combustion of the
solid propellant grain, (ii) the grain, which is of a structurally-strong
solid-chemical that burns on ignition to produce hot combustion products,
mostly of gaseous species by volume, (iii) the nozzle that accelerates the
high pressure and high temperature combustion products to high velocities
to produce thrust, and (iv) the motor casing that accommodates the
grain and the igniter.
Figure 1.1: A schematic sketch of a solid propellant rocket motor.
Solid propellant motors can be classified in many ways. Based on

the casing geometry solid propellant motors can be grouped as cylindrical
1
2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
or spherical ones. Cylindrical motors are the commonly adopted ones

while spherical configurations are adopted in special situations such as in
upper stage propulsion. Also based on the grain-burning pattern we can
characterize the motors as radial burning or end burning ones. We are
considering in Figure 1.1 a cylindrical motor with a centrally perforated
radial-burning grain. Most grain designs aim to protect the inner wall of
the motor casing against the high temperature combustion products. Thus,
a precast pure-cylindrical grain is slid to fit into the motor casing in the case
of free standing grains. Or, the grain, cylindrical or other configuration,
is cast and cured into the casing and hence bonded to the inner-wall in
the case of case-bonded grains. In both these types there is a central
perforation or the port cavity through which the combustion products
flow from the head end towards the nozzle end. The combustion-
chamber cavity of the rocket motor includes the port volume from
head end to nozzle end, the head end free volume, if any, and the
plenum chamber, and also usually the nozzle convergence.
The motor casing and the nozzle are structural components designed to
withstand high operating-pressures and steep pressure-rise rates. In addi-
tion, these components are to be protected from high temperature combus-
tion products by adopting suitable high-temperature resistant insulators
and liners. The nozzle inner-surfaces are exposed to high temperature
combustion products for the entire time of motor operation. For the cas-
ing walls, there are certain areas exposed to high temperature products for
the entire time of operation while the remaining areas are exposed only
after burnout. With reference to the schematic sketch shown in Figure
1.1, the areas exposed to the high temperature combustion products for
the entire time of operation are the areas around the igniter at the head
end and the portion in the plenum area at the nozzle end. In contrast, the
cylindrical part of the casing wall with the propellant grain is exposed to
high temperature products only after the grain burnout. Accordingly the
thickness of the insulation is chosen as per the severity of exposure to the
high temperature combustion products. The liner, usually thin, acts as an
interface between the insulator and the propellant grain. By the design of
a grain, certain areas of the grain are to be prevented from burning and
hence those areas are applied with inert chemicals known as inhibitors,
Figure 1.1.
1.2. PRESSURE-TIME TRACE 3
The theoretical-performance predication of rocket-motor basically an-

swers the question: What is the expected thrust F versus time t of the de-
signed motor? Under the assumption of one dimensional isentropic nozzle-
flow, we have learned that the thrust is given by,
( !)
Ae pe pa
F = p0N At CF = p0N At CF0 + − (1.1)
At p0N p0N
F =
 v   
u
γ−1

 u 

 
(1.2)

 u  !  !

u 2γ 
 u pe γ 
 Ae pe pa
 

p0N At Γu 1− + −

 uγ − 1 
 p0N  At p0N p0N 

 u   


 t 


 

We note from Eqs. 1.1 and 1.2, that for a fixed-configuration rocket-
motor (nozzle throat area At and nozzle exit area Ae are constant), so long
as its nozzle flows full without separation, the thrust F depends on the
nozzle entry total pressure p0N and the flight altitude that has its ambient
pressure of pa . All other quantities are essentially constant. It follows
therefore, to predict the performance of the rocket motor at a specified
altitude of ambient pressure pa , we should first predict the value of nozzle
entry pressure p0N with respect to the motor operating-time.
1.2 Pressure-Time Trace

A schematic pressure-time trace of a solid rocket motor is given in Figure
1.2. The pressure time trace can be broadly divided into (i) ignition
transient or start transient, (ii) equilibrium operation, and (iii) tail-
off transient.
The prediction of ignition transient considers the phenomena that occur
in the chamber cavity from the initiation of igniter (“countdown at 0”) to
the attainment of the first equilibrium pressure. For this prediction the
ignition transient can be subdivided into three intervals, namely, ignition
delay, flame spreading, and chamber filling. The ignition delay is the
Figure 1.2: A typical pressure versus time of a rocket motor.
time elapsed from the initiation of igniter to the appearance of the first
discernible flame on the grain surface. The flame spreading interval is that
between the instant of first flame appearance and the instant at which the
entire grain surface attains complete ignition. And, the chamber filling
interval is that between the instants of the complete ignition and the first
equilibrium pressure.
During the ignition transient the initially-produced burned-products,
from the igniter as well as from the grain surface, mostly fill the cavity to
build up the chamber pressure at a rapid rate while some products exit
through the rocket nozzle. Soon after a successful flame spread is estab-
lished, the igniter burns out. On the continuance of the chamber filling,
the filling rate into the cavity decreases with time with a simultaneous in-
crease in the rate of ejection of mass flow through the nozzle throat. This
culminates with the attainment of the first equilibrium pressure, at which
the rate of change of chamber pressure is substantially reduced to negligi-
ble levels. At this pressure, consequently, the rate of production of burned
products is almost equal to the rate of ejection through the nozzle, and
only a very small portion of the products goes to fill the volume vacated
by the burning propellant grain as the rate of mass accumulation within
the cavity.
The mass balance condition that the rate of production of burned prod-
ucts is almost equal to the rate of ejection through the nozzle continues
1.3. METHODS OF PERFORMANCE PREDICTION 5
for the duration of the equilibrium operation. During this operation, the
burning grain-surface recedes exposing the areas as per the designed grain
configuration. For example for the grain shown in Figure 1.1, the grain
burning area increases with the burned distance. This equilibrium opera-
tion goes on until the flame front first touches the liner of the casing with
some portion of the propellant grain still left to be consumed. This in-
stant is known as burnout and the left-out part of propellant grain after
burnout is known as sliver. The ratio of the sliver mass at burnout to the
total-propellant mass is known as the sliver fraction.
The tail-off transient starts from the burnout. During the tail-off, the
sliver burns with its burning area reducing at a very fast rate. This tran-
sient ends when the entire sliver is consumed. This zero sliver condition
is known as complete burnout. This is followed by the cavity pressure
dropping to the ambient pressure. Ordinarily, however, the cavity pressure
drops to ambient pressure at the complete burnout.
The sole purpose of a rocket motor in a rocket vehicle is the delivery
of the desired thrust-variation with respect to time. In most instants, this
is served by the equilibrium operation and therefore the designer usually
aims to have the ignition transient and the tail-off transient as short and
as smooth as possible.
1.3 Methods of Performance Prediction

Before looking at the methods of performance prediction to be presented,
let us consider the realities of the flow in the port cavity of a solid rocket
motor.
1. The regression rate or the burning rate of propellant is found to be

principally affected by local static pressure. In addition, the burn-
ing rate can have dependence on centrifugal acceleration introduced
through rocket-motor spin and other fluid dynamic properties such
as mass flux ρu and Mach number M .
2. Chemical reactions occur at the regressing grain-surface within a

thin combustion zone (of the order of 100µm or less under rocket
operating pressures) to introduce hot combustion products into the
port.
3. The mixture of combustion products contains a number of gaseous

species in addition to some species in liquid and solid phases. Con-
centrations of these species may change along the port flow depending
on the local static pressure and temperature, and the velocity.
4. Admitting that the flow in the port cavity can be three dimensional,
in most situations it is two dimensional (axisymmetric). In addition,
the port-flow is generally unsteady and turbulent.
5. Heat is transferred from the high-temperature port-flow to the burn-

ing propellant-surface by way of convection and radiation.
6. Furthermore, the burning surface that blows hot combustion prod-

ucts offers some frictional resistance for the port flow.
7. Structural deformation of the grain and the casing can occur due to
the high rates of pressure variations during the ignition and tail-off
transients as well as due to the spatial variation of static pressure in
the grain port cavity during the equilibrium operation.
8. Gravitational forces may become significant to affect the port as

well as nozzle flow-dynamics when the rocket vehicle is under high
acceleration or deceleration.
Modelling the above realities to various degrees of accuracy, and em-

ploying methods of computational fluid dynamics and finite-element struc-
tural analysis, complex computer codes do exist in industries and research
establishments. However, in the present treatment we will learn two basic
methods, which can be used to predict solid rocket performance within a
reasonable accuracy. These methods are invariably adopted for the first-
cut sizing of the motors to be developed.
The two basic methods by which we can predict the performance of a
solid rocket motor are (i) the equilibrium pressure analysis and (ii)
the incremental analysis. The equilibrium pressure analysis is relatively
a simple procedure. This analysis can be adopted for the low performance
motors, which have low maximum-velocities of combustion products in
the combustion chamber cavity. The velocities are so low such that the
differences between the total- and static-values of pressure anywhere in the
port cavity are not significant.
Let us find the parameter that characterizes a low performance mo-

tor for which equilibrium pressure analysis can be employed. Consider a
cylindrical motor with a centrally perforated radial-burning grain as shown
in Figure 1.1. Having got accumulated all along the central perforation,
namely the port, the total burned products exit the nozzle-end-port with a
maximum port-velocity and enter the plenum to get subsequently choked
at the nozzle throat. At this point let us define the ratio of nozzle-end-port
exit area to the nozzle throat area as port-to-throat area ratio. Since
the velocity is the one that determines the difference between the total and
static values of pressure and temperature, a high value of port-to-throat
area ratio will have a low port flow velocity. Deliberately ignoring the total
pressure loss that can occur due to sudden area variation from the port
exit to the plenum and hence assuming an isentropic flow from the port
exit to the nozzle throat and adopting the equation of continuity, we can
show that the port-to-throat ratio
γ+1
" ! !#
Api 1 2 γ−1 2 (γ − 1)
= 1+ Mi2 (1.3)
At Mi γ+1 2
where Api and Mi are the initial values of the port-exit area and the cor-
responding Mach number respectively. The ratio of specific heats for the
combustion products of typical solid propellants vary in the range of 1.15
to 1.30. For this range, the port exit Mach number of 0.2 or less has the
difference between total- and static-pressures less than 3 per cent. This in
turn corresponds to the port-to-throat ratios of 3 or more. The low perfor-
mance motors, therefore, are characterized by the high port-to-throat area
ratio of values greater than about 3 to 4. Low performance motors are
also characterized by low volumetric loading fraction of propellant
(Vpi /Vcf ) of less than around 0.75. Here Vpi is the initial propellant vol-
ume and Vcf is the empty chamber volume up to the nozzle throat section.
However, more importantly, rather than the low volumetric loading frac-
tion of propellant, it is the high port-to-throat ratio that characterizes the
low performance motors for which equilibrium pressure analysis could be
applied. In such motors, because of low port-velocities, a uniform constant
total-pressure can be assumed for the entire chamber cavity.
Since the equilibrium pressure analysis assumes a single uniform pres-

sure at a chosen time and the only variable is time, the corresponding
model followed is known as lumped chamber pressure model, p (t)
model, or zero dimensional (0 − D) model.
Figure 1.3: Incremental control volume.
While the equilibrium pressure analysis is of zero-dimensional model,

the incremental analysis, the second method, adopts a one dimensional
model. As expected, it is more rigorous and involved when compared to
the first one, and is adopted for the high performance motors, characterized
by low port-to-throat area ratios of less than 3 to 4 and high volumetric
loading fractions of propellant. In such motors the average velocity of
combustion products inside the grain-port is high and the total- and static-
pressures are substantially different at most places along the port. And,
the two pressures significantly drop along the port from the head end to
the nozzle end. Under the incremental analysis, the port flow is evaluated
one dimensionally by considering a sufficiently large number of incremental
segments or incremental control-volumes along the port, Figure 1.3. Each
incremental control volume is bounded by the entry- and the exit-section of
the flow that are fixed in space, and the receding burning-surface of grain.
For a considered duration, there is an addition of mass of burned products
into the control volume from the burning surface at the rate dṁj with a
simultaneous accumulation rate of burned products into the free volume

created by the receding burning surface (dm/dt)j . Under the assumption
of constant total enthalpy (thus energy conservation being automatically
satisfied), the flow through each incremental control-volume is analysed
applying equations of mass- and momentum-conservation, and ideal gas
equation of state.
Depending upon the complexity to be involved, the incremental anal-
ysis gets further classified as (i) the quasi steady flow model or p (x)
model and (ii) the temporal 1 − D flow field model or p (x, t) model.
In the former, applicable with a moderate rate of chamber-pressure vari-
ation dp/dt, the mass-accumulation rate in the free volume (dm/dt)j cre-
ated by the propellant regression is considered negligible compared to the
mass-addition rate due to burning dṁj . And, in the p (x, t) model the
mass accumulation-rate (dm/dt)j is significant with respect to the mass-
addition rate dṁj . Mostly p (x) model is adopted during equilibrium op-
eration while the p (x, t) model is employed during ignition-transient and
tail-off-transient where the moduli of dp/dt are quite substantial.
Chapter 2
Equilibrium Pressure
Analysis
2.1 Assumptions in Equilibrium Pressure Analy-

sis
As indicated previously, the main assumption of the equilibrium pressure
analysis is that at a chosen instant there is one uniform equilibrium-total-
pressure p0c throughout the combustion-chamber cavity - hence the name
equilibrium pressure analysis. Thus p0c = p0N in Eqs. 1.1 and 1.2. Fur-
thermore, the velocities in the port volume and plenum are so small that
the differences between the static- and the total-properties (pressure, tem-
perature, and density) are negligible. The other assumptions made to
simplify the analysis are:
1. The port cavity of rocket motor is an adiabatic system with a con-

stant stagnation enthalpy. The combustion products are of fixed
composition and constant specific heats, and hence the specific heats
ratio γ is constant. Consequently the temperature of the combus-
tion product-mixture is at one uniform total-temperature T0 , equal
to the adiabatic flame temperature at a chosen average equilib-
rium chamber-pressure.
2. The combustion products satisfy the ideal gas equation of state. The
inert materials in the combustion-chamber cavity, namely the insula-
tor and the liner do not decompose during the motor operation and
11
12 CHAPTER 2. EQUILIBRIUM PRESSURE ANALYSIS
hence do not form part of the nozzle flow. At an instant, the mass
of inhibitor fragmentation is negligible with respect to the mass of
combustion products from the propellant grain.
3. The nozzle of the rocket motor is always choked. The ignition of the
entire grain surface is instantaneous with negligible mass of igniter.
After the complete burnout, the calculation of the tail-off transient
is reckoned from zero sliver.
4. The propellant grain and the motor casing are infinitely rigid and
hence do not deform during the motor operation.
Let us consider the implication of the first simplifying assumption.

Depending on the grain design the equilibrium chamber-pressure may sub-
stantially vary during equilibrium operation. For the given propellant com-
position the stagnation enthalpy, representing the total energy content in
the propellant, is constant. However, with a change in chamber pressure,
the stagnation temperature can vary − for example an increased cham-
ber pressure gives higher adiabatic flame temperature. Specific heats and
hence T0 being weak functions of pressure, the assumption of constant T0
and γ for equilibrium operation is adequate. Therefore, using a computer
program similar to CEC71 [Ref.[1]] or the recent updated version CEA
Program [Ref. [2]] that can be downloaded from the web site of NASA
Glenn Research Center
www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/CEAWeb/ceaguiDownload-win.htm
the values of T0 , molar mass m̄, and γ can be determined for an average
equilibrium chamber-pressure and held constant.
However, this assumption of constant property-values for transients
may be questionable in certain cases. During the ignition transient, the
temperature increases from a near-atmospheric value to T0 . The value of
γ may change as the composition of the igniter combustion-products is
different from that of the products of the propellant combustion. Further-
more, on the initiation of igniter, the igniter combustion products mix with
the air contained in the port cavity to expel it first. During the tail-off
transient, reckoned from zero sliver of complete burnout, the temperature
drops from T0 to a value of a few hundred degrees warmer than atmo-
spheric value. And, the value of γ may slightly increase during tail-off.
Thus the first assumption of constant values of T0 , m̄, and γ is a drastic
2.1. ASSUMPTIONS IN EQUILIBRIUM PRESSURE ANALYSIS 13
approximation as far as transients are concerned. However the effective

periods of ignition transient and tail-off transient being not appreciable
with respect to the period of equilibrium operation, the approximation is
acceptable in most cases.
Let us look at the second simplifying assumption. Most heteroge-
neous propellants (popularly known as composite propellants) in
use and also sometimes homogeneous propellants (popularly known as
double base propellants) contain metal powders as one of the fuel com-
ponents (usually of aluminium). On combustion, oxides of this fuel remain
in liquid- or solid-phase or sometimes in both the phases. These condensed
particles in the total combustion products can be about 5 percent by mole
fraction, about 25 percent by mass fraction, but quite negligible by volume
fraction, say 0.04 percent of the mixture volume. However, principally be-
cause of the negligible volume fraction, this multi-phase product-mixture
can be accommodated by adopting an equivalent molar mass m̄ and the
ideal gas equation of state. During the regression of a propellant grain,
parts of inhibitor do get dislodged and form part of the nozzle flows but
here the flow due to the inhibitor fragmentation is assumed to be negligible
with respect to the flow rate of the propellant burned-products. The other
inert materials, the liner and the insulator, may “degas” and may become
significant particularly during tail-off. This degassing effect is considered
in rigorous prediction procedures, but not here.
Regarding the third assumption, we note that during most of its useful
operation, the rocket motor nozzle remains choked. However, unchoked-
nozzle flows exist at the beginning of ignition transient and at the end of
tail-off transient. While the unchoked duration at the beginning of ignition
transient is negligibly small relatively, this duration can be long during tail-
off transient with very small or insignificant thrust levels. These unchoked
conditions are considered in accurate prediction procedures. But in the
present treatment we consider only choked nozzle-flow condition. As far
as the zero-sliver assumption for the calculation of the tail-off transients
after complete burnout is concerned, in several grain designs considerable
quantity of sliver may be present at burnout. In such cases the calcula-
tion of equilibrium operation has to be continued after burnout until the
sliver is completely consumed. Thereafter, if necessary, the analysis of the
tail-off transient presented in this Chapter can be applied. Or in other
words, the application of the tail-off-transient analysis presented here has

the condition of zero sliver. In Example 2.5, we will see that the sliver
fraction is considerable and the calculation of equilibrium operation has to
be continued until the sliver is completely consumed, and thereafter the
calculation of tail-off transient with zero sliver becomes unnecessary.
Considering finally the fourth assumption, in low performance motors,
although the difference between the total and static pressures is negligible
spatially as well as temporally, there can be substantial temporal variation
in pressure depending upon the grain design. Furthermore, accelerating
field of significant strength may be imposed on the grain and the casing.
For simplicity of the present analysis we assume that the motor casing and
the propellant grain are infinitely rigid so that there is no deflection of
these structural members during the motor operation.
2.2 Mass Conservation Equation

The mass conservation for the motor can be stated as follows.
At any instant of motor operation, the total
mass production rate by way of burning of the
propellant grain should be equal to the rate of
mass ejected though the rocket-nozzle and the
rate of accumulation of the combustion products
within the combustion chamber cavity.
That is,
dm
ṁc = ṁt + (2.1)
dt
The total mass production rate by way of burning of the propellant
grain ṁc can be written as,
ṁc = ρp Ab ṙ (2.2)
where ρp is the propellant density, Ab is the grain burning area at the

instant, and ṙ is the propellant burning rate. The rate of accumulation of
combustion products within the combustion-chamber cavity is,
2.2. MASS CONSERVATION EQUATION 15
dm d
= (ρ0c Vc ) (2.3)
dt dt
where ρ0c is the stagnation density of the combustion products in the cav-
ity and Vc is the cavity volume. Noting that the mixture of the combustion
products satisfies the ideal gas equation of state with a constant tempera-
ture and a constant molar mass, and differentiating Eq. 2.3
dm dρ0c dVc Vc dp0c p0c

= Vc + ρ0c = + Ab ṙ (2.4)
dt dt dt RT0 dt RT0
As per our assumptions, we are considering only nozzle-choked flow situ-
ations. Therefore the mass flow rate through the choked nozzle is given
by,
p0c At p0c At Γ
ṁt = = √ (2.5)
c∗ RT0
where c∗ , the characteristic velocity, is defined as ṁt /p0N At (note here
√
p0N = p0c ) and can be theoretically shown to be equal to RT0 Γ. Sub-
stituting Eqs. 2.2, 2.4, and 2.5 into Eq. 2.1, we get,
p0c At Vc dp0c p0c

ρp Ab ṙ = + + Ab ṙ (2.6)
c∗ RT0 dt RT0
There are quite a few burning rate equations proposed for solid propellants.
The most widely used one is due to Saint-Robert and is given by,
ṙ = apn (2.7)
where a is the pre-exponent factor, which is a function of initial or storage

temperature of the grain. n is the combustion index, and p is the static
pressure experienced by the burning surface. As per the assumption of
one uniform equilibrium total-pressure for the entire combustion-chamber
cavity, p = p0c . Therefore,
ṙ = apn0c (2.8)
Substituting Eq. 2.8 into Eq. 2.6, we get,
!
Vc dp0c p0c p0c At
= ρp − Ab apn0c − (2.9)
RT0 dt RT0 c∗
Noting ṙ = dy/dt,
dp0c dp0c dy dp0c

= = apn0c (2.10)
dt dy dt dy
Therefore, Eq.2.9 can also be written as,
1−n
!
Vc dp0c p0c p0c At
= ρp − Ab − (2.11)
RT0 dy RT0 c∗ a
Equations 2.9 and 2.11 are the fundamental mass conservation equations
for a solid propellant rocket motor in operation. In the fundamental
governing-equations, Eqs. 2.9 and 2.11, notice that p0c /(RT0 ) = ρ0c . Typ-
ical density of a solid propellant ρp varies from 1200 to 1800kg/m3 and the
density of gases in the combustion chamber cavity ρ0c is mostly around or
less than 10 kg /m3 . Therefore, ρp being far greater than ρ0c , the latter
can be neglected. Equations 2.9 and 2.11 can then be simplified to,
Vc dp0c p0c At
= ρp Ab apn0c − (2.12)
RT0 dt c∗
1−n
Vc dp0c p0c At
= ρp Ab − (2.13)
RT0 dy c∗ a
At the design stage, a chosen solid-propellant grain is of geometrically

perfect shape or shapes and its burning area can be algebraically expressed
as a function of burned distance y. However, after the designed grain is
cast and cured, there may be some geometric imperfections due to the
fabrication tolerance on the grain mandrel and the grain shrinkage during
curing. Still the initial cavity -configuration of the grain can be deter-
mined through suitable surface measurements and the grain burning area
2.2. MASS CONSERVATION EQUATION 17
with respect to burned distance can be calculated using discretized surface

elements and their movements perpendicular to the respective tangent-
planes. All in all, we note here that the value of the grain burning area Ab
is known for a burned distance y, Eq. (2.14). Consequently, it follows that
the value of the combustion-chamber cavity Vc is also known with respect
to y, Eq. (2.15).
Ab = f (y) (2.14)
Z
Vc = Vci + Ab dy (2.15)
Since the burning rate dy/dt by assumption is equal to apn0c , the burned
distance dy is simply,
Z Z
dy = apn0c dt (2.16)
Or,
dy
Z Z
dt = (2.17)
apn0c
The nozzle throat region handles the highest mass flux and hence has
the maximum radial heat-flux. In order to manage this severe thermal-
loading condition highly heat-resistant materials are adopted for the noz-
zle throat regions. Despite this, the throat area may get enlarged during
the motor operation, Eqs. 2.9 and 2.11. This nozzle-throat erosion
rate depends on the nozzle throat material, and temperature and compo-
sition of combustion products. The throat-erosion rate is known through
experience from previous experimental results and is generally taken as a
linear function of the motor-operating time, in the absence of any detailed
experimental analysis.
The fundamental mass-conservation Eq. 2.9 has p0c as the dependent
variable and the time t as the independent variable - hence the name
p (t) model. Given the propellant properties (ρp , a, n, &c∗ ), the propellant
grain configuration and the nozzle shape, Eq.2.9 can be numerically solved
noting Ab and Vc are known functions of y, Eqs. 2.14 and 2.15, and At is
known with respect to time through experience on nozzle throat-erosion

rate. The burned distance y can be numerically evaluated from Eq. 2.16.
Similarly the variance of the fundamental mass-conservation Eq. 2.11 can
be numerically solved. We must note here that the time coordinate t can
always be converted to burned-distance coordinate y by using Eq. 2.16.
Conversely, y can be transformed into t by using Eq. 2.17.
In the performance prediction procedures, use of these different forms
of mass conservation equation will be detailed in Examples 2.1 to 2.5.
2.3 Operational Stability of Rocket Motor

Operational stability of a rocket motor is of paramount importance and it
can be deduced from the fundamental mass conservation equation given by
Eq. 2.1. To understand this, let us resort to the widely used burning rate
equation ṙ = apn0c and inquire what will be the equilibrium pressure for a
constant burning area Ab and whether that attained equilibrium pressure
be stable if the motor is subjected to certain possible perturbations.
The stability is found to be influenced by the value of burning-rate
index n. As explained previously, the equilibrium pressure is reached when
the rate of production of burned products is almost equal to the rate of
ejection through the nozzle, and only a very small portion of the products
goes to fill the volume vacated by the burning propellant grain. Therefore,
while considering the attainment of the equilibrium pressure we can assume
that the mass-accumulation rate is negligible. Equation 2.1 can then be
written as,
ṁc ∼
= ṁt (2.18)
With this, the related mass conservation equation Eq. 2.9simplifies to
p0c At
ρp Ab apn0c = (2.19)
c∗
Equation 2.19 simply reveals that, for the selected propellant (therefore
ρp ,a,n, and c∗ are fixed), grain burning area, and nozzle throat area, the
equilibrium pressure is reached when the mass production rate is equal to
the mass ejection rate. Let us now consider the stability of the attained
2.3. OPERATIONAL STABILITY OF ROCKET MOTOR 19
equilibrium-pressure for different values of the burning rate index n. As

we deal with a single variable p0c with a parametric variation on n and
all other quantities being constant, we can plot curves pn0c versus p0c in
normalized units. The mass-production rate and the mass-ejection rate
are represented by pn0c and p0c respectively, Eq.2.19. In Figure 2.1, the pn0c
curves for different values of n are potted against p0c with p0c in normalized
units varying from 0.1 to 2. E, the point (1, 1) in the x-y plane, represents
the equilibrium.
Figure 2.1: Operational stability of a solid propellant rocket motor.
Solid propellants are classified depending on their burning-rate depen-

dence on pressure. The line A represents the mass ejection rate. Also it
denotes the mass production rate for the propellant of n value of unity. If
the burning rate of a propellant decreases with the increase in pressure,
that propellant is known as a mesa propellant and the propellant’s burn-
ing rate index n will be less than zero that is negative. As a representative
curve for a mesa propellant, the curve B is drawn for an n value of -0.3.
If the burning rate of a propellant is insensitive to pressure variation, that
propellant is known as a plateau propellant and the propellant’s burn-
ing rate index n will be equal to zero. The line C represents a plateau
propellant. The curves D and F are drawn for the values of n being 0.4
and 0.7 respectively and the two curves represent the usually adopted pro-
pellants (so called “normal” propellants) with n values less than unity but
greater than zero. The curve G is drawn for the value of n equal to 1.5
as a representative curve for the fictitious propellant of value greater than

unity. The curves B, C, D, F, and G of mass production rates, meet the
mass ejection rate line A at the equilibrium point E.
That the equilibria attained for all the values of less than unity are
stable can be explained as follows. During the equilibrium operation at a
chamber pressure of p0c , small perturbations, positive or negative, can be
triggered by many factors. For example, a dislodged solid-fragment of the
inhibitor may pass through the nozzle and cause a positive perturbation
to the equilibrium pressure p0c due to a sudden reduction in the effective
nozzle-throat area. Or, there may be a small positive or negative per-
turbation in the neighborhood of the assumed constant burning-area Ab .
This may be caused by the opening or the vanishing of a tiny air-bubble
undesirably entrapped during the grain casting. First let us consider a
positive perturbation in the chamber pressure at the equilibrium point E
from p0c to (p0c + ∆p0c ). At this perturbed state, the mass production
rates for all curves of n values less than unity, B, C, D, and F, are less
than the mass ejection rate, thus pushing the perturbed state back to the
original equilibrium point E. Whereas, at the positively perturbed state,
the mass production rate for the curve G of n value greater than unity is
more than the mass ejection rate. This pushes the positively perturbed
operating state at pressure (p0c + ∆p0c ) further upward. On the quick
progression of this inevitable upward movement of the operating pressure,
motor-explosion is imminent for n > 1. In a similar manner we can con-
sider a negative perturbation in the chamber pressure at the equilibrium
point E from p0c to (p0c − ∆p0c ) . At this negatively perturbed state, we
find that the mass production rates for all the curves of n values less than
unity are more than the mass ejection rate, thus pushing the perturbed
state forward to the original equilibrium point E. But, at the negatively
perturbed state, the mass production rate for the curve G of n value greater
than unity is less than the mass ejection rate. This pushes the negatively
perturbed state at pressure (p0c − ∆p0c ) further downward. The quick
regression of this downward movement of the operating pressure leads to
motor extinction for n > 1 . Recall that the line A represents the mass
ejection rate as well as the mass production rate for the value of unity.
All points on the line A can be taken as points of transitory equilibria
that include the point E. Any positive or negative perturbation pushes
2.4. PREDICTION OF PRESSURE-TIME TRACE 21
the operating point sliding on the line A upward or downward leading to

explosion or extinction.
A very important point on the stability response of rocket motors with
respect to the value of burning rate index should be noted at this juncture.
Lower the value of n with respect to unity quicker is the stability response
in a solid rocket motor. From the examples that we considered, the ability
to return to the equilibrium point is stronger for n equal to 0.4 than for n
equal to 0.7. Generally we find that the combustion index of homogeneous
propellants is higher (say about 0.7) than that of heterogeneous propellants
(say about 0.4). In that respect the operational stability of solid rocket
motors of heterogeneous propellants is superior to those of homogeneous
propellants.
For the operational stability of a solid propellant
rocket motor, the burning rate index of the pro-
pellant has to be less than unity and lower the
value of the burning rate index, better is the sta-
bility.
2.4 Prediction of Pressure-Time Trace

In this Chapter we discuss the methods to calculate the pressure time
trace for a rocket motor under equilibrium pressure analysis. Recall that
this analysis assumes a single uniform pressure for the chamber cavity at
a chosen time instant. The pressure-time trace is of three parts, namely
ignition transient or start transient, equilibrium operation, and tail-off
transient.
2.4.1 Ignition Transient
As per the previously discussed assumptions, we may note in particular

that the nozzle is always choked and the ignition of the entire grain surface
is instantaneous with negligible igniter-mass. Generally, the duration of
ignition transient has to be small around 100ms or less for medium sized
motors. During this short period the burned distance or burned depth of
the grain is very small, say less than 1 mm. Therefore the chamber-cavity
volume and burning area can be assumed to be constant at their initial
values of Vci and Abi corresponding to zero burned distance. Alternatively
for the estimated small burned-distance, average values of Vc and Ab can

be determined and kept as constants as Vci and Abi . Proceeding now with
the constant values of Vci and Abi , and with the assumption of ρp ρ0c
Eq. 2.9 becomes,
Vci dp0cI
dt = (2.20)
Γ2 c∗ At p0cI ρp aKi c∗ pn−1

0cI − 1
where Ki is defined as the ratio of the grain burning area Abi and the nozzle
throat area, Abi /At . Note that during the ignition-transient calculation Ki
is a constant. By splitting the second fraction containing the variable p0cI ,
the ignition-transient time-increment,
 
(n−2)
Vci −dp0cI ρp aKi c∗ p0cI dp0cI
dt =  + 
Γ2 c∗ At p0cI (n−1)
ρp aKi c∗ p0cI − 1
This can be brought to the form,

(n−1)

−Vci (1 − n) dp0cI d ρp aKi c∗ p0cI − 1
dt =  + 
(1 − n) Γ2 c∗ A t p0cI ∗ (n−1)
ρp aKi c p0cI − 1
Applying the limits after integration,
 
(1−n)
Vci ρp aKi c∗ − p0cI1
∆t = ln   (2.21)
(1 − n) Γ2 c∗ At (1−n)
ρp aKi c∗ − p0cI2
wherep0cI 1 is the ignition-transient chamber-pressure at time t and p0cI 2 is

the one at t + ∆t. We can initiate the ignition-transient calculation from
the instant zero at which the nozzle gets first-choked. The corresponding
chamber-pressure,
!γ/(γ−1)
γ+1
p0cI1 = pa (2.22)
2
Considering a sufficiently small equal pressure-increment ∆p0cI , the next

pressure
p0cI2 = p0cI1 + ∆p0cI
For the pressure rise from p0cI 1 to p0cI 2 the time interval ∆tI1 can be
calculated using Eq.2.21. For the calculation of the next step,
p0cI3 = p0cI2 + ∆p0cI
The required ∆tI2 is calculated using again Eq. 2.21. This step-wise
calculation is continued with equal ∆p0cI s until we reach a time for which
the last-calculated pressure on the ignition transient p0cI n is sufficiently
close to the first equilibrium pressure, Fig. 1.2 - we will consider the
calculation of the first equilibrium pressure in the next sub-section. You
will learn then that the quantity ρp aKi c∗ in Eq. 2.21 is the (1 − n)th power
of the first equilibrium-pressure p0cE 1 . Therefore, mathematically the time
required to reach the first equilibrium pressure is infinity. To be realistic,
generally the stepwise calculation is continued until the pressure p0cI n is
0.90 to 0.95 of the first equilibrium pressure. Appreciate here that the
procedure just described here to calculate the ignition transient is similar
to the one to calculate the boundary layer thickness in fluid mechanics.
Figure 2.2: Arrangements of nozzle closures.
Nozzle Closure: Quite frequently rocket-motor chamber-cavities are

sealed with rupture discs or plugs at nozzle throats, Figure 2.2. After
ignition, at the attainment of the designed rupture-pressure in the cham-

ber cavity the disc or the plug gets relieved and the flow of combustion
products through the nozzle gets initiated. This arrangement of sealing
the chamber cavity is done on two counts. Firstly, to certain extent it is
to protect the chamber cavity containing the propellant grain and igniter
from different climatic conditions during storage and transportation of the
rocket motor. On the second count, under special situations, it is to have
a faster rise in chamber-pressure after the initiation of the igniter and to
provide quickly a high chamber-pressure to achieve a positive ignition of
the propellant grain. Furthermore, certain propellants, such as potassium-
perchlorate-based ones, have high minimum-pressures for ignition. For
such propellants, the rupture-disc or the nozzle plug becomes an essential
component of the motor.
For a rocket motor with a rupture-disc or a nozzle plug, the mass flow
rate through the nozzle is zero until the closure is relieved. Recall that we
have assumed that the ignition of the entire grain surface is instantaneous
with negligible mass of igniter. Therefore, considering ρp ρ0c Eq. 2.9
can be written as
Vci dp0cR
= ρp Abi apn0cR
RT0 dt
where,p0cR is the transitory cavity pressure for the motor before the relief
of the nozzle closure. This equation can be readily brought to the form,
Vci p−n
0cR dp0cR
dt =
Γ2 c∗ At ρp aKi c∗
On integration,

(1−n) (1−n)
Vci p0cR2 − p0cR1
∆t = (2.23)
(1 − n) Γ2 c∗ At ρp aKi c∗
Equation 2.23 can be used to calculate the pressure time trace with step-
wise increment of pressure from the initial cavity-pressure up to the release
pressure of the nozzle closure. Thereafter Eq. 2.21 can be adopted to take
the cavity pressure close to the first equilibrium pressure p0cE 1 .
Figure 2.3: Typical pressure-time traces of solid propellant motors.
2.4.2 Equilibrium Operation

In this section we consider the performance prediction of equilibrium opera-
tion. Depending on propulsion requirements, different types of propellant
grains are designed. With respect to burned distance, propellant grains
may be designed to have near-constant burning area, increase in burning
area, decrease in burning area, or combination of the former three, Figure
2.3. The propellant grains of the first three types are known as near-
neutral grain, progressive grain, and regressive grain respectively
and these grains correspondingly give near-constant, continuous-increase,
and continuous-decrease in chamber pressures (and hence thrust) with re-
spect to time for a fixed area of nozzle throat.
Compared to its value during ignition transient or tail-off transient, the
modulus of the pressure gradient with respect to time is negligibly small
during equilibrium operation — more so for a near-neutral grain. We can,
therefore, assume a quasi steady-state operation during equilibrium
operation. Let us denote the chamber pressure during equilibrium oper-
ation as p0cE . Under the quasi steady-state operation, for a small time
interval ∆t, ∆p0cE /∆t = 0. This assumption simply means that for a
small incremental time of operation, the pressure is constant. If the curve
A in Figure Fig. 2.4 is the actual variation of p0cE versus time t, by the
quasi steady-state operation we try to calculate the variation of p0cE by
taking small time increments ∆ts during which ∆p0cE /∆t = 0. Evidently,
Figure 2.4: Effect of calculations with different time steps adopting

quasi steady-state assumption (schematic).
the accuracy of this assumption depends on the size of ∆t that we choose

— compare the curve C with larger time intervals with the curve B with
smaller time intervals. The error that occurs with the step wise increase in
time is cumulative. That is, the error that occurs in the first time step gets
added to the error that will occur in the next time step and so on. If the
calculations are done using a computer program, attaining the required
accuracy by choosing a suitably small ∆t is not an issue. Therefore, under
quasi steady-state assumption and assuming ρp ρ0cE , Eq. 2.12 becomes,
p0cE At
ρp Ab apn0cE = (2.24)
c∗
Equation 2.24is readily simplified to the form
1
p0cE = (ρp aKc∗ ) (1 − n) (2.25)
Equation 2.25 prompts us once again that the value of n from its de-
sirable value of less than unity should never approach close to unity. For a
selected propellant (ρp , a, and c∗ being constant) and a fixed nozzle config-
uration (At being constant), as the burning area Ab varies as per the grain
design the chamber equilibrium-pressure p0cE gets amplified by the value
of the factor 1/(1 − n) and hence this factor is known as amplification

factor. With a value of n close to unity the factor 1/(1 − n) assumes a
very high value giving a wild fluctuations in the equilibrium pressure for
small perturbations in the burning area Ab . To explain further the impor-
tance of the value of n, in Figure 2.5 the variations of chamber pressure for
a rocket motor of a progressive grain are shown for two propellants with
the values of n equal to 0.40 and 0.44. Note that the chamber equilibrium
pressure markedly increases for a meager 10 per cent increase in the value
of n.
Figure 2.5: Plot of equilibrium pressure for propellants with two

different values of burning rate index n. cylindrical grain length
= 140mm; dpi = 10mm; dt = 5mm; ṙ = 1.8 ∗ 10−5 pn m/s; p[P a].
That the value of K cannot be very high is another important design

principle that we learn from Eq. 2.25. With a very high initial-value
of K, apart from the high equilibrium pressure, the pressurization rate
is expected to be very high during ignition transient. This may give a
“hard start” with a high vehicle-acceleration and also an ignition peak
endangering the structural integrity of propellant grain as well as the motor
casing. Generally the values of K is kept between 100 and 2000.
On the point of view of propellant-grain design, we may note that a
large thrust may be required initially to accelerate a rocket vehicle to a
required velocity and once that velocity is achieved, the thrust required is
less. Under this condition for the chosen rocket motor, during the initial
“boost” phase the grain burning area is kept high and thereafter through
the “sustainer” phase the grain burning area can be less. Related to this,
the structural-design factors specified for a rocket vehicle that will influ-
ence the grain design are the maximum allowable vehicle-acceleration and
1 2 1 2
the aerodynamic pressure 2 ρa u = 2 γpa M experienced by the rocket
vehicle in flight. By the design practices being followed, allowable vehicle-
acceleration and aerodynamic-pressure are substantially lower for satellite
launch vehicles than those for small missiles and sounding rockets. Accel-
eration and aerodynamic pressure that are permissible for large satellite
launch vehicles are substantially less than 1.5g and 100kPa respectively.
Given the propellant properties (ρp , a, n, &c∗ ) and the nozzle throat
area At , the equilibrium operation can be determined through step-wise
increase of time intervals. The first equilibrium pressure can be calculated
from Eq. 2.25 from the initial grain burning area (burned distance yE1 = 0)
at its initial value of Ki = KE1 . For the chosen time interval ∆t and the
calculated equilibrium pressure p0cE 1 that is assumed constant for the time
interval, under quasi steady-state assumption the burned distance∆yE1 is
given by,
∆yE1 = ∆t apn0cE1

(2.26)
For the burned distance yE2 (yE2 = yE1 + ∆yE1 ) the corresponding grain
burning area AbE 2 is calculated, which gives KE2 . The next equilibrium
pressure p0cE 2 is calculated using again Eq. 2.25. This procedure is re-
peated until burnout.
In the above calculation-procedure through step wise increase of time
intervals, as previously noted, the error is cumulative. In order to avoid this
cumulative error, the equilibrium operation can be calculated also through
a slightly different method for a geometrically perfect grain configuration.
Note that for a geometrically perfect grain and a constant nozzle throat
area, the burning area Ab and hence K and the chamber-cavity volume
Vc are known algebraic functions of burned distance y. Recall dp0c /dt =
ṙdp0c /dy. Therefore Eq. 2.11 with the approximation that ρp ρ0cE can
be written as
aVc dp0cE (1−n)

= ρp aKc∗ − p0cE (2.27)
Γ c∗ A
2
t dy
As a first order approximation Eq. 2.25 can be differentiated with respect

to the burned distance y to give,
0
dp0cE p0cE K
= (2.28)
dy (1 − n) K
0
where K is the derivative of K with respect to the burned distance y.
Substituting Eq. 2.28 into Eq. 2.27 we get
0
a Vc K (1−n)
p0cE + p0cE − ρp aKc∗ = 0 (2.29)
(1 − n) Γ2 c∗ A t K
Equation 2.29 is an algebraic one. Although p0cE in Eq. 2.29 is implicit,
through a suitable procedure p0cE can be solved for any burned distance
y. The time coordinate at any y can be simultaneously obtained by nu-
merically integrating dy/apn0cE from burned distance 0 to y — refer Eq.
2.17.
Example 2. 1
A certain missile adopts a solid propellant rocket motor using a potassium
perchlorate based heterogeneous propellant of a high burning rate and a high
minimum-pressure for ignition. Initial grain burning area is 690 cm2 . Initial vol-
ume of chamber cavity is 420 cm3 . The propellant characteristics are the following.
Propellant density is 1770 kg/m3 . Experimental characteristic velocity is 1130
m/s. Ratio of specific heats γ is 1.27. Burning rate ṙ = 1.8836 × 10−5 p0.745 cm/s;
p is expressed in Pa. The nozzle throat diameter is 22mm. Because of the high
minimum-pressure for ignition, the motor has a nozzle closure to be relieved at
75bar. (a) Determine the ignition transient pressure trace from 1 bar to 95 per-
cent of the first equilibrium pressure. (b) Also compare the ignition transient
pressure trace if ignition were possible at a pressure a little above minimum chok-
ing pressure. Assume that the motor is being tested under standard sea level
conditions.
Solution Ignition transient has to be calculated first with a nozzle closure and
next after the rupture of the nozzle closure. Also the ignition transient, assuming
that ignition is possible at the minimum choking pressure, has to be calculated.
This is for the purpose of comparing the ignition transient with nozzle closure and
without nozzle closure. Necessary motor-dimensions and propellant properties are
given.
Assumptions It is assumed that the entire grain area is ignited instanta-
neously. Igniter mass is negligible. The chamber cavity is an adiabatic system
with a uniform total pressure throughout and the difference between the static-
and total-pressure is negligible.
Analysis
(a)
The ratio of initial burning area to throat area is given by
690.0 × 10−4 690.0 × 10−4

Ki = = = 181.516
(π/4) × 0.0222 3.8013 × 10−4
The first equilibrium pressure is given by,
1/(1−n)
p0cE1 = (ρp aKi c∗ )
1/(1−0.745)
= 1770 × 1.8836 × 10−7 × 181.516 × 1130
= 157.0 × 105 P a
The chamber pressure corresponding to 95% of the first equilibrium pressure

is 149.15 bar. The chamber pressure rise with nozzle closure is given by Eq. 2.23,

(1−n) (1−n)
Vci p0cR2 − p0cR1
∆t = (2.23)
(1 − n) Γ2 c∗ At ρp aKi c∗
γ+1
! ! 2.27
0.54
√ 2 2 (γ − 1) √ 2
Γ= γ = 1.27 = 0.6618
γ+1 1.27 + 1
Substituting the values in Eq. 2.23,
420 × 10−6
∆tR =
(1 − 0.745) × 0.66182 × 1130 × 3.8013 × 10−4

(1−n) (1−n)
p0cR2 − p0cR1
×
1770 × 1.8836 × 10−7 × 181.516 × 1130

(1−n) (1−n)
= 1.2802 × 10−4 p0cR2 − p0cR1
Starting from an initial chamber pressure p0cR1 of 1 bar, we can calculate the
time required for the chosen values chamber pressures up to 75 bar. The results
of the calculations are given in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Ignition transient with nozzle closure from an initial

pressure of 1 bar to 75 bar, Example 2. 1
p0cR2 (bar) ∆tR (ms) p0cR2 (bar) ∆tR (ms)
2 0.47 35 3.56
3 0.78 40 3.77
4 1.02 45 3.75
5 1.22 50 4.13
10 1.93 55 4.29
15 2.40 60 4.44
20 2.77 65 4.58
25 3.07 70 4.71
30 3.33 75 4.84
We see from the results of Table 2.1 that the motor with a nozzle closure
attains the chamber pressure of 75 bar in 4.84ms. On the attainment of 75bar,
the nozzle closure is relived and the nozzle flow is initiated. We have to now
calculate the ignition transient from 75 bar to a pressure close to the first equilib-
rium pressure. Mathematically it takes infinite time to reach the first equilibrium
pressure, Eq.2.21. This is because when p0cI2 takes the value of p0cE1 the de-
nominator within the logarithmic sign becomes zero; note ρp aKi c∗ is nothing but
the (1 − n)th power of the first equilibrium pressure p0cE 1 , Eq. 2.25. In practice
the ignition transient is calculated up to the chamber pressure that is 95% of the
first equilibrium pressure. We have to now use Eq.2.21 to determine the ignition
transient from 75 bar to 149.15 bar that is 95% of the first equilibrium pressure.
(1−n)
!
∆t = ln (2.21)
(1 − n) Γ2 c∗ At (1−n)
Substituting the values,

420 × 10−6
∆tI = ×
(1 − 0.745) 0.66182 × 1130 × 3.8013 × 10−4
0.255 !
1770 × 1.8836 × 10−7 × 181.516 × 1130 − 75 × 105
ln (1−n)
1770 × 1.8836 × 10−7 × 181.516 × 1130 − p0cI2
= 0.021564 − 8.7548 × 10−3 ln 68.3841 − p0.255

0cI2
Calculating the time intervals from the pressure of 75 bar (p0cI 1 ), at which the
nozzle closure gets relieved, to different pressure levels up to 95% of the first
equilibrium pressure, which is 149.15 bar, we get the time intervals as given in
Table 2.2
Table 2.2: Ignition transient after the nozzle closure is relieved at

75 bar, Example 2. 1
p0cI2 (bar) ∆tI (ms) ∆tRn + p0cI2 (bar) ∆tI (ms) ∆tRn +
∆tI (ms) ∆tI (ms)
80 0.73 5.57 125 9.74 14.58
85 1.49 6.33 130 11.35 16.19
90 2.28 7.12 135 13.26 18.10
95 3.12 7.96 140 15.63 20.47
100 4.01 8.85 145 18.79 23.63
105 4.96 9.80 149.15 22.60 27.44
110 5.98 10.82 150 23.62 28.46
115 7.10 11.94 155.43 36.82 41.66
120 8.34 13.18 156.21 42.91 47.75
The time interval ∆tI corresponds to the time taken for the chamber pressure
to rise to a pressure from 75 bar. In the previous calculation we have determined
the time interval ∆tRn as 4.84ms required for the pressure to rise from 1 bar to
75 bar. The total-time interval for the pressure to rise from 1 bar to a pressure
after the nozzle closure is relieved is ∆tRn + ∆tI where ∆tRn is 4.84ms, the time
elapsed at the relief of nozzle closure. These values are given in the third and the
sixth columns of Table 2.2.
(b)
Now we have to determine the ignition transient if there is no nozzle closure
and if ignition were possible at the minimum choking pressure. The minimum
choking pressure is given by
!γ/(γ−1)
5
γ+1
p0cI1 = 1.01325 × 10
2
!4.704
2.27
= 1.01325 × 105 = 1.838 × 105 P a
2
From this minimum choking pressure we can calculate the time interval for
various chamber pressures along the ignition transient. Substituting the values in
Eq.2.21,
420 × 10−6
∆tI = ×
(1 − 0.745) 0.66182 × 1130 × 3.8013 × 10−4
0.255 !
1770 × 1.8836 × 10−7 × 181.516 × 1130 − 1.838 × 105
ln (1−n)
1770 × 1.8836 × 10−7 × 181.516 × 1130 − p0cI2
= 0.03359 − 8.7548 × 10−3 ln 68.3841 − p0.255

0cI2
Calculating the time intervals from the minimum choking pressure of 1.838 bar
(p0cI 1 ) to different pressure levels up to 95% of the first equilibrium pressure,
which is 149.15 bar we get the time intervals as given in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Ignition transient without nozzle closure from the min-
imum choking pressure of 1.838 bar, Example 2. 1
p0cI2 (bar) ∆tI (ms) p0cI2 (bar) ∆tI (ms) p0cI2 (bar) ∆tI (ms)
2 0.10 60 9.97 120 20.38
5 1.31 65 10.64 125 21.78
10 2.60 70 11.33 130 23.39
15 3.59 75 12.04 135 25.30
20 4.45 80 12.77 140 27.67
25 5.22 85 13.53 145 30.83
30 5.95 90 14.32 149.15 34.64
35 6.64 95 15.16 150 35.66
40 7.32 100 16.04 155.43 48.86
45 7.98 105 16.99 156.22 54.95
50 8.64 110 18.02
55 9.30 115 19.14
Discussion These kinds of calculations are easily carried out using the spread-
sheet procedure, say Excel. From Tables 2.2 and 2.3, we note that with a nozzle
Figure 2.6: Comparison of ignition transients with and without a

nozzle closure.
closure the time required to reach 95% of the first equilibrium pressure is 27.44ms
against the time of 34.64ms without nozzle closure. Similarly longer time is re-
quired without nozzle closure to reach the specified pressure of 75bar. The two
ignition transient traces are plotted in Figure 2.6. Also note that as we approach
the first equilibrium pressure the ignition transient curve becomes asymptotic and
takes a longer time interval for the specified increment in pressure. To demon-
strate this we have calculated the time required to reach 99% and 99.5 % of first
equilibrium pressure, namely 155.43 bar and 156.22bar respectively. Although
nozzle closures are provided for the previously explained advantages, if the de-
signed rupture pressure is high, at the instant of the rupture, a sudden “impact”
of high thrust will be acting on the rocket vehicle resulting in a high acceleration.
Suitable structural strength for the rocket vehicle and safety of the vehicle com-
ponents, particularly the electronic ones, against the high acceleration are to be
ensured.
Even with optimally designed igniters, during motor firing no sooner the noz-
zle closure ruptures a downward kink will be mostly observed in the pressure-time
trace. This is due to the ensuing sudden nozzle-outflow.
Example 2. 2
A small solid propellant rocket motor has a tapered tubular grain with its
grain-ends inhibited. The taper of the grain port is 2o . Head-end port-diameter
of the grain is equal to 10mm. The length and outer diameter of the grain are
600mm and 100mm respectively. The nozzle with 40o convergence at the entry
has a throat diameter of 16mm. The length of the cylindrical chamber is 620mm.
The propellant density is 1750 kg/m3 . The experimental characteristic velocity is
1400 m/s. The burning rate is given by the equation ṙ = 1.2×10−2 p0.4 mm/s with
the unit of p in Pa. Calculate (a) the initial and the burnout burning areas, (b) the
sliver volume and the sliver fraction, (c) the propellant mass and its volumetric
loading fraction and the port-to-throat area ratio, and (d) the initial and burnout
equilibrium-pressure.
Solution The grain and motor dimensions are given. The properties of the
propellant are given. Initial and burnout burning areas are to be determined.
Sliver volume and its fraction have to be determined. Loaded propellant mass,
volumetric loading fraction, port-to-throat area ratio, and initial and burnout
equilibrium pressures are the other quantities to be determined. The sketch of the
motor is shown in Figure 2.7. The calculations are mainly towards the geometric
properties of the grain and the nozzle convergence, which are of the shapes of
truncated cones.
Figure 2.7: Schematic diagram of the rocket motor of Example 2.

2.
Assumptions Equilibrium pressure analysis is applicable. Every point on the

propellant surface moves perpendicular to the tangent plane at that point. Note
that this is an important property of propellant surface-movement and is applied
while analysing grain configurations. The propellant grain and the casing are
infinitely rigid and there is no deflection of these components.
Analysis
For SI units, the burning rate equation becomes,
ṙ = 1.2 × 10−5 p0.4 m/s
The grain port forms a truncated cone with a half cone angle of 2o with
a truncated height of 600mm. With 4o cone angle (2o taper), the initial port
diameter at nozzrle end can be calculated.
The initial port diameter at the nozzle end port diameter is given by
0.010 + 2 × 0.6 × Tan2o = 0.0519m
The height of the cone h1I with 0.0519 m base diameter and the height of the
cone h2I with 0.010m base diameter are given by,
0.0519
h11 = = 0.7431m
2 × Tan2o
0.01
h21 = = 0.1432m
2 × Tan2o
Similarly the slant lengths of the cones are
v !2
u
u 0.0519
s11 =t + 0.74312 = 0.7436m
2
v !2
u
u 0.01
s21 = t + 0.14322 = 0.1433m
2
(a)
The surface area of the cone is given by πrs. Therefore the initial burning
area is given by,
AbE1 = πr11 s11 − πr21 s21
!
0.0519
=π × 0.7431 − 0.005 × 0.1433 = 0.05833m2
2
At burnout the base diameter of the port at the nozzle end is 0.1m and the head
end diameter is given by [(0.1-0.0519) +0.01] = 0.0581m. The corresponding
heights and slant lengths at burnout are calculated.
0.1
h1n = = 1.4318m
2 × Tan2o
0.0581
h2n = = 0.8319m
2 × Tan2o
p
s1n = 0.052 + 1.43182 = 1.4327m
v !2
u
u 0.0581
s21 = t + 0.83192 = 0.8324m
2
The burnout burning area is given by,
AbEn = πr1n s1n − πr2n s2n
!
0.0581
= π 0.05 × 1.4327 − × 0.8324 = 0.14908m2
2
(b)
The initial port volume is given by
 !2 
1 0.0519
π × 0.7431 − 0.0052 × 0.1432
3 2
= 5.2027 × 10−4 m3
Initial propellant volume is given by
π
× 0.12 × 0.6 − 5.2027 × 10−4 = 4.1921 × 10−3 m3
4
The burnout port volume is given by
 !2 
1 0.0581
π 0.052 × 1.4318 − × 0.8319 = 3.0133 × 10−3 m3
3 2
The sliver volume is given by

π
× 0.12 × 0.6 − 3.0133 × 10−3 = 1.699 × 10−3 m3
4
The sliver fraction is given by
1.699 × 10−3
= 0.4053
4.1921 × 10−3
(c)
Propellant mass is given by
4.1921 × 10−3 × 1750 = 7.336kg
Volume of nozzle convergence cone is given by
!
1 0.05 0.008
π 0.052 × 2
o − 0.008 × = 1.5536 × 10−4 m3
3 Tan40 Tan40o
Total volume of the empty chamber is given by
π
× 0.12 × 0.62 + 1.5536 × 10−4 = 5.0248 × 10−3 m3
4
Propellant volume loading fraction is given by
4.1921 × 10−3
= 0.834
5.0248 × 10−3
Port to throat area ratio is generally considered with respect to nozzle end port
area. It is given by
0.05192
= 10.522
0.0162
(d)
Initial equilibrium pressure is given by
1/(1−n)
p0cE1 = (ρp aK1 c∗ )
 1/(1−0.4)
 0.05833 
= 1750 × 1.2 × 10−5 × × 1400
 
 π 
× 0.0162
4
= 35.61 × 105 P a
p0cE1 = 35.61 × 105 P a
Burnout equilibrium pressure is given by
1/(1−n)
p0cEn = (ρp aK1 c∗ )
 1/(1−0.4)
 0.14908 
= 1750 × 1.2 × 10−5 × × 1400
 
 π 
× 0.0162
4
= 170.109 × 105 P a
p0cEn = 170.109 × 105 P a
Discussion Port taper is given firstly for the easy retrieval of the grain man-
drel after the cast grain is cured. However, the taper for that purpose is generally
small, about 0.5o or so. The second reason can be to cater for a specific mission,
where in a long tail-off with substantial-thrust values is a requirement. The third
reason can be to avoid erosive burning of the propellant. Erosive burning is
the dependence of the burning rate on the cross flow properties of the burned
products over the burning surface and this is in addition to the burning rate be-
ing dependent on pressure. The phenomenon of erosive burning will be detailed
in Chapter 3 under Section 3.4. The solid propellant motor of the Example 2. 2
is one of progressive burning grain. The burning area increases with the burned
distance. As per our definition, the sliver propellant is the left-out propellant in
the motor at the instant that the flame front first touches the casing wall, which
is burnout. At complete burnout the sliver is zero. In the present Example, the
sliver fraction is 0.4053. More than 40% of the propellant is left-out at burnout.
This part of the propellant grain will give a regressive part of the pressuretime
trace. In total, the propellant grain is progressive initially and then becomes re-
gressive. Determination of equilibrium pressure, using Eq.2.25, can be continued
even after burnout until the propellant is consumed. We have to consider the
intersection of the line representing the surface of the grain at burnout with the
line representing the casing wall at 100mm diameter. Detailed analysis of tapered
grain is dealt in Example 2. 5.
Example 2. 3
A small solid rocket thruster contains a straight tubular grain of inner diam-
eter 9mm and outer diameter of 20mm. The ends of the grain are inhibited. The
grain length is 150mm. The nozzle throat diameter is 5mm. The empty volume
of the chamber is 55 cm3 . The properties of the solid propellant are the following.
ρp = 1860kg/m3 . ṙ = 1.25 × 10−5 p0.4 m/s with p in Pa. Characteristic velocity
c∗ is equal to 1590 m/s. γ = 1.25. (a) Calculate through equilibrium pressure
analysis the first- as well as burn-out-equilibrium pressures. (b) Compare your
results by adopting Eq. 2.25 with that using Eq. 2.29.
Figure 2.8: Schematic sketch of the solid propellant thruster of

Example 2. 3.
Solution Small solid rocket motors or liquid rocket engines are also known
as solid or liquid rocket thrusters. The thruster dimensions and the propellant
properties are given. The sketch of the solid rocket thruster is given in Figure 2.8.
The first equilibrium pressure as well as the burnout equilibrium pressure has to
be calculated through equilibrium analysis.
Assumptions Equation 2.25 assumes negligible density of combustion prod-
ucts and quasi-steady state. Equation 2.29 assumes negligible density of combus-
tion products but introduces a first order approximation without assuming quasi
steady state condition.
Analysis First let us check the applicability of the equilibrium pressure anal-
ysis. The port to throat area ratio is
Ap i 92
= = 3.24
At 52
Therefore we can adopt equilibrium pressure analysis. Volumetric propellant load-

ing fraction,
π
× 0.15 × 0.022 − 0.0092

Vp 4
= = 0.683
Vcf 55 × 10−6
(a)
Let us first calculate the equilibrium pressures adopting Eq. 2.25.
1
p0cE = (ρp aKc∗ ) (1 − n)
At the first equilibrium pressure the value of K is given by
π × 0.009 × 0.15
Kinitial = = 216
(π/4) 0.0052
At the burnout the value of K is given by
π × 0.020 × 0.15
Kburnout = = 480
(π/4) 0.0052
Therefore the first equilibrium pressure
1/0.6
p0cE1 = 1860 × 1.25 × 10−5 × 216 × 1590 = 31.90 × 105 P a
Similarly the burnout equilibrium pressure
1/0.6
p0cEn = 1860 × 1.25 × 10−5 × 480 × 1590 = 120.72 × 105 P a
(b)
Let us now calculate the equilibrium pressures using Eq. 2.29.
0
a Vc K (1−n)
p0cE + p0cE − ρp aKc∗ = 0
(1 − n) Γ2 c∗ At K
γ+1 2.25
! !
√ 2 2 (γ − 1) √ 2 0.5
Γ= γ = 1.25 = 0.6581
γ+1 2.25
π
At = × 0.0052 = 1.9635 × 10−5 m2
4
Initial and burnout chamber volumes are
π
Vcinitial = 55 × 10−6 − × 0.15 × 0.022 − 0.0092 = 17.42 × 10−6 m3

4
Vcburnout = 55 × 10−6 m3
0
Ab 8Lg (ri + y) 0 8Lg K 1
K= = K = =
At d2t d2t K (ri + y)
0 !
K 1 1
= = = 222.22m−1
K ri 0.0045
initial
0!
K 1 1
= = = 100.0m−1
K ro 0.01
burnout
On substituting the initial values into Eq. 2.29
1.25 × 10−5
0.6 × 0.6581 × 1590 × 1.9635 × 10−5
2
×17.42 × 10−6 × 222.22p0cE1
−5
+p0.6
0cE1 − 1860 × 1.25 × 10 × 216 × 1590 = 0
5.9646 × 10−6 p0cE1 + p0.6

0cE1 − 7984.8 = 0
The above equation can be solved iteratively.

First let us start with the value of equilibrium pressure that we got using Eq.
2.25. The fourth trial value in Table 2.4 has been calculated through interpolation.
Table 2.4: Iterative calculations for the initial equilibrium pressure

for Example 2. 3
No Trial 5.9646 × p0.6 0cE1 Error
p0cE 1 (Pa) 10−6 p0cE1 against
0
1 31.9 × 10 5 19.0271 7984.99 19.2177
2 31.8 × 105 18.9674 7969.96 4.1298
3 31.7 × 10 5 18.9078 7954.92 -10.9769
4 31.773 × 105 18.9511 7965.86 7.50×10−3
Since the error obtained in the fourth trial is very small the value of p0cE I = 31.773
bar is taken as the solution.
On substituting the burnout values into Eq. 2.29
1.25 × 10−5
× 55 × 10−6 × 100p0cEn
0.6 × 0.65812 × 1590 × 1.9635 × 10−5
−5
+p0.6
0cEn − 1860 × 1.25 × 10 × 480 × 1590 = 0
8.4744 × 10−6 p0cEn + p0.6

0cEn − 17744.4 = 0
Adopting the iterative procedure, the above equation can be solved.

In Table 2.5, the trial value of p0cE n in the third step has been obtained
through extrapolation and the trial value of p0cE n in the fifth step has been
obtained through interpolation. Since the error in the fifth step is very small the
value of p0cE n = 119.57 bar is taken as the solution.
Discussion The first equilibrium pressure p0ce1 = 31.9 bar is obtained using
Eq. 2.25 and p0ce1 = 31.773 bar by using Eq. 2.29. The difference is about 0.4
per cent. The burnout equilibrium pressure p0cE n = 120.72 bar by using Eq. 2.25
and p0cE n = 119.57 bar by using Eq. 2.29. The difference is about 1 per cent.
The variance is due to the accounting of pressure gradient in Eq.2.29. To explain
further, Eq. 2.29can be written in a form given below.
Table 2.5: Iterative calculations for the burnout equilibrium pres-

sure for Example 2. 3
No Trial 8.4744 × p0.6
0cEn Error
p0cE n (Pa) −6
10 p0cEn against
0
1 120.6 × 105 102.2013 17734.07 91.870
2 120.5 × 105 102.1165 17725.24 82.961
3 119.6 × 105 101.3538 17645.69 2.6463
4 119.5 × 10 5 101.269 17636.84 -6.2923
5 119.57 × 105 101.328 17643.04 -0.0753
1
!
0 (1 − n)
a Vc K
p0cE = ρp aKc∗ − p0cE
(1 − n) Γ2 c∗ A t K
Thus, the value of p0cE calculated using Eq. 2.25 differs from that calculated
0
using Eq. 2.29 depending on the value of the gradient K . As seen in the present
0
example, for a progressive grain with its positive K value, the p0cE through Eq.
2.25 will be more than the p0cE through Eq. 2.29. Extending this observation
0
further, for a regressive grain with its negative K value, the p0cE through Eq.
2.25 will be less than the p0cE through Eq. 2.29. There will be no difference in
0
the values for a neutral grain because its K value is zero.
2.4.3 Tail-off Transient after complete burnout
Recall the difference between burnout and complete burnout. The first
contact of flame front with the chamber liner is burnout. The propellant
left at burnout is the sliver. Complete burnout occurs at zero sliver. Dur-
ing the tail-off, the sliver burns with its burning area reducing at a fast
rate. Generally, this transient ends when the entire sliver is consumed,
which is complete burnout, along with the chamber pressure asymptoti-
cally reaching ambient pressure. However, in certain types of grains the
complete burnout can occur instantaneously with a substantial chamber
pressure. For example, theoretically a pure cylindrical grain as in Example
2. 3 can result in complete burnout instantaneously with a high chamber
pressure that has to get reduced to ambient pressure. This type of tail-off
following complete burnout with a high chamber pressure is considered in

the following analysis.
At the complete burnout, the propellant burning area Ab = 0, Vc is the
empty chamber volume Vcf , a constant. Therefore, Eq. 2.9, after some
manipulations can be written as,
dp0c −Γ2 At c∗
= dt (2.30)
p0c Vcf
On integrating and applying the limits of complete-burnout time tb with
the corresponding complete-burnout pressure of zero sliver (the last equi-
librium pressure p0cE n ) to any time under tail-off t with the corresponding
pressure under tail-off p0cT we get
!
Vcf p0cT
t = tb − ln (2.31)
Γ2 At c∗ p0cEn
For different values of tail-off transient pressures p0cT s, time t can be cal-
culated. Generally the tail-off transient is calculated until the tail-off pres-
sure p0cT is 10 % of the burnout pressure or until the nozzle gets unchoked,
whichever is earlier.
Example 2. 4
Calculate the tail-off transient for the rocket thruster of Example 2. 3.
Solution Adopting Eq. 2.31, the problem can be easily solved. From Example
2. 3 and its solution, the related known-values are the following. The chamber
pressure at burnout p0cE n = 120.72 bar. Γ = 0.6581. At = 1.9635 × 10−5 m2 .
c∗ = 1590m/s.. The chamber volume at complete burnout Vcf = 55 × 10−6 m3 .
We do not know the complete-burnout time. Arbitrarily we will keep it at 2s.
Assumptions Properties of combustion products are assumed to be same
during tail-off transient. It is further assumed that there is no degassing from the
liners and insulators.
Analysis
Recall Eq. 2.31
!
Vcf p0cT
t = tb − ln
Γ2 At c∗ p0cEn
Substituting the values into Eq.2.31,
!
55 × 10−6 p0cT
t=2− ln
0.65812 × 1.9635 × 10−5 × 1560 p0cEn
!
−3
p0cT
= 2 − 4.0677 × 10 ln
p0cEn
Calculating for different values of p0cT /p0cEn we can draw the tail-off transient
curve from the arbitrarily chosen complete-burnout time of 2s. Table 2.6 gives
the calculated values for the selected time intervals. Figure 2.9 shows the tail-off
transient curve.
Table 2.6: Tail-off transient-calculation results, Example 2. 4

Time(ms) p0cT (bar) Time(ms) p0cT (bar) Time(ms) p0cT (bar)
2000 120.72 2004.51 39.84 2009.79 10.86
(burnout)
2000.52 106.23 2005.04 35.01 2010.82 8.45
2001.01 94.16 2005.48 31.39 2011.44 7.24
2001.51 83.30 2005.98 27.77 2012.19 6.04
2002.01 73.64 2006.55 24.14 2013.09 4.83
2002.51 65.19 2006.98 21.73 2014.26 3.62
2003.07 56.74 2008.00 16.90 2015.91 2.41
2003.53 50.70 2008.98 13.28 2017.06 1.82 b
2004.04 44.67 2009.37 12.07 a
a 10% of burnout pressure.

b Limit of nozzle choking for standard sea level ambient pressure.
Discussion Here we have not calculated the complete-burnout time but have
taken arbitrarily its value as 2s. Generally the tail-off transient is calculated up to
10% of the burnout pressure, in this case the complete-burnout pressure. However,
as explained previously, tail-off transient can be for a long period, particularly at
high altitudes and in space environment. To demonstrate this, the points of tail-
off transient are calculated beyond 10% of the burnout pressure until the nozzle
gets unchocked for standard sea level condition. These points are also given in
Table 2.6.
Example 2. 5
A composite propellant, containing ammonium perchlorate as an oxidizer,
hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene and aluminium as fuels, has the following
Figure 2.9: Tail-off transient of the rocket thruster of Example 2.

4.
characteristics. Density = 1780 kg/m3 . Ratio of specific heats γ = 1.17, exper-

imental characteristic velocity = 1560 m/s. Burning rate equation is given by
ṙ = 2.814 × 10−5 p0.35 m/s — p is expressed in P a. Using this propellant a case
bonded solid rocket motor is to be designed with a tapered cylindrical grain. The
first trial dimensions of the grain are the following. Head end port diameter =
50mm. Taper angle = 1.5o . Grain length = 2400mm. The grain outer-diameter =
400mm. The ends of the grain are inhibited. The nozzle convergence angle is 40o .
The head-end free volume and the plenum may be taken as 0.070m3 . (a) If the
initial equilibrium pressure has to be 25 bar, calculate the nozzle throat diameter
in mm. (b) Determine the port-to-throat ratio and propellant volumetric loading
fraction. (c) Calculate the entire pressure-time trace.
Figure 2.10: Schematic sketch of the rocket motor of Example 2.

5.
Solution Properties of the solid propellant to be used are given. Dimensions

of rocket motor are given. A tapered ends-inhibited case-bonded cylindrical grain
is to be used. Its outer diameter, head-end port diameter, and port-taper angle
are given. The nozzle-end port diameter has to be calculated. For the specified
first equilibrium pressure of 25 bar the throat diameter of the nozzle has to be
Table 2.7: Grain characteristics of cylindrical segment

Phase I: 0 ≤ y ≤ (rc − rhi − l tan θ) cos θ
Head- rh = rhi + y/cos θ
end port
radius
Nozzle rn = rhi + l tan θ + y/cos θ
end port
radius
Vp = πrc2 l − [π/(3 tan θ)]
Propellant h i
(rhi + l tan θ + y/cos θ)3 − (rhi + y/cos θ)3
volume . h i
Burnout Vs = πrc2 l − π (3 tan θ) rc3 − (rc − l tan θ)3
sliver
volume
Burning Ab = (πl/cos θ) [2 (rhi + y/cos θ) + l tan θ]
area
Burning Abbo = (πl/cos θ) (2rc − l tan θ)
area at
burnout
Phase II: (rc − rhi − l tan θ) cos θ ≤ y ≤ (rc − rhi ) cos θ
Head- rh = rhi + y/cos θ
end port
radius
Nozzle rn = rc
end port
radius
Grain l = (rc − rhi − y/cos θ)/tan θ
length ( 2 )
rhc (rc − rhi − y/cos θ)i.
−
Sliver Vp = (π/tan θ)
rc3 − (rhi + y/cos θ)3 3
volume h i
Burning Ab = (π/sin θ) rc2 − (rhi + y/cos θ)2
area
determined. The port-to-throat ratio and the propellant volumetric loading frac-
tion have to be determined. The entire pressure-time trace for the rocket motor
has to be obtained.
Cylindrical grain is a quite frequently adopted configuration for all classes
of solid rocket motors. Small thrusters to very large boosters of satellite launch
vehicles, and long range missiles adopt this configuration. For example the solid
rocket booster (SRB) of space shuttle has two pure cylindrical segments, as given
in this Example, and one nozzle-end cylindrical segment. SRB's head end segment
is a bit complicated configuration known as finocyl. In view of the importance of

the cylindrical configuration we shall first derive the general governing-equations
for a cylindrical grain and then use those equations to solve the present numerical
problem. A schematic sketch of the rocket motor is given in Figure 2.10.
Assumptions (1) Equilibrium pressure analysis is applicable. (2) Igniter
mass is negligible. (3) At time zero, the complete grain is ignited and the nozzle is
just choked. (4) Ignition transient occurs with a negligible burned distance — the
burning area Ab and the initial chamber-cavity-volume Vci are constant. (5) The
flow due to the inhibitor fragments is negligible and the liner and insulator do not
decompose. (6) The rocket motor is operating in sea level standard atmosphere.
(7) During the motor operation, the grain is infinitely rigid and hence does not
deflect due to pressure variations.
Analysis
With reference to Figure 2.10, we have two phases of burning. First one is of
a progressive phase until burnout and the second one, towards complete burnout,
is a regressive phase of sliver burning. These two phases can be given by the
limits. The first phase is for the range of burned distance y,
0 ≤ y ≤ (rc − rhi − l tan θ) cos θ
And, the second phase is for the range of burned distance y,
(rc − rhi − l tan θ) cos θ ≤ y ≤ (rc − rhi ) cos θ
For these two phases of burning, equations can be derived for propellant volume,
sliver volume, and burning area. The derivation, based mainly on geometrical
properties, is straight forward one. The derived equations are given in Table 2.7.
(a)
Let us first calculate the nozzle-end initial diameter of the grain port. This is
given by
dni = 2 × rni = 2 (rhi + l tan θ) = 2 × (0.025 + 2.4 tan(1.5)) = 0.1757m
The first equilibrium pressure can be determined through Eq.2.25,
1
p0cE = (ρp aKc∗ ) (1 − n)
Substituting the values in Eq.2.25,
1/(1−0.35)
25 × 105 = 1780 × 2.814 × 10−5 × Ki × 1560
Ki = 184.41
During the first phase of burning, the grain burning area is given by,
Ab = (πl/cos θ) [2 (rhi + y/cos θ) + l tan θ]
The initial grain burning area is obtained with y = 0. Substituting the values,
π × 2.4
Ab i = [2 × 0.025 + 2.4 × tan(1.5)] = 0.8511m2
cos(1.5)
Abi 0.8511
Ki = ⇒ 184.41 = ⇒
At At
At = 4.615 × 10−3 m2 ⇒ Dt = 76.66mm
Throat diameter = 76.66mm (say 76.7mm)

(b)
2
The port to throat area ratio = (0.1757/0.07666) = 5.25.
As the port-to-throat area ratio is greater than 3 we can adopt equilibrium
pressure analysis.
The chamber empty volume comprises of (i) empty cylindrical volume includ-
ing plenum and head end free volume and (ii) nozzle convergence volume. Empty
cylindrical volume including plenum and head-end free volume is given by,
Vcf1 = πrc2 l + 0.070 = π × 0.22 × 2.4 + 0.070 = 0.37159m3
Nozzle convergence volume is given by

π
0.23 − 0.0383293 = 9.9137 × 10−3 m3

Vcf2 =
3 × tan 40
Therefore the chamber empty volume
Vcf = 0.37159 + 9.9137 × 10−3 = 0.3815m3
Initial propellant volume is given by,
Vp = πrc2 l − [π/(3 tan θ)]

h i
3 3
(rhi + l tan θ + y/cos θ) − (rhi + y/cos θ)
where y = 0. Substituting the values,
Vp = π × 0.22 × 2.4 − [π/(3 × tan (1.5))]

h i
3 3
(0.025 + 2.4 × tan (1.5)) − (0.025) = 0.2751m3
Therefore the propellant volumetric loading fraction is given by
0.2751/0.3815 = 0.721
This value being less than 75%, the motor further qualifies for a low performance
class and equilibrium pressure analysis is applicable.
(c)
Before determining the pressure-time trace during equilibrium operation, we
have to calculate the ignition transient. This transient can be determined using
Eq.2.21
(1−n)
!
∆t = ln
(1 − n) Γ2 c∗ At (1−n)
The initial free volume comprises of initial port volume, plenum, head-end free
volume, and nozzle-convergence volume. The plenum and head-end free vol-
ume is given as 0.070m3 . We have calculated the nozzle convergence volume
as 9.9137x10−3 m3 . Now we have to calculate the initial port volume. Initial port
volume is given by the equation (refer Table 2.7)
π h
3 3
i
Vporti = (rhi + l tan θ) − (rhi )
3 tan θ
π h
3
i
Vporti = (0.025 + 2.4 × tan (1.5)) − 0.0253
3 tan (1.5)
= 0.026485m3
Therefore the initial-total free volume
Vci = 0.026485 + 0.070 + 9.9137 × 10−3 = 0.10640m3
For the given value of γ = 1.17,
!(1.17+1)/[2(1.17−1)]
√ 2
Γ= 1.17 = 0.6426
1.17 + 1
We have to determine the ignition transient from the minimum chamber pres-
sure at which the nozzle chokes. For the sea level standard atmospheric pressure
of 1.01325 bar, the minimum chamber pressure for choking condition is given by,
!γ/(γ−1) !1.17/0.17
γ+1 5
2.17
p0cI1 = pa = 1.01325 × 10 ×
2 2
= 177646.5P a
Theoretically, as explained previously, it requires infinite time to reach the first

equilibrium pressure by adopting Eq. 2.21 and therefore, as practiced usually, we
will have to stop the ignition transient calculations when the ignition transient
pressure reaches 95% of the first equilibrium pressure, that is, p0cIn = 0.95 × 25 =
23.75bar.
Substituting the values in Eq. 2.21,
0.10640
∆t =
(1 − 0.35) × 0.64262 × 1560 × 4.615 × 10−3
!
1780 × 2.814 × 10−5 × 184.41 × 1560 − 177646.50.65
× ln
1780 × 2.814 × 10−5 × 184.41 × 1560 − p0.65
0cI2

= 0.05506 × 9.378088 − ln 14410 − p0.65
0CI2
Table 2.8: Ignition transient, Example 2. 5

Time(s) p0cI a Time(s) p0cI a Time(s) p0cI a Time(s) p0cI a
0.00E +0 1.78 4.25E −2 12 1.51E −1 23 1.90E −1 24
9.72E −4 2 4.75E −2 13 1.54E −1 23.1 1.96E −1 24.1
5.11E −3 3 5.29E −2 14 1.57E −1 23.2 2.02E −1 24.2
9.06E −3 4 5.87E −2 15 1.60E −1 23.3 2.09E −1 24.3
1.30E −2 5 6.50E −2 16 1.64E −1 23.4 2.18E −1 24.4
1.68E −2 6 7.21E −2 17 1.67E −1 23.5 2.28E −1 24.5
2.08E −2 7 7.99E −2 18 1.71E −1 23.6 2.40E −1 24.6
2.48E −2 8 8.89E −2 19 1.75E −1 23.7 2.56E −1 24.7
2.89E −2 9 9.94E −2 20 1.78E −1 23.8b 2.66E −1 24.8c
3.32E −2 10 1.12E −1 21 1.80E −1 23.8
3.77E −2 11 1.28E −1 22 1.84E −1 23.9
a p0cI expressed in bar.
b Pressure corresponds to 95% of first equilibrium pressure.
c Pressure corresponds to 99% of first equilibrium pressure.
Starting from the first choking pressure of 1.78 bar, for the increasing values
of chamber pressure we can calculate the time interval. The upper limit for the
pressure is 0.95 of the first equilibrium pressure, namely, 23.75 bar. The calculated
results are given in Table 2.8.
Burnout occurs at the nozzle end and this burned distance is given by,
ybo = (rc − rhi − l tan θ) cos θ

ybo 1 = [0.2 − 0.025 − 2.4 × tan(1.5)] cos(1.5) = 0.1121m
At the burnout the propellant volume, the sliver volume, is given by,
Vp = π × 0.22 × 2.4
3
 
(0.025 + 2.4 × tan(1.5) + 0.1121/cos(1.5))
− [π/(3 × tan(1.5))] 
 

3
−(0.025 + 0.1121/cos(1.5))
= 0.08484m3
Therefore the sliver fraction at the first burnout is 0.08484/0.2751 =

0.3084.
During the first phase of the burning (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.1121m) we can calculate the
propellant burning area using the equation,
Ab = (πl/cos θ) [2 (rhi + y/cos θ) + l tan θ]
Ab = [2.4π/cos (1.5)] [2 (0.025 + y/cos (1.5)) + 2.4 tan (1.5)]
= 0.8511 + 15.09y
Using the above relation, we can calculate the burning areas for different burned
distances. Corresponding values of K are given by,
Ab 0.8511 + 15.09y
K= = = 184.41 + 3267.772y
At 4.615 × 10−3
Corresponding equilibrium pressures can be calculated using Eq. 2.25.
1
p0cE = (ρp aKc∗ ) (1 − n)
1.5385
p0cE = 1780 × 2.814 × 10−5 × (184.410 + 3267.772y) × 1560
1.5385
= 816.918 × (184.410 + 3267.772y)
For different values of burned distances within the range of first phase, we can
calculate the equilibrium pressures and the same are given in Table 2.9.
At the end of the second phase, the sliver is completely consumed. This
second phase is given by,
(rc − rhi − l tan θ) cos θ ≤ y ≤ (rc − rhi ) cos θ
Table 2.9: Equilibrium operation during the first phase burning:

pressure versus burned-distance, Example 2. 5
y (mm)Ab m2 Vp m3 y (mm)Ab m2 Vp m3

p0cE (bar) p0cE (bar)
0 0.85113 0.27511 25.00 58 1.72635 0.20036 74.21
2 0.88131 0.27338 26.38 60 1.75653 0.19688 76.21
4 0.91149 0.27158 27.78 62 1.78671 0.19333 78.24
6 0.94167 0.26973 29.21 64 1.81689 0.18973 80.28
8 0.97185 0.26782 30.66 66 1.84707 0.18607 82.34
10 1.00203 0.26584 32.14 68 1.87725 0.18234 84.42
12 1.03221 0.26381 33.64 70 1.90743 0.17856 86.52
14 1.06239 0.26171 35.16 72 1.93761 0.17471 88.63
16 1.09257 0.25956 36.71 74 1.96779 0.17081 90.76
18 1.12275 0.25734 38.28 76 1.99797 0.16684 92.91
20 1.15293 0.25507 39.88 78 2.02815 0.16282 95.08
22 1.18311 0.25273 41.49 80 2.05833 0.15873 97.27
24 1.21329 0.25033 43.13 82 2.08851 0.15458 99.47
26 1.24347 0.24788 44.80 84 2.11869 0.15038 101.69
28 1.27365 0.24536 46.48 86 2.14887 0.14611 103.93
30 1.30383 0.24278 48.18 88 2.17905 0.14178 106.18
32 1.33401 0.24015 49.91 90 2.20923 0.13739 108.45
34 1.36419 0.23745 51.66 92 2.23941 0.13294 110.74
36 1.39437 0.23469 53.43 94 2.26959 0.12843 113.04
38 1.42455 0.23187 55.22 96 2.29977 0.12386 115.37
40 1.45473 0.22899 57.03 98 2.32995 0.11923 117.70
42 1.48491 0.22605 58.86 100 2.36013 0.11454 120.06
44 1.51509 0.22305 60.71 102 2.39031 0.10979 122.43
46 1.54527 0.21999 62.58 104 2.42049 0.10498 124.81
48 1.57545 0.21687 64.47 106 2.45067 0.10011 127.21
50 1.60563 0.21369 66.38 108 2.48085 0.09518 129.63
52 1.63581 0.21045 68.31 110 2.51103 0.09019 132.07
54 1.66599 0.20715 70.25 112 2.54121 0.08514 134.52
56 1.69617 0.20378 72.22 112.12 2.54295 0.08484 134.66
0.11212m ≤ y ≤ 0.17494m
During the second phase, sliver burning area and sliver volume are given by,
h i
2
Ab = (π/sin θ) rc2 − (rhi + y/cos θ)
( )
rc2h(rc − rhi − y/cos θ) i.
Vp = (π/tan θ) 3
− rc3 − (rhi + y/cos θ) 3
2
Ab = 4.8005 − 120.0137 × (0.025 + 1.0003y)
Vp = 4.7989 × (0.175 − 1.0003y)

h i
3
−39.9909 × 8 × 10−3 + (0.025 + 1.0003y)
The K is given by,
2
Ab 4.8005 − 120.0137 × (0.025 + 1.0003y)
K= =
At 4.615 × 10−3
2
= 1040.20 − 26005.13 × (0.025 + 1.0003y)
Corresponding equilibrium pressures can be calculated using Eq. 2.25.
1
p0cE = (ρp aKc∗ ) (1 − n)
1.5385
p0cE = 816.918 × K
Substituting different values of burned distances we can calculate the values of

equilibrium pressures. The results of the calculations are given in Table 2.10.
In Table 2.11 chamber-pressure values against time are given for the ignition
transient — note that we have assumed zero burned distance during ignition
transient. In Tables 2.12 and 2.13 chamber-pressure values are given against time
for the burning durations of phases 1 and 2 respectively. While the values in Table
2.12 are before burnout, those in Table 2.13 are after burnout corresponding to
the sliver burning. The pressure-time trace of the rocket motor is given in Figure
2.11.
Discussion The generalized cylindrical grain, an important grain configura-
tion adopted in solid rocket motors of different applications, is analyzed. The
pressure-time trace comprising ignition transient and equilibrium operation has
been determined. Tail-off transient is the result of the regressivity of the sliver
burning and was calculated under equilibrium operation, Eq. 2.25. Equation
2.31 is applicable only at zero sliver and when the chamber pressure is sufficiently
above the minimum pressure required for the choking of nozzle. In the present
Example, therefore, Eq. 2.31 was not applicable.
Figure 2.11: Pressure-time trace of the rocket motor of Example

2. 5.
Table 2.10: Equilibrium operation during second phase burning

(sliver burning) pressure versus burned-distance, Example 2. 5
Ab m2 Vp m3

y (mm) p0cE (bar)
112.1154 2.5429496 0.0848432 134.6584
114 2.4804595 0.0801095 129.6014
116 2.4132099 0.0752157 124.2353
118 2.3449994 0.0704573 118.8741
120 2.2758283 0.0658363 113.5226
122 2.2056963 0.0613546 108.1855
124 2.1346036 0.0570142 102.8677
126 2.0625501 0.0528169 97.57448
128 1.9895358 0.0487646 92.31135
130 1.9155608 0.0448594 87.08402
132 1.840625 0.041103 81.89851
134 1.7647285 0.0374975 76.76115
136 1.6878712 0.0340447 71.67864
138 1.6100531 0.0307467 66.65806
140 1.5312742 0.0276052 61.70692
142 1.4515346 0.0246222 56.83321
144 1.3708342 0.0217997 52.04548
146 1.289173 0.0191395 47.3529
148 1.2065511 0.0166436 42.76534
150 1.1229684 0.0143139 38.29354
152 1.0384249 0.0121524 33.94919
154 0.9529207 0.0101609 29.74518
156 0.8664556 0.0083413 25.6958
158 0.7790299 0.0066957 21.81711
160 0.6906433 0.0052259 18.12739
162 0.601296 0.0039338 14.64782
164 0.5109879 0.0028213 11.4035
166 0.4197191 0.0018905 8.42507
168 0.3274895 0.0011431 5.751575
170 0.2342991 0.0005811 3.436002
172 0.1401479 0.0002065 1.558452
174 0.045036 2.118E-05 0.271763
174.94 1.53E-06 2.436E-14 3.62E-08
Table 2.11: Ignition transient: pressure-time trace

t(s) y(m) p0E (bar) t(s) y(m) p0E (bar)
0.000 0 0.000 0.072 0 17.000
0.001 0 2.000 0.080 0 18.000
0.005 0 3.000 0.089 0 19.000
0.009 0 4.000 0.099 0 20.000
0.013 0 5.000 0.112 0 21.000
0.017 0 6.000 0.128 0 22.000
0.021 0 7.000 0.151 0 23.000
0.025 0 8.000 0.154 0 23.100
0.029 0 9.000 0.157 0 23.200
0.033 0 10.000 0.160 0 23.300
0.038 0 11.000 0.164 0 23.400
0.042 0 12.000 0.167 0 23.500
0.048 0 13.000 0.171 0 23.600
0.053 0 14.000 0.175 0 23.700
0.059 0 15.000 0.177 0 23.750
0.065 0 16.000
Table 2.12: First phase of equilibrium operation: pressure-time

trace, Example 2. 5
t(s) y(mm) p0E (bar) t(s) y(mm) p0E (bar)
0.177 0.000 25 9.839 58.000 74.208
0.583 2.000 26.377 10.117 60.000 76.213
0.981 4.000 27.779 10.394 62.000 78.237
1.373 6.000 29.207 10.667 64.000 80.279
1.758 8.000 30.659 10.938 66.000 82.34
2.136 10.000 32.136 11.207 68.000 84.419
2.508 12.000 33.637 11.473 70.000 86.516
2.874 14.000 35.162 11.738 72.000 88.631
3.235 16.000 36.711 12.000 74.000 90.764
3.591 18.000 38.282 12.259 76.000 92.914
3.941 20.000 39.877 12.517 78.000 95.082
4.287 22.000 41.494 12.773 80.000 97.268
4.627 24.000 43.133 13.026 82.000 99.47
4.964 26.000 44.795 13.278 84.000 101.69
5.295 28.000 46.479 13.528 86.000 103.927
5.623 30.000 48.184 13.776 88.000 106.181
5.947 32.000 49.91 14.022 90.000 108.452
6.266 34.000 51.658 14.266 92.000 110.74
6.582 36.000 53.427 14.508 94.000 113.044
6.894 38.000 55.216 14.749 96.000 115.365
7.203 40.000 57.026 14.988 98.000 117.703
7.508 42.000 58.856 15.225 100.000 120.056
7.81 44.000 60.707 15.461 102.000 122.426
8.109 46.000 62.577 15.695 104.000 124.812
8.405 48.000 64.467 15.928 106.000 127.215
8.697 50.000 66.377 16.159 108.000 129.633
8.987 52.000 68.306 16.388 110.000 132.067
9.274 54.000 70.254 16.616 112.000 134.517
9.558 56.000 72.222 16.63 112.115 134.659
Table 2.13: Second phase of equilibrium operation (tail-off tran-

sient): pressure-time trace
t(s) y(mm) p0E (bar) t(s) y(mm) p0E (bar)
16.63 112.115 134.658 21.153 146 47.353
16.845 114 129.601 21.487 148 42.765
17.077 116 124.235 21.833 150 38.294
17.313 118 118.874 22.193 152 33.949
17.552 120 113.523 22.57 154 29.745
17.795 122 108.185 22.965 156 25.696
18.043 124 102.868 23.382 158 21.817
18.295 126 97.574 23.826 160 18.127
18.552 128 92.311 24.301 162 14.648
18.814 130 87.084 24.817 164 11.403
19.081 132 81.899 25.385 166 8.425
19.355 134 76.761 26.024 168 5.752
19.635 136 71.679 26.771 170 3.436
19.921 138 66.658 27.704 172 1.558
20.216 140 61.707 29.107 174 0.272
20.519 142 56.833 30.974 174.94 0
20.831 144 52.045
Chapter 3
Incremental Analysis
3.1 Frozen Flow Versus Shifting Equilibrium Flow
As mentioned previously, the incremental analysis is more rigorous and in-

volved than the equilibrium-pressure analysis and it is adopted for the high
performance motors, which are characterized by low port-to-throat area ra-
tios less than 3 to 4 and high volumetric loading fractions of propellant
(Vpi /Vcf ). In such motors the average velocity of combustion products in-
side the grain-port is high and the total- and static-pressures substantially
drop along the port because of mass addition. Furthermore, the static pres-
sure is significantly less than the total pressure. The total-pressure drop,
that is a loss, occurs essentially because of the continuous mass addition of
combustion products along the port. Recall that you have learned in gas
dynamics that in a pipe flow, the loss of total pressure occurs due to one or
more of the following: friction, heat addition, and mass addition. On the
other hand, the drops along the port in static-pressure and -temperature,
ideally not being losses, are due to flow acceleration consequent to the
mass addition.
Before learning the elements of incremental analysis, we should first
look into the two different assumptions generally adopted in analyzing the
flow of propellant combustion-products. The two assumptions are frozen-
flow assumption and shifting-equilibrium flow assumption. Solid
rocket propellants contain different chemicals, typically of the elements car-
bon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine, and usually a metallic fuel –
mostly aluminum from the possible group of aluminum, boron, magnesium,
61
62 CHAPTER 3. INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS
and zirconium. For example a typical heterogeneous solid propellant con-

tains fine particles of the oxidizer ammonium perchlorate N H4 ClO4 and
the fuel aluminum. The particles of the both are randomly distributed by
mixing with a liquid pre-polymer fuel, say hydroxyl-terminated polybuta-
diene (HTPB, a pre-polymer compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen).
By adding a suitable chemical, the mix is subsequently cured into a solid
form. Furthermore, in order to “tailor” the processing-, burning-, as well
as structural-characteristics, small quantities of additive compounds of a
few additional elements may be added to the propellant mix during mixing.
Therefore, with several elements involved, a large number of species num-
bering to about 200 or more are to be considered to determine iteratively
the most significant species of the combustion equilibrium-composition and
the related properties such as molar mass m̄ and ratio of specific heats γ.
Most of the species are in gaseous phase with a few of them being in liquid
and/or solid phase. For example, at a chosen flow condition of combustion
products from an aluminized propellant, particulates of alumina Al2 O3 can
be in liquid as well as solid phase or in one of the phases.
With the mass addition along a constant-area port, the port flow, that
can be taken as an adiabatic one, has to accelerate with a drop in its
static-temperature as well as -pressure. Under this condition, if sufficient
time is available, some of the dissociated species in the combustion prod-
ucts such as CO, OH, H, and O may recombine to form stable species
of CO2 , and H2 O . Possibly, the fine liquid particulates of Al2 O3 may
partially or fully get solidified. With such a scenario we visualize that, if
sufficient time is available for the recombination to take place, the equilib-
rium composition of the combustion products changes (“shifts”) from one
condition of static-temperature and -pressure to another with the change in
flow velocity. Realize further that for each such condition, the equilibrium
composition has to be calculated considering about 200 or more species
to identify iteratively the most significant ones. Therefore, in summary,
we can say that under the shifting-equilibrium-flow assumption the equi-
librium composition of propellant-combustion, with the conserved stag-
nation enthalpy, changes as per the flow conditions. Having understood
the features of shifting-equilibrium flow assumption, it follows obviously
that under frozen flow assumption, with the conserved stagnation enthalpy,
the equilibrium composition of propellant combustion is constant, that is
3.1. FROZEN FLOW VERSUS SHIFTING EQUILIBRIUM FLOW 63
“frozen”.
Shifting equilibrium-flow assumption and frozen-flow assumption the-
oretically represent the two extremes of flow behavior and rocket perfor-
mance. On the point of view of chemical kinetics, we can say that the shift-
ing equilibrium flow assumes relatively a negligible reaction-time against
the flow-residence time. By the same token, the frozen flow assumes a neg-
ligible flow-residence time against the reaction time. Actual performance
of a rocket motor is expected to be closer to the results of one of the as-
sumptions and it largely depends on the propellant composition, barring
other realities in the motor. The determination of equilibrium composi-
tion of propellant-combustion and other thermodynamic-properties have
to be carried out adopting complex computer-programs. Under shifting
equilibrium-flow assumption, it is extremely complex to develop a com-
puter program to calculate the compositions of combustion products for
changing flow conditions along the port and subsequently along the rocket
nozzle, and then to calculate the rocket performance. Programs such as
CEC71 and CEA [Refs.[1] [2]] can calculate the rocket performance adopt-
ing any one or combination of the two assumptions — for example the
combination of equilibrium flow up to the nozzle throat and frozen flow
thereafter. In industries, with the availability of such programs, adopting
high speed computers, rocket performance calculations are carried out and
analyzed exhaustively before finalizing the design.
In Table 3.1, the results of an isentropic shifting-equilibrium flow of
combustion products are presented. The flow is calculated at a cham-
ber total-pressure of 6.895 MPa (1000 psia) for a heterogeneous solid-
propellant of composition of ammonium perchlorate: HTPB: aluminium
= 69:12:19. The calculated results are from the program CEC71 [Ref. [1]].
The program identifies 238 species to be the possible products of combus-
tion. For the specified mole fractions of significance greater than 0.00001
the program iteratively finds 18 species for all assigned conditions. The
mole fractions of these species are given in Table 3.1. The results show how
the properties and composition change in an isentropic shifting-equilibrium
flow. The first row of the table represents area ratios with respect to the
nozzle throat-area. The second cell of the first row of the table represents
the stagnation or total condition and hence A/At = ∞. Next two cells,
representing subsonic flow at the port exit, are for the port-to-throat area
ratios of 4 and 1.5, which can be taken as representative cases of low-

performance and high-performance rocket motors respectively. In the fifth
cell of the first row A/At = 1, represents the throat section. The last
two cells represent the supersonic-flow conditions, which have the ratios of
exit area to throat area of the nozzle (Ae /At ) at 1.6667 and 9.19. These
two nozzle area ratios correspond to the nozzle pressure ratios 6 and 70
respectively. The numbers in the 2nd to 6th rows are the corresponding
values of Mach number, temperature, nozzle pressure-ratio, molar mass,
and isentropic exponent along the port and nozzle [Isentropic exponent
γs is defined as γs ≡ γ/(∂ ln v/∂ ln p)T where γ is the specific heat ratio.
For more details on γs refer [3]]. The numbers in other rows represent the
mole fractions of the combustion product species.
Table 3.1: Results of a typical shifting equilibrium flow calculation

using program CEC71
A/At ∞ 4 1.5 1 1.6667a 9.1900a
M 0 0.151 0.44 1 2.026 3.163
T (K) 3027 3021 2979 2789 2327 1561
p0 /p 1 1.0134 1.1193 1.7617 6 70
m̄c (kg/kgmol)23.49 23.491 23.503 23.551 23.624 23.649
γs 1.1724 1.1727 1.1744 1.1828 0.9993 1.2306
ALCL 0.00117 0.00115 0.00098 0.00043 0.00003 0
ALCL2 0.00016 0.00015 0.00013 0.00006 0 0
ALCL3 0.00016 0.00016 0.00015 0.00011 0.00003 0
ALOH 0.00082 0.0008 0.00067 0.00027 0.00001 0
ALOHCL 0.00019 0.00018 0.00015 0.00006 0 0
ALOHCL2 0.0007 0.00069 0.00063 0.00041 0.0001 0
AL(OH)2CL 0.00019 0.00019 0.00017 0.0001 0.00002 0
CO 0.2877 0.28771 0.28777 0.28787 0.28653 0.2762
CO2 0.01294 0.01295 0.01304 0.01356 0.01583 0.02649
CL 0.00314 0.00311 0.0029 0.00199 0.00055 0.00001
H 0.01142 0.0113 0.01046 0.00702 0.00184 0.00002
HCL 0.13105 0.13114 0.13184 0.13445 0.13783 0.13888
H2 0.32159 0.3217 0.32251 0.32571 0.33126 0.34288
H2O 0.10783 0.10779 0.10751 0.10645 0.10405 0.09349
N2 0.06897 0.06898 0.06901 0.06915 0.06937 0.06944
OH 0.0014 0.00138 0.00123 0.0007 0.00011 0
AL2O3(S) 0 0 0 0 0.01322 0.05259
AL2O3(L) 0.05053 0.05057 0.05081 0.05164 0.03922 0
a
ratio of nozzle exit area to throat area for supersonic flow condition.
Scrutinizing the mole fractions and other properties at stagnation con-

dition A/At = ∞ and at A/At =4 in the second and third columns respec-
tively, we note that the properties are more or less the same, indicating
3.1. FROZEN FLOW VERSUS SHIFTING EQUILIBRIUM FLOW 65
the suitability of equilibrium-pressure analysis using frozen flow assump-

tion for low performance motors. Examining similarly the mole fractions
and other properties in the second and fourth columns, we observe that
the properties in the fourth column corresponding to A/At =1.5 are sub-
stantially different from the ones in the second column, implying the un-
suitability of equilibrium-pressure analysis using frozen flow assumption
for high performance motors.
Note how the mole fractions of liquid alumina Al2 O3 (l) changes from
stagnation condition to flow conditions along the port and the nozzle.
Appreciate the possibility of Al2 O3 coexisting in liquid as well as solid
phase in a flow. Up to the throat, Al2 O3 exists in liquid phase and at the
nozzle pressure ratio of 6, partial solidification of alumina has taken place
and this solidification has been completed downstream.
Be alerted that the results in Table 3.1 are as per the isentropic shifting
equilibrium flow where the total pressure is held constant. But the flow
in a propellant-grain port of a high performance motor is one with mass
addition and consequent loss of total pressure with increase in entropy.
However, the trend of shift in mole fractions that are dependent on static
properties is similar to the one shown in Table 3.1.
Example 3. 1
From the data given in Table 3.1 calculate the mass- and volume-fraction of
alumina Al2 O3 in the products of combustion under combustion chamber condi-
tions. Density of liquid alumina is 3800 kg/m3 .
Solution In the second column of Table 3.1, the properties of combustion
products from a typical heterogeneous propellant containing aluminum are given
along with mole fractions of product species. In the case of mixtures containing
gaseous- and condensed-species two definitions for molar mass can be given. Molar
mass with respect to only gaseous species m̄ is defined as follows.
N
PS
nj m̄j
j=1
m̄ ≡ N
PG
nj
j=1
where nj and m̄j are kg-moles and molar mass of the species j respectively. N G
are the total number of gaseous species and N G + 1, ..., N S are the condensed
species. Molar mass with respect to all the species, gaseous as well as condensed
species, m̄c is defined as follows.
N
PS
nj m̄j
j=1
m̄c ≡ N
PS
nj
j=1
It follows then,
 
NS
X
m̄c = m̄ 1 − xj 
j=N G+1
where xj is the mole fraction of species j relative to all species in the multiphase
mixture. For the total products including condensed species, the molar mass m̄c
is given as 23.490 kg/kg-mole.
Analysis
Mole fractions of the combustion products are given and all these mole frac-
tions add up to 1 kg-mole. Of this Al2 O3 (l) is of 0.05053 kg-mole/kg-mole of
mixture containing gaseous as well as condensed species.
Molar mass of the mixture m̄c = 23.49 kg/kg-mole
In this one kg-mole of mixture, number of kg-mole of Al2 O3 (l) = 0.05053kg-
mole/kg-mole
In this one kg mole mixture, number of kg-moles of gaseous species = (1-
0.05053) = 0.94947 kg-mole/kg-mole
Number of kg-moles of Al2 O3 (l) per kg of mixture = 0.05053/23.49 = 2.15113×10−3 kg-
mole/kg
Number of kg-moles of gaseous species per kg of mixture = 0.94947/23.49 =
0.04042 kg-mole/kg
Noting that molar mass of Al2 O3 is 101.96 kg/kg-mole, mass of Al2 O3 (l) per
kg of mixture = 2.15113 × 10−3 ×101.96 = 0.2193 kg/kg of mixture
Therefore mass fraction of condensed species = 0.2193 kg/kg of
mixture.
Volume of Al2 O3 (l) = 0.2193/3800 = 5.7711×10−5 m3 /kg of mixture
Ideal gas equation of state for the mixture is given by
pv = nRu T
3.2. INCREMENTAL-ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 67
where v is the specific volume (m3 /kg), n is the number of kg-moles of gaseous
species per kg of mixture, and Ru is the universal gas constant = 8314.51 J/kg-
mole-K.
Therefore the volume of gaseous mixture,
nRu T 0.04042 × 8314.51 × 3026.73 m3

v= = = 0.14795
p 68.95 × 105 kg of mixture
Volume fraction of Al2 O3 (l) with respect to the volume of the gaseous
species = 5.7711 × 10−5 /0.14795 = 3.90064 × 10−4 .
Discussion
1. In a typical heterogeneous propellant having a metal component, the con-

densed species in the combustion products is of mole fraction around 5 to
6 percent or a little more. Note however, its mass fraction exceeds 20 per-
cent. Realize that for every kg of combustion products being ejected by the
rocket nozzle the mass of condensed particulates exceeds 0.2 kg.
2. Environmental aspect on the ejection of abrasive particulates such as Al2 O3 (s)

apart, rocket scientists bother about the realities of the particulates flow
with respect to gas flow. In analyzing this multiphase flow they have to
look into the aspects of heat transfer between gaseous species and condensed
species and of velocity lag between them — recall that the rocket thrust
is equal to the nozzle exit flow rate multiplied by the effective nozzle-exit
velocity. These aspects are included in rigorous analyses to estimate the
performance of rocket motors.
3. Despite the high mass fraction, note that the volume fraction of the con-
densed species with respect to gaseous species is around 4 × 10−4 . This is
the reason for the statement in the Section 1.1 that a typical propellant on
burning produces mostly gaseous species by volume.
3.2 Incremental-Analysis Procedure

The realities of the flow in the port cavity of a solid rocket motor were
briefly discussed in Chapter 1 under Section 1.3. In applying the incremen-
tal analysis for high-performance motors, option is available to adopt the
less elaborate frozen flow assumption or the complex shifting-equilibrium-
flow assumption. The flow in the grain port and in the nozzle convergence
is subsonic and hence significantly slower than that in the nozzle diver-
gence, where it is supersonic. Therefore, the flow-residence time available
for the port flow is more than that for the supersonic flow in the nozzle di-
vergence. Notwithstanding the fact that the residence time for the burned
products entering the grain port reduces from the head end to nozzle end, a
suitable shifting-equilibrium-flow assumption up to the nozzle throat looks
appropriate. In rocket industries elaborate incremental-analysis programs
adopting shifting equilibrium flow assumption can be developed. How-
ever, for the purpose of easy and quick understanding of the incremental-
analysis we adopt here frozen-flow assumption. We will therefore discuss
here a “relatively simplified” incremental analysis. The analysis is for a
one-dimensional frozen port-flow that is adiabatic with mass addition and
zero surface-friction. Conservation equations for unsteady flow that are
more applicable for ignition- and tail-off-transients, will be first derived.
From these, the equations for steady flow, which are more applicable for
equilibrium operation, will be deduced.
As the word equilibrium is coming into many places, it is appropriate
that you note the differences between its usage with reference to rocket
operating conditions and assumptions adopted: (a) equilibrium opera-
tion (against ignition transient and tail-off transient — Section 1.2, (b)
equilibrium-pressure analysis (against incremental analysis — Section 1.3)
and (c) shifting-equilibrium flow (against frozen flow — Section 3.1)
Figure 3.1: Incremental stations fixed with respect to a rocket

chamber.
Let us look at the procedure to be followed for the incremental analysis.

A sufficiently large number of incremental stations,
(1, 2, .....j, j + 1, ......, n)
spatially fixed with respect to the rocket chamber, are chosen along the
3.2. INCREMENTAL-ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 69
port as shown in Fig. 3.1. The port cavity between any two successive
incremental stations becomes the control volume, Fig. 1.3. Under the
assumption of constant stagnation enthalpy, the energy conservation is
automatically satisfied. The incremental analysis is as per the following
steps. These steps are common for the entire operation of the rocket motor:
ignition transient, equilibrium operation, and tail-off transient.
1. For a known port-envelope at a given instant, adopting a trial total-

pressure at the head end, the flow of combustion products through
the first incremental-segment between the station numbers 1 and 2 is
analysed applying the equations of mass- and momentum-conservation,
and the ideal gas equation of state. Through this analysis the flow
conditions at the exit station 2, namely total pressure, static pres-
sure, static temperature, and velocity, are calculated.
2. The evaluated flow conditions at the exit station of a segment be-

come the conditions at the entry station of the next segment for the
analysis to be continued.
3. This spatial march leads to the determination of the conditions of

the accumulated mass flow rate at the nth station, the exit of the
nozzle-end segment, Fig. 3.1.
4. After accounting for the pressure loss in the plenum, the nozzle-entry
total pressure p0N is evaluated.
5. With this total pressure p0N , the accumulated total mass flow rate
of combustion products at the nozzle entry should be able to pass
through the nozzle throat within an acceptable error band. If this
mass balance condition is satisfied go to step 6; if not, a new trial
total-pressure at the head end is chosen to repeat the calculations —
go to step 1.
6. On the fulfillment of the mass-balance, the spatial iterative process

is complete and the internal flow field of the rocket chamber is known
for the given instant.
7. Calculate the thrust for the instant. Evaluate the mass of propellant
ejected for the time increment and sum it up with the cumulative
mass of propellant ejected so far.
8. Under quasi steady state assumption, for a chosen small time-increment,

the burning propellant-surface is allowed to regress to a new port en-
velope.
9. If complete burnout has occurred go to step 10. If not go to step 1.
10. The adequacy on the number of spatially-fixed incremental stations

as well as the number of temporal increments is checked after the
complete burnout by the global mass conservation, namely, within
an acceptable error-band, the total cumulative mass ejected through
the nozzle [step 7] plus the mass of the combustion products in the
combustion chamber cavity should be equal to the total mass of pro-
pellant stored in the rocket chamber. If this global mass balance
is satisfied within an acceptable error band, the rocket performance
prediction is complete; if not choose an increased number of incre-
mental stations and finer temporal increments and go to step 1.
3.3 Assumptions in Incremental Analysis

The assumptions under incremental analysis adopting frozen flow assump-
tion are the following.
1. The port flow is one dimensional. The port wall is frictionless and
the mass addition of combustion products into port occurs with zero
axial momentum.
2. The port flow is adiabatic with a constant stagnation enthalpy. There

is no heat transfer from the port flow into the propellant surface. At
a given instant of operation and the corresponding port envelope,
the composition of the combustion products is calculated for a to-
tal pressure and is held constant, that is “frozen” and hence molar
mass is constant. Furthermore, the specific heats are assumed to be
constant and hence the ratio of specific heats γ is also a constant.
Consequently, the total temperature is constant and it is equal to
the adiabatic flame temperature determined for the total pressure.
3. The combustion products satisfy the ideal gas equation of state. The
flow due to the inhibitor fragmentation is negligible with respect to
the flow of combustion products from the propellant grain. The inert
3.3. ASSUMPTIONS IN INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS 71
materials in the combustion-chamber cavity, namely the insulator

and the liner do not decompose during the motor operation and
hence do not form part of the nozzle flow.
4. The nozzle of the rocket motor is always choked. The ignition of the
entire grain surface is instantaneous with negligible mass of igniter.
5. The propellant grain and the motor casing are infinitely rigid and
hence do not deform during the motor operation due to the spatial
and temporal variations in pressures.
Let us consider the rationales for the first simplifying assumption. This
is an assumption not found under the “zero-dimensional” equilibrium-
pressure analysis, detailed in Chapter 2 under Section 2.1. In the equilib-
rium pressure analysis, by neglecting the difference between the total and
static pressure and taking one uniform pressure for the entire combustion-
chamber cavity, we simulate the rocket-motor grain-cavity to an enlarging
“pressure-vessel” or settling-chamber with some mass entering (combus-
tion products from the burning propellant) and some other mass exiting
(combustion products exiting through the nozzle throat). But in the in-
cremental analysis we analyze the flow of combustion products within the
enlarging pressure-vessel one dimensionally. Under rocket operating con-
ditions, the burning propellant blows the combustion products essentially
normal to its surface with velocities in the range of 1-3 m/s. As the flame
distance from the solid surface is about 100µ or less, the blowing occurs
very close from the surface. Therefore the port flow having a boundary
layer with blowing can be assumed to be frictionless and to be receiving
the mass addition with zero axial momentum.
Let us elaborate the features involved in the second assumption. Heat
transfer from the high temperature port flow into the propellant grain does
take place. But compared to the total energy contained in the port flow,
the energy involved in the heat transfer to the grain surface is negligible.
Hence, we assume the port flow to be adiabatic. Along the port at a chosen
instant, total- as well as static-pressure drops and so the equilibrium com-
position can change. But, by the frozen flow assumption we have to adopt
a fixed composition for the port flow at that instant. Generally, for the
chosen instant, the head-end total pressure or the average of the total pres-
sures at head- and nozzle-end can be selected to calculate the equilibrium
composition that is to be kept constant. But these pressures are not known
à priori at the specified instant. Therefore for the first time-instant, we can
assume a trial total-pressure and calculate the corresponding trial compo-
sition of combustion products. Keeping this composition frozen, through
a spatial iteration we can evaluate the port flow, which gives a new trial
total-pressure. For this new trial total-pressure calculate the composition
of the combustion products to continue the spatial iteration. Within a few
cycles of this “trial total pressure, its composition, and spatial iteration,”
we should be able to arrive at the convergence. As the trial values for the
subsequent incremented time, we start with the total pressure (head-end
value or the average of head-end and nozzle-end values) and its composition
of the preceding instant.
Regarding the above third and fourth simplifying assumptions, the
points that we discussed under the equivalent second and third assumptions
under the equilibrium-pressure analysis hold good, Section 2.1.
Note that the fifth simplifying assumption is different from the equiva-
lent fourth simplifying assumption under the equilibrium-pressure analysis.
Here we additionally mention the spatial pressure variation and neglect the
structural effects of spatial and temporal pressure-variations on the pro-
pellant grain as well as the casing, saying that these are infinitely rigid. In
reality however, these structural members are flexible. Among the casing
materials, metallic ones are less flexible than composites. Metal casings
are generally adopted for boost- and lower-stages. But, in order to make
them lighter, upper stages are invariably with composite material casings
and are of higher performance. Therefore, in high performance motors,
structural effects may be considerable, more so for propellant grains since
these are viscoelastic materials and less rigid than casing materials. Note
that in a hardware carrying high speed flows the local structural deflection
is due to the static pressure there. In a high performance motor, since the
port flow velocity can increase from near zero at the head end to a very
high value at the nozzle end, the static-pressure drop from head end to
nozzle end can be considerable, leading to a constriction of the port end.
A situation that can arise in a motor having a propellant grain of very low
structural strength and low port-to-throat area ratio is shown exaggerated
in Fig. 3.2 — the possibility of the port-end exit-area becoming close to
the nozzle throat area or less! In industries, incremental analysis programs
3.4. EROSIVE BURNING 73
considering deflections of propellant grain and casing are in use. However,

for simplicity of the present analysis we assume that the motor casing and
the propellant grain are infinitely rigid so that there is no deflection of
these structural members during the motor operation.
Figure 3.2: Deflection (exaggerated) due to static pressure fall

along the port of a pure cylindrical grain of low structural
strength.
3.4 Erosive Burning

Erosive burning is the dependence of the burning rate of solid propellants
on the crossflow properties of the burned products over the burning sur-
face. This is in addition to the burning rate that is dependent on the static
pressure experienced by the surface. Previously we wrote Eq. 2.7 with the
implicit notion that there was no erosive burning effect and the burning
rate was purely dependent on the static pressure experienced by the burn-
ing surface. As the erosive burning effect is considered now, let us denote
the static pressure dependent burning rate as the one at zero crossflow or
the “normal” burning rate ṙ0 . Therefore ṙ0 as per Saint-Roberts equation
is,
ṙ0 = apn (3.1)
where a is the pre-exponent factor, n is the combustion index, and p is the

static pressure experienced by the burning surface.
The most famous and widely recognized erosive burning model was
developed by Lenoir and Robillard based on heat transfer theory [Ref.
[4]]. In this model they proposed the following mechanism. To maintain
combustion, the solid propellant receives heat from two sources to bring
each succeeding layer of propellant to the burning surface temperature Ts
from the base temperature Ti .
The first source of heat is from the primary burning zone. The mech-
anism of heat transfer from this primary zone to the propellant is by a
complex combination of conduction, heterogeneous turbulent convection,
and radiation. The narrower the primary burning zone, the less resistance
exists to heat transfer by this complex mechanism. Increased static pres-
sure is considered to narrow the primary burning zone through an increase
in the gas phase reaction rate. This mechanism of heat transfer rate is thus
static-pressure dependent but it is independent of the crossflow velocity.
The second source of heat is from the crossflow of combustion prod-
ucts through the convective heat transfer and is therefore dependent upon
crossflow rates. Thus the burning rate is proposed to be the sum of the
two effects, a rate dependent on static pressure ṙ0 and an erosive rate
dependent upon the combustion-products crossflow rate ṙe . Thus,
ṙ = ṙ0 + ṙe (3.2)
where ṙe is the erosive burning rate component. The erosive burning rate
component is postulated to be proportional to the convective heat transfer
coefficient h under the condition of blowing and can be written with respect
to convective heat transfer coefficient with zero blowing h0 as
−β ṙρp
h = h0 e G (3.3)
where β, ρp , and G are respectively dimensionless exponential constant,

propellant density, and mass flux of crossflow ρu. Note that ṙρp is the
blowing mass-flux against the crossflow mass-flux G = ρu. Substituting
Eq. 3.3 into Eq. 3.2, we get,
−β ṙρp
n n G
ṙ = ap + kh = ap + kh0 e (3.4)
where k is the proportionality constant to be determined. The convective

heat transfer coefficient under zero blowing h0 is correlated by Chilton-
Colborn equation for flow over a flat plate,
h0 = 0.0288Gcp Re−0.2 Pr −0.667 (3.5)

where Re and P r are respectively Reynolds number and Prandtl number.

Although this equation is originally proposed for flow over flat plate, it can
be applied to flow through grain ports by incorporating the characteristic
dimension as the hydraulic diameter D. Combining Eqs. 3.5and 3.4,
−β ṙρp
ṙ = apn + 0.0288Gcp Re−0.2 Pr −0.667 ke G (3.6)
Noting G = ρu and Re = uDρ/µ, Eq. 3.6 is simplified to,
n
αG0.8
ṙ = ap + (3.7)
β ṙρp
D0.2 e G
where
α = 0.0288cp µ0.2 Pr −0.667 k (3.8)
Recall Pr ≡ µcp /λ. An expression for the proportionality constant k is de-

rived by considering the energy balance between the heat transfer from the
flame to the propellant surface and the heat required to raise the propellant
temperature from its initial temperature Ti to the surface temperature Ts .
The heat balance per unit area is given by,
h (T0 − Ts ) = ṙe ρp cs (Ts − Ti ) (3.9)
This equation assumes that there is no significant exothermic or endother-

mic process occurring in the solid phase during the heating from Ti to the
burning-surface temperature Ts . Solving Eq. 3.9 and comparing with the
earlier expression for ṙe in Eq. 3.4,
!
h T0 − Ts
ṙe = = kh (3.10)
ρp cs Ts − Ti
!
1 T0 − Ts
k= (3.11)
ρp cs Ts − Ti
Therefore, the erosive burning rate equation due to Lenoir and Robillard
can be written as
n
αG0.8
ṙ = ap + (3.12)
β ṙρp
D0.2 e G
where α the erosive constant of dimension (m2.8 /kg 0.8 − s0.2 ) is,
0.0288cp µ0.2 Pr−0.667

!
T0 − Ts
α= (3.13)
ρp cs Ts − Ti
Although the value of β was proposed to be 53 by Lenoir and Robillard

based on their experiments, the value of β can be chosen based on the
experimental results of the motor and propellant under investigation.
To characterize the erosive burning effect, often the ratio of total burn-
ing rate to normal burning rate, termed as erosive burning ratio ε, is
adopted.
ṙ ṙe
ε≡ =1+ (3.14)
ṙ0 ṙ0
Example 3. 2
An aluminized composite propellant has the following properties. Specific
heat of solid propellant, cs = 1400J/kg-K. Density ρp = 1750 kg/m3 . Pre-
exponent factor a in the burning rate equation ṙ0 = apn is 3 × 10−5 m/s. Burning
rate index n = 0.4. Adiabatic flame temperature (stagnation temperature) T0 =
3610 K. Stagnation pressure p0 = 7 MPa. Molar mass of combustion products
m̄ = 29.7 kg/kg-mole. Specific heat at constant pressure of combustion products
cp = 1975 J/kg-K. Viscosity of combustion products µ = 1.0049 × 10−3 P oise.
Prandtl number P r = 0.4922. Average surface temperature of burning propellant
Ts = 1000 K. Propellant base temperature Ti = 300K
The hydraulic diameter of the grain port is 0.1m. If the propellant is assumed
to follow the Lenoir-Robillard erosive burning rate model, calculate the total
burning rate of the propellant for two crossflow Mach numbers of 0.5 and 0.7 at
the given stagnation temperature. Distinguish the normal and erosive component
of the burning rates. Assume that the dimensionless exponential constant in the
Lenoir-Robillard equation to be 60. The Lenoir-Robillard equation is given by
αG0.8
ṙ = apn +
β ṙρp
D0.2 e G
where
0.0288cp µ0.2 Pr−0.667

!
T0 − Ts
α=
ρ p cs Ts − Ti
Solution The total burning rate (normal burning component plus the erosive
burning component) has be calculated for a fixed stagnation pressure under two
crossflow Mach numbers. From the given values, the ratio of specific heats γ, and
static pressures and mass fluxes for the two crossflow Mach numbers have to be
calculated. Since the total burning rate ṙ is implicit, the total burning rate has
to be calculated through a suitable iteration.
Assumptions Although it is known that propellant surface temperature in-
creases as the static pressure increases, its variation is small in the rocket operating
pressure variation during equilibrium operation. Therefore, here the propellant
surface temperature is assumed constant.
Analysis
The mass flux G is given by,
p
G = ρu = u
RT
By routine gas-dynamic manipulations we get
s − (γ + 1)
!
γ γ−1 2 (γ − 1)
G = M p0 1+ M2
RT0 2
cp 1975
γ= = = 1.1652
cp − R 1975 − 8314.51/29.7
v −2.1652
!
2 × 0.1652
u
u 1.1652 0.1652
GM =0.5 = 0.5 × 7 × 106 u 1+ × 0.25
u
t 8314.51 2
× 3610
29.7
kg
= 3287.06
m2 s
v −2.1652
!
2 × 0.1652
u
u 1.1652 0.1652
GM =0.7 = 0.7 × 7 × 106 u 1+ × 0.49
u
t 8314.51 2
× 3610
29.7
kg
= 4056.834
m2 s
g kg
µ = 1.0049 × 10−3 P oise = 1.0049 × 10−3 = 1.0049 × 10−4
cm − s m−s
0.2 !
0.0288 × 1975 × 1.0049 × 10−4 0.4922−0.667 3610 − 1000
α= ×
1750 × 1400 1000 − 300
= 2.20344 × 10−5
−γ
!
γ−1 2 γ−1
p = p0 1 + M
2
−1.1652
!
0.1652 0.1652
pM =0.5 = 7 × 106 × 1+ × 0.25 = 6060205P a
2
−1.1652
!
0.1652 0.1652
pM =0.7 = 7 × 106 × 1+ × 0.49 = 5291290P a
2
The normal burning rates are given by,
m
ṙ0M =0.5 = 3 × 10−5 × 60602050.4 = 0.01549
s
m
ṙ0M =0.7 = 3 × 10−5 × 52912900.4 = 0.01467
s
For the crossflow Mach number of 0.5, the total burning rate is given by,
2.20344 × 10−5 × 3287.060.8

ṙM =0.5 = 0.01549 +
60 × 1750ṙM =0.5
0.2 3287.06
0.1 e
= 0.01549 + 0.022727 × e−31.9434ṙM =0.5
Solving iteratively we get the total burning rates at the crossflow Mach number
= 0.5 as,
m
ṙM =0.5 = 0.025540
s
The erosive burning rate component at the crossflow Mach number of 0.5 is,
m
ṙeM =0.5 = ṙM =0.5 − ṙ0M =0.5 = 0.025540 − 0.01549 = 0.010051
s
The erosive burning ratio ε, defined as the ratio of the total burning rate and
normal burning rate, for the crossflow Mach number of 0.5 is given by
0.025540
εM =0.5 = = 1.6488
0.01549
For the crossflow Mach number of 0.7, the total burning rate is given by,
2.20344 × 10−5 × 4056.8340.8

ṙM =0.7 = 0.01467 +
60 × 1750ṙM =0.7
0.2 4056..834
0.1 e
= 0.01467 + 0.026894 × e−25.8823ṙM =0.7
Solving iteratively we get the total burning rate at the crossflow Mach number =
0.7 as,
m
ṙM =0.7 = 0.027775
s
The erosive burning rate component at the crossflow Mach number of 0.7 is
m
ṙeM =0.7 = ṙM =0.7 − ṙ0M =0.7 = 0.027775 − 0.01467 = 0.013105
s
The erosive burning ratio ε for the crossflow Mach number of 0.7 is given by,
0.027775
εM =0.7 = = 1.8933
0.01467
Discussion As often said, a successful model need not be of non-tractable

mathematics; nor should it be fully correct. After Lenoir-Robillard model, al-
though quite a few modeling efforts and improvements have been done for erosive
burning effect, the model of Lenoir-Robillard captures the most observed behav-
iors of erosive burning phenomenon. Here in this example we find that the erosive
burning effect is more for higher mass flux, which is a known fact. On further
analysis you will find that the model predicts the erosive burning effect to be more
for smaller motors (for smaller characteristic dimension D ) and slower burning
propellant, which are the observed behavior in rocket motor operations.
The properties given in the example such as adiabatic flame temperature
T0 , specific heat of combustion products at constant pressure cp , molar mass,
viscosity, and Prandtl number can be determined for the chosen propellant by
adopting standard codes such as CEC71 [Ref. [1]].
3.5. INCREMENTAL-ANALYSIS EQUATIONS 81
3.5 Incremental-Analysis Equations

3.5.1 Unsteady Flow Equations
Let us consider the unsteady flow conditions through the jth incremental
segment (the control volume) between the jth and (j +1)st stations, shown
in Figures 3.1 and 3.3. Into this segment propellant combustion products
of mass flow rate ṁj is entering the incremental station j. From the
burning grain-surface, additional mass flow rate of dṁj is entering with
zero axial-momentum. Mass flow rate of combustion products exiting the
segment is ṁ(j+1) . The mass accumulation rate, the unsteady term, is
(j+1)
∂
R
dm/dt = ∂t ρAdx. From fundamentals, the mass conservation for the
j
Figure 3.3: Typical incremental segment with flow conditions.
control volume can be written as,
∂ ∂
(ρuA) + (ρA) = 0 (3.15)
∂x ∂t
Integrating with respect to x,
(j+1)
∂
Z
ṁ(j+1) − ṁj − dṁj + ρAdx = 0 (3.16)
∂t
j
That is,
(j+1)
∂
Z
ρ(j+1) u(j+1) A(j+1) − ρj uj Aj − dṁj + ρAdx = 0 (3.17)
∂t
j
Assuming an average density ρm , the last term on the left side of the
equation, representing the rate of change of mass within the control volume,
can be written as,
(j+1)
∂ ∂ dV dρm
Z
ρAdx = (ρm V ) = ρm +V (3.18)
∂t ∂t dt dt
j
Using finite differences and adopting ideal gas equation of state, the con-
tinuity equation, Eq. 3.17, on simplification becomes,
ρ(j+1) u(j+1) A(j+1) =
0

0 0
(3.19)
pj + p(j+1) 2Vj − Vj − Vj pj + p(j+1)
ρj uj Aj + dṁj −
R Tj + T(j+1) ∆t
0 0 0
where Vj , pj , and p(j+1) correspond to the preceding time instant and are
0
respectively the jth segment s control volume, and inlet and exit pressures.
The mass addition rate with zero axial momentum dṁj can be written as,

sj + s(j+1)
dṁj = ρp ṙ¯j dx (3.20)
2
Here ṙ¯j is the average burning rate of propellant for the jth segment. In
high performance rocket motors erosive burning effect is frequently ob-
served. Therefore, the equation for dṁj , Eq. 3.20 can be written as,
! !n
εj + ε(j+1) pj + p(j+1) sj + s(j+1)
dṁj = ρp a dx (3.21)
2 2 2
As the fluid dynamic properties change along the jth segment from the
station j to (j + 1), we have to know the fluid dynamic properties at the
station (j + 1) to evaluate dṁj . But the properties at the station (j + 1)

are the very unknowns that we have to evaluate. Since the incremental
stations as well as the temporal increments are to be sufficiently closely-
spaced to give the global mass conservation within an acceptable error,
[see item 10 under Section 3.2], we approximate that the average burning
rate for the jth segment is based on the fluid dynamic properties at the
station j. Thus, the approximated equation for dṁj is,

sj + s(j+1)
dṁj ∼
= ρp εj apnj dx (3.21a)
2
With this approximation and on adopting perfect gas equation of state,
the continuity equation becomes,

p(j+1) u(j+1) A(j+1) pj uj Aj sj + s(j+1)
= + ρp εj apnj ∆x
RT(j+1) RTj 2
(3.22)
0
0 0

pj + p(j+1) 2V − V− V pj + p(j+1)
−
R Tj + T(j+1) ∆t
Note that the last term on the right hand side of the above equation
represents the unsteady condition.
From fundamentals, the momentum equation for the control volume
can be written as,
∂ ρu2 A

∂ (ρuA) ∂ (pA) ∂A
+ =− +p (3.23)
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
Integrating the above equation with respect to x between the stations j
and (j + 1),
∂ (j+1)
(ρuA) dx + ρ(j+1) u2(j+1) A(j+1) − ρj u2j Aj
R
∂t j
(3.24)
(j+1)
R
= pj Aj − p(j+1) A(j+1) + pdA
j
The last integral can be written as,

(j+1)
pj + p(j+1)
Z

pdA = A(j+1) − Aj (3.25)
2
j
Considering mean density ρm and mean velocity um as,

pj + p(j+1)
ρm = (3.26)
R Tj + T(j+1)
(uj + uj+1 )
um = (3.27)
2
The unsteady momentum term can be written as,
∂ j+1
R ∂ (ρm um V )
(ρuA) dx = =
∂t j ∂t
(3.28)
dV dum dρm
ρm um + ρm V + um V
dt dt dt
Since mean acceleration dum /dt is found be comparatively negligible,
j+1
∂ ∂ (ρm um V ) dV dρm
Z
(ρuA) dx = ∼
= ρm um + um V (3.29)
∂t ∂t dt dt
j
Substituting Eqs. 3.25 and 3.29 into Eq. 3.24, and adopting ideal gas
equation of state and finite differences, the momentum equation becomes,
p(j+1) A(j+1) =
 
pj Aj u2j p(j+1) A(j+1) u2(j+1)
 RTj − + p j Aj
 
 RT(j+1) 

 
 
 
 + pj + p(j+1) A
 
(j+1) − Aj

2 (3.30)
 
 
 
 
 0

V − V

 pj + p(j+1) uj + u(j+1) 
 −
 


 2R Tj + T(j+1) ∆t 

 
 
 0 0

 V uj + u(j+1)
pj + p (j+1) − p j − p(j+1)

−
 

2R Tj + T(j+1) ∆t
Note that the last two terms on the right hand side of the above equation
represent the unsteady condition.
The general energy equation can be written as,
u2j u2(j+1)
T0 = T j + = T(j+1) + (3.31)
2cp 2cp
3.5.2 Steady Flow Equations

For steady flow conditions the governing equations are readily obtained
from the above by dropping the unsteady terms from Eqs. 3.22 and 3.30.
And, the mass- and momentum-conservation equations on simplifications
become,
" #
RT(j+1) pj uj Aj sj + s(j+1)
p(j+1) = + ρp εj apnj dx (3.32)
A(j+1) u(j+1) RTj 2
 
pj Aj u2j
 − ṁ(j+1) u(j+1)  2
p(j+1) = 
 RTj 
 (3.33)
 A(j+1) + Aj

 A(j+1) + Aj
+pj
2
The energy conservation Eq. 3.31 remains the same
u2j u2(j+1)
T0 = T j + = T(j+1) + (3.31)
2cp 2cp
3.5.3 Solution of Steady Port-Flow
Let us first consider the solution of port flow for steady flow situations. The
more involved solution-procedure for unsteady port-flow will be considered
next.
The three steady conservation-equations have the three unknowns p(j+1) ,
T(j+1) , and u(j+1) . By elimination, we deduce one equation with one un-
known. With the approximations that we adopted to calculate dṁj , Eq.
3.21, the exiting mass flow rate can be readily calculated. By the en-
ergy conservation Eq. 3.31 and ideal gas equation of state, p(j+1) can be
expressed as,
 
u2(j+1)
R T0 −  ṁ(j+1)
RT(j+1) ṁ(j+1) 2cp
p(j+1) = = (3.34)
A(j+1) u(j+1) A(j+1) u(j+1)
Equating Eq. 3.34 with Eq. 3.33 to eliminate p(j+1) , we get,
 
u2(j+1)
R T0 −  ṁ(j+1)
2cp
=
A(j+1) u(j+1)
  (3.35)
pj Aj u2j
− ṁ(j+1) u(j+1) 
RTj




 2
 
  A(j+1) + Aj
 A(j+1) + Aj 
+pj
2
On simplification, we get a quadratic equation in u(j+1) .

" #
2 γ−1
− u2(j+1) −
A(j+1) + Aj 2γA(j+1)
(3.36)
" #
pj 2ṁj uj RT0
+ u(j+1) + =0
ṁ(j+1) ṁ(j+1) A(j+1) + Aj A(j+1)
We are all aware of the solution to a quadratic equation:
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x= (3.37)
2a
Here,
x = u(j+1) (3.38)
" #
2 γ−1
a= − (3.39)
A(j+1) + Aj 2γA(j+1)
" #
pj 2ṁj uj
b=− + (3.40)
ṁ(j+1) ṁ(j+1) A(j+1) + Aj
RT0
c= (3.41)
A(j+1)
On solving for u(j+1) , the value of T(j+1) can be determined from the en-
ergy conservation equation, Eq. 3.31. Note that the quadratic equation
Eq. 3.36 will give two solutions for u(j+1) . While analyzing compressible
flows, we get usually more than one solutions and we have to adopt the
one that is practical. In most situations, the practical solution can be de-
termined by applying the increase of entropy principle of the second law of
thermodynamics. However, in the case of isentropic flow through nozzles,
note that a given area of the nozzle with respect to the choked throat-area
can have a subsonic flow in the nozzle convergence and a supersonic flow
in the nozzle divergence. Both are practical! And, we have to choose the
one that is appropriate for the nozzle section.
With the known values of u(j+1) and T(j+1) , p(j+1) can be calculated
from,
RT(j+1) ṁ(j+1)
p(j+1) = (3.42)
A(j+1) u(j+1)
When we determine the exit values for segment by hand calculations, it
is a good practice to check the calculated values by substituting them on
the right hand side of the following momentum-equation, where the term
ṁ(j+1) in Eq. 3.33has been expanded.
 
pj Aj u2j p(j+1) A(j+1) u2(j+1)
 −  2
RTj
p(j+1) = 
 RT(j+1) 
 (3.43)
 A(j+1) + Aj
 A(j+1) + Aj
+pj
2
With the known values of T(j+1) and p(j+1) , the density ρ(j+1) can be
determined using perfect gas equation. With the known values of T(j+1)
and p(j+1) , and the constant total temperature T0 , p0(j+1) is determined
from,
!γ/(γ−1)
T0
p0(j+1) = p(j+1) (3.44)
T(j+1)
Note that the first incremental station is fixed a little away from the
port head, Fig. 3.1. Propellant combustion products of the burning surface
from the port head region enter the first incremental station. To initiate the
incremental analysis, we require the fluid dynamic properties at the first
incremental station. In the port head region ahead of the first incremental
station, the velocity of combustion products is minimal. Therefore, the
region can be assumed to have a uniform total pressure and the propellant
burning rate is governed by this assumed total pressure. Let us denote
this port head pressure as p0h and the burning area of the region as Abh .
Therefore the mass flow rate from this region entering the first incremental
station is,
p1
ρp Abh apn0h = ṁ1 = A1 u1 (3.45)
RT1
From the above mass conservation, applying the routine gas-dynamic ma-
nipulations, we get,
!−(γ+1)/(2(γ−1))
√ γ−1 2 p0h A1
ṁ1 = γ 1+ M1 M1 √ (3.46)
2 RT0
Determining M1 iteratively, other fluid dynamic properties can be easily

calculated as,
T0
T1 = (3.47)
γ−1 2
1+ 2 M1
p0h
p1 = !γ/(γ−1) (3.48)
γ−1
1+ M12
2
q
u1 = 2cp (T0 − T1 ) (3.49)
Example 3. 3
Propellant combustion products enter an incremental station of a conical cir-
cular cylindrical port with the following properties: total temperature = 3643K,
total pressure = 6.925MPa, static pressure = 6.1787 MPa, specific heat at con-
stant pressure = 1973.7 J/kg-K and molar mass = 29.926 kg/kg-mole. Inlet
station diameter = 100mm. Exit station diameter = 102mm. Incremental dis-
tance = 5mm. Propellant properties are: density = 1750 kg/m3 , burning rate
ṙ = 2.814 × 10−5 p0.35 m/s with p expressed in Pa, erosive burning ratio ε = 1.1.
Assuming the port flow to be steady and frozen, determine (a) velocity, static
temperature, density, and mass flow rate at the entry, (b) mass flow added into
the incremental segment, and (c) mass flow rate, velocity, static temperature,
static pressure, total pressure, and density at the exit of the segment.
Solution Total and static pressures, total temperature, specific heat at con-
stant pressure, and molar mass of combustion products are all given at the entry
station of a port flow segment. Port segment dimensions are given. Propellant
burning rate equation and erosive burning ratio are given. Steady frozen-flow is
to be assumed. (a) Velocity, static pressure, density, and mass flow rate at the
entry to the port segment have to be calculated. (b) Mass flow added into the
incremental segment is to be determined. (c) Mass flow rate, velocity, static tem-
perature, static pressure, total pressure, and density at the exit of the segment
are to be finally calculated.
Assumptions Port flow is steady and frozen. Mass flow added into the seg-
mental volume from the burning surface is to be calculated based on the properties
at the entry station.
Analysis
(a)
The ratio of specific heats is given by,
cp 1973.7
γ= = = 1.1638
cp − R 1973.7 − (8314.51/29.926)
The static temperature at the entry,
γ−1 0.1638
! !
pj γ 6.1787 1.1638
Tj = T0j = 3643 = 3585K
p0j 6.925
The density of the combustion products at the entry,
pj 6.1787 × 106 kg
ρj = = = 6.2034
RTj (8314.51/29.926) × 3585 m3
The entry velocity is given by,
q p m
uj = 2cp (T0 − Tj ) = 2 × 1973.7 × (3643 − 3585) = 478.49
s
Thus the mass flow rate at the entry to the incremental segment,
π kg
ṁj = ρj Aj uj = 6.2034 × × 0.12 × 478.49 = 23.313
4 s
The entry Mach number is given by,
uj 478.49
Mj = p =p
γRTj 1.1638 × (8314.51/29.926) × 3585
478.49
= = 0.444
1076.64
(b)
The mass of combustion products entering into the segment with zero axial
momentum is given by,

sj + s(j+1)
dṁj = ρp εj apnj dx
2
0.35
= 1750 × 1.1 × 2.814 × 10−5 × 6.1787 × 106 × π × 0.101 × 0.005
kg
= 0.02046
s
(c)
The mass flow rate exiting the segment,
kg
ṁ(j+1) = 23.313 + 0.02046 = 23.3335
s
Now we have to calculate the exit velocity using Eq. 3.36.
" #
2 γ−1
a= −
A(j+1) + Aj 2γA(j+1)
 
 2 0.1638 
= −  = 116.191
 
π π 
× 0.1022 + 0.12 × 1.1638 × 0.1022

4 2
" #
pj 2ṁj uj
b=− + =
ṁ(j+1) ṁ(j+1) A(j+1) + Aj
 
 6.1787 × 106 2 × 23.313 × 478.49 
− +  = −324464.03
 
 23.3335 π 
23.3335 × × 0.1022 + 0.12
4
RT0 8314.51 × 3643

c= = = 123864246.7
A(j+1) π
29.926 × × 0.1022
4
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
u(j+1) =
2a
p
324464.03 ± 324464.032 − 4 × 116.191 × 123864246.7
=
2 × 116.191
m m
= 456.32 OR 2336.19
s s
A quadratic equation has two solutions. Here we have two values of the exit
velocity as solutions. Since the entry velocity to the segment is only 478.49 m/s
and also there is a divergence of the port from 100mm to 102mm, the exit velocity
of 456.32 m/s looks appropriate. However, we continue to calculate all the values
corresponding to the two values of exit velocity and finally by entropy principle
show that the velocity of 2336.19 m/s is not possible.
456.322
T(j+1)1 = 3643 − = 3590.25K
2 × 1973.7
2336.192
T(j+1) 2 = 3643 − = 2260.37K
2 × 1973.7
Exit Mach number can be calculated.
u(j+1)1 456.32
M(j+1) 1 = p =p
γRT(j+1)1 1.1638 × (8314.51/29.926) × 3590.25
= 0.424
u(j+1)2 2336.19
M(j+1) 2 = p =p
γRT(j+1)2 1.1638 × (8314.51/29.926) × 2260.37
= 2.733
Exit static pressure,
8314.51 × 3590.25 × 23.3335 × 4

p(j+1)1 =
29.926 × π × 0.1022 × 456.32
= 6241972.76P a
8314.51 × 2260.37 × 23.3335 × 4

p(j+1) 2 =
29.926 × π × 0.1022 × 2336.19
= 767605.5P a
Exit density,
p(j+1)1 6242196.5 × 29.926 kg

ρ(j+1)1 = = = 6.2579
RT(j+1)1 8314.51 × 3590.3 m3
p(j+1)2 767568.5 × 29.926 kg

ρ(j+1)2 = = = 1.2223
RT(j+1)2 8314.51 × 2260.3 m3
Exit total pressure,
!γ/(γ−1)
T0
p0(j+1) 1 = p(j+1)1
T(j+1)1
1.1638
!
3643 0.1638
= 6241972.76 × = 6923543P a
3590.25
!γ/(γ−1)
T0
p0(j+1) 2 = p(j+1)2
T(j+1)2
1.1638
!
3643 0.1638
= 767605.5 × = 22796132P a
2260.37
We find that the total pressure of 6923543 Pa at the segment exit corresponding to
the first solution of subsonic exit-velocity 456.32m/s is less than the total pressure
of 6925000 Pa at the segment entry. Whereas for the second solution of supersonic
exit velocity of 2260.37 m/s the corresponding total pressure of 22796132 Pa is
greater than the total pressure of 6925000 Pa at the segment entry. The latter is
not possible because there should be total pressure loss with mass addition.
The entropy change is given by,
! !
T(j+1) p(j+1)
∆s = cp ln − R ln
Tj pj
Therefore entropy change,
!
3590.25 8314.51 6241972.76
∆s1 = 1973.7 × ln − ln
3585 29.926 6.1787 × 106
J
= 0.0576
kg − K
!
2260.37 8314.51 767605.5
∆s2 = 1973.7 × ln − ln
3585 29.926 6.1787 × 106
J
= −330.89
kg − K
Here again we see that the second solution gives a decrease in entropy, which is
not possible.
Discussion The present example is the one considered under steady flow
operation. Steady flow consideration is generally applicable during equilibrium
operation while the unsteady flow assumption is more appropriate during ignition
and tail-off transients.
While analyzing compressible flows, more than one solution is possible. A typ-
ically well-known situation is the isentropic flow in a choked convergent-divergent-
nozzle. Here, for a chosen area ratio with respect to the throat, we find the
possibility of a subsonic flow in the convergent portion and a supersonic flow in
the divergent portion. Therefore, while analyzing a compressible flow we should
choose an appropriate solution. In the present Example, the flow is not isentropic
but an adiabatic one with mass addition. On solving the quadratic equation, we
obtained two solutions, one corresponding to a subsonic flow and the other cor-
responding to a supersonic flow. The latter is inappropriate because of decrease
in entropy and increase in total pressure.
In the present example, it is very obvious that the subsonic velocity at the exit
of the segment is the correct solution. Nevertheless, we extended the analysis to
show by entropy principle that the supersonic velocity at the exit of the segment
is the incorrect solution. While developing a computer code to calculate the
internal ballistics of rocket, this approach of selecting the correct solution by
entropy principle is found to be safe and hence recommended.
In the centrally perforated cylindrical grains, as the mass flow rate of combus-
tion products being minimal at the head end and maximum at the nozzle end, in
order to enhance the propellant loading fraction a tapered port is adopted with
a minimal port area at the head end. Furthermore, such an arrangement can
keep the erosive burning effect within an acceptable level. In the present exam-
ple, the entry diameter of the segment is found to be less than the exit diameter,
representing a segment of a tapered grain port.
3.5.4 Solution of Unsteady Port-Flow
For the easy following of the ensuing discussion we list below the three
unsteady conservation-equations of mass Eq. 3.22, momentum Eq. 3.30,
and energy Eq. 3.31 that we derived previously.

p(j+1) u(j+1) A(j+1) pj uj Aj sj + s(j+1)
= + ρp εj apnj ∆x
RT(j+1) RTj 2
(3.22)
0
0 0

pj + p(j+1) 2V − V− V pj + p(j+1)
−
R Tj + T(j+1) ∆t
p(j+1) A(j+1) =
 
pj Aj u2j p(j+1) A(j+1) u2(j+1)
 RTj − + p j Aj
 
 RT(j+1) 

 
 
 
 + pj + p(j+1) A
 
(j+1) − Aj

2 (3.30)
 
 
 
 
 0

V − V

 pj + p(j+1) uj + u(j+1) 
 −
 


 2R Tj + T(j+1) ∆t 

 
 
 0 0

 V uj + u(j+1)
pj + p (j+1) − p j − p(j+1)

−
 

2R Tj + T(j+1) ∆t
u2j u2(j+1)
T0 = T j + = T(j+1) + (3.31)
2cp 2cp
The solution objective remains the same for the steady port flow as
well as the unsteady port flow. It is to find the values of three unknowns:
p(j+1) , T(j+1) and u(j+1) . For this we have the above three equations. But
the solution procedure is more involved than what we just learned in the
case of steady port flow. The procedure involves two-step iterations. For
easy understanding of this two-step iteration-procedure we rewrite below
the above conservation equations in slightly different forms.
Propellant properties ρp , a, n, T0 , m̄, γ, and are specified. All the
gas dynamic values corresponding to the previous time instant are known,
0 0 0 0
namely, p0j , pj , p0(j+1) , and p(j+1) . The envelope dimensions of the port
0 0 0
for the previous as well as the current instant are also known: Aj , A(j+1) , V , Aj , A(j+1) ,
and V . For the known inlet total and static pressures p0j and pj and the
specified total temperature T0 (adiabatic flow) we have to calculate exit
conditions, namely, p(j+1) , T(j+1) and u(j+1) . Trial values for p(j+1) and
T(j+1) are p(j+1)g and T(j+1)g . To start with, generally it is sufficient to
take p(j+1)g = pj and T(j+1)g = Tj . The suggested iteration procedure is
summarized below.
1. Start with the trial value T(j+1)g .

2. Start with the trial value p(j+1)g .
3. Substituting T(j+1)g and p(j+1)g in the following mass conservation

equation calculate the trial value ṁ(j+1)g .

pj uj Aj sj + s(j+1)
ṁ(j+1)g = + ρp εj apnj ∆x
RTj 2
(3.22a)
0
0 0

pj + p(j+1)g 2V − V − V pj + p(j+1)
−
R Tj + T(j+1)g ∆t
4. Calculate u(j+1)g using the following form of mass conservation equa-

tion.
ṁ(j+1)g RT(j+1)g
u(j+1)g = (3.22b)
p(j+1)g A(j+1)
5. Substitute the trial values of p(j+1)g and the T(j+1)g ,and the calcu-
lated u(j+1)g into the right hand of the following momentum equation
to find p(j+1) in the left hand side of the equation.
p(j+1) A(j+1) =
 
ṁj uj − ṁ(j+1)g u(j+1)g + pj Aj
 
 
 
 pj + p(j+1)g 
 + A(j+1) − Aj
 

 2 



 (3.30a)
 0

V − V

pj + p(j+1)g uj + u(j+1)g
 
 
 − 

 2R Tj + T(j+1)g ∆t 

 
 
 0 0


 V uj + u(j+1)g p j + p (j+1)g − p j − p(j+1)


−
2R Tj + T(j+1)g ∆t

p
(j+1) − p (j+1)g

6. If the modulus ≤ δp where δp is the allowable

p(j+1)g
error fraction go to step 7. If NO, p(j+1)g = p(j+1) and go to step 2.
7. Calculate T(j+1) from the following form of energy conservation equa-

tion.
u2(j+1)g
T(j+1) = T0 − (3.31a)
2cp

T
(j+1) − T(j+1)g

8. If the modulus ≤ δT , where δT is the allowable

T(j+1)g
error fraction, u(j+1) = u(j+1)g go to step 9 to END iteration. If NO,
T(j+1)g = T(j+1) and go to step 1.
9. Solution has been reached. p(j+1) , T(j+1) and u(j+1) are the solutions.
Substitute the solved values of p(j+1) , T(j+1) and u(j+1) into Eqs.
3.22, 3.30 and 3.31to check for the adequacy of convergence error δ.
Example 3. 4
Assuming unsteady port-flow, exit quantities are to be calculated. Conver-
gence error fraction to be adopted is 1.0x10−6 .
Propellant properties are the following. Propellant density, ρp = 1700 kg/m3 .
Pre-exponent factor a in the normal burning rate equation = 3.23x10−7 m/s. Com-
bustion index n in the normal burning rate equation = 0.7. Adiabatic flame tem-
perature, T0 = 3700K. Molar mass of combustion products, m̄ = 25 kg/kg-mole.
Specific heat ratio, γ = 1.25. Erosive burning ratio ε = 1.1.
Input data for the previous time instant are the following. Time step, ∆t =
0
0.1s. Spatial step, ∆x = 0.020m. Inlet diameter, dj = 0.5m. Exit diameter,
0 0
d(j+1) = 0.505m. Inlet static pressure, pj = 6.0x106 Pa. Exit static pressure,
0
p(j+1) = 5.95x106 Pa.
Input data for the current instant are the following. Inlet diameter, dj =
0.505m. Exit diameter, d(j+1) = 0.510m Inlet static pressure, pj = 6.3x106 Pa.
Inlet total pressure, p0j = 7.07x106 Pa
Solution You may write a suitable computer-program to solve the unsteady
port-flow. Here, however, we adopt the procedure of spreadsheet (Excel) to get
the feel for the convergence. The procedure following the steps 1 to 9 given above
is straight forward. Although the procedure as per steps 1 to 9 is “safe”, the
convergence is generally seen to be slow. In a departure from the steps 1 to 9
given previously, we may also follow the shortened steps as given below.
1. Start with the trial value T(j+1)g .
2. Start with the trial value p(j+1)g .

3. Substituting T(j+1)g and p(j+1)g in the following mass conservation equation

calculate the trial value ṁ(j+1)g .

p j u j Aj sj + s(j+1)
ṁ(j+1)g = + ρp εj apnj ∆x
RTj 2
(3.22a)
0
0
0

pj + p(j+1)g 2V − V− V pj + p(j+1)
−
R Tj + T(j+1)g ∆t
4. Calculate u(j+1)g using the following form of mass conservation equation.
ṁ(j+1)g RT(j+1)g
u(j+1)g = (3.22b)
p(j+1)g A(j+1)
5. Substitute the trial values of p(j+1)g and the T(j+1)g ,and the calculated
u(j+1)g into the right hand of the following momentum equation to find
p(j+1) in the left hand side of the equation.
p(j+1) A(j+1) =
 
ṁj uj − ṁ(j+1)g u(j+1)g + pj Aj

pj + p(j+1)g
 
 
 + A(j+1) − Aj 

 2 

(3.30a)
 
 0

pj + p(j+1)g uj + u(j+1)g V − V
 
 
 − 

 2R Tj + T(j+1)g ∆t 

 
 
 0 0

p + p − p − p

V uj + u(j+1)g
 
 j (j+1)g j (j+1) 
−
2R Tj + T(j+1)g ∆t
6. Calculate T(j+1) from the following form of energy conservation equation.
u2(j+1)g
T(j+1) = T0 − (3.31a)
2cp

(j+1) − p(j+1)g (j+1) − T(j+1)g
p T
7. If ≤ δp and ≤ δT , u(j+1) = u(j+1)g
p(j+1)g T(j+1)g
go to step 8 to END iteration. If NO p(j+1)g = p(j+1) and T(j+1)g = T(j+1) ,

and go to step 1.
8. Solution has been reached. p(j+1) , T(j+1) , and u(j+1) are the solutions.
Substitute the solved values of p(j+1) , T(j+1) , and u(j+1) into Eqs. 3.22,
3.30 and 3.31 to check for the adequacy of convergence error δ.
The iteration results adopting the shortened steps are given in Table 3.2.
Assumptions Adopted assumptions have already been discussed. Briefly,
however, we will recall the assumptions. (1) Frozen one dimensional adiabatic
flow with specific heat and molar mass held constant, (2) Frictionless port wall,
(3) Mass addition with zero axial momentum, (4) Ideal gas equation of state, and
(5) Infinitely rigid grain.
Analysis
Specific gas constant:
Ru 8314.51 J
R= = = 332.5804
m̄ 25 kg − K
Specific heat at constant pressure:
Rγ 332.5804 × 1.25 J
cp = = = 1662.902
γ−1 0.25 kg − K
Burning area:
!
sj + s(j+1) 0.505 + 0.510
dx = π × × 0.02 = 0.031887m2
2 2
Burning rate:
0.7
ṙ = εj apnj = 1.1 × 3.23 × 10−7 × 6.3 × 106 = 0.02042m/s

sj + s(j+1)
dṁ = ρp εj apnj dx
2
0.7
= 1700 × 1.1 × 3.23 × 10−7 × 6.3 × 106 × 0.031887
= 1.107129kg/s
Inlet static temperature:
γ−1 0.25
! !
pj γ 6.3 1.25
Tj = T0 = 3700 × = 3615.6464K
p0j 7.07
Inlet velocity:
q p
uj = 2cp (T0 − Tj ) = 2 × 1662.902 × (3700 − 3615.646)
= 529.665m /s
Current inlet area:
π π
Aj = d2j = × 0.5052 = 0.200296m2
4 4
Current exit area:
π π
Aj+1 = d2j+1 = × 0.512 = 0.204282m2
4 4
Entry mass flow rate:
pj uj Aj 6.3 × 106 × 529.665 × 0.200296

ṁj = = = 555.817kg/s
RTj 332.5804 × 3615.6464
Previous control volume:
!
π 0.52 + 0.5052
V0 = × × 0.02 = 3.966457 × 10−3 m3
4 2
Current control volume:
!
π 0.5052 + 0.5102
V = × × 0.02 = 4.0457823 × 10−3 m3
4 2
Table 3.2: Typical iteration results for the unsteady flow through
grain port segmental volume, Example 3. 4
No. p(j+1)g T(j+1)g p(j+1) T(j+1) u(j+1) δp δT
(Pa) (K) (Pa) (K) (m/s)
1 6300000 3615.646 6322525 3618.587 520.348 3.6E-03 8.2E-04
2 6322525 3618.587 6326647 3619.035 518.917 6.5E-04 1.2E-04
3 6326647 3619.035 6327434 3619.120 518.643 1.2E-04 2.4E-05
4 6327434 3619.120 6327585 3619.137 518.591 2.4E-05 4.6E-06
5 6327585 3619.137 6327613 3619.140 518.581 4.5E-06 7.2E-07
6 6327613 3619.140 6327619 3619.140 518.579 8.6E-07 5.2E-08
The convergence has been attained at the sixth iteration (Table 3.2).
The related results are the following.
Mass accumulation rate,
0 0
+p(j+1)
0

dm pj + p(j+1) 2V − V − V pj
kg
= = 0.015557
dt R Tj + T(j+1) ∆t s
Exit mass flow rate,
dm
ṁ(j+1) = ṁj + dṁ −
dt
= 555.817 + 1.107129 − 0.015557 = 556.9086kg/s

Check on exit mass flow rate,
p(j+1) u(j+1) A(j+1)

ṁ(j+1) =
RT(j+1)
6327619 × 518.579 × 0.204282

= = 556.9078kg/s
332.5804 × 3619.14
Exit static pressure (see Table 3.2),
p(j+1) = 6327619P a
Exit total pressure,
γ
!
T0 γ−1
p0(j+1) = p(j+1)
T(j+1)
!5
3700
= 6327619 × = 7066787P a
3619.14
Entry Mach number,
v ! v !
u u
u T0 2 u 3700 2
Mj = t −1 =t −1 × = 0.432
Tj γ−1 3615.64 0.25
Exit Mach number,
v !
u
u T0 2
M(j+1) =t −1
T(j+1) γ−1
v !
u
u 3700 2
=t −1 × = 0.4228
3619.14 0.25
FOR THE LAST TIME INSTANT CONTROL VOLUME GEOMEN-

TRY AND GAS DYNAMICS
Time step (s) = 1.000000E-01

Entry diameter (m) = 5.000000E-01
Exit diameter (m) = 5.050000E-01
Incremental step length (m) = 2.000000E-02
Entry static pressure (Pa) = 6.000000E+06
Exit static pressure (Pa) = 5.950000E+06
FOR THE CURRENT TIME INSTANT CONTROL VOLUME GE-

OMENTRY AND GAS DYNAMICS
Entry diameter (m) = 5.050000E-01
Exit diameter (m) = 5.100000E-01
Entry total pressure (Pa) = 7.070000E+06
FOR THE CURRENT TIME INSTANT CONTROL VOLUME GE-

OMETRY AND GAS DYNAMICS
Adiabatic flame temperature (checked against the input) after convergence
(K) = 3.700000E+03
Entry total pressure (Pa) = 7.070000E+06
Exit total pressure (Pa) = 7.066787E+06
Entry velocity (m/s) = 5.29665E+02
Exit velocity (m/s) = 5.18579E+02
Exit static pressure (Pa) = 6.327619E+06
Entry static temperature (K) = 3.615646E+03
Exit static temperature (K) = 3.619140E+03
Entry Mach number = 4.320E-01
Exit Mach number = 4.228E-01
Entry mass flow rate (kg/s) = 5.55817E+02
Exit mass flow rate (kg/s) = 5.56908E+02
Mass addition rate into
the control volume (kg/s) = 1.107129E+00
Mass accumulation rate in
the control volume (kg/s) = 1.5557E-02
Discussion
Convergence error fraction is sufficient as the stagnation temperature
and exit static pressure have been checked after the solution: check=
3700.000K = 3700.000K; check= 6327619Pa. = 6327619Pa. Note that
the flow is actually decelerating, despite the mass addition. This is be-
cause the port area is enlarging and acting as a diffuser. Nevertheless,
there is a total pressure loss due to mass addition. Mass conservation is
also satisfied: Exit mass flow rate = Entry mass flow rate + Mass addi-
tion rate into the control volume - Mass accumulation rate in the control
volume.
Solution of the unsteady flow in a segmental volume of a propellant-
grain port is explained. Such a solution is one of the many of such segmen-
tal volumes in a single iteration march to be solved in the propellant-grain
port flow. A few such marches have to be completed to reach convergence
(port exit flow = nozzle flow) and determine the flow field in the grain port
for a given instant. Many such instants interposed with incremental time
steps have to be analysed to predict the rocket motor performance from
ignition to complete burnout.
The iteration procedure we followed for the unsteady port flow in this
Example 3. 4 [shortened steps 1 8] can also be followed for the steady
port flow, after dropping the unsteady terms in Eqs. (3.22a) and (3.30a).
Equations (3.22a) and (3.30a) without the unsteady terms are nothing but
Eqs. 3.32 and 3.33 respectively. The iteration results and the solution for
the steady flow are given in Table 3. 3.
Table 3.3: Typical iteration results for the steady flow through
grain port segmental volume, Example 3. 4
No. p(j+1)g T(j+1)g p(j+1) T(j+1) u(j+1) δp δT
(Pa) (K) (Pa) (K) (m/s)
1 6300000 3615.646 6322561 3618.583 520.363 3.6E-03 8.1E-04
2 6322561 3618.583 6326697 3619.031 518.928 6.5E-04 1.2E-04
3 6326697 3619.031 6327487 3619.117 518.653 1.2E-04 2.4E-05
4 6327487 3619.117 6327638 3619.134 518.6 2.4E-05 4.5E-06
5 6327638 3619.134 6327667 3619.137 518.59 4.6E-06 8.6E-07
6 6327667 3619.137 6327672 3619.137 518.588 8.7E-07 1.7E-07
Chapter 4
Computer Program
Adopting steady-flow incremental-analysis, a FORTRAN-program has been

realized to predict the performance of solid propellant rocket motors having
tapered cylindrical grains. All the three phases of operation, namely, ig-
nition transient, equilibrium operation, and tail-off transient are included.
For easy readability and quick understanding of the program logic, the
print version of the source code with detailed comments is given here. The
source code, typical examples along with their outputs, and an exe file of
the code are stored in the attached USB-device.
For quick understanding of the program logic, you may have a cursory
glance of the source code and of any pair of output files given in the
attached USB device.
4.1 Computer Program

4.1.1 Main Program Steadyfull
There are two input files: xxxxxxinput1.dat and xxxxxxinput2.dat. The 6

alphanumeric-space xxxxxx is for problem identification. Examples of file
names are: case10input1.dat and case10input2.dat. xxxxxxinput1.dat file
contains propellant data under the namelist-name “prplnt” and xxxxxxin-
put2.dat file contains motor data under the namelist-name “motor”. Typ-
ical examples are:
case10input1.dat file containing
&prplnt a = 8.544e-6, n = 0.45, rhop = 1760., mbar = 25, cs = 1350.,
cp = 1779., t0 = 3110., ts = 950., ti = 300., beta = 55., mu = 0.904e-04,
107
108 CHAPTER 4. COMPUTER PROGRAM
pr = 0.51, eros = f/
case10input2.dat file containing
&motor od = 0.16, grainl = 0.19, dt = 0.025, aebyat = 8., tapangle =
.2, tailoffend = 0.05, deltatime = 0.02, error = 1.e-04, increments = 100,
idhinitial = 0.1/
On clicking the exe file, you will be asked to enter names of the input
files that you have created for the problem. In case your problem input
files are of the names case10input1.dat and case10input2.dat, you enter
sequentially only the names: case10input1 and case10input2. On execution
of the problem two output files: xxxxxxout1.out and xxxxxxout2.out are
printed. Related file names are case10out1.out and case10out2.out. The
former contains the detailed output along with iteration details for mass
convergence at the nozzle end and the latter contains the summary output.
The following are the steps by the main program (Refer to the Source
Code).
1. Set burnout = .false.; solution = .false. Read the two input files, and
call the subprogram propellant to calculate the propellant prop-
erties. This subprogram, on this calculation, prints the calculated
propellant data in both the output files.
2. Call the subprogram prsrratio to calculate nozzle pressure ratio

for the given nozzle area ratio aebyat and the ratio of specific heats,
gamma. The subprogram prsrratio calls the subprogram falci,
which uses the method of regula falci to converge on nozzle pressure
ratio.
3. Initiate motor operation from time 0 to burnout and then to complete

burnout: (Do ii=1,iiburnout); ii=1 represents 0th time.
4. Call the subprogram geometry (which is written for the ends-

inhibited tapered-circular-port cylindrical grain). If ii=1 (that is for
the 0th time instant) the subprogram calculates the motor configu-
ration data (burning area, chamber free-volume, loaded propellant
mass, and propellant volumetric loading fraction). The volume of
plenum is taken as 10 per cent of the initial port volume. Nozzle
convergence angle is taken to be 45o . End if. For all time instants,
including the 0th time, the subprogram calculates port envelop prop-
4.1. COMPUTER PROGRAM 109
erties (port diameter, burning perimeter, port area, and taper angle
at all incremental stations). For time instants >0, it returns the
port-envelop properties on regressing the envelop for the incremental
time step under quasi steady state assumption.
5. If ii=1 (0th time), on return from the subprogram geometry, print

the motor configuration data in both the output files under the head-
ing MOTOR CONFIGURATION. Else continue.
6. For all times, including the 0th time, set two trial total-pressures at
the head end, p0ht1 p0ht2.
7. If burnout has just happened (port diameter at the last incremental

station ≥ grain outer diameter), record nozzle-end total pressure at
burnout (“p0burnout”), pinpoint the burnout location and set at all
incremental stations downstream of it: grain taper angle = 0, port
diameter = grain outer diameter, burning perimeter = 0, and port
area = chamber area. Write in both the output files xxxxxxout1.out
and xxxxxxout2.out burnout information: time of burnout, port di-
ameter just upstream of burnout location, burnout location, sliver
mass, sliver fraction, and nozzle-end total pressure at burnout. Set
the logical variable burnout = .true.. Initiate printing tail-off tran-
sient performance in xxxxxxout2.out. Else continue.
8. Print the port envelop properties in the xxxxxxout1.out file for the
time instant.
9. Set j = 1.
10. If j = 1, p0ht=p0ht1. Else p0ht=p0ht2
11. Assuming that the port volume at the head end upstream of the
first incremental station is having p0ht, calculate the gas dynamic
properties at the first incremental station using the subprogram
falci or the subprogram bisection for the required iteration.
12. With these gas dynamic properties at the first incremental station,
call the subprogram segsteady to calculate the gas dynamic prop-
erties for all the remaining incremental stations along the port length.
If the logical variable eros = .true., the subprogram segsteady uses
subprogram erosive which in turn calls subprogram falci for the

calculation of total burning rates (including the erosive component)
for each control volume.
13. If burnout = .true. continue. Else go to step 15.
14. For all incremental stations downstream of the station where the
grain burning has crossed the casing wall, set (i) erosive component
of burning rate and total burning rate = 0, and (ii) gas dynamic
properties equal to the properties at that station.
15. If solution is .false. continue. Else go to step 22.
16. If j=1 continue. Else go to step 19.
17. Taking the port end total pressure as the nozzle entry total pressure,
calculate nozzle flow rate.
18. Store p0ht1 = p0ht, mdotp1 = port end mass flow rate, mdotn1
= nozzle flow rate, and the error fraction delmdot1 [=(mdotp1 -
mdotn1)/mdotp1]. Set j=2. Go to step 10.
19. Taking the port end total pressure as the nozzle entry total pressure,
calculate nozzle flow rate.
20. Store p0ht2 = p0ht, mdotp2 = port end mass flow rate, mdotn2
= nozzle flow rate, and the error fraction delmdot2 [=(mdotp2 -
mdotn2)/mdotp2].
21. If delmdot1 ≤ allowable error, solution = .true., p0ht=p0ht1, and

go to step 11. Else if delmdot2 ≤ allowable error, solution = .true.
p0ht = p0ht2., go to step 11. Else call subprogram falci to get
improved values of p0ht1 and p0ht2. Set j = 1. Go to step 10.
22. Add the mass exited from the port end for the time step to the
cumulative mass already exited from the port end. Similarly, add
the mass exited through the nozzle throat for the time step to the
cumulative mass that already exited though the nozzle throat. Store
nozzle mass flow rate and head end total pressure p0ht for the instant.
Calculate the erosive properties for the instant at the port exit by
calling subprogram erosive and store the same for the instant. Set
solution = .false..
23. Store the nozzle exit static pressure and the thrust for the instant.
24. If ii=1, call subprogram starttransienteql (which prints ignition

transient data in both the output files). On return prepare to print
motor performance for equilibrium operation. Else continue.
25. Print in the output file xxxxxxout1.out the details of converged so-
lution for the instant. Also print in that file the port dynamics for
the instant along the port: total pressure (p0), Mach number (M),
mass flow rate (mdot), erosive burning ratio (epsilon).
26. Print the related motor performance (equilibrium operation or tail-

off transient) in summary output file xxxxxxout2.out [head end total
pressure (p0h), nozzle end total pressure (p0n), motor mass flow
rate (mdot), erosive burning ratio (epsilon), head end port diameter
(dhprt), nozzle end port diameter (dnprt), nozzle exit static pressure
(pe), vacuum thrust (fvac), port end location (Lnprt), mass flow error
fraction at convergence (delmdot)].
27. If port end total pressure is not less than the specified fraction
of burnout total pressure (tailoffend*p0burnout), go to next time in-
stant, that is, go to step 3 to stay in the do-loop Do ii=1,iiburnout.
Else continue.
28. Print in both the output files that the total burnout has been reached
and print the following: (i) final sliver mass, and (ii) final sliver frac-
tion. To validate the adequacy of the time step (delta time) and
incremental-step length (delx), the following mass balance checks
are also printed in both the output files: (i) initial propellant mass,
(ii) cumulative port flow mass, (iii) cumulative nozzle flow mass, (iv)
Mass balance error2 = [(cumulative port-flow)-(cumulative nozzle-
flow)]/cumulative port-flow, and (v) Mass balance error3 = [(cumu-
lative nozzle-flow)+(final sliver)] - (initial propellant-mass)/(initial
propellant-mass). Also total impulse, calculated vacuum specific im-
pulse through incremental analysis, and the theoretical vacuum spe-
cific impulse (= c∗ × CF vac ) are printed.
4.1.2 Subprogram Propellant
This subprogram calculates the propellant properties: ratio of specific

heats, experimental characteristic velocity c*, beta and alpha in the Lenoir-
Robillard erosive burning equation. Calculated and other-specified propellant-
properties are printed. Experimental characteristic velocity is calculated
by assuming a c*-efficiency of 0.98.
4.1.3 Subprogram Prsrratio
Subprogram prsrratio calculates the nozzle pressure ratio p0bype of the

nozzle of given area ratio aebyat. The value of the ratio of specific heats
gamma comes from the main. For convergence the subprogram uses the
subprogram falci.
4.1.4 Subprogram Geometry
This subprogram is for an ends-inhibited tapered circular port grain. For

0th time (ii=1) burning area, free volume, propellant mass, and propellant
volumetric loading fraction are calculated. For all time instants, including
0th time, this subprogram calculates the port envelop. Included under port
envelop are: port diameter, burning perimeter, port area, and taper angle
at all incremental stations. For time instants > 0, the subprogram returns
the port-envelop properties on regressing the envelop for the incremental
time step under quasi steady state assumption.
4.1.5 Subprogram Segsteady
The Subprogram Segsteady calculates under steady flow assumption the

exit properties of the incremental control volume by applying the equations
of continuity, momentum, energy, and ideal-gas. Calculated exit properties
transferred to the calling program are: velocity, static-temperature and -
pressure, Mach number, and total pressure; also the increase in entropy
across the incremental control volume is calculated. Burning rate for the
incremental surface is approximated to the one at its entry station. Ero-
sive burning at the entry station is accounted through the Lenoir-Robillard
model. Erosive burning characteristics are calculated by calling Subpro-
gram Erosive
4.1.6 Subprogram Erosive
This program calculates the erosive burning rate using Lenoir-Robillard

model. The implicit equation in erosive burning rate ṙ is solved by Regula-
Falci by calling Subroutine FALCI. Subprogram Erosive is called by the
Subprogram Segsteady and also directly by the main program.
4.1.7 Subprogram Starttransienteql
The start transient is calculated assuming the “equilibrium pressure anal-

ysis”, that is assuming that there is one uniform pressure for the entire
chamber-cavity. Furthermore it is assumed that (i) for the duration of
start transient the burned distance is negligible, that is, the burning area
is constant and (ii) entire grain surface is instantaneously ignited with neg-
ligible igniter mass. This subprogram prints the calculated start transient.
4.1.8 Subprogram Falci
Given the trial pair of iterative points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), the program
uses the method of regula falci for giving improved x2 after retaining one of
the given points in the place of (x1,y1). Adequacy of the method of regula
falci for various sample problems has been observed. However, in rare
cases of non-convergence, the pair of points with negative and positive y-
values of x1 and x2 in the solution vicinity are referred to the Subprogram
Bisection.
4.1.9 Error Messages
As per the given input, in case the initial port-diameter at the nozzle end
is greater than the grain outer diameter or in case the port-diameter at
the nozzle end diameter is less than the throat diameter, error messages
are printed and the execution is aborted. The error messages are:
**** INPUT ERROR **** INPUT ERROR ****

INITIAL PORT EXIT DIAMETER = xxxxxx(m) IS GREATER THAN
GRAIN OD = xxxxxx(m)
PROGRAM EXECUTION ABORTED
**** INPUT ERROR **** INPUT ERROR ****

INITIAL PORT EXIT DIAMETER = xxxxxx(m) IS LESS THAN

NOZZLE THROAT DIAMETER = xxxxxx(m)
PROGRAM EXECUTION ABORTED
The maximum number of time steps given in the source code = 500
(iiburnout = 500). If this is not sufficient for the given time interval (delta-
time) the complete burnout will not be reached by the program and the
following error message is printed. You may have to increase the time step,
however, without sacrificing the overall mass convergence accuracy (refer
Mass balance error2 and Mass balance error3 in the program-output).
**** UNEXPECTED COMPLETE-BURNOUT ****

CHOOSE FINER TIMESTEP “deltatime” under NAMELIST “motor”
PROGRAM-EXECUTION ABORTED ** PROGRAM-EXECUTION
ABORTED
In the use of subprogram falci and/or subprogram bisection there is

a limit on number of iterations. If this number is exceeded the following
error message will be printed. On solving varied problems, such a situa-
tion has rarely been met. If such a situation arises, the detailed output
xxxxxxout1.out can be studied to solve the issue.
***FALCI BISECTION combinedly have been called more than 60

times by the main program for the head end Mach number convergence.
Calculations abandoned.***
4.1.10 Outputs
On execution of the problem two output files:
xxxxxxout1.out
and
xxxxxxout2.out
are printed. The former contains the detailed output along with iteration
details for mass convergence at the nozzle end and the latter contains
the summary output. The program has been run successfully on many
configurations. However, in case of non-convergence for any problem the
iteration details found in xxxxxxout1.out may be studied to solve the issue.
xxxxxxout1.out file, being detailed, is rather large. The summary of
the calculation is given in xxxxxxout2.out and hence it is relatively small.
4.1.11 Sample Problems
Problem01
prob01input1.dat
&prplnt a = 3.51e-05, n = 0.36, rhop = 1765., mbar = 26.1, cs = 1400.,
cp = 2880., t0 = 3390., ts = 1000., ti = 300., beta = 60., mu = 1.0e-04,
pr = 0.49, eros = .f./
prob01input2.dat
.5, tailoffend = 0.05, deltatime = 0.050, idhinitial = 0.05 /
Problem02
prob02input1.dat
cp = 2880., t0 = 3390., ts = 1000., ti = 300., beta = 60., mu = 1.0e-04,
pr = 0.49, eros = .t./
prob02input2.dat
Problem03
prob03input1.dat
cp = 2880., t0 = 3390., ts = 1000., ti = 300., beta = 60., mu = 1.0e-04,
pr = 0.49, eros = .t./
prob03input2.dat
Problem01 and Problem02 are of same data except the choice of ero-
sive burning consideration. The outputs bring out the difference in motor
performance for specifying eros = .false. (erosive burning not to be con-
sidered) and eros = .true. (erosive burning to be considered) for a very
low port-to-throat-ratio motor.
Problem02 and Problem03 bring out the difference in the outputs by
having a higher burning rate propellant in Problem03. Problem02 and
Problem03 have same motor dimensions. Erosive burning ratio for faster
burning propellant (in Problem03) is less.
Case10
case10input1.dat
cp = 1779., t0 = 3110., ts = 950., ti = 300., beta = 55., mu = 0.904e-04,
pr = 0.51, eros = f/
case10input2.dat
idhinitial = 0.1/
Case11
case11input1.dat
cp = 1779., t0 = 3110., ts = 950., ti = 300., beta = 55., mu = 0.904e-04,
pr = 0.51, eros = t/
case11input2.dat
idhinitial = 0.1/
Case10 and Case 11 depict the difference in the inputs by specifying
eros=.true. and eros=.false. for a very high port-to-throat-ratio motor.
The outputs are not different as there is no erosive burning for very high
port to throat ratio motors.
Case13
case13input1.dat
cp = 2289., t0 = 3146., ts = 1000., ti = 300., beta = 60., mu = 0.904e-04,
pr = 0.51, eros = t/
case13input2.dat
1.5, tailoffend = 0.05, deltatime = 0.065, error = 1.e-04, increments = 100,
idhinitial = 0.05/
Case13 depict the performance of comparatively a large motor with
a slower burning propellant. In spite of large port-to-throat area ratio,
certain amount erosive burning is noticed. The data of the Case13 are
same as Example 2.5 in Chapter 2. Example 2.5 has been calculated under
equilibrium pressure analysis assuming no erosive effect. The outputs of
Example 2.5 and of Case13 are different because in Case13 (i) erosive effect
is taken into account and (ii) incremental analysis is adopted.
As mentioned previously the outputs of these sample problems are large
and hence these outputs are given in the USB device attached. However,
for ready readability and quick understanding of the outputs, the summary
output of Case 13 is given here.
4.1.12 Sample Output: Case13

case13input1.dat
&prplnt a=2.814e-5, n=0.35, rhop=1780., mbar=25, cs=1350., cp=2289.,
t0=3146., ts=1000., ti=300., beta=60., mu=0.904e-04, pr=0.51, eros=t/
case13input2.dat
&motor od=0.4, grainl=2.4, dt=0.077, aebyat=8., tapangle=1.5, tai-
loffend=0.05, deltatime=0.065, error=1.e-04, increments=100, idhinitial=0.05/
Case13 depicts the performance of comparatively a large motor with
a slower burning propellant. In spite of large port-to-throat area ratio,
certain amount erosive burning is noticed because of slow burning propel-
lant. The data of the Case13 are basically same as Example 2.5 in Chapter
2. Example 2.5 has been calculated under equilibrium pressure analysis
assuming no erosive effect. The outputs of Example 2.5 and of Case13 are
different because in Case13 (i) the erosive effect is taken into account and
(ii) incremental analysis is adopted. Besides, the program assumes (i) the
nozzle convergence angle = 45o , and (ii) plenum volume is 10 percent of
initial port volume. Accordingly initial free volume and final empty vol-
umes are different between the solution of example 2.5 and the program
output: 0.1064 m3 against 0.03745m3 and 0.3815m3 against 0.34007m3
respectively. Due to the above, ignition transient is longer in Example 2.5.
Case14 is run with the data of Case13, but assuming no erosive effect.
The input and output files of Case14 are also given in the attached USB
device.
Computer Output for Case13
&PRPLNT
A = 2.814000000000000E-005,
N = 0.350000000000000 ,
RHOP = 1780.00000000000 ,
MBAR = 25.0000000000000 ,
CS = 1350.00000000000 ,
CP = 2289.00000000000 ,
T0 = 3146.00000000000 ,
TS = 1000.00000000000 ,
TI = 300.000000000000 ,
BETA = 60.0000000000000 ,
MU = 9.040000000000000E-005,
PR = 0.510000000000000 ,
EROS = T /
&MOTOR
OD = 0.400000000000000 ,
GRAINL = 2.40000000000000 ,
DT = 7.700000000000000E-002,
AEBYAT = 8.00000000000000 ,
TAPANGLE = 1.50000000000000,
DELTATIME = 6.500000000000000E-002,
INCREMENTS = 100,
IDHINITIAL = 5.000000000000000E-002,
ERROR = 1.000000000000000E-004,
TAILOFFEND = 5.000000000000000E-002
/
SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR

INTERNAL BALLISTICS PREDICTION
(Start transients are calculated through Lumped Chamber Pressure
Model or p(t) Model)
(Equilibrium operations are calculated throgh quasi steady flow model or
p(x) Model)
NOTE 1. Rocket performance parameters are calculated for operations in
vacuum.
NOTE 2. For non-vacuum operation, calculated vacuum-thrust has to be

corrected.
NOTE 3. Under non-vacuum operations nozzle exit plane pressure below
certain level will lead to nozzle separation.
PROPELLANT DATA
Pre-exponent factor a in the burning rate

equation r0 = apn (m/s) = 2.814000E-05
Burning rate index n in the burning rate
equation r0 = apn = 3.500000E-01
Propellant density (kg/m3 ) = 1.780000E+03
Molar mass of combustion
products (kg/kg − mole) = 2.500000E+01
Ratio of specific heats = 1.169994E+00
Experimental Characteristic velocity (m/s) = 1.559864E+03
Adiabatic flame temperature (K) = 3.146000E+03
Beta in the Lenoir-Robillard equation = 6.000000E+01
Alpha in the Lenoir Robillard equation = 2.046918E-05
Erosive Burning is not considered if eros=.FALSE., ie, F
Eros =T
Vacuum specific impulse theoretical
[= c ∗ ×CF vac](N − s/kg) = 2.697695E+03
MOTOR CONFIGARATION INCREMENTS
Grain outer diameter (m) = 4.000000E-01

Head end port diameter (m) = 5.000000E-02
Grain length (m) = 2.400000E+00
Grain taper angle (degree) = 1.500000E+00
Initial propellant mass(kg) = 4.896918E+02
Nozzle throat diameter(m) = 7.700000E-02
Nozzle area ratio = 8.000000E+00
Nozzle pressure ratio = 5.487120E+01
Incremental distance (m) = 2.400000E-02

Incremental time (s) = 0.065
Port end diameter (m) = 1.756924E-01
Initial-port to throat area ratio = 5.206245E+00
Initial burning area (m2 ) = 8.511321E-01
Port volume, initial (m3 ) = 2.648517E-02
Chamber free volume, initial (m3 ) = 3.745150E-02
Chamber empty-volume (m3 ) = 3.400700E-01
Propellant volumetric loadinng fraction = 8.089738E-01
4.1. COMPUTER PROGRAM
START TRANSIENT CALCULATED ASSUMING “EQUILIBRIUM PRESSURE ANALYSIS”
Time(s) p0h(Pa) mdot(kg/s) pe(Pa) Vac-Thrust(N)
0.000000E+00 1.099373E+05 2.478231E+00 2.003553E+03 8.853658E+02
4.035485E-04 1.366081E+05 2.673978E+00 2.489614E+03 1.100155E+03
7.880553E-04 1.632789E+05 2.846207E+00 2.975675E+03 1.314945E+03
1.158290E-03 1.899496E+05 3.000990E+00 3.461736E+03 1.529734E+03
1.517458E-03 2.166204E+05 3.142214E+00 3.947798E+03 1.744523E+03
1.867846E-03 2.432911E+05 3.272542E+00 4.433859E+03 1.959313E+03
2.211158E-03 2.699619E+05 3.393883E+00 4.919920E+03 2.174102E+03
2.548711E-03 2.966326E+05 3.507661E+00 5.405981E+03 2.388892E+03
2.881548E-03 3.233034E+05 3.614969E+00 5.892042E+03 2.603681E+03
3.210519E-03 3.499742E+05 3.716667E+00 6.378103E+03 2.818470E+03
3.536329E-03 3.766449E+05 3.813443E+00 6.864165E+03 3.033260E+03
3.859570E-03 4.033157E+05 3.905861E+00 7.350226E+03 3.248049E+03
4.180753E-03 4.299864E+05 3.994388E+00 7.836287E+03 3.462839E+03
4.500320E-03 4.566572E+05 4.079413E+00 8.322348E+03 3.677628E+03
4.818659E-03 4.833279E+05 4.161268E+00 8.808409E+03 3.892418E+03
5.136116E-03 5.099987E+05 4.240238E+00 9.294470E+03 4.107207E+03
5.453002E-03 5.366695E+05 4.316567E+00 9.780532E+03 4.321996E+03
5.769599E-03 5.633402E+05 4.390468E+00 1.026659E+04 4.536786E+03
6.086166E-03 5.900110E+05 4.462129E+00 1.075265E+04 4.751575E+03
121
122
6.402942E-03 6.166817E+05 4.531713E+00 1.123872E+04 4.966365E+03
6.720150E-03 6.433525E+05 4.599368E+00 1.172478E+04 5.181154E+03
7.037998E-03 6.700233E+05 4.665224E+00 1.221084E+04 5.395943E+03
7.356684E-03 6.966940E+05 4.729397E+00 1.269690E+04 5.610733E+03
7.676397E-03 7.233648E+05 4.791992E+00 1.318296E+04 5.825522E+03
7.997317E-03 7.500355E+05 4.853105E+00 1.366902E+04 6.040312E+03
8.319618E-03 7.767063E+05 4.912821E+00 1.415508E+04 6.255101E+03
8.643470E-03 8.033770E+05 4.971218E+00 1.464114E+04 6.469890E+03
8.969038E-03 8.300478E+05 5.028369E+00 1.512720E+04 6.684680E+03
CHAPTER 4. COMPUTER PROGRAM

9.296483E-03 8.567186E+05 5.084338E+00 1.561327E+04 6.899469E+03
9.625966E-03 8.833893E+05 5.139185E+00 1.609933E+04 7.114259E+03
9.957644E-03 9.100601E+05 5.192967E+00 1.658539E+04 7.329048E+03
1.029168E-02 9.367308E+05 5.245734E+00 1.707145E+04 7.543838E+03
1.062822E-02 9.634016E+05 5.297532E+00 1.755751E+04 7.758627E+03
1.096743E-02 9.900723E+05 5.348407E+00 1.804357E+04 7.973416E+03
1.130947E-02 1.016743E+06 5.398399E+00 1.852963E+04 8.188206E+03
1.165450E-02 1.043414E+06 5.447545E+00 1.901569E+04 8.402995E+03
1.200269E-02 1.070085E+06 5.495882E+00 1.950176E+04 8.617785E+03
1.235419E-02 1.096755E+06 5.543441E+00 1.998782E+04 8.832574E+03
1.270919E-02 1.123426E+06 5.590255E+00 2.047388E+04 9.047363E+03
1.306784E-02 1.150097E+06 5.636352E+00 2.095994E+04 9.262153E+03
1.343034E-02 1.176768E+06 5.681759E+00 2.144600E+04 9.476942E+03
1.379687E-02 1.203438E+06 5.726502E+00 2.193206E+04 9.691732E+03
1.416761E-02 1.230109E+06 5.770605E+00 2.241812E+04 9.906521E+03
1.454276E-02 1.256780E+06 5.814090E+00 2.290418E+04 1.012131E+04
1.492252E-02 1.283451E+06 5.856980E+00 2.339024E+04 1.033610E+04
1.530711E-02 1.310121E+06 5.899295E+00 2.387631E+04 1.055089E+04
1.569675E-02 1.336792E+06 5.941053E+00 2.436237E+04 1.076568E+04
1.609165E-02 1.363463E+06 5.982273E+00 2.484843E+04 1.098047E+04
1.649207E-02 1.390134E+06 6.022972E+00 2.533449E+04 1.119526E+04
1.689824E-02 1.416804E+06 6.063167E+00 2.582055E+04 1.141005E+04
1.731043E-02 1.443475E+06 6.102873E+00 2.630661E+04 1.162484E+04
1.772892E-02 1.470146E+06 6.142105E+00 2.679267E+04 1.183963E+04
1.815400E-02 1.496817E+06 6.180876E+00 2.727873E+04 1.205442E+04
1.858596E-02 1.523487E+06 6.219202E+00 2.776480E+04 1.226920E+04
1.902512E-02 1.550158E+06 6.257094E+00 2.825086E+04 1.248399E+04
1.947184E-02 1.576829E+06 6.294564E+00 2.873692E+04 1.269878E+04
1.992646E-02 1.603500E+06 6.331625E+00 2.922298E+04 1.291357E+04
2.038936E-02 1.630171E+06 6.368287E+00 2.970904E+04 1.312836E+04
2.086096E-02 1.656841E+06 6.404561E+00 3.019510E+04 1.334315E+04
2.134168E-02 1.683512E+06 6.440458E+00 3.068116E+04 1.355794E+04
2.183198E-02 1.710183E+06 6.475986E+00 3.116722E+04 1.377273E+04
123
124
2.233234E-02 1.736854E+06 6.511157E+00 3.165328E+04 1.398752E+04
2.284330E-02 1.763524E+06 6.545978E+00 3.213935E+04 1.420231E+04
2.336542E-02 1.790195E+06 6.580459E+00 3.262541E+04 1.441710E+04
2.389929E-02 1.816866E+06 6.614607E+00 3.311147E+04 1.463189E+04
2.444558E-02 1.843537E+06 6.648431E+00 3.359753E+04 1.484668E+04
2.500497E-02 1.870207E+06 6.681938E+00 3.408359E+04 1.506147E+04
2.557824E-02 1.896878E+06 6.715136E+00 3.456965E+04 1.527626E+04
2.616620E-02 1.923549E+06 6.748033E+00 3.505571E+04 1.549105E+04
2.676974E-02 1.950220E+06 6.780634E+00 3.554177E+04 1.570584E+04

2.738985E-02 1.976890E+06 6.812946E+00 3.602784E+04 1.592062E+04
2.802757E-02 2.003561E+06 6.844976E+00 3.651390E+04 1.613541E+04
2.868407E-02 2.030232E+06 6.876731E+00 3.699996E+04 1.635020E+04
2.936064E-02 2.056903E+06 6.908215E+00 3.748602E+04 1.656499E+04
3.005868E-02 2.083573E+06 6.939435E+00 3.797208E+04 1.677978E+04
3.077975E-02 2.110244E+06 6.970397E+00 3.845814E+04 1.699457E+04
3.152557E-02 2.136915E+06 7.001105E+00 3.894420E+04 1.720936E+04
3.229808E-02 2.163586E+06 7.031565E+00 3.943026E+04 1.742415E+04
3.309943E-02 2.190256E+06 7.061782E+00 3.991632E+04 1.763894E+04
3.393204E-02 2.216927E+06 7.091760E+00 4.040239E+04 1.785373E+04
3.479864E-02 2.243598E+06 7.121505E+00 4.088845E+04 1.806852E+04
3.570233E-02 2.270269E+06 7.151021E+00 4.137451E+04 1.828331E+04
3.664667E-02 2.296939E+06 7.180313E+00 4.186057E+04 1.849810E+04
3.763571E-02 2.323610E+06 7.209384E+00 4.234663E+04 1.871289E+04
3.867417E-02 2.350281E+06 7.238240E+00 4.283269E+04 1.892768E+04
3.976751E-02 2.376952E+06 7.266883E+00 4.331875E+04 1.914247E+04
4.092219E-02 2.403622E+06 7.295318E+00 4.380481E+04 1.935726E+04
4.214583E-02 2.430293E+06 7.323549E+00 4.429087E+04 1.957204E+04
4.344758E-02 2.456964E+06 7.351579E+00 4.477694E+04 1.978683E+04
4.483851E-02 2.483635E+06 7.379412E+00 4.526300E+04 2.000162E+04
4.633224E-02 2.510306E+06 7.407051E+00 4.574906E+04 2.021641E+04
4.794574E-02 2.536976E+06 7.434500E+00 4.623512E+04 2.043120E+04
4.970054E-02 2.563647E+06 7.461763E+00 4.672118E+04 2.064599E+04
5.162455E-02 2.590318E+06 7.488841E+00 4.720724E+04 2.086078E+04
5.375482E-02 2.616989E+06 7.515739E+00 4.769330E+04 2.107557E+04
5.614210E-02 2.643659E+06 7.542459E+00 4.817936E+04 2.129036E+04
5.885845E-02 2.670330E+06 7.569005E+00 4.866543E+04 2.150515E+04
6.201126E-02 2.697001E+06 7.595378E+00 4.915149E+04 2.171994E+04
6.577080E-02 2.723672E+06 7.621583E+00 4.963755E+04 2.193473E+04
7.043173E-02 2.750342E+06 7.647622E+00 5.012361E+04 2.214952E+04
7.657437E-02 2.777013E+06 7.673497E+00 5.060967E+04 2.236431E+04
125
126
Time integral of propellant mass consumed during start transient (kg) = 5.126751E-01
Impulse = time integral of thrust during start transient (N-s) = 1.250759E+03
EQUILIBRIUM PERFORMANCE
p0h=head-end total pressure; p0n=nozzle end total pressure; dhprt=head-end port dia; dnprt=nozzle-end port dia Lnprt=exit-
port location; delmdot=convergence error
Time (s) p0h(Pa) p0n(Pa) mdot(kg/s) epsilon dhprt(m) dnprt(m) pe(Pa) Fvac(N) Lnprt (m) delmdot
0.089 2.8482E+06 2.7688E+06 8.266E+00 1.106E+00 5.000E-02 1.757E-01 5.0460E+04 2.2298E+04 2.400E+00 1.351E-05

0.154 2.8697E+06 2.7915E+06 8.333E+00 1.105E+00 5.066E-02 1.764E-01 5.0874E+04 2.2481E+04 2.400E+00 1.219E-06
0.219 2.8911E+06 2.8141E+06 8.401E+00 1.105E+00 5.133E-02 1.771E-01 5.1286E+04 2.2663E+04 2.400E+00 2.513E-05
0.284 2.9125E+06 2.8367E+06 8.469E+00 1.104E+00 5.200E-02 1.779E-01 5.1698E+04 2.2845E+04 2.400E+00 8.420E-05
0.349 2.9348E+06 2.8601E+06 8.538E+00 1.103E+00 5.267E-02 1.786E-01 5.2124E+04 2.3033E+04 2.400E+00 2.507E-07
0.414 2.9570E+06 2.8834E+06 8.607E+00 1.102E+00 5.334E-02 1.793E-01 5.2549E+04 2.3221E+04 2.400E+00 4.718E-05
0.479 2.9792E+06 2.9067E+06 8.677E+00 1.101E+00 5.401E-02 1.801E-01 5.2973E+04 2.3409E+04 2.400E+00 5.887E-05
0.544 3.0014E+06 2.9300E+06 8.747E+00 1.101E+00 5.469E-02 1.808E-01 5.3398E+04 2.3596E+04 2.400E+00 3.592E-05
0.609 3.0236E+06 2.9532E+06 8.816E+00 1.100E+00 5.537E-02 1.815E-01 5.3821E+04 2.3784E+04 2.400E+00 2.063E-05
0.674 3.0463E+06 2.9770E+06 8.887E+00 1.099E+00 5.604E-02 1.823E-01 5.4254E+04 2.3975E+04 2.400E+00 1.516E-07
0.739 3.0690E+06 3.0007E+06 8.958E+00 1.098E+00 5.672E-02 1.830E-01 5.4686E+04 2.4166E+04 2.400E+00 1.331E-05
0.804 3.0917E+06 3.0244E+06 9.029E+00 1.097E+00 5.741E-02 1.838E-01 5.5118E+04 2.4356E+04 2.400E+00 5.935E-05
0.869 3.1150E+06 3.0487E+06 9.101E+00 1.097E+00 5.809E-02 1.845E-01 5.5561E+04 2.4552E+04 2.400E+00 1.899E-07
0.934 3.1383E+06 3.0730E+06 9.173E+00 1.096E+00 5.878E-02 1.853E-01 5.6003E+04 2.4748E+04 2.400E+00 2.546E-05
0.999 3.1617E+06 3.0972E+06 9.246E+00 1.095E+00 5.946E-02 1.860E-01 5.6445E+04 2.4943E+04 2.400E+00 1.832E-05
1.064 3.1850E+06 3.1215E+06 9.319E+00 1.094E+00 6.015E-02 1.867E-01 5.6887E+04 2.5138E+04 2.400E+00 2.064E-05
1.129 3.2083E+06 3.1457E+06 9.392E+00 1.094E+00 6.084E-02 1.875E-01 5.7329E+04 2.5333E+04 2.400E+00 9.048E-05
1.194 3.2326E+06 3.1708E+06 9.466E+00 1.093E+00 6.154E-02 1.882E-01 5.7786E+04 2.5536E+04 2.400E+00 2.624E-07
1.259 3.2568E+06 3.1959E+06 9.540E+00 1.092E+00 6.223E-02 1.890E-01 5.8244E+04 2.5738E+04 2.400E+00 5.707E-05
1.324 3.2811E+06 3.2210E+06 9.615E+00 1.092E+00 6.293E-02 1.898E-01 5.8701E+04 2.5940E+04 2.400E+00 8.246E-05
1.389 3.3053E+06 3.2461E+06 9.690E+00 1.091E+00 6.363E-02 1.905E-01 5.9158E+04 2.6142E+04 2.400E+00 7.654E-05
1.454 3.3296E+06 3.2711E+06 9.765E+00 1.090E+00 6.433E-02 1.913E-01 5.9615E+04 2.6344E+04 2.400E+00 4.031E-05
1.519 3.3538E+06 3.2962E+06 9.840E+00 1.089E+00 6.503E-02 1.920E-01 6.0071E+04 2.6545E+04 2.400E+00 2.564E-05
1.584 3.3787E+06 3.3218E+06 9.917E+00 1.089E+00 6.573E-02 1.928E-01 6.0539E+04 2.6752E+04 2.400E+00 1.617E-07
1.649 3.4035E+06 3.3474E+06 9.993E+00 1.088E+00 6.644E-02 1.935E-01 6.1005E+04 2.6958E+04 2.400E+00 4.920E-06
1.714 3.4284E+06 3.3730E+06 1.007E+01 1.087E+00 6.714E-02 1.943E-01 6.1472E+04 2.7164E+04 2.400E+00 3.934E-05
1.779 3.4537E+06 3.3992E+06 1.015E+01 1.087E+00 6.785E-02 1.951E-01 6.1948E+04 2.7375E+04 2.400E+00 1.372E-07
1.844 3.4791E+06 3.4253E+06 1.023E+01 1.086E+00 6.856E-02 1.958E-01 6.2424E+04 2.7585E+04 2.400E+00 9.191E-06
1.909 3.5045E+06 3.4514E+06 1.030E+01 1.085E+00 6.928E-02 1.966E-01 6.2900E+04 2.7795E+04 2.400E+00 1.080E-05
1.974 3.5299E+06 3.4775E+06 1.038E+01 1.085E+00 6.999E-02 1.974E-01 6.3375E+04 2.8005E+04 2.400E+00 5.928E-05
2.039 3.5560E+06 3.5042E+06 1.046E+01 1.084E+00 7.071E-02 1.982E-01 6.3863E+04 2.8221E+04 2.400E+00 1.803E-07
2.104 3.5821E+06 3.5310E+06 1.054E+01 1.083E+00 7.143E-02 1.989E-01 6.4351E+04 2.8437E+04 2.400E+00 2.928E-05
2.169 3.6082E+06 3.5578E+06 1.062E+01 1.083E+00 7.215E-02 1.997E-01 6.4839E+04 2.8652E+04 2.400E+00 2.999E-05
2.234 3.6343E+06 3.5845E+06 1.070E+01 1.082E+00 7.287E-02 2.005E-01 6.5327E+04 2.8868E+04 2.400E+00 2.463E-06
2.299 3.6604E+06 3.6113E+06 1.078E+01 1.081E+00 7.359E-02 2.013E-01 6.5814E+04 2.9083E+04 2.400E+00 5.252E-05
2.364 3.6872E+06 3.6388E+06 1.086E+01 1.081E+00 7.432E-02 2.020E-01 6.6315E+04 2.9304E+04 2.400E+00 1.766E-07
2.429 3.7141E+06 3.6662E+06 1.094E+01 1.080E+00 7.504E-02 2.028E-01 6.6815E+04 2.9525E+04 2.400E+00 2.353E-05
2.494 3.7409E+06 3.6937E+06 1.103E+01 1.079E+00 7.577E-02 2.036E-01 6.7315E+04 2.9747E+04 2.400E+00 1.947E-05
2.559 3.7677E+06 3.7211E+06 1.111E+01 1.079E+00 7.650E-02 2.044E-01 6.7816E+04 2.9968E+04 2.400E+00 1.190E-05
2.624 3.7946E+06 3.7486E+06 1.119E+01 1.078E+00 7.724E-02 2.052E-01 6.8316E+04 3.0188E+04 2.400E+00 6.985E-05
2.689 3.8223E+06 3.7769E+06 1.127E+01 1.078E+00 7.797E-02 2.060E-01 6.8831E+04 3.0416E+04 2.400E+00 2.007E-07
127
2.754 3.8500E+06 3.8052E+06 1.136E+01 1.077E+00 7.871E-02 2.067E-01 6.9347E+04 3.0644E+04 2.400E+00 4.132E-05
128
2.819 3.8777E+06 3.8334E+06 1.144E+01 1.076E+00 7.945E-02 2.075E-01 6.9863E+04 3.0872E+04 2.400E+00 5.554E-05
2.884 3.9055E+06 3.8617E+06 1.153E+01 1.076E+00 8.019E-02 2.083E-01 7.0378E+04 3.1100E+04 2.400E+00 4.291E-05
2.949 3.9332E+06 3.8900E+06 1.161E+01 1.075E+00 8.093E-02 2.091E-01 7.0893E+04 3.1327E+04 2.400E+00 4.143E-06
3.014 3.9609E+06 3.9182E+06 1.170E+01 1.075E+00 8.167E-02 2.099E-01 7.1408E+04 3.1555E+04 2.400E+00 6.007E-05
3.079 3.9895E+06 3.9474E+06 1.178E+01 1.074E+00 8.242E-02 2.107E-01 7.1939E+04 3.1790E+04 2.400E+00 1.923E-07
3.144 4.0182E+06 3.9765E+06 1.187E+01 1.073E+00 8.317E-02 2.115E-01 7.2470E+04 3.2024E+04 2.400E+00 3.283E-05
3.209 4.0468E+06 4.0057E+06 1.196E+01 1.073E+00 8.392E-02 2.123E-01 7.3001E+04 3.2259E+04 2.400E+00 3.939E-05
3.274 4.0754E+06 4.0348E+06 1.204E+01 1.072E+00 8.467E-02 2.131E-01 7.3532E+04 3.2494E+04 2.400E+00 2.019E-05
3.339 4.1040E+06 4.0639E+06 1.213E+01 1.072E+00 8.542E-02 2.139E-01 7.4062E+04 3.2728E+04 2.400E+00 2.410E-05
3.404 4.1326E+06 4.0930E+06 1.222E+01 1.071E+00 8.618E-02 2.147E-01 7.4593E+04 3.2962E+04 2.400E+00 9.311E-05
3.469 4.1624E+06 4.1233E+06 1.231E+01 1.070E+00 8.693E-02 2.155E-01 7.5144E+04 3.3206E+04 2.400E+00 2.383E-07

3.534 4.1922E+06 4.1535E+06 1.240E+01 1.070E+00 8.769E-02 2.163E-01 7.5696E+04 3.3450E+04 2.400E+00 6.583E-05
3.599 4.2213E+06 4.1831E+06 1.249E+01 1.069E+00 8.845E-02 2.172E-01 7.6234E+04 3.3688E+04 2.400E+00 2.751E-06
3.664 4.2504E+06 4.2126E+06 1.258E+01 1.069E+00 8.922E-02 2.180E-01 7.6773E+04 3.3926E+04 2.400E+00 9.494E-05
3.729 4.2809E+06 4.2435E+06 1.267E+01 1.068E+00 8.998E-02 2.188E-01 7.7336E+04 3.4175E+04 2.400E+00 2.674E-07
3.794 4.3113E+06 4.2744E+06 1.276E+01 1.068E+00 9.075E-02 2.196E-01 7.7899E+04 3.4424E+04 2.400E+00 6.829E-05
3.859 4.3410E+06 4.3046E+06 1.285E+01 1.067E+00 9.152E-02 2.204E-01 7.8449E+04 3.4666E+04 2.400E+00 2.700E-06
3.924 4.3707E+06 4.3347E+06 1.294E+01 1.067E+00 9.229E-02 2.212E-01 7.8998E+04 3.4909E+04 2.400E+00 9.676E-05
3.989 4.4019E+06 4.3663E+06 1.303E+01 1.066E+00 9.306E-02 2.220E-01 7.9573E+04 3.5163E+04 2.400E+00 2.695E-07
4.054 4.4330E+06 4.3978E+06 1.313E+01 1.066E+00 9.383E-02 2.229E-01 8.0148E+04 3.5417E+04 2.400E+00 7.049E-05
4.119 4.4633E+06 4.4285E+06 1.322E+01 1.065E+00 9.461E-02 2.237E-01 8.0708E+04 3.5665E+04 2.400E+00 2.651E-06
4.184 4.4936E+06 4.4593E+06 1.331E+01 1.064E+00 9.539E-02 2.245E-01 8.1268E+04 3.5912E+04 2.400E+00 9.856E-05
4.249 4.5254E+06 4.4915E+06 1.341E+01 1.064E+00 9.616E-02 2.253E-01 8.1855E+04 3.6172E+04 2.400E+00 2.712E-07
4.314 4.5573E+06 4.5237E+06 1.350E+01 1.063E+00 9.695E-02 2.262E-01 8.2442E+04 3.6431E+04 2.400E+00 7.262E-05
4.379 4.5882E+06 4.5550E+06 1.360E+01 1.063E+00 9.773E-02 2.270E-01 8.3013E+04 3.6683E+04 2.400E+00 2.603E-06
4.444 4.6199E+06 4.5871E+06 1.369E+01 1.062E+00 9.851E-02 2.278E-01 8.3597E+04 3.6941E+04 2.400E+00 1.221E-07
4.509 4.6515E+06 4.6191E+06 1.379E+01 1.062E+00 9.930E-02 2.287E-01 8.4180E+04 3.7199E+04 2.400E+00 2.091E-05
4.574 4.6832E+06 4.6511E+06 1.389E+01 1.061E+00 1.001E-01 2.295E-01 8.4764E+04 3.7457E+04 2.400E+00 6.467E-05
4.639 4.7157E+06 4.6841E+06 1.398E+01 1.061E+00 1.009E-01 2.303E-01 8.5364E+04 3.7722E+04 2.400E+00 1.606E-07
4.704 4.7483E+06 4.7170E+06 1.408E+01 1.060E+00 1.017E-01 2.312E-01 8.5965E+04 3.7988E+04 2.400E+00 4.018E-05
4.769 4.7809E+06 4.7499E+06 1.418E+01 1.060E+00 1.025E-01 2.320E-01 8.6565E+04 3.8253E+04 2.400E+00 5.697E-05
4.834 4.8135E+06 4.7829E+06 1.428E+01 1.059E+00 1.033E-01 2.329E-01 8.7165E+04 3.8518E+04 2.400E+00 5.079E-05
4.899 4.8461E+06 4.8158E+06 1.438E+01 1.059E+00 1.041E-01 2.337E-01 8.7766E+04 3.8783E+04 2.400E+00 2.191E-05
4.964 4.8787E+06 4.8487E+06 1.448E+01 1.058E+00 1.049E-01 2.345E-01 8.8366E+04 3.9049E+04 2.400E+00 2.899E-05
5.029 4.9120E+06 4.8824E+06 1.458E+01 1.058E+00 1.057E-01 2.354E-01 8.8979E+04 3.9320E+04 2.400E+00 1.225E-07
5.094 4.9454E+06 4.9161E+06 1.468E+01 1.058E+00 1.065E-01 2.362E-01 8.9593E+04 3.9591E+04 2.400E+00 5.991E-06
5.159 4.9787E+06 4.9497E+06 1.478E+01 1.057E+00 1.073E-01 2.371E-01 9.0207E+04 3.9862E+04 2.400E+00 1.038E-05
5.224 5.0121E+06 4.9834E+06 1.488E+01 1.057E+00 1.081E-01 2.379E-01 9.0820E+04 4.0133E+04 2.400E+00 4.858E-05
5.289 5.0462E+06 5.0179E+06 1.498E+01 1.056E+00 1.089E-01 2.388E-01 9.1449E+04 4.0411E+04 2.400E+00 1.301E-07
5.354 5.0804E+06 5.0524E+06 1.508E+01 1.056E+00 1.097E-01 2.397E-01 9.2077E+04 4.0689E+04 2.400E+00 2.565E-05
5.419 5.1146E+06 5.0869E+06 1.519E+01 1.055E+00 1.105E-01 2.405E-01 9.2705E+04 4.0966E+04 2.400E+00 2.902E-05
5.484 5.1488E+06 5.1213E+06 1.529E+01 1.055E+00 1.113E-01 2.414E-01 9.3334E+04 4.1244E+04 2.400E+00 1.063E-05
5.549 5.1829E+06 5.1558E+06 1.539E+01 1.054E+00 1.122E-01 2.422E-01 9.3962E+04 4.1522E+04 2.400E+00 2.928E-05
5.614 5.2171E+06 5.1903E+06 1.550E+01 1.054E+00 1.130E-01 2.431E-01 9.4590E+04 4.1799E+04 2.400E+00 9.006E-05
5.679 5.2526E+06 5.2261E+06 1.560E+01 1.053E+00 1.138E-01 2.440E-01 9.5243E+04 4.2088E+04 2.400E+00 2.055E-07
5.744 5.2882E+06 5.2619E+06 1.571E+01 1.053E+00 1.146E-01 2.448E-01 9.5896E+04 4.2376E+04 2.400E+00 6.690E-05
5.809 5.3228E+06 5.2968E+06 1.581E+01 1.053E+00 1.154E-01 2.457E-01 9.6532E+04 4.2657E+04 2.400E+00 2.399E-06
5.874 5.3574E+06 5.3317E+06 1.592E+01 1.052E+00 1.163E-01 2.466E-01 9.7168E+04 4.2938E+04 2.400E+00 9.175E-05
5.939 5.3937E+06 5.3683E+06 1.603E+01 1.052E+00 1.171E-01 2.474E-01 9.7834E+04 4.3233E+04 2.400E+00 2.391E-07
6.004 5.4300E+06 5.4048E+06 1.613E+01 1.051E+00 1.179E-01 2.483E-01 9.8500E+04 4.3527E+04 2.400E+00 6.887E-05
6.069 5.4653E+06 5.4404E+06 1.624E+01 1.051E+00 1.188E-01 2.492E-01 9.9148E+04 4.3813E+04 2.400E+00 2.357E-06
129
6.134 5.5005E+06 5.4759E+06 1.635E+01 1.050E+00 1.196E-01 2.500E-01 9.9796E+04 4.4100E+04 2.400E+00 9.326E-05
130
6.199 5.5376E+06 5.5132E+06 1.646E+01 1.050E+00 1.204E-01 2.509E-01 1.0048E+05 4.4400E+04 2.400E+00 2.406E-07
6.264 5.5746E+06 5.5505E+06 1.657E+01 1.050E+00 1.213E-01 2.518E-01 1.0115E+05 4.4700E+04 2.400E+00 7.071E-05
6.329 5.6105E+06 5.5867E+06 1.668E+01 1.049E+00 1.221E-01 2.527E-01 1.0181E+05 4.4991E+04 2.400E+00 2.317E-06
6.394 5.6465E+06 5.6229E+06 1.679E+01 1.049E+00 1.230E-01 2.536E-01 1.0247E+05 4.5283E+04 2.400E+00 9.466E-05
6.459 5.6842E+06 5.6609E+06 1.690E+01 1.048E+00 1.238E-01 2.544E-01 1.0317E+05 4.5589E+04 2.400E+00 2.419E-07
6.524 5.7220E+06 5.6989E+06 1.701E+01 1.048E+00 1.246E-01 2.553E-01 1.0386E+05 4.5895E+04 2.400E+00 7.243E-05
6.589 5.7586E+06 5.7357E+06 1.712E+01 1.048E+00 1.255E-01 2.562E-01 1.0453E+05 4.6192E+04 2.400E+00 2.278E-06
6.654 5.7952E+06 5.7726E+06 1.723E+01 1.047E+00 1.263E-01 2.571E-01 1.0520E+05 4.6489E+04 2.400E+00 9.596E-05
6.719 5.8337E+06 5.8113E+06 1.735E+01 1.047E+00 1.272E-01 2.580E-01 1.0591E+05 4.6801E+04 2.400E+00 2.429E-07
6.784 5.8722E+06 5.8501E+06 1.746E+01 1.046E+00 1.281E-01 2.589E-01 1.0661E+05 4.7113E+04 2.400E+00 7.405E-05
6.849 5.9095E+06 5.8876E+06 1.758E+01 1.046E+00 1.289E-01 2.598E-01 1.0730E+05 4.7415E+04 2.400E+00 2.240E-06

6.914 5.9469E+06 5.9252E+06 1.769E+01 1.046E+00 1.298E-01 2.607E-01 1.0798E+05 4.7717E+04 2.400E+00 9.716E-05
6.979 5.9861E+06 5.9646E+06 1.781E+01 1.045E+00 1.306E-01 2.616E-01 1.0870E+05 4.8035E+04 2.400E+00 2.436E-07
7.044 6.0254E+06 6.0041E+06 1.792E+01 1.045E+00 1.315E-01 2.625E-01 1.0942E+05 4.8353E+04 2.400E+00 7.556E-05
7.109 6.0634E+06 6.0423E+06 1.804E+01 1.044E+00 1.324E-01 2.634E-01 1.1012E+05 4.8661E+04 2.400E+00 2.203E-06
7.174 6.1014E+06 6.0806E+06 1.815E+01 1.044E+00 1.332E-01 2.643E-01 1.1082E+05 4.8969E+04 2.400E+00 9.827E-05
7.239 6.1414E+06 6.1208E+06 1.827E+01 1.044E+00 1.341E-01 2.652E-01 1.1155E+05 4.9293E+04 2.400E+00 2.442E-07
7.304 6.1814E+06 6.1610E+06 1.839E+01 1.043E+00 1.350E-01 2.661E-01 1.1228E+05 4.9617E+04 2.400E+00 7.697E-05
7.369 6.2201E+06 6.1999E+06 1.851E+01 1.043E+00 1.358E-01 2.670E-01 1.1299E+05 4.9930E+04 2.400E+00 2.167E-06
7.434 6.2589E+06 6.2388E+06 1.863E+01 1.043E+00 1.367E-01 2.679E-01 1.1370E+05 5.0244E+04 2.400E+00 9.929E-05
7.499 6.2996E+06 6.2798E+06 1.875E+01 1.042E+00 1.376E-01 2.688E-01 1.1445E+05 5.0574E+04 2.400E+00 2.502E-07
7.564 6.3404E+06 6.3208E+06 1.887E+01 1.042E+00 1.385E-01 2.697E-01 1.1519E+05 5.0904E+04 2.400E+00 7.806E-05
7.629 6.3798E+06 6.3604E+06 1.899E+01 1.042E+00 1.393E-01 2.706E-01 1.1592E+05 5.1223E+04 2.400E+00 2.132E-06
7.694 6.4202E+06 6.4010E+06 1.911E+01 1.041E+00 1.402E-01 2.716E-01 1.1666E+05 5.1550E+04 2.400E+00 1.113E-07
7.759 6.4607E+06 6.4416E+06 1.923E+01 1.041E+00 1.411E-01 2.725E-01 1.1740E+05 5.1877E+04 2.400E+00 1.676E-05
7.824 6.5011E+06 6.4822E+06 1.935E+01 1.041E+00 1.420E-01 2.734E-01 1.1814E+05 5.2204E+04 2.400E+00 5.218E-05
7.889 6.5425E+06 6.5239E+06 1.948E+01 1.040E+00 1.429E-01 2.743E-01 1.1889E+05 5.2539E+04 2.400E+00 1.181E-07
7.954 6.5840E+06 6.5655E+06 1.960E+01 1.040E+00 1.438E-01 2.752E-01 1.1965E+05 5.2875E+04 2.400E+00 3.237E-05
8.019 6.6255E+06 6.6072E+06 1.972E+01 1.040E+00 1.446E-01 2.762E-01 1.2041E+05 5.3210E+04 2.400E+00 4.586E-05
8.084 6.6669E+06 6.6488E+06 1.985E+01 1.039E+00 1.455E-01 2.771E-01 1.2117E+05 5.3545E+04 2.400E+00 4.061E-05
8.149 6.7084E+06 6.6905E+06 1.997E+01 1.039E+00 1.464E-01 2.780E-01 1.2193E+05 5.3881E+04 2.400E+00 1.684E-05
8.214 6.7499E+06 6.7321E+06 2.010E+01 1.039E+00 1.473E-01 2.790E-01 1.2269E+05 5.4216E+04 2.400E+00 2.489E-05
8.279 6.7913E+06 6.7738E+06 2.022E+01 1.038E+00 1.482E-01 2.799E-01 1.2345E+05 5.4552E+04 2.400E+00 8.445E-05
8.344 6.8345E+06 6.8171E+06 2.035E+01 1.038E+00 1.491E-01 2.808E-01 1.2424E+05 5.4900E+04 2.400E+00 1.817E-07
8.409 6.8777E+06 6.8604E+06 2.048E+01 1.038E+00 1.500E-01 2.818E-01 1.2503E+05 5.5249E+04 2.400E+00 6.453E-05
8.474 6.9196E+06 6.9025E+06 2.061E+01 1.037E+00 1.509E-01 2.827E-01 1.2580E+05 5.5589E+04 2.400E+00 2.060E-06
8.539 6.9616E+06 6.9447E+06 2.073E+01 1.037E+00 1.518E-01 2.836E-01 1.2656E+05 5.5928E+04 2.400E+00 8.586E-05
8.604 7.0055E+06 6.9888E+06 2.086E+01 1.037E+00 1.528E-01 2.846E-01 1.2737E+05 5.6283E+04 2.400E+00 2.058E-07
8.669 7.0495E+06 7.0329E+06 2.099E+01 1.036E+00 1.537E-01 2.855E-01 1.2817E+05 5.6639E+04 2.400E+00 6.627E-05
8.734 7.0922E+06 7.0758E+06 2.112E+01 1.036E+00 1.546E-01 2.865E-01 1.2895E+05 5.6984E+04 2.400E+00 2.027E-06
8.799 7.1349E+06 7.1186E+06 2.125E+01 1.036E+00 1.555E-01 2.874E-01 1.2973E+05 5.7329E+04 2.400E+00 8.703E-05
8.864 7.1797E+06 7.1636E+06 2.139E+01 1.035E+00 1.564E-01 2.884E-01 1.3055E+05 5.7691E+04 2.400E+00 2.070E-07
8.929 7.2244E+06 7.2085E+06 2.152E+01 1.035E+00 1.573E-01 2.893E-01 1.3137E+05 5.8053E+04 2.400E+00 6.780E-05
8.994 7.2679E+06 7.2521E+06 2.165E+01 1.035E+00 1.582E-01 2.903E-01 1.3217E+05 5.8404E+04 2.400E+00 1.995E-06
9.059 7.3113E+06 7.2957E+06 2.178E+01 1.034E+00 1.592E-01 2.912E-01 1.3296E+05 5.8755E+04 2.400E+00 8.845E-05
9.124 7.3569E+06 7.3414E+06 2.192E+01 1.034E+00 1.601E-01 2.922E-01 1.3379E+05 5.9123E+04 2.400E+00 2.083E-07
9.189 7.4025E+06 7.3872E+06 2.205E+01 1.034E+00 1.610E-01 2.931E-01 1.3463E+05 5.9491E+04 2.400E+00 6.924E-05
9.254 7.4467E+06 7.4315E+06 2.219E+01 1.034E+00 1.619E-01 2.941E-01 1.3544E+05 5.9849E+04 2.400E+00 1.964E-06
9.319 7.4909E+06 7.4758E+06 2.232E+01 1.033E+00 1.629E-01 2.950E-01 1.3624E+05 6.0206E+04 2.400E+00 8.944E-05
9.384 7.5374E+06 7.5224E+06 2.246E+01 1.033E+00 1.638E-01 2.960E-01 1.3709E+05 6.0581E+04 2.400E+00 2.091E-07
9.449 7.5838E+06 7.5690E+06 2.259E+01 1.033E+00 1.647E-01 2.970E-01 1.3794E+05 6.0956E+04 2.400E+00 7.072E-05
131
9.514 7.6287E+06 7.6141E+06 2.273E+01 1.032E+00 1.657E-01 2.979E-01 1.3876E+05 6.1319E+04 2.400E+00 1.933E-06
132
9.579 7.6737E+06 7.6592E+06 2.287E+01 1.032E+00 1.666E-01 2.989E-01 1.3958E+05 6.1682E+04 2.400E+00 9.049E-05
9.644 7.7210E+06 7.7066E+06 2.301E+01 1.032E+00 1.676E-01 2.999E-01 1.4045E+05 6.2064E+04 2.400E+00 2.096E-07
9.709 7.7682E+06 7.7540E+06 2.315E+01 1.032E+00 1.685E-01 3.008E-01 1.4131E+05 6.2445E+04 2.400E+00 7.176E-05
9.774 7.8140E+06 7.7998E+06 2.328E+01 1.031E+00 1.694E-01 3.018E-01 1.4215E+05 6.2815E+04 2.400E+00 1.903E-06
9.839 7.8597E+06 7.8457E+06 2.342E+01 1.031E+00 1.704E-01 3.028E-01 1.4298E+05 6.3184E+04 2.400E+00 9.144E-05
9.904 7.9078E+06 7.8939E+06 2.357E+01 1.031E+00 1.713E-01 3.038E-01 1.4386E+05 6.3573E+04 2.400E+00 2.100E-07
9.969 7.9559E+06 7.9422E+06 2.371E+01 1.030E+00 1.723E-01 3.047E-01 1.4474E+05 6.3961E+04 2.400E+00 7.307E-05
10.034 8.0024E+06 7.9888E+06 2.385E+01 1.030E+00 1.732E-01 3.057E-01 1.4559E+05 6.4337E+04 2.400E+00 1.874E-06
10.099 8.0489E+06 8.0354E+06 2.399E+01 1.030E+00 1.742E-01 3.067E-01 1.4644E+05 6.4712E+04 2.400E+00 9.222E-05
10.164 8.0979E+06 8.0845E+06 2.413E+01 1.030E+00 1.752E-01 3.077E-01 1.4734E+05 6.5107E+04 2.400E+00 2.102E-07
10.229 8.1468E+06 8.1336E+06 2.428E+01 1.029E+00 1.761E-01 3.087E-01 1.4823E+05 6.5503E+04 2.400E+00 7.395E-05

10.294 8.1941E+06 8.1810E+06 2.442E+01 1.029E+00 1.771E-01 3.097E-01 1.4909E+05 6.5885E+04 2.400E+00 1.846E-06
10.359 8.2414E+06 8.2284E+06 2.457E+01 1.029E+00 1.780E-01 3.107E-01 1.4996E+05 6.6266E+04 2.400E+00 9.292E-05
10.424 8.2912E+06 8.2783E+06 2.471E+01 1.029E+00 1.790E-01 3.116E-01 1.5087E+05 6.6669E+04 2.400E+00 2.103E-07
10.489 8.3411E+06 8.3283E+06 2.486E+01 1.028E+00 1.800E-01 3.126E-01 1.5178E+05 6.7071E+04 2.400E+00 7.512E-05
10.554 8.3891E+06 8.3765E+06 2.501E+01 1.028E+00 1.809E-01 3.136E-01 1.5266E+05 6.7459E+04 2.400E+00 1.819E-06
10.619 8.4372E+06 8.4247E+06 2.515E+01 1.028E+00 1.819E-01 3.146E-01 1.5354E+05 6.7847E+04 2.400E+00 9.369E-05
10.684 8.4879E+06 8.4755E+06 2.530E+01 1.028E+00 1.829E-01 3.156E-01 1.5446E+05 6.8256E+04 2.400E+00 2.102E-07
10.749 8.5386E+06 8.5263E+06 2.545E+01 1.027E+00 1.838E-01 3.166E-01 1.5539E+05 6.8665E+04 2.400E+00 7.588E-05
10.814 8.5875E+06 8.5753E+06 2.560E+01 1.027E+00 1.848E-01 3.176E-01 1.5628E+05 6.9060E+04 2.400E+00 1.792E-06
10.879 8.6364E+06 8.6243E+06 2.575E+01 1.027E+00 1.858E-01 3.186E-01 1.5717E+05 6.9455E+04 2.400E+00 9.439E-05
10.944 8.6880E+06 8.6760E+06 2.590E+01 1.027E+00 1.868E-01 3.196E-01 1.5812E+05 6.9871E+04 2.400E+00 2.208E-07
11.009 8.7395E+06 8.7276E+06 2.605E+01 1.026E+00 1.878E-01 3.206E-01 1.5906E+05 7.0287E+04 2.400E+00 7.670E-05
11.074 8.7892E+06 8.7774E+06 2.620E+01 1.026E+00 1.887E-01 3.217E-01 1.5996E+05 7.0688E+04 2.400E+00 1.766E-06
11.139 8.8389E+06 8.8272E+06 2.635E+01 1.026E+00 1.897E-01 3.227E-01 1.6087E+05 7.1089E+04 2.400E+00 9.467E-05
11.204 8.8914E+06 8.8798E+06 2.651E+01 1.026E+00 1.907E-01 3.237E-01 1.6183E+05 7.1512E+04 2.400E+00 2.093E-07
11.269 8.9438E+06 8.9324E+06 2.666E+01 1.026E+00 1.917E-01 3.247E-01 1.6279E+05 7.1936E+04 2.400E+00 7.747E-05
11.334 8.9943E+06 8.9830E+06 2.682E+01 1.025E+00 1.927E-01 3.257E-01 1.6371E+05 7.2343E+04 2.400E+00 1.740E-06
11.399 9.0449E+06 9.0336E+06 2.697E+01 1.025E+00 1.937E-01 3.267E-01 1.6463E+05 7.2751E+04 2.400E+00 9.527E-05
11.464 9.0982E+06 9.0870E+06 2.713E+01 1.025E+00 1.947E-01 3.277E-01 1.6561E+05 7.3181E+04 2.400E+00 2.090E-07
11.529 9.1516E+06 9.1405E+06 2.728E+01 1.025E+00 1.957E-01 3.288E-01 1.6658E+05 7.3612E+04 2.400E+00 7.823E-05
11.594 9.2029E+06 9.1919E+06 2.744E+01 1.024E+00 1.967E-01 3.298E-01 1.6752E+05 7.4026E+04 2.400E+00 1.715E-06
11.659 9.2542E+06 9.2434E+06 2.760E+01 1.024E+00 1.977E-01 3.308E-01 1.6846E+05 7.4440E+04 2.400E+00 9.583E-05
11.724 9.3085E+06 9.2977E+06 2.776E+01 1.024E+00 1.987E-01 3.318E-01 1.6945E+05 7.4878E+04 2.400E+00 2.087E-07
11.789 9.3627E+06 9.3520E+06 2.792E+01 1.024E+00 1.997E-01 3.329E-01 1.7044E+05 7.5315E+04 2.400E+00 7.900E-05
11.854 9.4149E+06 9.4043E+06 2.807E+01 1.024E+00 2.007E-01 3.339E-01 1.7139E+05 7.5736E+04 2.400E+00 1.690E-06
11.919 9.4671E+06 9.4566E+06 2.823E+01 1.023E+00 2.017E-01 3.349E-01 1.7234E+05 7.6157E+04 2.400E+00 9.634E-05
11.984 9.5222E+06 9.5118E+06 2.840E+01 1.023E+00 2.027E-01 3.360E-01 1.7335E+05 7.6602E+04 2.400E+00 2.082E-07
12.049 9.5774E+06 9.5671E+06 2.856E+01 1.023E+00 2.037E-01 3.370E-01 1.7436E+05 7.7047E+04 2.400E+00 7.970E-05
12.114 9.6304E+06 9.6202E+06 2.872E+01 1.023E+00 2.048E-01 3.381E-01 1.7532E+05 7.7475E+04 2.400E+00 1.666E-06
12.179 9.6834E+06 9.6733E+06 2.888E+01 1.023E+00 2.058E-01 3.391E-01 1.7629E+05 7.7902E+04 2.400E+00 9.680E-05
12.244 9.7395E+06 9.7294E+06 2.905E+01 1.022E+00 2.068E-01 3.401E-01 1.7731E+05 7.8355E+04 2.400E+00 2.077E-07
12.309 9.7956E+06 9.7856E+06 2.921E+01 1.022E+00 2.078E-01 3.412E-01 1.7834E+05 7.8807E+04 2.400E+00 8.038E-05
12.374 9.8494E+06 9.8396E+06 2.937E+01 1.022E+00 2.088E-01 3.422E-01 1.7932E+05 7.9242E+04 2.400E+00 1.643E-06
12.439 9.9033E+06 9.8935E+06 2.954E+01 1.022E+00 2.099E-01 3.433E-01 1.8030E+05 7.9676E+04 2.400E+00 9.722E-05
12.504 9.9603E+06 9.9506E+06 2.971E+01 1.022E+00 2.109E-01 3.443E-01 1.8134E+05 8.0136E+04 2.400E+00 2.071E-07
12.569 1.0017E+07 1.0008E+07 2.987E+01 1.021E+00 2.119E-01 3.454E-01 1.8238E+05 8.0596E+04 2.400E+00 8.099E-05
12.634 1.0072E+07 1.0062E+07 3.004E+01 1.021E+00 2.130E-01 3.464E-01 1.8338E+05 8.1037E+04 2.400E+00 1.620E-06
12.699 1.0127E+07 1.0117E+07 3.021E+01 1.021E+00 2.140E-01 3.475E-01 1.8438E+05 8.1478E+04 2.400E+00 9.763E-05
12.764 1.0185E+07 1.0175E+07 3.038E+01 1.021E+00 2.150E-01 3.485E-01 1.8544E+05 8.1945E+04 2.400E+00 2.065E-07
12.829 1.0243E+07 1.0233E+07 3.055E+01 1.021E+00 2.161E-01 3.496E-01 1.8650E+05 8.2413E+04 2.400E+00 8.157E-05
133
12.894 1.0298E+07 1.0289E+07 3.072E+01 1.020E+00 2.171E-01 3.507E-01 1.8751E+05 8.2861E+04 2.400E+00 1.597E-06
134
12.959 1.0354E+07 1.0345E+07 3.088E+01 1.020E+00 2.181E-01 3.517E-01 1.8853E+05 8.3309E+04 2.400E+00 9.794E-05
13.024 1.0413E+07 1.0404E+07 3.106E+01 1.020E+00 2.192E-01 3.528E-01 1.8960E+05 8.3784E+04 2.400E+00 2.057E-07
13.089 1.0472E+07 1.0463E+07 3.123E+01 1.020E+00 2.202E-01 3.539E-01 1.9068E+05 8.4259E+04 2.400E+00 8.210E-05
13.154 1.0528E+07 1.0519E+07 3.140E+01 1.020E+00 2.213E-01 3.549E-01 1.9171E+05 8.4714E+04 2.400E+00 1.575E-06
13.219 1.0584E+07 1.0576E+07 3.157E+01 1.019E+00 2.223E-01 3.560E-01 1.9274E+05 8.5169E+04 2.400E+00 9.825E-05
13.284 1.0644E+07 1.0636E+07 3.175E+01 1.019E+00 2.234E-01 3.571E-01 1.9383E+05 8.5652E+04 2.400E+00 2.049E-07
13.349 1.0704E+07 1.0695E+07 3.193E+01 1.019E+00 2.244E-01 3.581E-01 1.9492E+05 8.6134E+04 2.400E+00 8.259E-05
13.414 1.0762E+07 1.0753E+07 3.210E+01 1.019E+00 2.255E-01 3.592E-01 1.9597E+05 8.6597E+04 2.400E+00 1.554E-06
13.479 1.0819E+07 1.0810E+07 3.227E+01 1.019E+00 2.266E-01 3.603E-01 1.9701E+05 8.7059E+04 2.400E+00 9.851E-05
13.544 1.0880E+07 1.0871E+07 3.245E+01 1.019E+00 2.276E-01 3.614E-01 1.9812E+05 8.7549E+04 2.400E+00 2.127E-07
13.609 1.0940E+07 1.0932E+07 3.263E+01 1.018E+00 2.287E-01 3.625E-01 1.9923E+05 8.8040E+04 2.400E+00 8.283E-05

13.674 1.0999E+07 1.0990E+07 3.281E+01 1.018E+00 2.297E-01 3.635E-01 2.0029E+05 8.8509E+04 2.400E+00 1.533E-06
13.739 1.1057E+07 1.1049E+07 3.299E+01 1.018E+00 2.308E-01 3.646E-01 2.0136E+05 8.8978E+04 2.400E+00 9.854E-05
13.804 1.1119E+07 1.1110E+07 3.317E+01 1.018E+00 2.319E-01 3.657E-01 2.0248E+05 8.9476E+04 2.400E+00 2.027E-07
13.869 1.1180E+07 1.1172E+07 3.335E+01 1.018E+00 2.329E-01 3.668E-01 2.0361E+05 8.9974E+04 2.400E+00 8.326E-05
13.934 1.1240E+07 1.1231E+07 3.353E+01 1.018E+00 2.340E-01 3.679E-01 2.0469E+05 9.0451E+04 2.400E+00 1.512E-06
13.999 1.1299E+07 1.1291E+07 3.371E+01 1.017E+00 2.351E-01 3.690E-01 2.0577E+05 9.0928E+04 2.400E+00 9.875E-05
14.064 1.1361E+07 1.1353E+07 3.389E+01 1.017E+00 2.362E-01 3.701E-01 2.0691E+05 9.1434E+04 2.400E+00 2.018E-07
14.129 1.1424E+07 1.1416E+07 3.408E+01 1.017E+00 2.373E-01 3.712E-01 2.0806E+05 9.1940E+04 2.400E+00 8.365E-05
14.194 1.1484E+07 1.1476E+07 3.426E+01 1.017E+00 2.383E-01 3.723E-01 2.0915E+05 9.2423E+04 2.400E+00 1.492E-06
14.259 1.1544E+07 1.1536E+07 3.444E+01 1.017E+00 2.394E-01 3.734E-01 2.1025E+05 9.2907E+04 2.400E+00 9.893E-05
14.324 1.1608E+07 1.1600E+07 3.463E+01 1.017E+00 2.405E-01 3.745E-01 2.1141E+05 9.3421E+04 2.400E+00 2.008E-07
14.389 1.1672E+07 1.1664E+07 3.482E+01 1.016E+00 2.416E-01 3.756E-01 2.1257E+05 9.3935E+04 2.400E+00 8.401E-05
14.454 1.1733E+07 1.1725E+07 3.500E+01 1.016E+00 2.427E-01 3.767E-01 2.1368E+05 9.4426E+04 2.400E+00 1.472E-06
14.519 1.1794E+07 1.1786E+07 3.519E+01 1.016E+00 2.438E-01 3.778E-01 2.1480E+05 9.4917E+04 2.400E+00 9.908E-05
14.584 1.1858E+07 1.1851E+07 3.538E+01 1.016E+00 2.449E-01 3.789E-01 2.1598E+05 9.5439E+04 2.400E+00 1.998E-07
14.649 1.1923E+07 1.1916E+07 3.557E+01 1.016E+00 2.460E-01 3.800E-01 2.1716E+05 9.5961E+04 2.400E+00 8.433E-05
14.714 1.1985E+07 1.1978E+07 3.576E+01 1.016E+00 2.470E-01 3.811E-01 2.1829E+05 9.6460E+04 2.400E+00 1.453E-06
14.779 1.2047E+07 1.2039E+07 3.594E+01 1.016E+00 2.481E-01 3.822E-01 2.1941E+05 9.6958E+04 2.400E+00 9.921E-05
14.844 1.2112E+07 1.2105E+07 3.614E+01 1.015E+00 2.492E-01 3.834E-01 2.2061E+05 9.7488E+04 2.400E+00 1.988E-07
14.909 1.2178E+07 1.2171E+07 3.633E+01 1.015E+00 2.504E-01 3.845E-01 2.2181E+05 9.8018E+04 2.400E+00 8.463E-05
14.974 1.2241E+07 1.2234E+07 3.652E+01 1.015E+00 2.515E-01 3.856E-01 2.2296E+05 9.8524E+04 2.400E+00 1.434E-06
15.039 1.2304E+07 1.2297E+07 3.671E+01 1.015E+00 2.526E-01 3.867E-01 2.2410E+05 9.9030E+04 2.400E+00 9.931E-05
15.104 1.2371E+07 1.2364E+07 3.691E+01 1.015E+00 2.537E-01 3.879E-01 2.2532E+05 9.9568E+04 2.400E+00 1.976E-07
15.169 1.2437E+07 1.2430E+07 3.710E+01 1.015E+00 2.548E-01 3.890E-01 2.2654E+05 1.0011E+05 2.400E+00 8.496E-05
15.234 1.2501E+07 1.2494E+07 3.730E+01 1.015E+00 2.559E-01 3.901E-01 2.2770E+05 1.0062E+05 2.400E+00 1.415E-06
15.299 1.2565E+07 1.2558E+07 3.749E+01 1.014E+00 2.570E-01 3.912E-01 2.2886E+05 1.0113E+05 2.400E+00 9.938E-05
15.364 1.2633E+07 1.2626E+07 3.769E+01 1.014E+00 2.581E-01 3.924E-01 2.3010E+05 1.0168E+05 2.400E+00 1.965E-07
15.429 1.2700E+07 1.2694E+07 3.789E+01 1.014E+00 2.592E-01 3.935E-01 2.3133E+05 1.0223E+05 2.400E+00 8.515E-05
15.494 1.2765E+07 1.2758E+07 3.809E+01 1.014E+00 2.604E-01 3.946E-01 2.3251E+05 1.0275E+05 2.400E+00 1.397E-06
15.559 1.2830E+07 1.2823E+07 3.828E+01 1.014E+00 2.615E-01 3.958E-01 2.3369E+05 1.0327E+05 2.400E+00 9.944E-05
15.624 1.2898E+07 1.2892E+07 3.849E+01 1.014E+00 2.626E-01 3.969E-01 2.3495E+05 1.0382E+05 2.400E+00 1.953E-07
15.689 1.2967E+07 1.2961E+07 3.869E+01 1.014E+00 2.637E-01 3.981E-01 2.3620E+05 1.0438E+05 2.400E+00 8.537E-05
15.754 1.3033E+07 1.3026E+07 3.889E+01 1.013E+00 2.649E-01 3.992E-01 2.3740E+05 1.0491E+05 2.400E+00 1.379E-06
BURNOUT HAS OCCURED AT 1.581886E+01seconds

PORT DIAMETER = 3.990262E-01 AT PORT LOCATION 2.376000E+00(m)
Sliver mass at burnout (kg) = 1.693337E+02
Sliver fraction at burnout (sliver mass/initial propellant mass) = 3.457966E-01
135
Burnout nozzle-end total-pressure (Pa) = 1.302640E+07
136
TAIL-OFF PERFORMANCE
p0h=head-end total pressure; p0n = nozzle end total pressure;

Lnprt = exit-port location; delmdot = convergence error
Time (s) p0h(Pa) p0n(Pa) mdot(kg/s) epsilon dhprt(m) dnprt(m) pe(Pa) Fvac(N) Lnprt (m) delmdot
15.819 1.2857E+07 1.2850E+07 3.836E+01 1.013E+00 2.660E-01 3.990E-01 2.3419E+05 1.0349E+05 2.376E+00 2.895E-05
15.884 1.2680E+07 1.2674E+07 3.784E+01 1.013E+00 2.671E-01 3.988E-01 2.3098E+05 1.0207E+05 2.352E+00 6.050E-05
15.949 1.2746E+07 1.2740E+07 3.803E+01 1.013E+00 2.683E-01 4.000E-01 2.3218E+05 1.0260E+05 2.352E+00 1.133E-05
16.014 1.2570E+07 1.2564E+07 3.751E+01 1.012E+00 2.694E-01 3.998E-01 2.2897E+05 1.0118E+05 2.328E+00 3.047E-05
16.079 1.2393E+07 1.2387E+07 3.698E+01 1.012E+00 2.705E-01 3.996E-01 2.2575E+05 9.9757E+04 2.304E+00 5.568E-05
16.144 1.2216E+07 1.2210E+07 3.645E+01 1.012E+00 2.716E-01 3.994E-01 2.2253E+05 9.8335E+04 2.280E+00 8.831E-05

16.209 1.2042E+07 1.2036E+07 3.593E+01 1.011E+00 2.727E-01 3.991E-01 2.1935E+05 9.6930E+04 2.256E+00 1.171E-05
16.274 1.1867E+07 1.1862E+07 3.541E+01 1.011E+00 2.738E-01 3.989E-01 2.1617E+05 9.5525E+04 2.232E+00 5.770E-05
16.339 1.1691E+07 1.1685E+07 3.488E+01 1.010E+00 2.749E-01 3.987E-01 2.1295E+05 9.4103E+04 2.208E+00 3.119E-07
16.404 1.1748E+07 1.1743E+07 3.506E+01 1.010E+00 2.760E-01 3.998E-01 2.1400E+05 9.4567E+04 2.208E+00 1.125E-05
16.469 1.1571E+07 1.1566E+07 3.453E+01 1.010E+00 2.771E-01 3.995E-01 2.1078E+05 9.3145E+04 2.184E+00 3.464E-05
16.534 1.1395E+07 1.1389E+07 3.400E+01 1.010E+00 2.782E-01 3.993E-01 2.0757E+05 9.1724E+04 2.160E+00 7.225E-05
16.599 1.1220E+07 1.1215E+07 3.348E+01 1.009E+00 2.793E-01 3.990E-01 2.0439E+05 9.0317E+04 2.136E+00 1.352E-05
16.664 1.1045E+07 1.1040E+07 3.296E+01 1.009E+00 2.803E-01 3.988E-01 2.0120E+05 8.8911E+04 2.112E+00 3.037E-05
16.729 1.1098E+07 1.1093E+07 3.312E+01 1.009E+00 2.814E-01 3.999E-01 2.0216E+05 8.9334E+04 2.112E+00 1.113E-05
16.794 1.0921E+07 1.0916E+07 3.259E+01 1.009E+00 2.825E-01 3.996E-01 1.9895E+05 8.7914E+04 2.088E+00 3.791E-05
16.859 1.0745E+07 1.0740E+07 3.206E+01 1.008E+00 2.835E-01 3.993E-01 1.9573E+05 8.6494E+04 2.064E+00 8.537E-05
16.924 1.0571E+07 1.0566E+07 3.154E+01 1.008E+00 2.846E-01 3.990E-01 1.9256E+05 8.5093E+04 2.040E+00 1.508E-05
16.989 1.0397E+07 1.0392E+07 3.102E+01 1.008E+00 2.856E-01 3.987E-01 1.8939E+05 8.3692E+04 2.016E+00 3.405E-05
17.054 1.0445E+07 1.0440E+07 3.117E+01 1.008E+00 2.867E-01 3.998E-01 1.9026E+05 8.4077E+04 2.016E+00 1.123E-05
17.119 1.0269E+07 1.0264E+07 3.064E+01 1.007E+00 2.877E-01 3.995E-01 1.8706E+05 8.2663E+04 1.992E+00 4.173E-05
17.184 1.0095E+07 1.0090E+07 3.012E+01 1.007E+00 2.888E-01 3.992E-01 1.8389E+05 8.1259E+04 1.968E+00 1.669E-05
17.249 9.9201E+06 9.9157E+06 2.960E+01 1.007E+00 2.898E-01 3.989E-01 1.8071E+05 7.9855E+04 1.944E+00 2.001E-05
17.314 9.9656E+06 9.9612E+06 2.974E+01 1.007E+00 2.908E-01 3.999E-01 1.8154E+05 8.0221E+04 1.944E+00 1.162E-05
17.379 9.7905E+06 9.7861E+06 2.922E+01 1.006E+00 2.919E-01 3.996E-01 1.7835E+05 7.8811E+04 1.920E+00 4.514E-05
17.444 9.6167E+06 9.6124E+06 2.870E+01 1.006E+00 2.929E-01 3.993E-01 1.7518E+05 7.7412E+04 1.896E+00 1.823E-05
17.509 9.4429E+06 9.4387E+06 2.818E+01 1.006E+00 2.939E-01 3.989E-01 1.7202E+05 7.6014E+04 1.872E+00 2.609E-05
17.574 9.4853E+06 9.4812E+06 2.830E+01 1.006E+00 2.949E-01 4.000E-01 1.7279E+05 7.6356E+04 1.872E+00 1.177E-05
17.639 9.3109E+06 9.3069E+06 2.778E+01 1.006E+00 2.959E-01 3.996E-01 1.6961E+05 7.4952E+04 1.848E+00 4.878E-05
17.704 9.1381E+06 9.1341E+06 2.727E+01 1.005E+00 2.969E-01 3.993E-01 1.6646E+05 7.3560E+04 1.824E+00 1.996E-05
17.769 8.9652E+06 8.9613E+06 2.675E+01 1.005E+00 2.979E-01 3.989E-01 1.6331E+05 7.2169E+04 1.800E+00 3.313E-05
17.834 9.0046E+06 9.0008E+06 2.687E+01 1.005E+00 2.989E-01 3.999E-01 1.6403E+05 7.2487E+04 1.800E+00 1.193E-05
17.899 8.8313E+06 8.8275E+06 2.635E+01 1.005E+00 2.999E-01 3.996E-01 1.6088E+05 7.1091E+04 1.776E+00 5.286E-05
17.964 8.6596E+06 8.6558E+06 2.584E+01 1.005E+00 3.009E-01 3.992E-01 1.5775E+05 6.9709E+04 1.752E+00 2.190E-05
18.029 8.4878E+06 8.4842E+06 2.533E+01 1.004E+00 3.019E-01 3.988E-01 1.5462E+05 6.8326E+04 1.728E+00 4.112E-05
18.094 8.5244E+06 8.5208E+06 2.544E+01 1.004E+00 3.029E-01 3.998E-01 1.5529E+05 6.8621E+04 1.728E+00 1.211E-05
18.159 8.3523E+06 8.3488E+06 2.492E+01 1.004E+00 3.038E-01 3.994E-01 1.5215E+05 6.7236E+04 1.704E+00 5.747E-05
18.224 8.1820E+06 8.1785E+06 2.442E+01 1.004E+00 3.048E-01 3.990E-01 1.4905E+05 6.5865E+04 1.680E+00 2.410E-05
18.289 8.2165E+06 8.2130E+06 2.452E+01 1.004E+00 3.058E-01 4.000E-01 1.4968E+05 6.6143E+04 1.680E+00 1.208E-05
18.354 8.0452E+06 8.0418E+06 2.401E+01 1.004E+00 3.067E-01 3.996E-01 1.4656E+05 6.4764E+04 1.656E+00 6.077E-05
18.419 7.8757E+06 7.8724E+06 2.350E+01 1.003E+00 3.077E-01 3.992E-01 1.4347E+05 6.3399E+04 1.632E+00 2.573E-05
18.484 7.7062E+06 7.7030E+06 2.300E+01 1.003E+00 3.086E-01 3.988E-01 1.4038E+05 6.2035E+04 1.608E+00 5.709E-05
18.549 7.7382E+06 7.7350E+06 2.309E+01 1.003E+00 3.096E-01 3.997E-01 1.4097E+05 6.2293E+04 1.608E+00 1.246E-05
18.614 7.5687E+06 7.5655E+06 2.259E+01 1.003E+00 3.105E-01 3.993E-01 1.3788E+05 6.0928E+04 1.584E+00 6.654E-05
18.679 7.4010E+06 7.3980E+06 2.209E+01 1.003E+00 3.115E-01 3.988E-01 1.3482E+05 5.9578E+04 1.560E+00 2.846E-05
18.744 7.4309E+06 7.4279E+06 2.217E+01 1.003E+00 3.124E-01 3.998E-01 1.3537E+05 5.9820E+04 1.560E+00 1.236E-05
137
18.809 7.2624E+06 7.2595E+06 2.167E+01 1.003E+00 3.133E-01 3.993E-01 1.3230E+05 5.8463E+04 1.536E+00 7.061E-05
138
18.874 7.0959E+06 7.0930E+06 2.118E+01 1.002E+00 3.142E-01 3.989E-01 1.2927E+05 5.7123E+04 1.512E+00 3.050E-05
18.939 7.1241E+06 7.1212E+06 2.126E+01 1.002E+00 3.151E-01 3.998E-01 1.2978E+05 5.7350E+04 1.512E+00 1.249E-05
19.004 6.9568E+06 6.9540E+06 2.076E+01 1.002E+00 3.161E-01 3.994E-01 1.2673E+05 5.6003E+04 1.488E+00 7.521E-05
19.069 6.7916E+06 6.7889E+06 2.027E+01 1.002E+00 3.170E-01 3.989E-01 1.2372E+05 5.4674E+04 1.464E+00 3.274E-05
19.134 6.8181E+06 6.8154E+06 2.035E+01 1.002E+00 3.179E-01 3.998E-01 1.2421E+05 5.4887E+04 1.464E+00 1.263E-05
19.199 6.6522E+06 6.6495E+06 1.985E+01 1.002E+00 3.188E-01 3.993E-01 1.2118E+05 5.3551E+04 1.440E+00 8.027E-05
19.264 6.4884E+06 6.4859E+06 1.936E+01 1.002E+00 3.197E-01 3.989E-01 1.1820E+05 5.2233E+04 1.416E+00 3.520E-05
19.329 6.5133E+06 6.5107E+06 1.944E+01 1.002E+00 3.206E-01 3.997E-01 1.1865E+05 5.2433E+04 1.416E+00 1.277E-05
19.394 6.3488E+06 6.3463E+06 1.895E+01 1.002E+00 3.214E-01 3.993E-01 1.1566E+05 5.1109E+04 1.392E+00 8.585E-05
19.459 6.1866E+06 6.1842E+06 1.846E+01 1.002E+00 3.223E-01 3.988E-01 1.1270E+05 4.9804E+04 1.368E+00 3.793E-05
19.524 6.2099E+06 6.2075E+06 1.853E+01 1.002E+00 3.232E-01 3.996E-01 1.1313E+05 4.9991E+04 1.368E+00 1.293E-05

19.589 6.0471E+06 6.0447E+06 1.805E+01 1.001E+00 3.241E-01 3.991E-01 1.1016E+05 4.8680E+04 1.344E+00 9.203E-05
19.654 6.0700E+06 6.0677E+06 1.811E+01 1.001E+00 3.249E-01 4.000E-01 1.1058E+05 4.8865E+04 1.344E+00 1.342E-05
19.719 5.9078E+06 5.9055E+06 1.763E+01 1.001E+00 3.258E-01 3.995E-01 1.0762E+05 4.7559E+04 1.320E+00 9.559E-05
19.784 5.7479E+06 5.7457E+06 1.715E+01 1.001E+00 3.267E-01 3.990E-01 1.0471E+05 4.6272E+04 1.296E+00 4.259E-05
19.849 5.7689E+06 5.7667E+06 1.722E+01 1.001E+00 3.275E-01 3.998E-01 1.0509E+05 4.6441E+04 1.296E+00 1.319E-05
19.914 5.6097E+06 5.6076E+06 1.674E+01 1.001E+00 3.284E-01 3.993E-01 1.0219E+05 4.5160E+04 1.272E+00 4.273E-05
19.979 5.4505E+06 5.4484E+06 1.627E+01 1.001E+00 3.292E-01 3.988E-01 9.9295E+04 4.3878E+04 1.248E+00 4.823E-05
20.044 5.4701E+06 5.4680E+06 1.632E+01 1.001E+00 3.300E-01 3.996E-01 9.9651E+04 4.4036E+04 1.248E+00 1.350E-05
20.109 5.3128E+06 5.3108E+06 1.585E+01 1.001E+00 3.309E-01 3.991E-01 9.6787E+04 4.2770E+04 1.224E+00 4.085E-05
20.174 5.3309E+06 5.3289E+06 1.591E+01 1.001E+00 3.317E-01 3.999E-01 9.7117E+04 4.2916E+04 1.224E+00 1.291E-05
20.239 5.1745E+06 5.1725E+06 1.544E+01 1.001E+00 3.325E-01 3.993E-01 9.4267E+04 4.1656E+04 1.200E+00 4.021E-05
20.304 5.0180E+06 5.0161E+06 1.498E+01 1.001E+00 3.333E-01 3.988E-01 9.1417E+04 4.0397E+04 1.176E+00 7.974E-05
20.369 5.0357E+06 5.0338E+06 1.503E+01 1.001E+00 3.342E-01 3.996E-01 9.1738E+04 4.0539E+04 1.176E+00 1.401E-05
20.434 4.8814E+06 4.8796E+06 1.457E+01 1.001E+00 3.350E-01 3.990E-01 8.8928E+04 3.9297E+04 1.152E+00 3.694E-05
20.499 4.8975E+06 4.8956E+06 1.462E+01 1.001E+00 3.358E-01 3.998E-01 8.9221E+04 3.9426E+04 1.152E+00 1.321E-05
20.564 4.7441E+06 4.7424E+06 1.416E+01 1.001E+00 3.366E-01 3.992E-01 8.6427E+04 3.8192E+04 1.128E+00 3.603E-05
20.629 4.5912E+06 4.5895E+06 1.370E+01 1.000E+00 3.374E-01 3.987E-01 8.3642E+04 3.6961E+04 1.104E+00 6.164E-05
20.694 4.6066E+06 4.6049E+06 1.375E+01 1.000E+00 3.382E-01 3.994E-01 8.3923E+04 3.7085E+04 1.104E+00 1.419E-05
20.759 4.4558E+06 4.4541E+06 1.330E+01 1.000E+00 3.389E-01 3.989E-01 8.1174E+04 3.5871E+04 1.080E+00 3.178E-05
20.824 4.4699E+06 4.4683E+06 1.334E+01 1.000E+00 3.397E-01 3.996E-01 8.1432E+04 3.5985E+04 1.080E+00 1.355E-05
20.889 4.3201E+06 4.3185E+06 1.289E+01 1.000E+00 3.405E-01 3.990E-01 7.8702E+04 3.4778E+04 1.056E+00 3.017E-05
20.954 4.3336E+06 4.3320E+06 1.293E+01 1.000E+00 3.413E-01 3.998E-01 7.8949E+04 3.4887E+04 1.056E+00 1.367E-05
21.019 4.1849E+06 4.1833E+06 1.249E+01 1.000E+00 3.420E-01 3.992E-01 7.6239E+04 3.3690E+04 1.032E+00 2.776E-05
21.084 4.1978E+06 4.1963E+06 1.253E+01 1.000E+00 3.428E-01 3.999E-01 7.6475E+04 3.3794E+04 1.032E+00 1.379E-05
21.149 4.0502E+06 4.0487E+06 1.209E+01 1.000E+00 3.436E-01 3.993E-01 7.3786E+04 3.2606E+04 1.008E+00 2.507E-05
21.214 3.9034E+06 3.9020E+06 1.165E+01 1.000E+00 3.443E-01 3.987E-01 7.1111E+04 3.1424E+04 9.840E-01 7.816E-05
21.279 3.9158E+06 3.9144E+06 1.169E+01 1.000E+00 3.450E-01 3.994E-01 7.1337E+04 3.1524E+04 9.840E-01 1.494E-05
21.344 3.7710E+06 3.7697E+06 1.125E+01 1.000E+00 3.458E-01 3.988E-01 6.8700E+04 3.0359E+04 9.600E-01 1.803E-05
21.409 3.7823E+06 3.7809E+06 1.129E+01 1.000E+00 3.465E-01 3.995E-01 6.8905E+04 3.0449E+04 9.600E-01 1.425E-05
21.474 3.6388E+06 3.6375E+06 1.086E+01 1.000E+00 3.473E-01 3.989E-01 6.6292E+04 2.9294E+04 9.360E-01 1.494E-05
21.539 3.6495E+06 3.6482E+06 1.089E+01 1.000E+00 3.480E-01 3.996E-01 6.6487E+04 2.9381E+04 9.360E-01 1.441E-05
21.604 3.5075E+06 3.5062E+06 1.047E+01 1.000E+00 3.487E-01 3.990E-01 6.3899E+04 2.8237E+04 9.120E-01 1.076E-05
21.669 3.5176E+06 3.5164E+06 1.050E+01 1.000E+00 3.494E-01 3.997E-01 6.4084E+04 2.8319E+04 9.120E-01 1.458E-05
21.734 3.3769E+06 3.3757E+06 1.008E+01 1.000E+00 3.501E-01 3.990E-01 6.1521E+04 2.7186E+04 8.880E-01 6.082E-06
21.799 3.3866E+06 3.3854E+06 1.011E+01 1.000E+00 3.508E-01 3.997E-01 6.1698E+04 2.7264E+04 8.880E-01 1.477E-05
21.864 3.2474E+06 3.2462E+06 9.691E+00 1.000E+00 3.515E-01 3.991E-01 5.9161E+04 2.6143E+04 8.640E-01 8.470E-07
21.929 3.2566E+06 3.2554E+06 9.718E+00 1.000E+00 3.522E-01 3.998E-01 5.9328E+04 2.6217E+04 8.640E-01 1.497E-05
21.994 3.1188E+06 3.1177E+06 9.307E+00 1.000E+00 3.529E-01 3.991E-01 5.6819E+04 2.5108E+04 8.400E-01 5.018E-06
22.059 3.1275E+06 3.1264E+06 9.333E+00 1.000E+00 3.536E-01 3.998E-01 5.6978E+04 2.5178E+04 8.400E-01 1.519E-05
22.124 2.9913E+06 2.9903E+06 8.927E+00 1.000E+00 3.543E-01 3.991E-01 5.4497E+04 2.4082E+04 8.160E-01 1.160E-05
139
22.189 2.9996E+06 2.9985E+06 8.952E+00 1.000E+00 3.550E-01 3.998E-01 5.4647E+04 2.4148E+04 8.160E-01 1.543E-05
140
22.254 2.8650E+06 2.8640E+06 8.550E+00 1.000E+00 3.557E-01 3.991E-01 5.2195E+04 2.3065E+04 7.920E-01 1.899E-05
22.319 2.8728E+06 2.8718E+06 8.573E+00 1.000E+00 3.563E-01 3.997E-01 5.2337E+04 2.3128E+04 7.920E-01 1.569E-05
22.384 2.7399E+06 2.7390E+06 8.177E+00 1.000E+00 3.570E-01 3.990E-01 4.9916E+04 2.2058E+04 7.680E-01 2.731E-05
22.449 2.7473E+06 2.7463E+06 8.199E+00 1.000E+00 3.577E-01 3.997E-01 5.0051E+04 2.2117E+04 7.680E-01 1.597E-05
22.514 2.6161E+06 2.6152E+06 7.807E+00 1.000E+00 3.583E-01 3.990E-01 4.7661E+04 2.1061E+04 7.440E-01 3.670E-05
22.579 2.6231E+06 2.6222E+06 7.828E+00 1.000E+00 3.590E-01 3.996E-01 4.7788E+04 2.1117E+04 7.440E-01 1.627E-05
22.644 2.4937E+06 2.4929E+06 7.442E+00 1.000E+00 3.596E-01 3.989E-01 4.5431E+04 2.0076E+04 7.200E-01 4.732E-05
22.709 2.5003E+06 2.4994E+06 7.462E+00 1.000E+00 3.602E-01 3.995E-01 4.5551E+04 2.0129E+04 7.200E-01 1.661E-05
22.774 2.3728E+06 2.3720E+06 7.081E+00 1.000E+00 3.609E-01 3.988E-01 4.3228E+04 1.9102E+04 6.960E-01 5.934E-05
22.839 2.3789E+06 2.3781E+06 7.099E+00 1.000E+00 3.615E-01 3.994E-01 4.3340E+04 1.9152E+04 6.960E-01 1.698E-05
22.904 2.2534E+06 2.2526E+06 6.725E+00 1.000E+00 3.621E-01 3.987E-01 4.1053E+04 1.8141E+04 6.720E-01 7.301E-05

22.969 2.2591E+06 2.2584E+06 6.742E+00 1.000E+00 3.627E-01 3.993E-01 4.1158E+04 1.8188E+04 6.720E-01 1.740E-05
23.034 2.2649E+06 2.2642E+06 6.759E+00 1.000E+00 3.633E-01 3.999E-01 4.1263E+04 1.8234E+04 6.720E-01 3.509E-05
23.099 2.1409E+06 2.1401E+06 6.389E+00 1.000E+00 3.640E-01 3.991E-01 3.9003E+04 1.7235E+04 6.480E-01 8.918E-05
23.164 2.1463E+06 2.1456E+06 6.405E+00 1.000E+00 3.646E-01 3.997E-01 3.9102E+04 1.7279E+04 6.480E-01 1.788E-05
23.229 2.0248E+06 2.0241E+06 6.043E+00 1.000E+00 3.652E-01 3.990E-01 3.6889E+04 1.6301E+04 6.240E-01 6.128E-09
23.294 2.0296E+06 2.0289E+06 6.057E+00 1.000E+00 3.657E-01 3.996E-01 3.6976E+04 1.6339E+04 6.240E-01 1.710E-05
23.359 1.9103E+06 1.9096E+06 5.701E+00 1.000E+00 3.663E-01 3.988E-01 3.4802E+04 1.5379E+04 6.000E-01 8.069E-09
23.424 1.9147E+06 1.9140E+06 5.714E+00 1.000E+00 3.669E-01 3.994E-01 3.4882E+04 1.5414E+04 6.000E-01 1.739E-05
23.489 1.9190E+06 1.9184E+06 5.727E+00 1.000E+00 3.675E-01 4.000E-01 3.4962E+04 1.5450E+04 6.000E-01 3.712E-05
23.554 1.8018E+06 1.8012E+06 5.377E+00 1.000E+00 3.681E-01 3.992E-01 3.2826E+04 1.4506E+04 5.760E-01 1.107E-08
23.619 1.8058E+06 1.8052E+06 5.389E+00 1.000E+00 3.686E-01 3.998E-01 3.2899E+04 1.4538E+04 5.760E-01 1.768E-05
23.684 1.6908E+06 1.6903E+06 5.046E+00 1.000E+00 3.692E-01 3.990E-01 3.0805E+04 1.3612E+04 5.520E-01 1.507E-08
23.749 1.6945E+06 1.6940E+06 5.057E+00 1.000E+00 3.698E-01 3.995E-01 3.0872E+04 1.3642E+04 5.520E-01 1.802E-05
23.814 1.5820E+06 1.5814E+06 4.721E+00 1.000E+00 3.703E-01 3.987E-01 2.8821E+04 1.2736E+04 5.280E-01 2.024E-08
23.879 1.5853E+06 1.5848E+06 4.731E+00 1.000E+00 3.709E-01 3.993E-01 2.8883E+04 1.2763E+04 5.280E-01 1.838E-05
23.944 1.5887E+06 1.5882E+06 4.741E+00 1.000E+00 3.714E-01 3.998E-01 2.8944E+04 1.2790E+04 5.280E-01 3.877E-05
24.009 1.4785E+06 1.4780E+06 4.412E+00 1.000E+00 3.719E-01 3.990E-01 2.6935E+04 1.1903E+04 5.040E-01 2.698E-08
24.074 1.4815E+06 1.4810E+06 4.421E+00 1.000E+00 3.725E-01 3.995E-01 2.6991E+04 1.1927E+04 5.040E-01 1.875E-05
24.139 1.3738E+06 1.3733E+06 4.100E+00 1.000E+00 3.730E-01 3.987E-01 2.5028E+04 1.1060E+04 4.800E-01 3.611E-08
24.204 1.3766E+06 1.3761E+06 4.108E+00 1.000E+00 3.735E-01 3.992E-01 2.5079E+04 1.1082E+04 4.800E-01 1.917E-05
24.269 1.3793E+06 1.3789E+06 4.117E+00 1.000E+00 3.740E-01 3.998E-01 2.5130E+04 1.1105E+04 4.800E-01 4.013E-05
24.334 1.2743E+06 1.2739E+06 3.803E+00 1.000E+00 3.745E-01 3.989E-01 2.3216E+04 1.0259E+04 4.560E-01 8.841E-05
24.399 1.2766E+06 1.2762E+06 3.810E+00 1.000E+00 3.750E-01 3.994E-01 2.3258E+04 1.0278E+04 4.560E-01 1.821E-05
24.464 1.2792E+06 1.2788E+06 3.818E+00 1.000E+00 3.755E-01 3.999E-01 2.3305E+04 1.0299E+04 4.560E-01 4.457E-08
24.529 1.1765E+06 1.1762E+06 3.511E+00 1.000E+00 3.760E-01 3.991E-01 2.1435E+04 9.4721E+03 4.320E-01 5.102E-05
24.594 1.1787E+06 1.1783E+06 3.518E+00 1.000E+00 3.765E-01 3.996E-01 2.1474E+04 9.4894E+03 4.320E-01 1.926E-05
24.659 1.0789E+06 1.0785E+06 3.220E+00 1.000E+00 3.770E-01 3.988E-01 1.9656E+04 8.6857E+03 4.080E-01 7.033E-06
24.724 1.0808E+06 1.0805E+06 3.226E+00 1.000E+00 3.775E-01 3.992E-01 1.9692E+04 8.7017E+03 4.080E-01 2.052E-05
24.789 1.0828E+06 1.0825E+06 3.232E+00 1.000E+00 3.780E-01 3.997E-01 1.9728E+04 8.7176E+03 4.080E-01 4.955E-05
24.854 9.8577E+05 9.8545E+05 2.942E+00 1.000E+00 3.784E-01 3.988E-01 1.7959E+04 7.9362E+03 3.840E-01 5.079E-05
24.919 9.8760E+05 9.8728E+05 2.947E+00 1.000E+00 3.789E-01 3.993E-01 1.7993E+04 7.9509E+03 3.840E-01 2.217E-05
24.984 9.8943E+05 9.8911E+05 2.953E+00 1.000E+00 3.794E-01 3.998E-01 1.8026E+04 7.9657E+03 3.840E-01 4.828E-06
25.049 8.9529E+05 8.9501E+05 2.672E+00 1.000E+00 3.798E-01 3.989E-01 1.6311E+04 7.2078E+03 3.600E-01 4.133E-08
25.114 8.9683E+05 8.9654E+05 2.676E+00 1.000E+00 3.803E-01 3.994E-01 1.6339E+04 7.2202E+03 3.600E-01 2.190E-05
25.179 8.9836E+05 8.9808E+05 2.681E+00 1.000E+00 3.807E-01 3.998E-01 1.6367E+04 7.2326E+03 3.600E-01 4.506E-05
25.244 8.0736E+05 8.0711E+05 2.409E+00 1.000E+00 3.811E-01 3.989E-01 1.4709E+04 6.4999E+03 3.360E-01 8.177E-08
25.309 8.0869E+05 8.0844E+05 2.413E+00 1.000E+00 3.816E-01 3.994E-01 1.4733E+04 6.5107E+03 3.360E-01 2.262E-05
25.374 8.1003E+05 8.0977E+05 2.418E+00 1.000E+00 3.820E-01 3.998E-01 1.4758E+04 6.5214E+03 3.360E-01 4.635E-05
25.439 7.2224E+05 7.2201E+05 2.155E+00 1.000E+00 3.824E-01 3.989E-01 1.3158E+04 5.8146E+03 3.120E-01 1.476E-07
25.504 7.2338E+05 7.2315E+05 2.159E+00 1.000E+00 3.828E-01 3.993E-01 1.3179E+04 5.8238E+03 3.120E-01 2.345E-05
141
25.569 7.2452E+05 7.2430E+05 2.162E+00 1.000E+00 3.833E-01 3.997E-01 1.3200E+04 5.8330E+03 3.120E-01 4.784E-05
142
25.634 6.4010E+05 6.3990E+05 1.910E+00 1.000E+00 3.837E-01 3.988E-01 1.1662E+04 5.1533E+03 2.880E-01 2.544E-07
Nozzle entry total-pressure is less than 5.000000E-02 of the burnout nozzle-end total-pressure. 1.302640E+07 (PA)
Tailoff calculation is terminated.
Final sliver mass = Mass of propellant left-out at the termination of tailoff (kg) = 2.794027E+00

Sliver fraction2 = (Final sliver mass)/(initial propellant mass) = 5.705685E-03
CHECK ON MASS BALANCE
Initial propellant mass (kg) = 4.896918E+02

Cumulative port flows (kg) = 4.853493E+02
Cumulative nozzle flows (kg) = 4.853444E+02
Final sliver mass (kg) = 2.794027E+00
Mass balance error2=[(cumulative port-flow)-(cumulative nozzle-flow)]/cumulative port-flow = 9.940034E-06
Mass balance error3 =
[(cumulative nozzle-flow)+(final sliver)]-(initial propellant-mass) /(initial propellant-mass) = -3.171972E-03
**** MOTOR PERFORMANCE **** MOTOR PERFORMANCE ****
TOTAL IMPULSE IN VACUUM (N-s) = 1.309311E+06

VACUUM SPECIFIC-IMPULSE CALCULATED
[Total impulse in vacuum divided by propellant mass] (N-s/kg) = 2.673746E+03
CHECK: Vacuum specific impulse theoretical [= c ∗ ×CF vac](N − s/kg) (N-s/kg) = 2.697695E+03
143
144
4.2 Source Code
Program steadyfull
IMPLICIT NONE
! This program calculates the theoretical rocket performance
! of solid rocket motors under the incremental analysis.
! GRAIN GEOMETRY
! Although various grain geometries can be considered, this
! program restricts the application to any
! tapered-circular-port grain with its ends inhibited. Grain

! geometrical properties are calculated by the subprogram
! GEOMETRY. For other grain geometries, suitable
! subprogram can be written to replace the existing subprogram.
! A positive taper (tapangle > 0) is to be provided from head
! end to nozzle end.
! EQUILIBRIUM OPERATION & TAIL-OFF TRANSIENT
! The program considers mass, momentum, energy, and ideal gas
! equation of state. Only steady flow conditions are considered.
! Equilibrium operation and tail-off transient are calculated
! assuming the steady flow in the incremental control volumes.
! START TRANSIENT
! But the start transient is calculated assuming the
4.2. SOURCE CODE
! "equilibrium pressure analysis", that is assuming that there
! is one uniform pressure for the entire chamber-cavity.
! Furthermore it is assumed that (i) for the duration of start
! transient the burned distance is negligible, that is, the
! burning area is constant and (ii) entire grain surface is
! instantaneously ignited with negligible igniter mass.
! INPUTS
! Inputs are under unit 40 & 41 of names xxxxxxinput1.dat and
! xxxxxxinput2.dat under namelist inputs. xxxxxxinput1.dat file
! contains propellant data under the namelist-name "prplnt" and
! xxxxxxinput2.dat file contains motor data under the
! namelist-name "motor". You have to create these two files to
! run this program. For xxxxxx you have to choose a name of
! 6 characters(alphanumeric) to identify your problem. Examples
! are case01input1 & case01input2; prob01input1.dat &
! prob01input2
! On running the program, you will be prompted to enter the
! names of these two input dat-files that you have created;
! for example, if the input files that you created are of names
! case01input1.dat & case01nput2, you enter only case01input1
! and case01input2 one after the other.Typical input files are
145
146
! the following:
! EXAMPLE 1
! (say under the file names case01input1.dat for propellant
! data)
! &prplnt a=3.51e-05,n=0.36,rhop=1765.,mbar=26.1,cs=1400.,
! cp=2880.,t0=3390.,ts=1000.,ti=300.,beta=60.,mu=1.0e-04,
! pr=0.49,eros=.T./
!(say under the file name case01input2.dat for motor data)
! &motor od=0.21,grainl=1.95,dt=0.07,aebyat=6.,tapangle=.5,

! tailoffend=0.05,deltatime=0.050,idhinitial=0.05 /
! OUTPUTS
! Outputs are to be set in Arial Regular Font Size 9
! in order to keep the column headings and their respective
! output-numbers aligned.
! Outputs are under units 50 & 51 of names xxxxxxout1.out &
! xxxxxxout2.out. xxxxxxout1.out contains detailed output while
! xxxxxxout2.out contains the summary output. xxxxxxout1.out
! lists, for every instant of operation, (i) iteration and
! convergence details, (ii)port characteristics, and
! (iii)port-dynamics. In the unlikely event of the program
! execution error, the partial ouput of xxxxxxout1.out
4.2. SOURCE CODE
! can be studied for debugging.For easy tracking, the names
! of the output files will have part ’xxxxxx’ in them. For
! example,if your input files are case01input1.dat and
! case01input2.dat the output files created will be
! case01out1.out and case01out2.out.
! *********
! CAUTION
! *********
! Number of incremental stations under the variable name
! "increments" under namelist "motor" has to be less than or
! equal to 200. Number of incremental times under the variable
! name "iiburnout" under namelist "motor" has to be less than
! or equal to 500.
Character*30 :: input1,input2,out1,out2,dat,out
Common/geo/s,ap,d,r,theta,l,idh,s0,p0h,time,od,grainl,dt,
1 tapangle,abi,delx,aebyat,deltatime,error,idhinitial,mp,
2 vci,clamung,vcitotal,vcempty,vpfraction,p0bype,ii,increments
Common/prop/erosn,rgas,gama,capgama,cstar,a,rhop,n,
1 t0,ts,ti,alpha,beta,mu,cp,cs,pr,mbar,eros
Integer :: i,ii,iii,j,jj,jjj,k,kk,kkk
! i is incremental station
147
148
! ii is time step counter
! iii is for incremental-station counter
! iiburnout is the number of time steps
Integer :: ib=1,ib1=1 ! An integer used in the
! subroutine bisection
Integer :: iiburnout =500 ! Maximum number of time steps
Integer :: increments=200,incrementsi
! total number of incremental stations
Integer :: incrementb ! Burnout increment

Logical :: bisect =.false ! When the program sets it true the
! method of bisection is adopted for
! head end Mach number convergence
! Logical :: bisect1 =.false ! When the program sets it true the
! method of bisection is adopted for
! mass flow rate convergence.
Logical :: burnout ! During calculation if burnout occurs,
! the logical variable is set equal to true
Logical :: eros ! When set =.false. in the subroutine
! propellant erosive burning will
! not be considered
Logical :: solution
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8,parameter :: ru=8314.51
! Universal gas constant (J/kg-mole-K)
Real*8,parameter :: pi=.314159265D+01
Real*8 :: a ! Pre-exponent factor in the
! burning rate equation, r0=ap^n
Real*8 :: abi ! Initial burning area (m^2)
Real*8 :: aebyat ! Nozzle area ratio
Real*8 :: alpha ! The Greek letter Alpha in the
! Lenoir-Robillard erosive
! burning rate equation
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: ap
! Port areas (m**2)
Real*8 :: apibyat ! Initial-port to throat area ratio
REal*8 :: at !Throat area
Real*8 :: aps1
Real*8 :: aps2
Real*8 :: beta ! The Greek letter Beta in the
! Lenoir-Robillard burning rate equation
Real*8 :: capgama ! A function of ratio of specific heats
Real*8 :: cf0 ! Characteristic thrust coefficient
Real*8 :: cfvac ! Vacuum thrust coefficient
149
150
Real*8 :: clamung ! Ratio of intial burning-area
! to throat area
Real*8 :: cp ! Specific heat at constant pressure
! for combustion products (J/kg-K)
Real*8 :: cs ! Propellant specific heat (J/kg-K)
Real*8 :: cstar ! Experimental cstar (m/s)
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: d ! Port diameters (m)
Real*8 :: dt ! Throat diameter (m)
Real*8 :: delM ! Error final on convergence

Real*8 :: delM1 ! Error 1 for the incremental station 1
Real*8 :: delmdot ! Error at convergence:
! Modulus of delmdot1 or delmdot2
Real*8 :: delmdot1 ! Error fraction:
! delmdot1=(mdotp1-mdotn1)/mdotp1
! delmdot2=(mdotp2-mdotn2)/mdotp2
!delmdot3=(mdotp3-mdotn3)/mdotp3
Real*8 :: delmdt1 ! Error in mass convergence (kg/s)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: delmdt2 ! Error in mass convergence (kg/s)
Real*8,dimension (100) :: delmdt
! Errors in mass convergence(kg/s)
Real*8 :: deltatime ! Incremental time (s)
Real*8 :: delx ! Incremental distance (m)
Real*8 :: epsilon ! erosive burning ratio
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: erosn
! Erosive burning ratios at
! the incremental stations
Real*8 :: error=1.e-04 ! Allowable error in massflow rate
! convergence, to be set by namelist input
Real*8 :: error1=5.D-07 ! Allowable error in all other
! convergences
Real*8 :: error2 ! mass balance error =
! (sigmadotprt-sigmadotnzl)/sigmadotprt
Real*8 :: error3 ! mass balance error =
! [(sigmadotnzl+mpsliver2)-mp]/mp
Real*8 :: g ! Mass flux (kg/s-m^2)
REal*8 :: gama ! Ratio of specific heats
Real*8 :: grainl ! Grain length (m)
Real*8, dimension (500) :: idh ! Head end diameters;
151
152
! subscript represents time increments
Real*8 :: idhinitial ! Initial head end diameter (m)
Real*8 :: impulsetot ! Total impulse (N-s)
Real*8 :: ispvac ! Vacuum Specific impulse (N-s/kg)
Real*8 :: ispvactheo ! Theoretical specific impulse c*xCfvac
Real*8, dimension (200) :: l ! Segment station locations;
! subscript represents
! incremental stations (m)
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: M

! Mach numbers at the incremental stations.
! First and second subscripts respectively
! represent time increments
! and incremental stations
Real*8 :: mbar ! Molar mass (kg/kg-mole)
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: mdot
Real*8 :: Mbisec ! Bisected trial-value in
! the head-end Mach number
! Mass flow rates (time, location)(kg/s)
Real*8 :: mdotn ! Mass flow rate through the nozzle (kg/s)
Real*8 :: mdotn1 ! Trial nozzle flow-rate(kg/s)
Real*8 :: mdotn2 ! Trial nozzle flow-rate (kg/s)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8,dimension (500) :: mdotnzl
! Solved nozzle flow rate(location) (kg/s)
Real*8 :: mdotp1 ! Trial port end mass flow rate(kg/s)
Real*8 :: mdotp2 ! Trial port end mass flow (kg/s)
Real*8 :: mp ! Initial propellant mass (kg)
Real*8 :: mpsliver1 ! Sliver mass at burnout (kg)
Real*8 :: mpsliver2 ! Sliver mass left out at 2% of
! nozzle-end burnout total-pressure
Real*8 :: Mt1 ! Trial Mach number for the
! incremental station 1
Real*8 :: mu ! Viscosity of combustion products(kg/m-s)
Real*8 :: n ! Burning rate index
Real*8 :: od ! Grain outer diameter (m)
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: p0
! Total pressures at the incremental
! stations(time,location)(Pa)
Real*8 :: p0bype ! Nozzle pressure ratio
153
154
Real*8 :: p0burnout ! Burnout nozzle entry total pressure (Pa)
Real*8, dimension (500) :: p0h
! Solved head-end pressure (time) (Pa)
Real*8, dimension (100) :: p0hh
! Stored head end pressures during
! convergence (Pa)
Real*8 :: p0hbisec ! Trial bisected-value of head-end
! total pressure (Pa)
REal*8 :: p0ht ! Trial head end pressure (Pa)

Real*8 :: p0hteq ! Trial equilibrium pressure (Pa)
Real*8 :: p0ht1 ! Trial head end pressure (Pa)
Real*8 :: p0ht2 ! Trial head end pressure (Pa)
REal*8 :: p0ht3 ! Trial head end pressure (Pa)
Real*8 :: p0s1
Real*8 :: p0s2
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: p
! Static pressures (time, location)(Pa)
Real*8, dimension (500) :: pe
! Nozzle exit-plane pressures (time)(Pa)
Real*8 :: Pr ! Prandtl number
Real*8 :: ps1
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: ps2
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: r
! Total burning rate including
! erosive component (m/s)
Real*8 :: rgas ! Specific gas constant (J/kg-K)
Real*8 :: rhop ! Propellant density (kg/m^3)
Real*8,dimension (500) :: s0
! Head end burning perimeter (time)(m)
Real*8,dimension (500,200) :: s
! Burning perimeters (time,location)(m)
Real*8 :: sigmamdotprt ! Time integral of port exit flows (kg)
Real*8 :: sigmamdotnzl ! Time integral of nozzle flows (kg)
Real*8 :: sliverfraction1 ! Sliver fraction at burnout
Real*8 :: sliverfraction2 ! Sliver fraction at the end of tail-off
Real*8 :: ss1
Real*8 :: ss2
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: t
! Static temperatures (time,location),(K)
Real*8 :: t0 ! Adiabatic flame temperature (K)
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: t0c
! Checked total temperatures at the
155
156
! incremental stations (time,location)(K)
Real*8 :: tailoffend ! Fraction of burnout pressure to stop
! tail-off calculation
Real*8 :: tapangle ! Grain port taper angle, initial (deg.)
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: theta
! Local taper angle(time,location)(deg)
Real*8,dimension (500) :: thrust
! Thrust (time) (N)
Real*8 :: ti ! Propellant storage temperature (K)

! generally kept at atmospheric temperature
Real*8, dimension (500) :: time
! Time of motor operation (s)
Real*8 :: ts ! Propellant burning-surface
! temperature (K)
Real*8 :: ts1
Real*8 :: ts2
Real*8 :: t0s2 ! Checked total temperature (K)

Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: u
! Velocities (time,location),(m/s)
Real*8 :: us1
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: us2
Real*8 :: vcempty ! Chamber empty volume including
! nozzle convergence volume(m^3)
Real*8 :: vci ! Initial free volume (m^3)
Real*8 :: vcitotal ! Chamber free-volume, initial (m^3)
Real*8 :: vpfraction ! Propellant volumetric loading fraction
! Real :: x ! equated to p0ht1 while calling
! subroutine FALCI
! Real :: x1,x2 ! non-dimensionalized head end pressures
! p0ht1 and p0ht2 while calling
! subroutine FALCI
Namelist/prplnt/a,n,rhop,mbar,cs,cp,t0,ts,ti,beta,mu,pr,eros
Namelist/motor/od,grainl,dt,aebyat,tapangle,deltatime,
1 increments,idhinitial,error,tailoffend
!
! Opening of input and output data files
Write(*,*)’Enter names of your two input dat-files’,

E ’ one after the other. Two new out-files will be’,
B ’ created based on your input file names. Suppose’,
C ’ your two input dat-file names are case02input1.dat ’,
157
158
D ’and case02input2.dat, enter one after the other ’,
E ’case02input1 and case02input2. The two out-file’,
D ’ names will be case02out1.out and case02out2.out’
Read(*,*)input1,input2
dat=’.dat’
out=’.out’
out1=’out1’
out1=trim(input1(:6))//out1
out1=trim(out1(:10))

out2=’out2’
out2=trim(input1(:6))//out2
out2=trim(out2(:10))
out1=trim(out1)//out
out2=trim(out2)//out
input1=trim(input1)//dat
input2=trim(input2)//dat
open(unit=40,file=input1,status=’old’)
open(unit=41,file=input2,status=’old’)
! Unit 50 out1 is for detailed output; can be used for debugging
open(unit=50,file=out1,status=’replace’)
! Unit 51 is for the summary-output
4.2. SOURCE CODE
open(unit=51,file=out2,status=’replace’)
!
! Reading and writing inputs
!
Read(40,prplnt)
Write(51,nml=prplnt)
Read(41,motor)
Write(51,nml=motor)
Write(51,190)
190 FORMAT(///,’SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR’,/,
A ’ INTERNAL BALLISTICS PREDICTION’,/,
B ’(Start transients are calculated through Lumped Chamber ’,
C ’Pressure Model or p(t) Model)’,/,
D ’ (Equilibrium operations are calculated throgh quasi ’,
E ’steady flow model or p(x) Model)’,/)
Write(51,191)
191 FORMAT(’NOTE 1. Rocket performance parameters are calculated’,
A ’ for operations in vacuum.’,/’NOTE 2. For non-vacuum’,
B ’ operation, calculated vacuum-thrust has to be corrected.’,
C /’NOTE 3. Under non-vacuum operations nozzle exit plane ’,
159
160
D ’pressure below certain level will lead to nozzle separation.’,/)
incrementsi=increments
impulsetot=0.
sigmamdotprt=0.
sigmamdotnzl = 0.
p0burnout=0.
burnout=.false.
Solution =.false.
delx=grainl/incrementsi

At=pi/4*dt**2
!
! Fixing incremental stations
!
l(1)=delx
Do iii=2,incrementsi
l(iii)=l(iii-1)+delx
End do
!
! Calculate propellant properties
!
Call propellant
4.2. SOURCE CODE
!
! Nozzle area ratio aebyat is given.
!Calculate pressure ratio p0bype
!
Call prsrratio (p0bype,aebyat,gama)
CF0=capgama*sqrt(2*gama/(gama-1)*(1-(1/p0bype)**((gama-1)/gama)))
CFvac=CF0+aebyat*(1/p0bype)
Ispvactheo=cstar*cfvac
Write(50,930)Ispvactheo
Write(51,930)Ispvactheo
930 Format(’ Vacuum specific impulse theoretical [=c*xCFvac] ’,
A ’(N-s/kg) =’,es13.6,/)
!
! Increment of time by ii
!
Do ii=1,iiburnout
!
!Subroutine geometry fixes the port envelope
!for all times and prints the same
!
Call geometry
161
162
If (ii==1) then
p0hteq=(rhop*a*abi/at*cstar)**(1/(1-n))
p0ht=p0hteq
! Write(51,*)’ p0ht=p0hteq=’,p0ht
p0ht1=0.9*p0ht
p0ht2=1.1*p0ht
Mt1=5.D-03
Mt2=1.1*Mt1
apibyat=(d(1,increments)/dt)**2.

!
! INPUT ERROR CHECK
!
If(d(1,increments)>=od)then
Write(50, 137)d(1,increments),od
Write(51, 137)d(1,increments),od
137 Format(//,’ **** INPUT ERROR **** INPUT ERROR ****’,/,
A ’ INITIAL PORT EXIT DIAMETER =’,D13.6,’ (m) IS GREATER’,
B ’ THAN GRAIN OD =’,D13.6,’ (m)’,/,
C ’ PROGRAM EXECUTION ABORTED’)
GOTO 1011
Else if(d(1,increments)<=dt)then
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Write(50,138)d(1,increments),dt
Write(51,138)d(1,increments),dt
138 Format(//,’ **** INPUT ERROR **** INPUT ERROR ****’,/,
A ’ INITIAL PORT EXIT DIAMETER =’,D13.6,’ (m) IS LESS’,
B ’ THAN NOZZLE THROAT DIAMETER =’,D13.6,’ (m)’,/,
C ’ PROGRAM EXECUTION ABORTED’)
GOTO 1011
END IF
!
! Initial configuration of the motor is printed
!
Write(51,114)od,idhinitial,grainl,tapangle,mp,dt,
1 aebyat,p0bype,delx,deltatime,d(1,increments),
2 apibyat,abi,vci,vcitotal,vcempty,vpfraction
Write(50,114)od,idhinitial,grainl,tapangle,mp,dt,
1 aebyat,p0bype,delx,deltatime,d(1,increments),
2 apibyat,abi,vci,vcitotal,vcempty, vpfraction
114 Format(’ MOTOR CONFIGUARATION & INCREMENTS’,/,
1 ’ Grain outer diameter (m) =’,Es13.6,/,
B ’ Head end port diameter (m) =’,es13.6,/,
2 ’ Grain length (m) = ’,
163
164
3 Es13.6,/,
5 ’ Grain taper angle (degree) =’,Es13.6,/,
A ’ Initial propellant mass(kg) =’,es13.6,/,
3 ’ Nozzle throat diameter(m) =’,Es13.6,/,
4 ’ Nozzle area ratio =’,
5 Es13.6,/,
8 ’ Nozzle pressure ratio =’,es13.6,/,
6 ’ Incremental distance (m) =’,Es13.6,/,
7 ’ Incremental time (s) = ’,F7.3,/,

8 ’ Port end diameter (m) =’,Es13.6,/,
B ’ Initial-port to throat area ratio =’,Es13.6,/,
C ’ Initial burning area (m^2) =’,es13.6,/,
9 ’ Port volume, initial (m^3) =’,ES13.6,/,
D ’ Chamber free volume, initial (m^3) =’,ES13.6,/,
A ’ Chamber empty-volume (m^3) =’,ES13.6,/,
B ’ Propellant volumetric loadinng fraction=’,Es13.6,
C //)
Write(50,102)(l(i), i=1,increments)
102 Format(/,’ ’,
1 ’ Incremental ’,
2 ’Station Location (m)’,/,20(10(1x,es13.6),/),/)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
else if (ii==2)then
p0ht1=p0h(1)
p0ht2=1.1*p0ht1
Mt1=M((ii-1),1)
Mt2=Mt1*1.05
else if (ii>2) then
p0ht1=p0h(ii-1)
Mt1=M((ii-1),1)
p0ht2=p0ht1+(p0h(ii-1)-p0h(ii-2))
If (p0ht2<0) then
p0ht2=0.95*p0ht1
End if
if(p0h(ii-1)>p0h(ii-2)) then
Mt2=Mt1*1.05
else
Mt2=0.95*Mt1
end if
End if
!!2001 "If (ii=1) then" ends
!!2000 " If (d(ii,incrementsi)<od) then" starts
165
166
If (d(ii,incrementsi)<od) then ! Burnout check
goto 151
Else if (d(ii,1)>=od)then
write(50,136)
Write(51,136)
136 Format(/,’**** UNEXPECTED COMPLETE-BURNOUT ****’,/,
A ’ CHOOSE FINER TIMESTEP "deltatime" under NAMELIST "motor"’,/,
B ’ PROGRAM-EXECUTION ABORTED ** PROGRAM-EXECUTION ABORTED ’)
Go to 1011

!
! Burnout calculations are done
!
Else
Do jjj=1,incrementsi
If(d(ii,jjj)>od) then
incrementb=jjj-1
GOTO 150
End if
End do
150 Continue
Do jjj=(incrementb+1),increments
4.2. SOURCE CODE
theta(ii,jjj)=0.
d(ii,jjj)=od
s(ii,jjj)=0
ap(ii,jjj)=pi/4*od**2
End do
! Fixing BURNOUT condition
If (.not.burnout) then
p0burnout=p0((ii-1),incrementsi)
mpsliver1=rhop*(pi/4.*od**2*l(incrementb)-pi/3/
1 tan(tapangle*pi/180)*((idh(ii)/2+l(incrementb)*
2 tan(tapangle*pi/180))**3-(idh(ii)/2)**3))
sliverfraction1=mpsliver1/mp
Write(50,113)Time(ii),d(ii,incrementb),l(incrementb),
1 mpsliver1,sliverfraction1,p0burnout
Write(51,113)Time(ii),d(ii,incrementb),l(incrementb),
1 mpsliver1,sliverfraction1,p0burnout
113 Format(/,’ BURNOUT HAS OCCURED AT’,es13.6,
1 ’seconds’,/,’ PORT DIAMETER =’,es13.6,
2 ’ AT PORT LOCATION ’,Es13.6,’(m)’,/,’ Sliver mass ’,
3 ’at burnout (kg) ’,
4 ’ =’,
167
168
5 Es13.6,/,’ Sliver fraction at burnout (sliver mass/’,
6 ’initial propellant mass) =’,Es13.6,/,
7 ’ Burnout nozzle-end total-pressure (Pa) ’,
8 ’ =’,Es13.6,/)
Write(51,125) ! Write column heading
125 FORMAT(//,’ TAIL-OFF PERFORMANCE’,
A /,’ p0h=head-end total pressure; p0n=nozzle end total ’,
1 ’pressure;’,/’ dhprt=head-end port dia; dnprt=nozzle-end port ’,
2 ’dia’,/’ Lnprt=exit-port location;delmdot=convergence error’//

3 ’ Time (s) p0h(Pa) p0n(Pa) mdot(kg/s)’,
A ’ epsilon dhprt(m) dnprt(m) pe(Pa) ’,
B ’Fvac(N) Lnprt (m) delmdot’)
burnout=.true.
End if
Incrementsi=incrementb
End if
!2000" If (d(ii,incrementsi)<od) then" ends
! Printing grain configuration for all times
151 Write (50,101)time (ii)
!write(50,*)’ increments=’,increments,’ incrementsi=’,incrementsi
!write(50,*)’ incrementb=’,incrementb
4.2. SOURCE CODE
101 Format(/,’ ’,
A ’ TIME OF OPERATION (s)=’,
B es13.6, /)
Write(50,100)(d(ii,i),i=1,increments)
Write(50,103)(theta(ii,i),i=1,increments)
Write(50,104)(s(ii,i),i=1,increments)
Write(50,105)(ap(ii,i),i=1,increments)
100 Format(’ ’,
A ’ GRAIN’,
B ’ GEOMETRY’,//,’ Port Diameters at ’,
C ’Incremental Station Locations(m)’,/,
4 20(10(1x,es14.7),/),//)
103 Format(’ ’,
A ’ Taper Angle at ’,
B ’Incremental Station Locations (deg)’,/,
C 20(10(1x,es14.7),/),//)
104 Format(’ ’,
A ’ Burning Perimeter at ’,
B ’Incremental Station Locations (m)’,/,
C 20(10(1x,es14.7),/),//)
105 Format(’ ’,
169
170
A ’ Port Areas at Incremental’,
B ’ Station Locations(m**2)’,/,
C 20(10(1x,es14.7),/),//)
kk=1 ! kk is a counter to check the number

! of iterations through regualar falci
j=1
! with j=1 the first estimate of port-exit flow-rate
! and nozzle flow-rate are calculated

! with j=2 the second estimate of port-exit flow-rate
! and nozzle flow-rate are calculated
! With the j values corresponding to 1 and 2 convergence
! is achieved through regular falci by calling subprogram FALCI.
997 Continue
If (j==1) then
p0ht=p0ht1
else
p0ht=p0ht2
end if
1002 Continue
!
4.2. SOURCE CODE
! Module to find M(1) Starts ! Module to find M(1) starts
!
k=1
! Gas dynamic properties at the first incremental station
! are calculated. The head end segment is assumed to burn
! with the head-end total-pressure, p0ht
mdot(ii,1)=rhop*a*p0ht**n*(s0(ii)+s(ii,1))/2*delx
999 Continue
delM1=(mdot(ii,1)-SQRT(gama)*(1+(gama-1)/2*Mt1**2)**(-(gama+1)/2/
a (gama-1))*Mt1*p0ht*pi/4*idh(ii)**2/sqrt(rgas*t0))/mdot(ii,1)
delM2=(mdot(ii,1)-SQRT(gama)*(1+(gama-1)/2*Mt2**2)**(-(gama+1)/2/
a (gama-1))*Mt2*p0ht*pi/4*idh(ii)**2/sqrt(rgas*t0))/mdot(ii,1)
! Write(50,*)’ p0ht=’,p0ht,’ Mt1=’,Mt1,’ delM1=’,delm1
! Write(50,*)’ p0ht=’,p0ht,’ Mt2=’,Mt2,’ delM2=’,delM2
If(ABS(delM1)<=error1) then
M(ii,1) =Mt1
delM=delM1
write(50,128)p0ht,M(ii,1),delm
128 FORMAT(’ p0ht=’,D20.13,’M(ii,1)=Mt1=’,D20.13,
A ’ delM1=delM=’,D20.13,/)
ib=1
171
172
goto 1001 ! Print output
else if (ABS(delM2)<=error1) then
M(ii,1)=Mt2
delM=delM2
write(50,129)p0ht,M(ii,1),delm
129 FORMAT(’p0ht = ’,D20.13,’M(ii,1)=Mt2=’,D20.13,
A ’ delM2=delM=’,D20.13,/)
ib=1
goto 1001

End if
Continue
IF((delM1>0..and.delM2>0.)
A .OR.(delM1<0..and.delM2<0.))then
call Falci(Mt1,Mt2,delM1,delM2)
! Write(50,126)Mt1,delm1
126 FORMAT(’ Mt1=’,D20.13,’ delM1=’,D20.13)
! Write(50,127)Mt2,delM2
127 FORMAT(’ Mt2=’,D20.13,’ delM2=’,D20.6,/)
! write(50,*)’***********************’
k=k+1
If (k>=60) then
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Write(50,*)’ k=’,k, ’ FALCI & BISECTION combinedly have’,
1 ’ been called more than 60 times by the main program for’,
2 ’ the head end Mach number convergence. Calculations’,
3 ’ abandoned’
stop
End if
goto 999
Else
call bisection (Mt1,Mt2,Mt3,delM1,delM2,delM3,ib)
k=k+1
If (k>=60) then
Write(50,*)’ k=’,k, ’ FALCI & BISECTION combinedly have’,
1 ’ been called more than 60 times by the main program for’,
2 ’ the head end Mach number convergence. Calculations’,
3 ’ abandoned’
stop
End if
! Write(50,*)’ Mt1=’,Mt1,’ delM1=’,delm1, ’ ib=’,ib
! Write(50,*)’ Mt2=’,Mt2,’ delM2=’,delM2
! Write(50,*)’ Mt3=’,Mt3,’ delM3=’,delm3
! write(50,*)’***********************’
173
174
GOTO 999
!
END IF
! ! Print output
1001 Continue
i=1
p0(ii,i)=p0ht
p(ii,i) = p0(ii,i)*(1+(gama-1)/2*M(ii,i)**2)**(-gama/(gama-1))
t(ii,i) = t0/(1+(gama-1)/2*M(ii,i)**2)

u(ii,i) =M(ii,i)*sqrt(gama*rgas*t(ii,i))
!
! Calculate Port dynamics
!
DO i=1,(incrementsi-1)
ps1=p(ii,i)
ts1=t(ii,i)
us1=u(ii,i)
p0s1=p0(ii,i)
ss1 =s(ii,i)
aps1=ap(ii,i)
ss2=s(ii,i+1)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
aps2=ap(ii,i+1)
!
CALL segsteady (ps1,ts1,us1,epsilon,ss1,
A aps1, ss2, aps2, ps2, ts2, us2, p0s2)
!
erosn(ii,i)=epsilon
r(ii,i)=a*p(ii,i)**n*epsilon
t0s2=ts2+us2**2/2/cp
p(ii,i+1)=ps2
t(ii,i+1)=ts2
u(ii,i+1)=us2
p0(ii,i+1)=p0s2
mdot(ii,i+1)=ps2/rgas/ts2*aps2*us2
t0c(ii,i+1)=t0s2
M(ii,i+1)=u(ii,i+1)/Sqrt(gama*rgas*t(ii,i+1))
End do
!
! Relocating "effective" incremental stations after
! burnout. Up to and including incrementsi are the
! effective incremental stations having propellant
! in them. The incremental stations from incrementsi+1
175
176
! to increments are "ineffective" -- there is no
! propellant at those stations.
!
If(incrementsi<increments) then
Do jj=(incrementsi+1), increments
erosn(ii,jj)=0.
r(ii,jj)=0.
p(ii,jj)=ps2
t(ii,jj)=ts2

u(ii,jj)=us2
p0(ii,jj)=p0s2
mdot(ii,jj)=ps2/rgas/ts2*aps2*us2
t0c(ii,jj)=t0s2
M(ii,jj)=us2/sqrt(gama*rgas*ts2)
End do
End if
!
! Port dynamics have been calculated
!
mdotn=p0(ii,increments)*at/cstar
!
4.2. SOURCE CODE
! Solution = .true. if convergence has been achieved for the time ii
!
If (solution) then
! Write(50,*)’ Sigmamdotprt=’,sigmamdotprt,
! 1 ’ sigmamdotnzl=’,sigmamdotnzl
! Write(50,*)’ Port exit flow =’,mdot(ii,increments),
! 1 ’ Nozzle flow =’,mdotn,’ Delta t=’,deltatime
sigmamdotprt=sigmamdotprt+mdot(ii,incrementsi)*deltatime
sigmamdotnzl=sigmamdotnzl+mdotn*deltatime
! Write(50,*)’ Sigmamdotprt=’,sigmamdotprt,
! 1 ’ sigmamdotnzl=’,sigmamdotnzl
mdotnzl(ii)=mdotn
p0h(ii)=p0ht
g =mdot(ii,incrementsi)/ap(ii,incrementsi)
Call Erosive (p(ii,incrementsi),g,d (ii,incrementsi),
1 r(ii,incrementsi),epsilon)
erosn(ii,incrementsi)=epsilon
Solution =.false.
Goto 1010
End if
! With j=1, the first iteration starts
177
178
If(j==1) then
p0ht1=p0ht
mdotn1=mdotn
mdotp1=mdot(ii,increments)
delmdot1=(mdotp1-mdotn1)/mdotp1
j=2
goto 997 ! up up up
Else
! With j=2, the second iteration starts

p0ht2=p0ht
mdotp2=mdot(ii,increments)
mdotn2=mdotn
delmdot2=(mdotp2-mdotn2)/mdotp2
End if
!
899 Continue
Write(50,*)’_______________________________________’
Write(50,*)’ p0ht1=’,p0ht1,’ delmdot1=’,delmdot1
Write(50,*)’ p0ht2=’,p0ht2,’ delmdot2=’,delmdot2
Write(50,*)’________________________________________’
delmdt1=abs(delmdot1)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
delmdt2=abs(delmdot2)
! Storing the iterated values of head end total pressures
! and mass flow rate convergence errors
If(delmdt1<delmdt2)then
delmdt(kk)=delmdt1
p0hh(kk)=p0ht1
else
delmdt(kk)=delmdt2
p0hh(kk) =p0ht2
End if
Write(50,*)’kk=’,kk
Write(50,*)’delmdt(kk)=’,delmdt(kk),’p0hh(kk)=’,p0hh(kk)
If(delmdt1<=error) then
solution =.true.
p0ht=p0ht1
delmdot=delmdt1
! write(50,*)’ ’
ib1=1
goto 1002 ! UP UP UP
Else if (delmdt2<= error) then
solution = .true.
179
180
p0ht=p0ht2
delmdot=delmdt2
! write(50,*)’ ’
ib1=1
Goto 1002 ! UP UP UP
End if
Continue
IF((delmdot1>0..and.delmdot2>0.)
A .OR.(delmdot1<0..and.delmdot2<0.))then

Call falci (p0ht1,p0ht2,delmdot1,delmdot2)
Write(50,*)’p0ht1=’,p0ht1,’delmdot1=’,delmdot1
Write(50,*)’p0ht2=’,p0ht2,’delmdot2=’,delmdot2
IF(p0ht1<0..or. p0ht2<0.)then
write(51,*)’p0ht1 or p0ht2 <0 @’,p0ht1,p0ht2
Goto 1003
End if
!
kk=kk+1
If (kk > 100) then
Write(51,*)’ From FALCI kk =’,kk
Goto 1003
4.2. SOURCE CODE
End if
j=1
goto 997 ! UP UP UP
Else
! write(50,*)’ ib1=’,ib1
call bisection1 (p0ht1,p0ht2,p0ht3,delmdot1,delmdot2,
a delmdot3,ib1)
kk=kk+1
If (kk > 100) then
Write(51,*)’From BISECTION1 kk =’,kk
Go to 1003
End if
j=1
goto 997
END IF
1003 If(delmdt(1)<delmdt(2))then
delmdot=delmdt(1)
p0ht=p0hh(1)
Else
delmdot=delmdt(2)
p0ht=p0hh(2)
181
182
End if
Do kkk=3,(kk-1)
If(delmdt(kkk)<delmdot)then
delmdot=delmdt(kkk)
p0ht=p0hh(kkk)
End if
End do
Solution = .true.
ib1=1

Write(51,*)’ convergence unsuccessful. Solution approximate’
Write(51,*)’P0ht=’,p0ht,’ delmdot=’,delmdot
Go to 1002
!
1010 Continue ! 1010 is reached when solution has been
! obtained for a given time instant ii
pe(ii)=p0(ii,increments)/p0bype
thrust(ii)=cfvac*p0(ii,increments)*at
impulsetot=impulsetot+thrust(ii)*deltatime
If(ii==1) then
Call starttransienteql
Write(51,115)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
115 FORMAT(/’ ’,
1 ’ EQUILIBRIUM PERFORMANCE’,
2 /’ p0h=head-end total pressure; p0n=nozzle end total ’,
1 ’pressure;’,/’ dhprt=head-end port dia; dnprt=nozzle-end port ’,
2 ’dia’,/’ Lnprt=exit-port location;delmdot=convergence error’//
3 ’ Time (s) p0h(Pa) p0n(Pa) mdot(kg/s)’,
A ’ epsilon dhprt(m) dnprt(m) pe(Pa) ’,
B ’Fvac(N) Lnprt (m) delmdot’)
End if
Write(50,111)time (ii),p0h(ii),p0(ii,increments),t0,
1 t0c(ii,increments),mdot(ii,increments),mdotn,delmdot
111 Format (/,’ CONVERGED SOLUTION’,/,
G ’ Time Instant (s) ’,
H ’ =’,Es13.6,/,
1 ’ Head end total pressure (Pa) =’,
I Es13.6,/,
2 ’ Nozzle end total pressure (Pa) =’,
j ES13.6,/,
3 ’ Adiabatic flame temperature (K) =’,
K Es13.6,/,
4 ’ Nozzle end total temperature (K)"CHECK" =’,Es13.6,/,
183
184
5 ’ Cumulative mass flow rate at the port exit(kg/s) =’,Es13.6,/,
6 ’ Nozzle flow rate (kg/s)"CHECK" =’,
l Es13.6,/,
l Error fraction delmdot at convergence =’,es13.6)
!
Write(50,112)time(ii),(p0(ii,i),i=1,increments)
write(50,131)(M(ii,i),i=1,increments)
Write(50,132)(mdot(ii,i),i=1,increments)
Write(50,133)(erosn(ii,i),i=1,increments)

Write(50,134)(r(ii,i),i=1,increments)
112 Format(//,’ ’,
A ’ PORT DYNAMICS AT TIME INSTANT’,
B Es13.6,’ s’,//,
2 ’ Total Pressure at Incremental ’,
3 ’Stations (Pa)’,/,20(10(1x,es13.6),/),//)
131 Format(’ Mach number at ’,
A ’Incremental Stations’,/,20(10(1x,es13.6),/),//)
132 Format(’ ’,
A ’ Mass flow rate at Incremental Stations’,
C ’(kg/s)’,/,
B 20(10(1x,es13.6),/),//)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
133 Format(’ ’,
A ’ Erosive Burning Ratio at ’,
C ’Incremental Stations’,/,
b 20(10(1x,es13.6),/),//)
134 Format(’ ’,
A ’ Burning Rate at Incremental Stations ’,
1 ’(m/s)’,/,
B 20(10(1x,es13.6),/))
!
Write(51,116)time(ii),p0h(ii),p0(ii,incrementsi),
1 mdot(ii,incrementsi),erosn(ii,incrementsi),idh(ii),
2 d(ii,incrementsi),pe(ii),thrust(ii),l(incrementsi),delmdot
116 Format(1x,f6.3,1x,2(es11.4,1x),4(es10.3,1x),2(es11.4,1x),
1 2(es10.3,1x))
! Check on complete burnout
! Write(50,*)’ incrementsi=’,incrementsi,’ ii=’,ii,
! a’p0(ii, incrementsi)=’,p0(ii, incrementsi),
! b’ p0burnout=’,p0burnout
If(p0(ii,incrementsi)<tailoffend*p0burnout)then
! Write(50,*)’p0(ii, incrementsi)=’,p0(ii, incrementsi),
! a ’ tailoffend=’,tailoffend,’ p0burnout=’,p0burnout
185
186
mpsliver2=rhop*(pi/4.*od**2*l(incrementsi)-pi/3/
1 tan(tapangle*pi/180)*((idh(ii)/2+l(incrementsi)*
2 tan(tapangle*pi/180))**3-(idh(ii)/2)**3))
sliverfraction2=mpsliver2/mp
Write(51,*) ’ ’
Write(51,121)tailoffend,p0burnout
Write(50,121)tailoffend,p0burnout
121 Format(’ Nozzle entry total-pressure is less than’,
A es13.6,’ of the burnout nozzle-end total-pressure.’,es13.6,

B ’ (PA)’/,’ Tailoff calculation is terminated.’)
Write(51,122)mpsliver2,sliverfraction2
Write(50,122)mpsliver2,sliverfraction2
122 Format(/,’ Final sliver mass = Mass of propellant ’,
A ’left-out at the termination of tailoff (kg) =’,
B es13.6,/,’ Sliver fraction2 = (Final sliver mass)/’,
C ’(initial propellant mass) = ’,
D es13.6)
error2 =(sigmamdotprt-sigmamdotnzl)/sigmamdotprt
error3=((sigmamdotnzl+mpsliver2)-mp)/mp
Goto 118
End if
4.2. SOURCE CODE
119 Continue
End do
Continue ! End of time Do loop ii
If(p0((ii-1),incrementsi)>tailoffend*p0burnout)then
Write(50,135)deltatime
Write(51,135)deltatime
135 Format(//,’ **** ERROR MESSAGE **** ERROR MESSAGE’,
F /,’ Complete burnout could not be reached within’,
A /,’ the assigned 500 incremental time steps "iiburnout".’,/,
B ’ Given "deltatime", the incremental time’,D13.6,’ seconds’,
C ’ in the Namelist "motor" is to be increased.’/,
D ’ **** EXECUTION OF PROGRAM ABORTED **** EXECUTION OF’,
E ’ PROGRAM ABORTED ***’)
End If
Goto 1011
118 Write(50,120)mp,sigmamdotprt,sigmamdotnzl,mpsliver2,error2,error3
Write(51,120)mp,sigmamdotprt,sigmamdotnzl,mpsliver2,error2,error3
120 Format(/,’ ’,
J ’ CHECK ON MASS BALANCE’,/,
A ’ Initial propellant mass (kg) ’,
B ’ ’,
187
188
C ’ = ’,es13.6,/,
1 ’ Cumulative port flows (kg) ’,
2 ’ ’,
3 ’ =’,Es13.6,/,
2 ’ Cumulative nozzle flows (kg) ’,
3 ’ ’,
4 ’ =’,Es13.6,/,
3 ’ Final sliver mass ’,
4 ’ ’,

5 ’ =’,es13.6,/,
4 ’ Mass balance error2=[(cumulative port-flow)-’,
5 ’(cumulative nozzle-flow)]/cumulative port-flow =’es13.6,/,
6 ’ Mass balance error3={[(cumulative nozzle-flow)+’,
7 ’(final sliver)]-(initial propellant-mass)}’,/,
h ’ /(initial propellant-mass) ’,
I ’ ’,
J ’ =’,es13.6)
ispvac=impulsetot/mp
Write(51,139)impulsetot,ispvac,ispvactheo
Write(50,139)impulsetot,ispvac,ispvactheo
139 Format(//,’ ’,
4.2. SOURCE CODE
A ’**** MOTOR PERFORMANCE **** MOTOR PERFORMANCE ****’,/,
b ’ TOTAL IMPULSE IN VACUUM (N-s) ’,
c ’ ’,
d ’ =’, es13.6,/,’ VACUUM’,
e ’ SPECIFIC-IMPULSE CALCULATED[Total impulse in vacuum divided’,
f ’ by propellant mass] (N-s/kg) =’,es13.6,/’ CHECK: ’,
g ’Vacuum specific impulse theoretical [c*xCFvac] (N-s/kg) ’,
h ’ ’,
I ’ =’,Es13.6)
1011 Continue
Close (50)
Close(51)
Stop
End
SUBROUTINE falci (x1,x2,y1,y2)

! This subprogram uses the method of Regula Falci to help solve the
! equation of the type f(x) =0. Final solution is not reached by this
! subprogram. But, for the received pair of trial points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)
! the subprogram returns to the calling program one of the received points
! (x1,y1) or (x2,y2) and an improved new value of x to calculate and
189
190
! check the related y, which has to be within the desired error-band around 0.
! If not, again this subprogram is called with a new pair of trial points
! (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).
! The subprogram falsi is called by main program, and subprograms
! prsratio and erosive
IMPLICIT NONE
REAL*8 :: x1,x2,y1,y2 ! y1 and y2 correspond to x1 and x2
REAL*8 :: xdsh ! Temporary x value
! Write(50,*)’ Input values’

! WRITE(50,110)x1,y1,x2,y2
IF(x1<x2)then
IF((y1>0. .and.y2>0.).and.(y2>y1))then
Goto 102
Else if (y1>0..and.y2>0.)then
goto 103
END IF
IF((y1<0. .and.y2<0.).and. (y2>y1))then
GOTO 103
Else if (y1<0..and. y2<0.)then
goto 102
END IF
4.2. SOURCE CODE
xdsh=x1+(x2-x1)/(y1-y2)*y1
x2=xdsh
y2=0.
GO TO 101
ELSE IF (x1>x2) then
IF ((y1>0. .and.y2>0.).and.(y2>y1))then
goto 104
Else if (y1>0. .and.y2>0.) then
goto 105
END IF
IF ((y1<0..and.y2<0.).and.(y2>y1)) then
GOTO 105
ELSE IF (y1<0..and.y2<0.)then
goto 104
END IF
xdsh=x2+(x2-x1)/(y1-y2)*y2
x1=x2
y1=y2
x2=xdsh
y2=0.
GO TO 101
191
192
END IF
102 xdsh=x1-(x2-x1)/(y2-y1)*y1
x2=x1
y2=y1
x1=xdsh
y1=0
GOTO 101
103 xdsh=x2-(x2-x1)/(y2-y1)*y2
x1=x2

y1=y2
x2=xdsh
y2=0.
Goto 101
104 xdsh=x1-(x2-x1)/(y2-y1)*y1
x2=xdsh
y2=0.
GOTO 101
105 xdsh=x2-(x2-x1)/(y2-y1)*y2
x1=xdsh
y1=0.
GOTO 101
4.2. SOURCE CODE
101 Continue
! Write(50,*)’Corrected values’
! WRITE(50,110)x1,y1,x2,y2
110 FORMAT(’ x1 =’,ES13.6,/,
1 ’ y1 =’,ES13.6,/,
2 ’ x2 =’,ES13.6,/,
4 ’ y2 =’,ES13.6,//)
RETURN
END SUBROUTINE falci
Subroutine geometry
! This subprogram is for an ends-inhibited tapered circular port grain.
! For 0th time (ii =1) burning area, free volume, propellant mass, and
! propellant volumetric loading fraction are calculated.
! For all time instants, this subprogram calculates the port envelop.
! Included under port envelop are: port diameter, burning perimeter,
! port area, and taper angle at all incremental stations.
193
194
IMPLICIT NONE
Integer :: i ! i represents incremental location
Integer :: ii !(ii-1)*deltatime gives
! the operating time (s)

Integer :: increments ! Number of incremental stations
Real*8,parameter :: pi=.314159265D+01
Real*8 :: a ! Pre-exponent factor in the burning rate
! equation r0=ap^n (m/s); p in Pa
Real*8 :: alpha ! A factor in Lenoir-Robillard equation
Real*8 :: abi ! Approximate initial burning area (m^2)
! Port areas (time increment,location)(m^2)
Real*8 :: beta ! Greek letter Beta in
!Lenoir-Robillard equation
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: clamung ! Intial ratio of burning area to throat area
Real*8 :: cp ! Specific heat at constant pr.(J/kg-K)
Real*8 :: cs ! Specific heat of propellant (J/kg-K)
Real*8 :: cstar ! Characteristic-velocity experimental(m/s)
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: d
! Port diameters (time-increment, location)(m)
Real*8 :: deltatime ! Incremental time(s)to be specified
! by input its value comes from main
Real*8 :: dt ! Throat diameter specified by input (m)
Logical :: eros ! When set=.false. in the subroutine
! propellant erosive burning will
! not be considered
Real*8 :: error ! Allowable Convergence error for mass
! flow rates to be specified by input
Real*8,dimension (500,200) :: erosn
! Erosive burning ratios (time, location)
Real*8 :: grainl ! grain length (m)
Real*8 :: gama ! Ratio of specific heats
Real*8 :: heighth ! cone height corresponding to
! the idhinitial(m)
195
196
Real*8 :: heightn ! Cone height corresponding to
! the idninital (m)
Real*8 :: heightc ! Nozzle Cone height corresponding to
! the grain OD (m)
Real*8 :: heightt ! Nozzle cone height corresponding to
! throat dia dt (m)
Real*8 :: idhinitial ! Initial head-end diameter
! specified by input(m)
Real*8 :: idninitial ! Intial nozzle end port diameter (m)

Real*8, dimension (500) :: idh ! Head end diameters (time)
Real*8, dimension (200) :: l ! Segment station locations
Real*8 :: mu ! Viscosity of combustion gases (kg/m-s)
Real*8 :: n ! Burning rate index in
! the burning rate equation r0=ap^n
Real*8 :: od ! Outer diameter of the grain (m)
Real*8, dimension (500) :: p0h ! Solved head-end pressure (Pa)
Real*8 :: Pr ! Prandtl number of the combustion gases
Real*8,dimension (500,200) :: r ! Propellant burning rate (time, location)(m/s)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: rhop ! Propellant density (kg/m**3)
Real*8,dimension (500,200) :: s
! Burning perimeters (time, location)(m)
Real*8 :: slantlh ! Cone slant length corresponding
!to the idhinitial
Real*8 :: slantln ! Cone slant length corresponding
! to the idninitial
Real*8,dimension (500) :: s0
! Head end burning perimeter (time),m
Real*8 :: ts ! Propellant burning-surface temperature(K)
Real*8 :: ti ! Propellant initial temperature (K)
Real*8 :: tapangle ! grain port taper angle
! taper angle at incremental
! locations (time,location) (deg)
! Time of operation (s)
197
198
Real*8 :: vci ! Port free-volume, inital(m^3)
Real*8 :: vnozzle ! Nozzle convergence volume (m^3)
!
If (ii==1) then !********ii=1 means zero time
!Finding nozzle convergence volume
heightc=OD/2./tan(45.*pi/180.)
heightt=dt/2./tan(45.*pi/180.)

! slantlc=sqrt((OD/2.)**2.+heightc**2.)
! slantlt=sqrt((dt/2.)**2.+heightt**2.)
vnozzle=1./3.*pi*((od/2.)**2.*heightc-(dt/2.)**2.*heightt)
! Fixing initial grain configuration (for time = 0)
If(tapangle>0) then
idninitial = idhinitial+2*tan(tapangle*pi/180.)*grainl
heighth=idhinitial/2./tan(tapangle*pi/180)
heightn=idninitial/2./tan(tapangle*pi/180)
slantln=sqrt((idninitial/2.)**2.+heightn**2.)
slantlh=sqrt((idhinitial/2.)**2.+heighth**2.)
abi=pi*(idninitial/2.*slantln-idhinitial/2.*slantlh)
vci=1./3.*pi*((idninitial/2.)**2.*heightn-
4.2. SOURCE CODE
a (idhinitial/2.)**2.*heighth)
mp=rhop*(pi/4.*od**2.*grainl-vci)
! write(51,*)’ Port free volume =’,vci
vcitotal=1.1*vci+vnozzle
vcempty=1.1*pi/4.*od**2.*grainl+vnozzle
vpfraction=mp/rhop/vcempty
! write(51,*)’ abi=’,abi,’ Nozzle convergence volume=’,
! a vnozzle,’ Totalfree volume=’,vcitotal
Else if (tapangle==0) then
abi=pi*idhinitial*grainl
vci=pi/4.*idhinitial**2*grainl
mp=rhop*pi/4*grainl*(od**2-idhinitial**2)
vcitotal=1.1*vci+vnozzle
vpfraction=mp/rhop/vcitotal
End if
idh(ii)=idhinitial
s0(ii)=pi*idh(ii)
1000 Do i=1, increments
if(i==1)then
d(ii,i)=idh(ii)+2*delx*tan(tapangle*pi/180.)
else
199
200
d(ii,i)=d(ii,i-1)+2*delx*tan(tapangle*pi/180.)
end if
s(ii,i)=pi*d(ii,i)
ap(ii,i)=pi/4*d(ii,i)**2
theta(ii,i)=tapangle
End do ! Do loop 1000
goto 109 !ii=1 means zero time effected
Else
! Fixing grain configuration

! for time greater than 0
idh(ii)=idh(ii-1)+2*a*p0h(ii-1)**n*deltatime/cos(tapangle*pi/180)
s0(ii)=pi*idh(ii)
Do i=1,increments
if(i==increments) then
theta(ii,i)=theta(ii,i-1)*pi/180
Else
theta(ii,i)=atan((d(ii-1,i+1)-d(ii-1,i))/2/delx)
End if
theta(ii,i)=theta(ii,i)*180./pi
d(ii,i)=d(ii-1,i)+2*r(ii-1,i)*deltatime/cos(theta(ii-1,i)*
1 pi/180.)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
s(ii,i)=pi*d(ii,i)
ap(ii,i)=pi/4*d(ii,i)**2
End do
End if
109 Continue
if (ii==1)then
time (ii)=(ii-1)*deltatime
else
time(ii)=time(ii-1)+deltatime
end if
Return
End Subroutine Geometry
Subroutine propellant
! This subroutine calculates the propellant properties: ratio of
! specific heats, experimental characteristic velocity c*,
! beta and alpha in the LenoirRobillard erosive burning equation.
! Calculated and other-specified propellant-properties are printed.
! Experimental characteristic velocity is calculated by
! assuming a c*-efficiency of 0.98.
201
202
IMPLICIT NONE
Real*8, parameter : : ru=8314.51 ! Universal gas constant
Logical :: eros ! When set = .false. erosive burning
!is not considered
! burning rate equation, r0=ap^n (m/s)

! Lenoir-Robillard erosive
! burning rate equation
Real*8 :: beta ! The Greek letter beeta in the
!Lenoir-Robillard erosive burning model
! for combustion products
Real*8 :: cs ! Specific heat of propellant (J/kg-K)
Real*8 :: cstareff=0.98 ! c* efficiency
Real*8 :: cstartheo ! Theoretical c* (m/s)
Real*8 :: cstar ! Experimental cstar
Real*8,dimension (500,200) :: erosn ! Erosive burning ratio
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: mu ! Viscosity (kg/m-s)
Real*8 :: n ! Burning rate index in the burning
! in the burning rate eqn. r0=ap^n
Real*8 :: ts ! Temperature at the burning-surface
! of propellant(K)
Real*8 :: ti ! Initial temperature (K)
rgas=ru/mbar
gama=cp/(cp-rgas)
capgama=sqrt(gama)*(2/(gama+1))**((gama+1)/2/(gama-1))
cstartheo=sqrt(rgas*t0)/capgama
cstar=cstartheo*cstareff
alpha=0.0288*cp*mu**0.2*Pr**(-0.667)*(t0-ts)/(ts-ti)/rhop/cs
Write(51,101)a,n,rhop, mbar,gama,cstar,t0,beta,alpha,eros
Write(50,101)a,n,rhop, mbar,gama,cstar,t0,beta,alpha,eros
101 Format(’ PROPELLANT’,
203
204
J ’ DATA’,/,
1 Pre-exponent factor a in the burning rate equation ’,
4 ’r0=ap^n =’,es13.6,/,
3 ’ Burning rate index n in the burning rate equation ’,
4 ’r0=ap^n =’,es13.6,/,
5 ’ Propellant density (kg/m**3) ’,
6 ’ =’,Es13.6,/,
7 ’ Molar mass of combustion products (kg/kg-mole) ’,
8 ’ =’,Es13.6,/,

9 ’ Ratio of specific heats ’,
A ’ =’,Es13.6,/,
B ’ Experimental Characteristic velocity (m/s) ’,
C ’ =’,Es13.6,/,
D ’ Adiabatic flame temperature (K) ’,
E ’ =’,Es13.6,/,
F ’ Beta in the Lenoir-Robillard equation ’,
G ’ =’,Es13.6,/,
H ’ Alpha in the Lenoir Robillard equation ’,
I ’ = ’,Es13.6,/,
R ’ Erosive Burning is not considered if eros=.FALSE., ie, F’,/,
T ’ Eros ’,
4.2. SOURCE CODE
U ’ =’,L2)
Return
End subroutine Propellant
Subroutine segsteady (pj, tj, uj,epsilon, ssj,

a areaj,ssjpls1,areajpls1,pjpls1,tjpls1,ujpls1,p0jpls1)
! The Subroutine Segsteady, called by the main program, calculates
! under steady flow assumption the exit properties of the incremental
! control volume by applying the equations of continuity,momentum,
! energy, and ideal-gas.
! Calculated exit properties transferred to the calling program are:
! velocity, static-temperature and pressure, Mach number, and
! total pressure; also the increase in entropy across the
! incremental control volume is calculated.
! Burning rate for the incremental surface is approximated to the one
! at its entry station. Erosive burning at the entry station is accounted
! through the Lenoir- Robillard model. Erosive burning characteristics are
! calculated by calling subroutine Erosive
IMPLICIT NONE
205
206
Real*8, parameter :: pi=3.14159265
Real*8, parameter :: ru=8314.51 !Universal gas constant (J/kgmol-K)
Integer :: ii ! Counter for time(ii-1)*deltatime
! gives time of operation (s)

Integer :: increments ! Number of incremental stations
Logical :: eros ! When set =.false. erosive burning
! is not considered
Real*8 :: a ! Pre-exponent factor of
! burning rate eqn.r=ap^n (m/s)
Real*8 :: alpha ! Alpha in Lenoir- Robillard model
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: ap ! Port areas (m**2)
Real*8 :: areaj ! Incremental volume Entry area (m**2)
Real*8 :: areajpls1 ! Incremental volume Exit area (m**2)
Real*8 :: beta ! Beta in Lenoir-Robillard model
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: capgama ! Function of gama, ratio of specific heats
Real*8 :: clamung ! Ratio of initial burning-area
! to throat area
Real*8 :: cp ! Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg-K)
Real*8 :: cstar ! Characteristic velocity (m/s)
Real*8 :: deltatime ! Incremental time (s), set in the main
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: d ! Port diameters (m)
Real*8 :: deltas1 ! Entropy increase by solution 1
Real*8 :: deltas2 ! Entropy increase by solution 2
Real*8 :: deltas ! Final solution for entropy change
Real*8 :: dj ! Hydraulic diameter at the jth station (m)
Real*8 :: dmdotj ! added mass flow rate in the
! incremental volume(kg/s)
Real*8 :: dt ! Throat diameter (m)
Real*8 :: epsilon ! Erosive burning ratio
Real*8,dimension(500,200) :: erosn ! Erosive burning
Real*8 :: error ! Allowable error in mass
! flow rate convergence
207
208
Real*8 :: gj ! mass flux at the jth station (kg/m**2-s)
Real*8, dimension (500) :: idh ! Head end diameters
Real*8 :: idhinitial ! Initial head end diameter (m)
Real*8, dimension (200) :: l ! Incremental station locations (m)
Real*8 :: machj ! Inlet Mach number
Real*8 :: machjpls1 ! Exit Mach number final solution
Real*8 :: machjpls11 ! Exit Mach number solution 1
Real*8 :: machjpls12 ! Exit Mach number solution 2

Real*8 :: mbar ! molar mass kg/kg-mole
Real*8 :: mdotj ! Entry mass flow rate (kg/s)
Real*8 :: mdotjpls1 ! exit mass flow rate (kg/s)
Real*8 :: mp ! Total propellant mass (kg)
Real*8 :: mu ! Viscosity of combustion products (kg/m-s)
Real*8 :: n ! burning rate index in the burning
! rate equation r=ap^n
Real*8 :: od ! Grain outer diameter (m)
Real*8, dimension(500) :: p0h ! Solved head end pressure (Pa)
Real*8 :: p0jpls1 ! Exit total pressure (Pa)
Real*8 :: p0jpls11 ! total pressure at the exit solution 1(Pa)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: p0jpls12 ! Total pressure at the exit solution 2(Pa)
Real*8 :: pj ! static pressure at entry (Pa)
Real*8 :: pjpls1 ! Exit static pressure (Pa)
Real*8 :: pjpls11 ! Static pressure at teh exit solution 1(pa)
Real*8 :: pjpls12 ! Static pressure at the exit solution 2(Pa)
Real*8 :: quada !"a" in the quadratic equation for uj+1
Real*8 :: quadb !"b" in the quadratic equation for uj+1
Real*8 :: quadc ! "c" in quadratic equation for uj+1
Real*8 :: quadd ! The argument of the square-root
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: r ! Total burning rate (m/s)
Real*8 :: rgas ! specific gas constant (J/kg-K)
Real*8 :: rhoj ! gas density at entry (kg/m**3)
Real*8 :: rj ! Total Burning rate at the jthstation(m/s)
Real*8,dimension (500,200) :: s ! Burning perimeters (m)
Real*8, dimension (500) :: s0 ! Head end perimeters
Real*8 :: ssj ! Burning perimeter at the entry station
! of the control volume
Real*8 :: ssjpls1 ! Burning perimeter at the exit station
! of the control volume
209
210
Real*8 :: t0 ! Adiabatic flame temperature
Real*8 :: tapangle ! Grain taper angle (deg)
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: theta ! Angles at incremental
! stations (deg)
Real*8 :: ti ! Propellant initial temperature
Real*8, dimension (500) :: time ! Time of operation (s)
Real*8 :: tj ! Entry static temperature (K)
Real*8 :: tjpls1 ! Exit static temperature
Real*8 :: tjpls11 ! Exit static temperature solution 1(K)

Real*8 :: tjpls12 ! Exit static temperature solution 2 (K)
Real*8 :: ts ! Propellant burning-surface temperature(K)
Real*8 :: uj ! Entry velocity (m/s
Real*8 :: ujpls1 ! Exit velocity (m/s)
Real*8 :: ujpls11 ! Exit velocity (m/s)solution 1
Real*8 :: ujpls12 ! Exit velocity (m/s)solution 2
Real*8 :: vci ! Initial free volume of chamber (m^3)
!
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Namelist/propellant/t0,rhop,a,n,mbar,cp,gama,rgas,epsilon
Namelist/inlet2/areaj,mdotj,dmdotj,mdotjpls1,rhoj,tj,uj,machj
!
machj=uj/sqrt(gama*rgas*tj)
rhoj=pj/Rgas/tj
gj=pj/Rgas/tj*uj
dj=4*areaj/ssj
mdotj=rhoj*areaj*uj
!
Call erosive (pj,gj,dj,rj,epsilon)
dmdotj=rhop*(ssj+ssjpls1)/2*delx*rj
mdotjpls1=mdotj+dmdotj
quada=2./(areajpls1+areaj)-(gama-1)/gama/2/areajpls1
quadb=-(pj/mdotjpls1+2.*mdotj*uj/mdotjpls1/(areajpls1+areaj))
quadc=rgas*t0/areajpls1
quadd=quadb**2-4*quada*quadc
If(quadd<0) then
goto 100
End if
ujpls11=(-quadb+SQRT(quadb**2-4*quada*quadc))/2/quada
ujpls12=(-quadb-SQRT(quadb**2-4*quada*quadc))/2/quada
211
212
tjpls11=t0-ujpls11**2/2/cp
tjpls12=t0-ujpls12**2/2/cp
If (tjpls12>0) then
pjpls12=rgas*tjpls12*mdotjpls1/areajpls1/ujpls12
machjpls12=ujpls12/sqrt(gama*rgas*tjpls12)
p0jpls12=pjpls12*(t0/tjpls12)**(gama/(gama-1))
deltas2=cp*log(tjpls12/tj)-rgas*log(pjpls12/pj)
End if
If(tjpls11>0)then

pjpls11=rgas*tjpls11*mdotjpls1/areajpls1/ujpls11
machjpls11=ujpls11/sqrt(gama*rgas*tjpls11)
p0jpls11=pjpls11*(t0/tjpls11)**(gama/(gama-1))
deltas1=cp*log(tjpls11/tj)-rgas*log(pjpls11/pj)
End if
If (tjpls11>0.and.tjpls12>0) then
if(p0jpls11<p0jpls12) then
ujpls1=ujpls11
tjpls1=tjpls11
pjpls1=pjpls11
machjpls1=machjpls11
p0jpls1=p0jpls11
4.2. SOURCE CODE
deltas=deltas1
else
ujpls1=ujpls12
tjpls1=tjpls12
pjpls1=pjpls12
p0jpls1=p0jpls12
deltas=deltas2
end if
else if(tjpls12>0) then
ujpls1=ujpls12
tjpls1=tjpls12
pjpls1=pjpls12
p0jpls1=p0jpls12
deltas=deltas2
else
ujpls1=ujpls11
tjpls1=tjpls11
pjpls1=pjpls11
213
214
p0jpls1=p0jpls11
deltas=deltas1
end if
100 Continue
Return
END subroutine segsteady
Subroutine Erosive (p,g,d,r,epsilon)

IMPLICIT NONE

! This program calculates the erosive burning rate using Lenoir-Robillard
! model. The implicit equation in erosive burning rate r is solved
! by Regula-Falci by calling Subroutine FALCI.
! Subroutine Erosive is called by the subroutine Segsteady and also
! directly by the main program.
Integer :: k
Logical :: eros ! When set = .false. in the subroutine
!propellant erosive burning will
!not be considered
Real*8,parameter :: pi=3.14159265
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8,parameter :: ru= 8314.51 ! Universal gas constant (J/kg-mole-K)
! burning rate equation, r0=ap^n (m/s)
Real*8 :: alpha ! The Greek letter alpha in the
! Lenoir-Robillard
! erosive burning rate equation
Real*8 :: capgama ! Function of ratio of specific heats
! for combustion products
Real*8 :: cstar ! c* (m/s)
Real*8 :: d ! Hydraulic diameter (m)
Real*8 :: delr ! Error at convergence
Real*8 :: delr2 ! Error for the rt2
Real*8 :: delr1 ! Error for rt1
! Real :: delr11,delr21 ! Swapped errors of delr1 and delr2
! Real :: delrt ! Temporary error during bisection
Real*8 :: error1=1.e-05 ! Acceptable error for the convergence
Real*8 :: epsilon ! Erosive burning ratio
215
216
Real*8,dimension (500,200) :: erosn
! Erosive burning ratios
Real*8 :: g ! Massflux (kg/m^2-s)
Real*8 :: mbar ! Molar mass (kg/kgmol)
Real*8 :: mu ! Viscosity of
! combustion products (kg/m-s)
Real*8 :: n ! Burning rate index in the burning
! rate equation, r0=ap^n

Real*8 :: p ! Static pressure (Pa)
Real*8 :: r ! Total burning rate (r=r0+re)
Real*8 :: r0 ! Burning rate under zero crossflow(m/s)
Real*8 :: re ! Erosive burning rate component (m/s)
Real*8 :: rt1 ! Trial burning rate (m/s)
Real*8 :: rt2 ! Trial burning rate (m/s)
Real*8 :: ts ! Burning-propellant
! surface-temperature (K)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: ti ! Propellant initial temperature (K)
!
r0=a*p**n
If(.not.eros) then
r=r0
Goto 1001
End if
rt1=r0*1.01
rt2=rt1*1.01
k=1
999 delr1=(r0+alpha*g**0.8/d**0.2/exp(beta*rt1*rhop/g)-rt1)/r0
delr2=(r0+alpha*g**0.8/d**0.2/exp(beta*rt2*rhop/g)-rt2)/r0
If(ABS(delr1)<error1) then
r =rt1
delr=delr1
goto 1001
else if (ABS(delr2)<error1) then
r=rt2
delr=delr2
goto 1001
End if
217
218
!
k=k+1
If (k>30) then
Write(51,*)’ k=’,k,’ FALSI has been been called more’,
1 than 30 times by the Subroutine Erosive.Calculations abandoned.’
stop
End if
call Falci(rt1,rt2,delr1,delr2)
goto 999

1001 epsilon=r/r0
re=r-r0
1003 Continue
Return
End subroutine erosive
Subroutine prsrratio (p0bype,aebyat,gama)

! Subroutine prseratio calculates the nozzle pressure ratio p0bype
! of the nozzle of given area ratio aebyat and
! ratio of specific heats gama. The value of the ratio
! of specific heats gama comes from the main. For convergence the
! subroutine uses the subroutine FALSI.
4.2. SOURCE CODE
IMPLICIT NONE
Integer :: k=1 ! Used while debugging
Real*8 :: capgama ! Function of gama
Real*8 :: error1 =1. e-05 ! Convergence error
Real*8 :: p0bype1 ! Trial pressure ratio 1
Real*8 :: p0bype2 ! Trial pressure ratio 2
Real*8 :: delp0bype1 ! Trial error 1
Real*8 :: delp0bype2 ! Trial error 2
Real*8 :: delp0bype ! Converged error
capgama=sqrt(gama)*(2/(gama+1))**((gama+1)/2/(gama-1))
p0bype1=10
p0bype2=12
999 Continue
delp0bype1=(capgama/aebyat/sqrt(2*gama/(gama-1)*
1(1-p0bype1**(-(gama-1)/gama))))**gama-(1/p0bype1)
delp0bype2=(capgama/aebyat/sqrt(2*gama/(gama-1)*
1(1-p0bype2**(-(gama-1)/gama))))**gama-(1/p0bype2)
If(ABS(delp0bype1)<error1) then
219
220
p0bype =p0bype1
delp0bype=delp0bype1
goto 1001
else if (ABS(delp0bype2)<error1) then
p0bype=p0bype2
delp0bype=delp0bype2
goto 1001
End if
k=k+1

If (k>30) then
Write(51,*) ’ FALSI has been called more than’,
1 ’30 times by the subroutine prsrratio’,
2 ’ Calculations abandoned’
stop
End if
call Falci(p0bype1,p0bype2,delp0bype1,delp0bype2)
goto 999
1001 Continue
Write(*,*)’Ae/At=’,aebyat, ’p0bype =’, p0bype,
1 ’ delp0bype=’, delp0bype
Return
4.2. SOURCE CODE
End subroutine prsrratio
Subroutine starttransienteql
! The start transient is calculated assuming the
! "equilibrium pressure analysis", that is assuming that there
! is one uniform pressure for the entire chamber-cavity.
! Furthermore it is assumed that (i) for the duration of start
! transient the burned distance is negligible, that is, the
! burning area is constant and (ii) entire grain surface is
! instantaneously ignited with negligible igniter mass.
! This subprogram prints the calculated start transient.
IMPLICIT NONE
Real*8 :: a ! Pre-exponent factor in the burning
! rate equation r0=ap0^n (m/s)
Real*8 :: aa
221
222
! Lenoir-Robillard
! erosive burning rate equation
! Port areas (m**2)
Real*8 :: at ! Throat area
Real*8 :: bb

Real*8 :: capgama ! Function of specific heats ratio
Real*8 :: cp ! Specific heat at constant
! pressure (J/kg-K)
Real*8 :: cf0 ! Characteristic thrust coefficient
Real*8 :: cfvac ! Vacuum thrust coefficient
Real*8 :: clamung ! ratio of initial burning
! area to throat area
Real*8 :: cstar ! experimental cstar (m/s)
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: d
4.2. SOURCE CODE
! Port diameters (m)
Real*8,dimension (200) :: deltign ! Incremental time (s)
Real*8 :: deltatime ! Incremental time (s)
Real*8 :: dt ! throat diameter (m)
Real*8 :: delp ! Incremental pressure
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: erosn
! Erosive burning ratios at
! the incremental stations
Logical :: eros ! When set =.false. in the subroutine
! propellant erosive burning
! will not be considered
Real*8 :: error ! Allowable error in massflow rate
Real*8 :: impulseign ! Time integral of thrust
Real*8, dimension (200) :: l ! Segment station locations;
! subscript represents
! incremental stations (m)
Real*8, dimension (200) :: mdotign
! Mass flow rates during
223
224
! start transient(time)kg/s)
Real*8, dimension (500) :: idh ! Head end diameters;
! subscript represents time increments
Real*8 :: idhinitial ! head end initial port diameter (m)
Integer :: ii ! Time counter
Integer :: increments ! total number of incremental stations
Real*8:: mbar ! Molar mass of combustion products
Integer :: m
Integer :: mm

Real*8 :: mu ! Viscosity of combustion products(kg/m-s)
Real*8 :: n ! burning rate index in the burning
Real*8 :: od ! grain outer diameter (m)
Real*8 :: pr ! Prandtl number
Real*8, dimension (500) :: p0h ! Solved head-end
! equilibrium-pressure (time) (Pa)
Real*8, dimension (200) :: p0hign ! Head-end pressure
! during start transient(time) (Pa)
Real*8 :: p0ht1st ! first head-end
! equilibrium-pressure (Pa)
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Real*8 :: p0htini ! initial start transient pressure (Pa)
Real*8, dimension (500) :: pe ! Nozzle exit-plane pressures (time) (Pa)
Real*8, dimension (200) :: peign ! Nozzle exit-plane pressures
! during start transient (time) (Pa)
Real*8,parameter :: pi=.314159265E+01
Real*8, dimension (500,200) :: r
! Total burning rate including
! erosive component (m/s)
Real*8, parameter :: ru = 8314.51
! Universal gas constant (J/kg-mole-K)
Real*8,dimension (500,200) :: s ! Burning perimeters (time,location)(m)
Real*8,dimension (500) :: s0 ! Head end burning perimeter (time)(m)
Real*8 :: sigmamdotign
! time integral of mass consumed during ignition
Real*8 :: tapangle ! Port taper angle (deg)
! Local taper angle(time,location)(deg)
Real*8,dimension (500) :: thrust
225
226
!Thrust during equilibrium operation (N)
Real*8, dimension (200) :: thrustign
! Thrust during start transient (N)
Real*8 :: ti ! Propellant storage temperature (K)
! generally kept at atmospheric temperature
! Time during equilibrium and tail-off operation (s)
Real*8 :: ts ! Propellant burning-surface
! temperature (K)

Real*8, dimension (200) :: timeign ! Time during start transient (s)
Real*8 :: vci ! Initial free volume of chamber (m^3)
namelist/input1/abi,at,clamung,rgas,gama,capgama,cstar,cf0,
1 cfvac,p0htini,delp
At=pi/4*dt**2
clamung=abi/at
Cf0=capgama*sqrt(2*gama/(gama-1)*(1-(1/p0bype)**((gama-1)/gama)))
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Cfvac=CF0+aebyat*(1/p0bype)
p0htini=(gama+1.)/2.*1.01325e+05
delp= (0.975*p0h(1)-p0htini)/100.
! write(51,*)’ p0h(1)=’,p0h(1), ’ delp (Pa)=’,delp
! write(51,*)’ vcitotal=’,vcitotal,’ capgama=’,capgama
aa = vcitotal/capgama**2/(1.-n)/cstar/at
bb=p0h(1)**(1.-n)
! write(51,*) ’ aa=’,aa,’ bb=’,bb
timeign(1) =0.
sigmamdotign=0.
impulseign=0.
p0hign(1)=p0htini
peign(1)=p0hign(1)/p0bype
mdotign(1)=abi*rhop*a*p0hign(1)**n
thrustign(1)=cfvac*p0hign(1)*at
! write(51,nml=input1)
Write(51,115)
Write(50,115)
115 FORMAT(//,’START TRANSIENT CALCULATED ASSUMING "EQUILIBRIUM’,
1 ’ PRESSURE ANALYSIS"’,//,’ Time (s) p0h(Pa)’,
2 ’ mdot(kg/s) pe(Pa) ’,
227
228
3 ’Vac-Thrust(N)’)
Do mm = 2,101
p0hign(mm)=p0hign(mm-1)+delp
deltign(mm)=aa*log((bb-p0hign(mm-1)**(1.-n))/
a (bb- p0hign(mm)**(1.-n)))
! write(51,*)’ mm=’,mm, ’ deltign(mm)=’,deltign(mm)
! Write(51,*)’p0hign(mm-1)=’,p0hign(mm-1),’ p0hign(mm)=’,p0hign(mm)
timeign(mm)=timeign(mm-1)+deltign(mm)
! write(51,*)’ timeign(mm)=’,timeign(mm),’ deltign(mm)=’,deltign(mm)

peign(mm)=p0hign(mm)/p0bype
mdotign(mm)=abi*rhop*a*p0hign(mm)**n
sigmamdotign=sigmamdotign+
a (mdotign(mm-1)+mdotign(mm))/2*deltign(mm)
thrustign(mm)=cfvac*p0hign(mm)*at
impulseign=impulseign+
a (thrustign(mm-1)+thrustign(mm))/2.*deltign(mm)
! write(51,*)’ mm=’,mm, ’ time(mm) (s)=’,timeign(mm),
! a ’ impulseign (N-s) =’,impulseign
End Do
Continue
Do m=1,101
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Write(51,116)timeign(m),p0hign(m),mdotign(m),
A peign(m),thrustign(m)
Write(50,116)timeign(m),p0hign(m),mdotign(m),
A peign(m),thrustign(m)
116 Format(1x,es13.6,1x,4(es15.6,2x))
End do
Write(51,117)sigmamdotign,impulseign
Write(50,117)sigmamdotign,impulseign
117 format(/,’Time integral of propellant mass consumed during’,
A ’ start transient (kg) =’, es15.6,/,
B ’ Impulse = time integral of thrust during start transient ’,
C ’(N-s) =’, es15.6,/)
time(1)=timeign(101)+2.*deltign(101)
Return
End subroutine starttransienteql
subroutine bisection (x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,ib)

IMPLICIT NONE
Real*8 :: x1,x2,x3 ! variables
Real*8 :: y1,y2,y3 ! Errors
229
230
Integer :: ib
If (ib==1) then
x3=x2
y3=y2
x2=(x1+x2)/2.
y2=0.
ib=2
goto 1010
else if ((y1>0.and. y2<0).OR.(y1<0.and.y2>0))then

x3=x2
y3=y2
x2=(x1+x2)/2.
y2=0.
goto 1010
else
x1=x2
y1=y2
x2=(x2+x3)/2.
y2=0.
end if
1010 continue
4.2. SOURCE CODE
Return
End subroutine bisection
subroutine bisection1 (x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,ib)

IMPLICIT NONE
Real*8 :: x1,x2,x3 ! variables
Real*8 :: y1,y2,y3 ! Errors
Integer :: ib
If (ib==1) then
x3=x2
y3=y2
x2=(x1+x2)/2.
y2=0.
ib=2
goto 1010
else if ((y1>0.and. y2<0).OR.(y1<0.and.y2>0))then
x3=x2
y3=y2
x2=(x1+x2)/2.
y2=0.
231
232
goto 1010
else
x1=x2
y1=y2
x2=(x2+x3)/2.
y2=0.
end if
1010 continue
Return

End subroutine bisection1
Bibliography
[1] Gordon, S. and McBride, B. J., Computer Program for Calculation of

Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions, Rocket Performance,
Incident and Reflected Shocks, and Chapman-Jouget Detonations,
NASA SP-273, March 1976.
[2] www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/CEAWeb/ceaguiDownload-win.htm - as-

sessed on 6th May 2016.
[3] Gordon, S. and McBride, B. J., Computer Program for Calculation

of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications: I.
Analysis, NASA Reference Publication 1311, Lewis Research Center,
Cleveland, Ohio, October 1994.
[4] Lenoir, J. M. and Robillard, G., “A Mathematical Model to Predict

the Effects of Erosive Burning of Solid Propellant Rockets,” Proceed-
ings of the Sixth International Symposium on Combustion, 1957, pp.
663-672.
[5] Anon., Internal Ballistic Performance of Solid Propellant Rocket Mo-

tors, Vol. 1: Program Manual, D2-125286-1, The Boeing Company,
Aerospace Division in Seattle, USA, 1966.
[6] Barrere, M., Jaumotte, A., De Veubeke, B. F., and Vandenkerckhove,

J., Rocket Propulsion, Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, 1960.
233

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Solid Propellant Rocket Motors:

Performance Prediction and Internal Ballistics

List of Figures xii

2 Equilibrium Pressure Analysis 11

4 Computer Program 107

Subramaniam Krishnan received degrees in mechanical engineering from

Starting from the preliminary design stage to the development of designed

a = pre-exponent factor in the burning rate equation, ṙ = apn

CF0 = characteristic thrust coefficient

cp = specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg-K

cs = specific heat of solid propellant, J/kg-K

c∗ = characteristic velocity, m/s

D = characteristic dimension; hydraulic diameter, m

G = mass flux, kg/m2 − s

h = convective heat transfer coefficient, J/s − m2 − K; height, m

K = ratio of grain burning area to nozzle throat area

k = proportionality constant in Lenoir-Robillard erosive burning model,

ṁ = mass flow rate, kg/s

m̄ = molar mass with respect to gaseous species, kg/kg-mole

m̄c = molar mass with respect to gaseous as well as condensed species,

NG = number of gaseous species

NS = total number of gaseous and condensed species

n = burning rate index in the burning rate equation ; number of kg-moles

R = specific gas constant, J/kg-K

Ru = universal gas constant, 8314.51J/kg-mole-K

ṙ = burning rate, m/s

s = burning perimeter, m; slant length of cone, m; entropy, J/(kg-K)

v = specific volume, m3 /kg

0 = stagnation condition; zero crossflow velocity

e = nozzle- exit plane; erosive burning condition

j = jth station in incremental analysis; jth species

n = nth step or nth iteration; nozzle end

R = provision of nozzle rupture disc or nozzle plug

t = throat section of nozzle

β = dimensionless exponential constant in Lenoir-Robillard erosive burn-

ε = erosive burning ratio

θ = grain-port taper angle, deg.

λ = thermal conductivity of combustion products, J/(s-m-K)

µ = viscosity of combustion products, kg/m-s

1.1 A schematic sketch of a solid propellant rocket motor. 1

2.1 Operational stability of a solid propellant rocket mo-

3.1 Incremental stations fixed with respect to a rocket

2.1 Ignition transient with nozzle closure from an initial

3.1 Results of a typical shifting equilibrium flow calcu-

3.2 Typical iteration results for the unsteady flow through

1.1 Solid Rocket Motor Components

Figure 1.1: A schematic sketch of a solid propellant rocket motor.

Solid propellant motors can be classified in many ways. Based on

or spherical ones. Cylindrical motors are the commonly adopted ones

The theoretical-performance predication of rocket-motor basically an-

1.2 Pressure-Time Trace

Figure 1.2: A typical pressure versus time of a rocket motor.

1.3 Methods of Performance Prediction

1. The regression rate or the burning rate of propellant is found to be

2. Chemical reactions occur at the regressing grain-surface within a

3. The mixture of combustion products contains a number of gaseous

5. Heat is transferred from the high-temperature port-flow to the burn-