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Plane Trigonometry
Plane Trigonometry
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A 547137
1837
ARTES SCIENTIA
VERITAS
LIBRARY Y OF
MI CHTHEIGAN
RSIT
UNIVE OF
EPLURIBUSUNUM
TUEBOR
SI-QUAERISPENINSULAM AMOENAM
CIRCUMSPICE
QA
533
.L847
1895
PLANE
TRIGONOMETRY.
*
London : C. J. CLAY AND SONS,
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE ,
AVE MARIA LANE .
Glasgow : 263, ARGYLE STREET.
Leipzig : F. A. BROCKHAUS.
New York : MACMILLAN AND CO .
RE
PLANE
TRIGONOMETRY
s- fGGO
BY
en o
idri uxt 1
S. L. LONEY, M.A.
LATE FELLOW OF SIDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE , CAMBRIDGE ,
PROFESSOR AT THE ROYAL HOLLOWAY COLLEGE .
CAMBRIDGE :
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
1895
PREFACE.
PART I.
CHAP . PAGE
X. Logarithms 146
Tables of logarithms 152
viii CONTENTS.
CHAP . PAGE
PART II.
ANALYTICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
CHAP . PAGE
I. Exponential and Logarithmic Series 1
Logarithms to base e 7
Two important limits 11
II . Complex quantities 17
De Moivre's Theorem 20
Binomial Theorem for complex quantities 30
CONTENTS. ix
CHAP . PAGE
III. Expansions of sin ne, cos ne, and tan no 32
Expansions of sin a and cos a in a series of ascending
powers of a • • 37
Sines and Cosines of small angles 40
Approximation to the root of an equation 41
Evaluation of indeterminate quantities 43
IV. Expansions of cos" and sin" in cosines or sines of
multiples of • 54
Expansions of sin ne and cos ne in series of descend-
ing and ascending powers of sin and cos 60
V. Exponential Series for Complex Quantities . 74
Circular functions of complex angles 77
Euler's exponential values 78
Hyperbolic Functions 80
Inverse Circular and Hyperbolic Functions . 88
VI. Logarithms of complex quantities 93
Value of a when a and x are complex . 100
VII. Gregory's Series 106
Calculation of the value of π 109
VIII. Summation of Series 114
Expansions in Series 126
IX. Factors of x2n - 2xn cos no +1 133
Factors of n - 1 and xn + 1 139
Resolution of sin and cos into factors . 147
sinh and cosh in products 152
X. Principle of Proportional Parts 162
XI. Errors of observation 171
XII. Miscellaneous Propositions 178
Solution of a Cubic Equation 178
Maximum and Minimum Values 180
Geometrical representation of complex quantities 182
Miscellaneous Examples 188
PART I.
IV. - 0) = cos 0.
sin (− 0) = − sin 0 ; cos (— (Art. 68. )
sin (90° - 0) = cos 0 ; cos (90° - 0) = sin 0. (Art. 69. )
sin (90° + 0) = cos 0 ; cos (90° + 0) = − sin 0. (Art. 70. )
C+D C-D
sin C + sin D = 2 sin COS
2 2
C+D C- D
sin C sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2
C+D C- D
cos C + cos D = 2 cos COS
2 2
C+D C-D
cos Dcos C = 2 sin sin (Art. 94. )
2 2
tan Atan B
tan (A + B) - •
1 - tan A tan B
tan Atan B
tan (A - B):- (Art. 98. )
1 + tan A tan B
cos A A 1 + cos A
sin == ; cos = (Art. 110. )
2 2
2 sin -
2 = ± √1 + sin A ± √1 − sin A.
A
2 cos = ± √√1 + sin A = √1 − sin A. (Art. 113. )
81-83 +85
tan (4₁ + A₂ + ... + An) = (Art. 125. )
1 82+
1 1
A:= ca sin B:= ab sin C.
- a) (s − b) (s − c) = ½ be sin 4
S = √s (s − 2
(Art. 198. )
a b с abc
IX . R=- = = (Arts. 200, 201. )
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C 4S
S A
r = - = (8 - a) tan142= = ... (Arts. 202, 203. )
8
S A
= s tan (Arts. 205, 206. )
8- a 2
sin
0 1 , when is very small. (Art. 228. )
.N 1
sina + Bs in ηβ
2 B} 2
(Art. 241. )
sin
2
n 1 ηβ
COS a + B sin
{a 2 B} 2
1312
(Art. 242. )
sin22
PART II.
n
XI. Lt ( 1 + 1) == e = 2·71828 ...... (Arts. 2 , 3. )
n =∞
x²
ex = 1 + x + + + ...... ad inf.
1 1 1
204 + ...... ad inf.
loge (1 + x) = x - + X3
4
n (n -
− 1 ) (n − 2 ) cos"-30 sin³0 + ......
1.2.3
n (n - 1 ) Cosn-2
n-20 sin² 0
cos no = cos²0. -
1. 2
81-83 + 85-87 +
tan no = (Art. 30. )
1. 82 + 84-86 +
1
XVI. tan XX - 20³ + - 27 + ...... ad inf. ,
5
π π
where lies between pπ - and рп + •
4
(Art. 96.)
xvi THE PRINCIPAL FORMULE IN TRIGONOMETRY.
XVII. -
x2n2an.xn cos no + a²n
r= n- 1
= II - 2αx cos ( 0+
r=0 { (0 + 2 ) + a² ( Art . 115. )
r=2-1 21π
2-1 = (x² - 1 ) II x² - 2x cos +
r=1 n 1) , (n even)
T= n-1
2 21π
and = (x- 1 ) II -2x cos +
r= 1 12 -1) , (n odd).
(Art. 119. )
r=22-1
2r + 1
xn + 1 == II x²- 2x cos π+
r=0 n 1 ) , (n even)
T= n-2 3
2r + 1 + 1
and = (x + 1 ) II x² - 2x cos
r=0 (20° n 1) , (n odd).
(Art. 120. )
02 02
ad inf. (Art. 122.)
222) (1-3
sin 0 = 0 (1 - 4) ( 1-6 322)
and 648 = 64
10
4) =(64 – 6-4)° = 57-60
(64 - 1o x64) x
(3) Since 1050 ° = 11 хx 90° + 60°,the revolving line has turned through
60 ° more than eleven right angles, and is therefore in the fourth
quadrant, i.e. between OB' and 0A , and makes 60° with OB'.
EXAMPLES. I.
Express in terms of a right angle the angles
1. 60 °. 2. 75° 15 '. 3. 63° 17' 25 " .
4. 130 ° 30 '. 5. 210° 30 ' 30 " . 6. 370 ° 20'48 " .
Express in grades, minutes, and seconds the angles
7. 30 °. 8. 81º. 9. 138° 30 '. 10. 35° 47' 15 " .
11. 235° 12' 36 " . 12. 475° 13' 48 " .
Express in terms of right angles, and also in degrees, minutes, and
seconds the angles
13. 1208. 14. 458 359 24 " . 15. 398 459 36 " .
16. 2558 8'9" . 17. 7598 0'5" .
Mark the position of the revolving line when it has traced out the
following angles :
18. 43 right angle. 19. 3} right angles. 20. 13; right angles.
21. 120°. 22. 315º. 23. 745°. 24. 1185º. 25. 1508.
26. 4208. 27. 8758.
28. How many degrees, minutes and seconds are respectively passed
over in 11} minutes by the hour and minute hands of a watch ?
29. The number of degrees in one acute angle of a right-angled
triangle is equal to the number of grades in the other ; express both the
angles in degrees.
30. Prove that the number of Sexagesimal minutes in any angle is
to the number of Centesimal minutes in the same angle as 27 : 50.
31. Divide 44 ° 8' into two parts such that the number of Sexagesimal
seconds in one part may be equal to the number of Centesimal seconds in
the other part.
Circular Measure.
9. A third system of measurement of angles has
been devised, and it is this system which is used in all
the higher branches of Mathematics.
1
6 TRIGONOMETRY . 1
rad
radius of the circle. Join OA and
ius
ОР.
The angle AOP is the angle radian
A
d
C
355
[N.B. The fraction
113
may be remembered thus ; write down the
first three odd numbers repeating each twice, thus 113355 ; divide the
number thus obtained into portions and let the first part be divided into
the second, thus 113) 355(.
The quotient is the value of a to 6 places of decimals.]
22 176 x 7
Taking we have r = = 56 yards nearly.
7, 22
EXAMPLES. II.
1. If the radius of the earth be 4000 miles, what is the length of its
circumference?
2. The wheel of a railway carriage is 3 feet in diameter and makes
3 revolutions in a second ; how fast is the train going?
3. A mill sail whose length is 18 feet makes 10 revolutions per
minute. What distance does its end travel in an hour?
4. The diameter of a halfpenny is an inch ; what is the length of a
piece of string which would just surround its curved edge?
5. Assuming that the earth describes in one year a circle, of
92500000 miles radius, whose centre is the sun, how many miles does the
earth travel in a year?
2
i.e. ZAOP =- . ZAOB.
π
But we defined the angle AOP to be a Radian.
THE RADIAN. 11
2
Hence a Radian - - • ZAOB
π
-=2
of a right angle.
π
10 π
Hence
9 (60 - y) : 180 ·(60 + y) :: 40 : π,
200 60 - y =
3 40
..
π 60 + y π "
i.e. 5 (60 - y) = 60 +y,
i.e. y =40.
The angles are therefore 20°, 60°, and 100°.
EXAMPLES . III.
Express in degrees, minutes, and seconds the angles,
4πc
2. 3 3. 10 . 4. 1c. 5. 8c.
1. .3
Express in grades , minutes, and seconds the angles,
4πc 7πc
6. 5 7. 6 • 8. 10πc.
2 3
18. One angle of a triangle is grades and another is degrees,
πX
whilst the third is radians ; express them all in degrees.
75
19. The circular measure of two angles of a triangle are respectively
1
and ; what is the number of degrees in the third angle ?
22
taking a equal to 7
Ex . 2. In a circle of 5 feet radius whut is the length of the arc which
subtends an angle of 33° 15' at the centre ?
If x feet be the required length, we have
2
= number of radians in 33° 15'
337
180 7 ( Art. 19).
133
TT .
720
133 133 22
... X= ī feet = х feet nearly
144 144 7
= 299 feet nearly.
16 TRIGONOMETRY .
185000000 22
Х miles approximately
675 7
Ex. 4. Assuming that a person of normal sight can read print at such
a distance that the letters subtend an angle of 5' at his eye, find what is
the height of the letters that he can read at a distance ( 1 ) of 12 feet, and
(2) of a quarter of a mile.
Let x be the required height in feet.
In the first case, x is very nearly equal to the arc of a circle, of radius
12 feet, which subtends an angle of 5' at its centre.
2
Hence = number of radians in 5'
12
1 TT
Х
12180
7T 22
...
180
feet = 180 * 7
2 feet nearly
X
1 22 1
Х inches = about inch .
15 7 5
MEASUREMENT OF ANY ANGLE IN RADIANS. 17
EXAMPLES. IV.
1. Find the number of degrees subtended at the centre of a circle by
== •3183.
an arc whose length is ·357 times the radius, taking π -31
2. Express in radians and degrees the angle subtended at the centre
of a circle by an arc whose length is 15 feet, the radius of the circle
being 25 feet.
3. The value of the divisions on the outer rim of a graduated circle
is 5' and the distance between successive graduations is 1 inch. Find
the radius of the circle.
4. The diameter of a graduated circle is 6 feet and the graduations
on its rim are 5' apart ; find the distance from one graduation to
another.
5. Find the radius of a globe which is such that the distance between
two places on the same meridian whose latitude differs by 1° 10' may be
half-an-inch.
6. Taking the radius of the earth as 4000 miles, find the difference
in latitude of two places, one of which is 100 miles north of the other.
7. Assuming the earth to be a sphere and the distance between
two parallels of latitude, which subtends an angle of 1° at the earth's
centre, to be 693 miles, find the radius of the earth.
8. The radius of a certain circle is 3 feet ; find approximately the
length of an arc of this circle, if the length of the chord of the arc be
3 feet also.
9. What is the ratio of the radii of two circles at the centre of which
two arcs of the same length subtend angles of 60° and 75°?
10. If an arc, of length 10 feet, on a circle of 8 feet diameter
subtend at the centre an angle of 143° 14′22″ ; find the value of T
to 4 places of decimals.
L. T. 2
18 TRIGONOMETRY . [ Exs. IV .]
11. If the circumference of a circle be divided into 5 parts which are
in A. P., and if the greatest part be 6 times the least, find in radians
the magnitudes of the angles that the parts subtend at the centre of the
circle .
21. Prove that the distance of the sun is about 81 million geo
graphical miles, assuming that the angle which the earth's radius
subtends at the distance of the sun is 8.76 ", and that a geographical
mile subtends l' at the earth's centre. Find also the circumference and
diameter of the earth in geographical miles.
22. The radius of he earth's orbit, which is about 92700000 miles,
subtends at the star Sirius an angle of about • 4 " ; find roughly the
distance of Sirius.
CHAPTER II.
> >
OM Base
OM Base
>
i.e. > Cotangent
MP Perp .'
OP Ну р.
i.e. Cosecant >
MP : Perp.
OP Нур.
i.e. Secant
OM Base
2-2
20 TRIGONOMETRY.
OP'M ' are the same as those derived from the triangle
ОРМ.
In the two triangles, the angle at O is common , and
the angles at M and M are both right angles and there
fore equal.
Hence the two triangles are equiangular and therefore,
MP M'P
by Euc. VI. 4, we have OP i.e. the sine of the angle
=
OP ,
AOP is the same whatever point we take on the revolving
line.
Since, by the same proposition, we have
OM OM MP MP
and >
OP ОР! OM OM
it follows that the cosine and tangent are the same
whatever point be taken on the revolving line. Similarly
for the other ratios.
If OA be considered as the revolving line, and in it be taken any
point P" and P''M " be drawn perpendicular to OP, the functions as
derived from the triangle OP''M " will have the same values as before.
For, since in the two triangles OPM and OP " M ", the two angles
P " OM " and OM"P" are respectively equal to POM and OMP, these
two triangles are equiangular and therefore similar, and we have
M " P" MP OM " OM
and
ОР " OP OP OP
(OM
(MP)* + (OM)
)** = 1,
1+ >
MP)*= (OP)*
(OM MP
sin MP OM MP
we have = = = tan 0.
cos e OP OP OM
sin
Hence tan @ = .... (5).
Cose
Cos
Similarly cot 8 = ........ (6).
sin
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 23
cos2 A sin2 A 1
= •
sin A cos A sin A cos A
= 1.
24 TRIGONOMETRY.
EXAMPLES. V.
1 - tan A - cot A - 1
11.
1 +tan A cot 4 + 1 °
1 + tan² A sin² A
12.
1+ cot² 4 cos² A '
sec Atan A
13. = 1-2 sec A tan A + 2 tan² A.
sec A+tan A
tan A cot A
14. sec A cosec A + 1.
1 - cot A + 1 - tan A
30. (tan a + cosec 8)2- (cot ß- sec a)2 = 2 tan a cot ẞ (cosec a + sec ẞ).
31. 2 sec² a - sec¹ a - 2 cosec² a + cosec¹ a = cot¹ a – tan¹ a.
32. (sin a +cosec a)² + (cos a + sec a)² = tan² a + cot² a +7.
[ For if one of them, say sin² 0, were greater than unity, the other,
cos20, would have to be negative, which is impossible. ]
than unity.
1
So sec , which equals cannot be numerically
cos Ꮎ '
less than unity.
OM
cos o = V1 - 5 = N1 - sin’8,
OP
MP 8 sin e
tan A =
OMN1 - 52 N1 - sin'0 '
OM N1-82 V1 - sin20
cot A =
MP S sin
OP .1 1
cosec A =
MP 8 sin A '
and OP 1 1
sec A =
OM V1 - SP N1 - sin’0 *
-
OM XC
Hence cot A = =
X,
MP 1
MP 1 1
sin o =
OP V1 + x2 V1 + cot
sec 0 = >
OM X cot
OP V1
+x
and cosec 0 = V1 + cote.
=
MP 1
3
Ex. 3. If cos 0 equal , find the values of the other ratios .
1
Ex. 4. Supposing 0 to be an angle whose sine is ğ' to find the numeri-
cal magnitude of the other trigonometrical ratios .
1
Here sin @ =
3 so that the relation (2) of Art. 27 gives
1\2
3 + cos² 0 = 1,
1 8
i.e. cos2 0 = 1 -
9 9
2/2
i.e. cos 0=
sin 0
Hence tan 0= = 1 = №2
cos 2./2
1
cot 0 = =
tan 0 2/2,
1
cosec = = 3,
sin 0
1 3
sec 0 = = 3/2
cos 2./2
Ꮎ √1 0
tan 1 √sec20-1 1
sin sin c-os²
0
t
√1
+an20 √1
c
+ot²
0 sec cosec
√1
s-
0 in² 1 cot 1 -1
0
√cosec²
COS cos
√1
+
tan20 √1
c
+ot²
0 sec cosec
sin √1
c
-os²
0 1
tan
0 √se
- c20 1
tan 1
√1
s
-in³0 cos cot √cosec
0 ²
1
-
√1 0
sin2 1
cot - cos 1
e
cot √
-
0
cosec²
1
TRIGONOMETRY .
en
si √1
-
c
0 os² tan
0 s
√ec²0-1
1 1 √1
c
+ot20
e
sec tan²
+
√1
0 cosec
0
s
-in²
√1 cot
e sec
cos cosec²
√
1
-
0
1 1 √1
+
tan²
0
cosec √1
+
cot²
0 sec
sin √1
c-
0os² 0
tan √sec²0-1 cosec
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 31
EXAMPLES. VI.
1. Express all the other trigonometrical ratios in terms of the cosine.
2. Express all the ratios in terms of the tangent.
3. Express all the ratios in terms of the cosecant.
4. Express all the ratios in terms of the secant.
1
5. The sine of a certain angle is 4 ; find the numerical values of the
other trigonometrical ratios of this angle.
12
6. If sin 0 =;13 9 find tan and versin 0.
11
7. If sin A = 61' find tan A, cos A, and sec A.
cosec20 - sec² 0
11. If tan 0 = find the value of
√7 cosec20 +sec²0 *
15
12. If cot 0 = : 9 find cos and cosec 0.
8
3
13. If sec A = 2' find tan A and cosec A.
14. If 2 sin 02- cos 0, find sin 0.
15. If 8 sin 0 = 4 + cos 0, find sin 0.
16. If tan +sec 0 = 1.5, find sin 0.
17. If cot + cosec 0 = 5, find cos 0.
18. If 3 sec¹ 0 + 8 = 10 sec² 0, find the values of tan 0.
19. If tan20 + sec 0 = 5, find cos 0.
20. If tan @ + cot 0 = 2, find sin 0.
21. If sec2 0 = 2 + 2 tan 0, find tan 0.
2x (x + 1)
22. If tan 0 =' 2x + 1 " find sine and cos 0.
32 TRIGONOMETRY .
MP = P'P = OP = a.
MP 1
... sin 30° = =
OP 2'
OM = a√3 = √3
cos 30°:=
OP 2a 2
sin 30° 1
and tan 30° = =
cos 30° √3
MP 13a 73
Hence sin 60° =
OP 2a 2
OM a 1
cos 60 ° >
OP 2a 2
sin 60°
and tan 60° =
- V3.
cos 60°
The magnitude of MP is M А
then very small, and initially,
before OP had turned through an angle large enough to
be perceived, the quantity MP was smaller than any quan
tity we could assign, i.e. was what we denote by 0.
Also, in this case, the two points M and P very nearly
coincide, and the smaller the angle AOP the more nearly
do they coincide.
Hence, when the angle AOP is actually zero, the two
lengths OM and OP are equal and MP is zero.
MP 0
Hence sin 0 °
OP = 0,
=
OP
OM OP
cos 0º = - 1,
OP OP
and tan 0° = i = 0.
OM
Also cot 0º = the value of when M and P coincide
MP
= the ratio of a finite quantity to something infinitely
small
= a quantity which is infinitely great.
Such a quantity is usually denoted by the symbol .
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 35
Hence cot 0° = ∞ .
OP
Similarly cosec 0° = = ∞ also .
MP
OP
And sec 0° = = 1.
OM
PM
cos (90° - f) = cos MPO = = sin AOP = sin 0,
PO
MO
tan (90° – 0) = tan MPO = cot AOP = cot 0,
PM
PM
cot (90° - 0) = cot MPO = = tan AOP = tan 0,
ΜΟ
PO
cosec (90° - 0) = cosec MPO == = sec AOP = sec 0,
ΜΟ
PO
and sec (90° - 0) = sec MPO = = cosec AOP = cosec 0.
PM
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 37
1 1 13
Sine 0 1
2 12 2
13 1 1
Cosine 1 0
72 2
13
1
Tangent 10 1.
8
13
13
1
Cotangent 1 0
8
13
2
Cosecant 2 12 1
8
13
2
Secant 1 12 2
8
73
For
( 1) the sines of 60° and 90° are respectively the
cosines of 30° and 0°. (Art. 39. )
(2) the cosines of 60° and 90° are respectively the
sines of 30° and 0°. (Art. 39.)
Hence the second and third lines are known.
EXAMPLES. VII.
This table being at O and horizontal, and the telescope being initially
pointing in the direction OM, the latter can be made to rotate in a
vertical plane until points accurately towards P. A graduated scale
shews the angle through which it has been turned from the horizontal,
i.e. gives us the angle of elevation MOP .
Similarly, if the instrument were at P, the angle NPO through which
the telescope would have to be turned, downward from the horizontal,
would give us the angle NPO.
The instrument can also be used to measure angles in a horizontal
plane.
44. The Sextant is used to find the angle subtended by any two
points D and E at a third point F. It is an instrument much used on
board ships.
Its construction and application are too complicated to be here
considered .
Let P be the top of the spire and A and B the two points at which
the angles of elevation are taken. Draw
PM perpendicular to AB produced and
let MP be x.
We are given AB = 100 feet,
LMAP =45°,
18
and LMBP- 60°.
We then have
45° 60°
AM
= cot 45°, A 100 B M
x
BM 1
and cot 60°-= •
x √3
Hence Ꮖ
AM = x, and BM=-
√3°
x √3-1
.. 100 AM - BM= x- =x
√3 √3
Ex. 3. From the top of a cliff, 200 feet high, the angles of depression
of the top and bottom of a tower are observed to be 30° and 60° ; find the
height of the tower.
Let A be the point of observation and BA the height of the cliff and
let CD be the tower.
Draw AE horizontally, so that ▲ EAC = 30° and
LEAD = 60°. 30
Let x feet be the height of the tower and produce 60
DC to meet AE in E, so that CE = AB - x = 200 - x.
Since ADB = L DAE = 60° (Euc. 1. 29) , 200
200
.. DB = AB cot ADB = 200 cot 60° = • x
√3
200 - x = CE 1
Also = tan 30°= B
ᎠᏴ EA √3
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 43
ᎠᏴ 200
.. 200 -x = 9
√3 3
200
so that x=200- = 1334 feet.
3
Ex. 4. A man observes that at a point due south of a certain tower its
angle of elevation is 60° ; he then walks 300 feet due west on a horizontal
plane and finds that the angle of elevation is 30° ; find the height of the
tower and his original distance from it.
x
B
A 60% M
孝
M √3.x
B P 300
A
30
B X/3 M A M
√3
Let P be the top, and PM the height, of the tower, A the point due
south of the tower and B the point due west of A.
The angles PMA, PMB, and MAB are therefore all right angles.
For simplicity, since the triangles PAM, PBM, and ABM are in
different planes, they are reproduced in the second, third , and fourth
figures and drawn to scale.
We are given AB = 300 feet , LPAM= 60°, and ▲ PBM = 30°.
Let the height of the tower be x feet.
From the second figure,
AM
cot 60° =- 9
X
x
so that AM=
From the third figure,
BM
X = cot 30° = /3,
so that BM= √3.x.
44 TRIGONOMETRY .
EXAMPLES. VIII.
3
cot PBQ= ; :
L. T. 4
50 TRIGONOMETRY.
[Four positions of the revolving line are given in the figure, one in
each of the four quadrants, and the suffixes 1, 2, 3 and 4 are attached to
P for the purpose of distinction .]
OM
MP > >> Cotangent
OP
OM Secant
OP
> > Cosecant
MP
sin20 + cos20 = 1 ,
sin
= tan 0,
cos
sec² = 1 + tan20,
and cosec² = 1+ cot20.
OM , is positive.
4
B
sin + sin + + + + + +
COS cos
11
tan tan
cot cot
1+
cosec + cosec +
sec sec
A' A
O
It
sin sin
+
cos COS
+
tan tan
+
cot cot
cosec cosec
sec sec
B'
zero .
-1 to 0.
A' A
Y
BI
Ri ' R3 R4
P R1 R3 x
RX
Bi' 3
Sine - Curve.
Let OX and OY be two straight lines at right angles
SINE-CURVE. 59
1
the sine of which is
2'
and so we should erect a perpendicular PQ equal
to one -half the unit of length .]
B Q
Rś R2 R1 R2 R3
R4 X
Ri
* 64. Tangent-Curve .
Q
o
R3 Rź Rí P R1 R2 R3
X
L'
* 66. Cosecant-Curve.
B1
R2 Ri ! R3
R1 R2
X
BA B3
4.xy
12. Shew that the equation sec² = is only possible when
(x+y)2
x = y.
CHAPTER V.
M M A
A
P'
-0
M -A A
M
ANGLES OF ANY SIZE AND SIGN. 65
MP' - MP
tan ( -0) tan 0,
OM OM
OM OM
cot ( 0) = = --cot 0,
MP' ~ —MP
OP' OP
cosec ( 0) = MP == cosec 0,
-MP
OP' OP
and sec ( -0) =
= = = sec 0.
OM OM
L. T. 5
66 TRIGONOMETRY .
[In this article, and the following articles, the values of the last four
trigonometrical ratios may be found, without reference to the figure,
from the values of the first two ratios.
sin ( -0). - sino
Thus tan ( -0) = = - tan ,
cos (-0) cos 0
cos e
cot ( -a) = cos ( -0)
- =
sin e
- cot ,
sin ( -0 )
1 1
cosec (-0) cosec 0,
sin ( -0) sin
1 1
and sec ( -0) =cos ( -0) = sec 0.]
cos a
12
B
B
N'
M'
A M O A
M' M
N
IB B
N'
M M M
A A
M
Hence
M'P' OM
sin (90° -0) = sin AOP' = = = cos 0,
OP' OP
OM
' MP
cos (90° - 6) = cos AOP' =
- = = sin 0,
OP
' OP
M'P' OM
-- 0) = tan AOP' :=
tan ( 90° - - = cot 0,
'
OM MP
OM' MP
cot (90° - 0) = cot AOP' := = == tan 0,
M'P' OM
OP' OP
sec (90° - 0) = sec AOP' =
= = cosec 0,
OM' MP
'
OP OP
and cosec (90° - 0) = cosec AOP' = = = sec 0.
M'P
' ΟΜ
M' M
-A A
M' M
M M'
M M' A
ANGLES OF ANY SIZE AND SIGN. 69
M ALM
M M
M M MO
A A A-
M
P ''
OP' OP
sec (180° - 0) = sec AOP' == =
-- OM
sec 0,
ОМ '
OP' OP
and cosec (180° -
— 0) = cosec AOP':= = = cosec 0.
MP MP
72 TRIGONOMETRY.
1
and tan 150° =tan (180° - 30°) = - tan 30° :
№3°
= cos (90° + 0) = -
— sin 0, (Art. 70)
and cos (180° + 0) = cos (90° + B) = − sin B (Art. 70)
= - sin ( 90° + 0) = − cos 0. (Art. 70).
1 1 √3 √3 1 1
Sine 0 1 0
√2 2 2 √2
1 1
ཱ་
1 √3 1
IQ
Cosine 1 0
√2 2 2 √2 2
1 1
Tangent 0 1 √3 - √3 -1 0
8
√3 √3
1 1
3333
O
8
Cotangent √3 1 -1 -√3 ·
8
√3 √3
133
ཡ」
8
Cosecant
1
om
?
」
2 √2 √2 2
8
√3
2
8
Secant 1 2 -2 -√2 -1
124
T
ov」
√3 √3
EXAMPLES . X.
Prove that
1. sin 420° cos 390° + cos ( - 300°) sin ( − 330°) = 1.
2. cos 570° sin 510° - sin 330° cos 390° = 0.
and 3. tan 225° cot 405° +tan 765° cot 675° = 0.
What are the values of cos A - sin A and tan A + cot A when A has
the values
π 2π 5π 7π 11π
4. " 5. 3 6. 4 7. 4 and 8. ?
[Exs. X.] EXAMPLES . 75
tan AOP = C,
OM
so that AOP is the required angle.
80. It is clear from the definition given in Art. 50,
that, when an angle is given, so also is its sine. The
converse statement is not correct ; there is more than one
angle having a given sine ; for example, the angles 30°, >
Cor. Since all angles which have the same sine have
also the same cosecant, the expression (3) includes all
angles which have the same cosecant as a.
83. Theorem . To find a general expression to in
clude all angles which have the same cosine.
Let AOP be any angle having the given cosine, and
let it be denoted by a .
80 TRIGONOMETRY.
1
-
L. T. 6
82 TRIGONOMETRY.
Hence, by Art. 82, the general expression for all the angles which
have this sine is
π
nπ + ( -− 1)" .
Hence, by Art. 83, the general expression for all the angles which
have this cosine is
2π
2nπ ±
3
is 30°, i.e..
Hence, by Art. 84, the general expression for all the angles which
have this tangent is
π
Nπ + •
6
-
0 = NT + ( − 1)" ( − T) .
Putting both solutions together, we have
π
0 = nπ ±( −1)n
or, what is the same expression,
π
0 = nπ ± .
EXAMPLES. 83
Ex. 3. What is the most general value of 0 which satisfies both of the
1
equations sin 0 = - 2 and tan 0 = ?
?
√3
Considering only angles between 0° and 360°, the only values of 0,
1
when sin @ = -
2' are 210° and 330°. Similarly, the only values of 0, when
1
tan 0 = are 30° and 210°.
√3
The only value of 0, between 0° and 360°, satisfying both conditions
7π
is therefore 210°, i.e.
6'
The most general value is hence obtained by adding any multiple
7π
of four right angles to this angle, and hence is 2nπ + 6 " where n is any
positive or negative integer.
EXAMPLES. XI.
What are the most general values of 0 which satisfy the equations,
1 1
1. sin 0 = 2. sin 0 = - √32
3. sin 0 =
18. What is the most general value of 0 that satisfies both of the
equations
cos 0= and tan0 = 1 ?
√2
19. What is the most general value of that satisfies both of the
equations
cote√3 and cosec = -2 ?
6-2
84 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XI.]
1 1
(A + B) = find the smallest positive
20. If cos (A- B) : 2' and sin
values of A and B and also their most general values.
2
21. If tan (4 -– B) = 1, and sec (A + B) :=√3' find the smallest positive
values of A and B and also their most general values.
22. Find the angles between 0° and 360° which have respectively (1 )
1
their sines equal to √3, 9 and (3) their tan-
2 (2) their cosines equal to 2
1
gents equal to
√3'
23. Taking into consideration only angles less than 180°, how many
5 1
values of x are there if (1) sin x = ; (2) cos x = (3) cos x =
7'
2
(4) tan x= 3 and (5) cotx = −7 ?
24. Given the angle x construct the angle y if (1 ) sin y = 2 sin x,
1
(2) tan y = 3 tan x, (3) cos y = 2 cos x, and (4) sec y = cosec x.
25. Shew that the same angles are indicated by the two following
π π
formulae : (1) (2n − 1) 2 + ( -
− 1)n and (2) 2nπ ± 6 " n being any integer.
3
26. Prove that the two formulae
- -α
T± a and (2) nπ + ( − 1)" ( "
(1) (2n + 1}) ▾
denote the same angles, n being any integer.
Illustrate by a figure.
27. If 0 - a = nπ + ( − 1)" ß , prove that 0 = 2mπ + a + ß or else that
0 = (2m + 1) π + a - ß, where m and n are any integers.
28. If cos p0 + cos q0 = 0, prove that the different values of 0 form two
2π
arithmetical progressions in which the common differences are and
p+q
2π
respectively .
p ~q
3
29. Construct the angle whose sine is •
2 + √5
EQUATIONS. 85
EXAMPLES. XII .
cot
8. oot²0 + (√3 + 11 ) 0010 + 1 = 0
9. cot 0 - abtan 0 - a - b. 10. tan20 + cot² 0 = 2.
11. sec0-1 = (√
/2 −1) tan 0. 12. 3 ( sec² +tan² 0) = 5.
13. cot 0 +tan 0 = 2 cosec 0. 14. 4 cos² + √3 = 2 (√3 + 1 ) cos 0.
1
15. 3 sin2 0-2 sin 0 = 1. 16. sin 50 = •
√2
17. sin 90 = sin 0. 18. sin 30 = sin 20.
19. cosme = cos no. 20. sin 20 =cos 30.
21. cos 50 = cos 40. 22. cos mesin no.
23. cot 0 = tan 80. 24. cot 0 tan no.
2
25. tan 20 = tan 26. tan 20tan 0 = 1.
1 √3
34. cos (2x + 3y) = 2' and cos (3x + 2y ) := 2
35. Find all the angles between 0° and 90° which satisfy the equation
sec² 0 cosec² +2 cosec² 0 = 8.
5
36. If tan20 = 4' find versin and explain the double result.
1
37. If the coversin of an angle be 3 find its cosine and cotangent.
CHAPTER VII.
P B
B P
NR
R N
B B
A
Ά A M
X A
M
MP MR + RP
=
Hence sin (A + B ) = sin AOP =
OP
=
OP
QN RP QN ON RP NP
+ +
OP ON OP NP OP
OP
= sin A cos B + cos RPN sin B.
i . sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
OM OQ – MQ
Again cos (A + B) = cosAOP = OP OP
=
OQ RN OQ ON RN NP
OP OP ON OP NP OP
= cos A cos B - sin RPN sin B.
-
180°.
Similarly, by putting An = 90° + A1, we can prove the truth of the
theorems when either or both of the component angles have values
between 0° and 270°.
By proceeding in this way, we see that the theorems are true uni.
versally .
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULA. 89
and cos ( A -
— B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.
PR PN
= QN ON
ON OP PN OP
so that sin (A -
– B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B.
OM_OQ +QMOQ
= NR
Also cos (AB) = OP = OP OP
+ OP
93. Ex. 1. Find the values of sin 75° and cos 75°.
sin 75° sin (45° + 30°) = sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°
1 √3
= + 1 1 = √3+ 1
√22 √2 2 2/22
and cos 75° = cos (45° + 30°) = cos 45° cos 30° - sin 45° sin 30°
1 13 1 1 = √3-1
= N -
/2 2 /2 2 2./2
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULA. 91
EXAMPLES . XIII.
3 9
1. If sin a= 5 and cos ẞ =41' find the value of sin (a -B) and cos (a + B).
45 33
2. If sin a =; and sinẞ = 9 find the values of sin (a - B) and
65
53
sin (a + B).
15 12
3. If sin a = 17 and cosẞ = 13 find the values of sin (a + B), cos (a -
– ẞ) ,
and tan (a +ẞ).
Prove that
4. cos (45° -4) cos (45° – B) – sin (45° – A) sin (45° – B) = sin (A + B). .
92 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XIII. ]
5. sin (45° + 4) cos (45° -– B) + cos (45° + A) sin (45° – B) = cos (4 – B).
sin (A - B) sin (B - C) sin (C - A)
6. cos A cos B = 0.
cos Bcos C cos C cos A
7. sin 105° + cos 105° = cos 45°.
8. sin 75° - sin 15° = cos 105° + cos 15°.
9. cos a cos (y - a) - sin a sin (y- a) = cos y.
Put A + B = C, and A -
− B = D, so that
C+ D C- D
A= , and B =
2 2
PRODUCT FORMULA . 93
C+D C - D
sin Csin D = 2 cos sin …………..II,
2
C+D с
cos C + cos D = 2 cos COS c -D ...III,
2
C+ D
and cos D - cos C =-2 sin sin c- D ... IV.
2
S R
M L N A
2LP LP OP
= 23 = 2 sin LOP cos POR
OR OP' OR
C+ D C- D
= 2 sin COS
2 2
MQ NR = MQ- NR = TQ
Again, sin C - sin D =
OQ OR OR OR
SP SP RP
=2 =2. = 2 cos SPR sin ROP
OR RP OR
C+ D • C- D
= 2 cos sin
2 2
ON OM ON- OM
Finally, cos D - cos C :
OR OQ OR
MN SR 2SR PR
=2 =
OR OR PR OR
= 2 sin SPR . sin POR
C+ D C- D
= 2 sin sin
2 2
EXAMPLES. XIV.
Prove that
sin 70 sin 50 cos 60 cos 40
1. =tan 0. 2. = -tan 0.
cos 70+ cos 50 sin 60+ sin 40
sin A +sin 34
3. cos A + cos 34 =tan 24.
sin 74 - sin A
4. sin 84 - sin 24 cos 44 sec 5A.
cos 2B + cos 24
5. cos 2B - cos 24 -= cot ( A + B) cot (A – B).
EXAMPLES . XV.
Express as a sum or difference the following :
1. 2 sin 50 sin 70. 2. 2 cos 70 sin 50.
3. 2 cos 110 cos 30. 4. 2 sin 54° sin 66°.
[Exs. XV.] TANGENT OF THE SUM OF TWO ANGLES. 99
Prove that
0 70 30 110
5. sin sin + sin- sin = sin 20 sin 50.
2 2 2
90 50
6. cos 20 cos 2 - cos 30 cos 2 - sin 50 sin 2
7. sin A sin (4 + 2B) – sin B sin (B +24) = sin (A -
− B) sin (A + B).
8. (sin 34 +sin A) sin A + (cos 34 - cos A) cos A = 0.
2 sin (AC) cos C - sin (A - 2C) = sin A
9. ·
2 sin (B - C) cos C - sin (B2C) sin B
sin A sin 24 + sin 34 sin 64 + sin 44 sin 134 = tan 94.
10.
sin A cos 24+ sin 34 cos 64+ sin 44 cos 13A
cos 24 cos 3A - cos 24 cos 74 +cos A cos 104
11. sin 44 sin 34 – =cot 64 cot 5A.
sin 24 sin 5A + sin 44 sin 74
12. cos (36° - A ) cos (36° + A) + cos (54° + A ) cos (54° - A ) = cos 24 .
. 13. cos A sin (B - C) + cos B sin (CA ) + cos C sin (4 - – B) = 0.
1
14. sin (45° + A ) sin (45° – 4) = cos 24.
15. versin (A + B) versin (A -– B) = (cos A· - cos B)2.
16. sin (B- ) cos (a − d) + sin (y -
− a) cos (ẞ − 8) + sin (a - ẞ) cos (y - 8) = 0 .
π 9π 3π 5п
17. 2 cos COS + cos + cos =0.
13 13 13 13
tan Atan B
98. To prove that tan (A + B) = 1 -tan A tan B' and
tan Atan B
that tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan B'
By Art. 88, we have, for all values of A and B,
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
tan (A + B):=
cos (A + B) cos A cos B- sin A sin B
sin A sin B
+
cos A cos B
= by dividing both
sin A sin B
1-
cos A cos B
numerator and denominator by cos A cos B.
tan A + tan B
.. tan (A + B) = •
1 - tan A tan B
100 TRIGONOMETRY.
tan (A – B) = cos (A - B )
-
sin A sin B
COS A cos B
sin A sin B ,by dividing as before.
>
1+
cos A cos B
tan A - tan B
.. tan ( A - B) 1 + tan A tan B :
99. The formulae of the preceding article may be obtained geometri.
cally from the figures of Arts. 88 and 90.
(1) Taking the figure of Art. 88, we have
MP QN + RP
tan (A + B ) = OM OQ - RN
=
QN + RP RP
tan A +
OQ ' OQ OQ .
RN RN RP
1 1
OQ RP OQ
But, since the angles RPN and QON are equal, the triangles RPN and
QON are similar, so that
RP OQ?
PN ON !.
RP PN
and therefore = tan B.
OQ ON
tan A + tan B tan A + tan B
Hence tan (A + B) = 1 - tan RPN tan B 1 - tan A tan Bº
RP OQ
But, since the angles RPN and NOQ are equal, we have PN ON '
PR PN
and therefore tan B.
OQ ON
1 + tan A tan Bº
tan A - 1
and tan (A – 45 °) 1 + tan A
EXAMPLES. XVI.
and tan B =
1. If tan A = 2 3' find the values of tan (24 + B) and
tan (24 - B).
√3 and tan B = √3 , prove that
2. If tan A = -
√3 4+ /3
tan (AB) = 375.
n 1
3. If tan A = and tan B =
n+ 1 2n + 1 " find tan (A + B).
5 1 π
4. If tan a = and tan ß:- 11 prove that a +B=
Prove that
π 3π
5. tan 4 +09 ) × tan ( ³T + 0 ) = - 1.
( 4 ›) = -:
π-
6. cot
( +0 ) cot (1 − 9 ) = 1 .
A
7. 1 +tan A tan 2 = tan A cot 2 1= = sec A.
NIS
Ota
i.e. by 2 = any odd multiple of 2
A-a
and by = any multiple of
2
i.e. by 0 = -a + any odd'multiple of 7 ......(1),
-
i.e. sin ( 0− a) = 0.
-
a = any multiple of π
= nπ , where n is any positive or
negative integer,
so that the most general solution is 0 = nπ + a.
CHAPTER VIII.
= 2 sin A cos A ;
also
CN =2CN = (OC + CN) - (OC - CN)
cos 2A =
CP 0Q 0Q
= ON - NQ = ON OP NQ PQ
0Q OP OQ PQ OQ
= cos² A - sin² A ;
NP
2
NP 2NP ON
and tan 2A =
CNON - NQ NQ PN
1-
PN ON
2 tan A
=
1- tan² A '
MULTIPLE ANGLES. 107
OQ 4 2,12
and cos 15º = OP 12 (13
=
1 + 1) _ /3 + 1
0Q 4 2./2
tan A + tan 2A
Also tan 3A = tan (A + 2A) =
1 - tan A tan 2A
2 tan A
tan A +
1 - tan² A — tan² A) + 2 tan A
= tan A (1
2 tan A (1 - tan² A ) - 2 tan² A
1- tan A.
1 - tan² A
3 tan A - tan³ A
Hence tan 3A =
1-3 tan2 A
[The student may find it difficult to remember, and distinguish
between, the formulae (1) and (2) , which bear a general resemblance to
one another, but have their signs in a different order. If in doubt, he
may always verify his formula by testing it for a particular case, e. g. by
putting A = 30° for formula (1) , and by putting A = 0° for formula (2). ]
EXAMPLES. XVII.
tan a +ß
sin a +sin ẞ 2
14. •
sin a- sin ẞ α- · β΄
tan
2
sin2 A-- sin2 B
15. sin A cos Asin B cos B = tan (A + B),
π -A
16. tan tan = 2 tan 20.
(1+ 0) -
A
17. cos A + sin cos Asin A
2 tan 24.
cos Asin A cos A +sin A
- 15°) = ; 4 cos 2A •
18. cot (4 + 15°) - tan ( 4 – 1 +2 sin 24
110 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XVII. ]
Submultiple angles.
109. Since the relations of Art. 105 are true for all
values of the angle A , they will be true if instead of A
A
we substitute and therefore if instead of 24 we put
2'
A
2· i.e. A.
2?
42x
Hence we have the relations まる 。
Aa
A A
2 sin COS
2
sin A =
A A
Cos² + sin²
2 2
A
2 tan
2
"
A by dividing numera-
1 + tan²
2
cos²4 .
tor and denominator by cos²: 2
112 TRIGONOMETRY,
A A
Cos² -sin2
2 2
So cos A =
A A
cos2 + sin2:
2 2
A
1- tan²
2
A
1 + tan²
so that 2 sin
in² 4 = 1 cos A,
1 cos A
and therefore sin ..... (1).
2
-
Again, 2 − 1,
cos A = 2 cos² 4
A
so that 2 cos2 = 1+ cos A ,
2
1+ cos A
and therefore COS A = ± (2).
A
sin
A 1. COS A
Hence, tan = ± (3) .
2 A 1 + cos A
COS
RATIOS OF IN TERMS OF COS A. 113
cos 45° = ± 2- √2
sin 221° = ± ==
2 4
= .
√2-√2
Now sin 221° is necessarily positive , so that the upper sign must be
taken.
1+ cos 45° 2+ √2 = +
So cos 2210= ± √2 + √2 ;
2 4
also cos 221° is positive ;
2 + √2
.. cos 221° = 2
Ex. 2. Given cos 330°:= √3 find the values of sin 165° and cos 165°.
2
The equation (1) gives
№3
1 cos 330° 2 4-2 /3
sin 165° ±
2 8
= √3-1
2/2
Also
1+
cos 165° = ± 1+ cos 330° = 4 + 2 /3
± =±
8
==√3 + 1
2./2
L. T.
114 TRIGONOMETRY.
Now 165° lies between 90° and 180°, so that, by Art. 52, its sine is
positive and its cosine is negative.
Hence sin 165 ° 13-1
2/2
and
3 + 1
cos 165° =
21/2
From the above examples it will be seen that, when the angle A and
A
its cosine are given, the ratios for the angle 2 may be determined without
any ambiguity of sign .
When, however, only cos A is given, there is an ambiguity in finding
A and cos A
sin .
The explanation of this ambiguity is given in the next
2 2
article.
A
** 112. To explain why there is ambiguity when cos
19
А
and sin
2
are found from the value of cos A.
We know that, if n be any integer ,
0
2nt + A A
Now COS = cos ( no
2 ( no 2
A A А
= COS no COS I sin na sin = COS NTT COS
2 2
A
= + cos 2
A/ >
А
Similarly, any formula, giving us sin 2
in terms of k,
2n + A
should give us also the sine of 2
2nt + A sin ( nt I
Also sin
2 1 1)2
A А A
sin ntt COS
2
cos nt sin
2
cos na sin
4
A
=- + sin .
2
.
direction of the initial line . It will be clear from the figure that there
A A
are two values for cos and two for sin .]
2 2
A A A A
and sin³ 4 - 2 sin COS + cos² = 1- sin A ;
2 2 2
2
i.e. sin + cos = 1 + sin A,
2
A 2
and sin - COS == 1 − sin A ;
2
12 42
A A
so that sin + cos = ± √1 + sin A ….... . (3),
2
A A
and sin -- COS = √1 - sin A ............ (4).
A
and 2 cos =土
二 ± √1 + sin A + √1 – sin A........(6).
A
The other ratios of are then easily obtained.
2
1
Ex. 1. Given that sin 30° is
2' find the values of sin 15° and cos 15°.
Putting 4 = 30°, we have from relations (3) and (4),
RATIOS OF 142IN TERMS OF SIN A. 117
√3
sin 15° + cos 15° = ± √√1 + sin 30° = ±
1
sin 15° - cos 15° = ± √1 − sin 30° =
: ±
√2*
Now sin 15° and cos 15° are both positive, and cos 15° is greater than
sin 15°. Hence the expressions sin 15° + cos 15° and sin 15° – cos 15° are
respectively positive and negative.
Hence the above two relations should be
1
and sin 15° - cos 15° =
1
Ex. 2. Given that sin 570° is equal to -
2 find the values of sin 285°
and cos 285°.
Putting A equal to 570°, we have
1
sin 285° + cos 285°:= ± √√√1 + sin 570° = ±√2'
Now sin 285° is negative, cos 285° is positive, and the former is
numerically greater than the latter, as may be seen by a figure.
Hence sin 285° + cos 285° is negative, and sin 285° - cos 285° is also
negative.
1
..sin 285° + cos 285°:
√2'
А
.
** 115. To explain why there is ambiguity when sin
А
A
and cos
2 . arefound from the value of sin A.
We know that, if n be any integer,
sin {na + ( - 1)" A } = sin A = k (say). (Art. 82.)
A
Hence any formula which gives us sin in terms of k,, 2
NT + (- 1 )" A
should give us also the sine of 2
First, let n be even and equal to 2m. Then
NTT + (- 1)" A A
sin ma +
sin
2
A
(mo 4) 2
A A
= sin mi cos + cos mar sin = cos mar sin
2 2 2
A
+ sin
2
according as m is even or odd.
Secondly, let n be odd and equal to 2p + 1.
Then
na + ( - 1 )" A 2pt + T - A T A
sin = sin sin pt +
2 2 2
IT A TT A
= sin pt COS + cos PTT sin 2
= COS PTT COS 2
2
A
† cos 2 '
A A 1 A A
= COS
sin +cos√2 ( sin + 12 0084 )
A A π
/ 2 [ sin 2 cos
=√ + cos 2 sin 4] = √
/2 sin ( +4)
A π 3π
i.e. if lie between 2π and 2nπ +
4 4
120 TRIGONOMETRY
A A A
Hence sin
2
+ cos
2 is positive if lie between
T 37
2nt -
and 2nt +
4 4 ;
it is negative otherwise .
Similarly we can prove that
A А T
sin V2 sin
2
A
COS
2
A
(4-1)
2 )
Therefore sin -
COS
is positive if
2 2
A IT
lie between 2nt and 2nt + TT ,
2 4
A T 57
i.e.if 2olie between 2n + 4ä and 2n++ 4
It is negative otherwise.
The results of this article are shewn graphically in the
following figure.
B
A А
sin
2
+ cos
12/ is + P
sin COS ist
А A A
sin
2
+ cos is
2 sin 4 +0084 is++
2
+
|ܬܟܦܬ
A' A A A А
is
A
sin + cos is -
2
d S
is
-
sin COS
B'
A 1 √1 + tan² A
.. tan + = ±
2 tan A tan A
A -1
+ √1 + tan² A –
.. tan = .(1 ).
2 tan A
A
** 119. To explain why there is ambiguity when tan 2
A
Hence any equation which gives us tan 2 in terms of k
nπ + A
may be expected to give us tan also.
2
nn + A 2mπ + A
tan =
= tan = tan mπ +
2 2 ( 1-472
A
= tan as in Art. 84.
2
T +A π +A
= = tan
tan (pπ + 2 2 (Art. 84)
A
- cot 4. (Art . 70.)
2
A
Hence the formula which gives us the value of tan 2
A
-
should be expected to give us also the value of cot 2
EXAMPLES. XVIII.
1. If sin @ = and sin =3' find the values of sin (0+ ) and
6. If cos A = 28, find the value of tan " and explain the resulting
ambiguity.
7. Find the values of (1 ) sin 71°, ( 2) cos 71°, (3) tan 221°, and
(4) tan 11 °.
8. If sin @ +sin pa = and cos 0 + cos & = b , find the value of tan 0-$ •
Prove that
a +ß
9. (cos a + cos §)² + (sin a – sin 8)² = 4 cos² +
α-
10. (cos a +cos B)2 + (sin a + sin 8)2 = 4 cos2.
-B
11. (cos a --- cos B)2 +(sin a - sin ẞ)² = 4 sin² 2
2 tan 1- tan2
12. sin A = 13. cos A -
1 + tan2: 1 + tan²
π
0
14. sec ( +9) sec ( -9 ) = 2 sec 29,
1+ sin A
X15. tan (( 45°
45°++ 1) = 1 - sin A
sec A +tan A.
1
sin² sin2 =
16. in ( + ) - nin (8 -4) -ind .
3
17. cos² a + cos² (a + 120°) + cos² (a -
– 120°) = 21
π 3π 5п 7π 3
18. cos¹ + cos4 + cos4 + cos¹
8 8
[Exs. XVIII.] EXAMPLES. 125
π 3π 5π 7π - 3
19. sin¹ + sin¹ + sin¹ + sin
8 8 8 8 2'
20. cos 20 cos 24+ sin² (0 − p) – sin² ( 0 + 4) = cos (20 + 24) .
21. (tan 44+ tan 24) (1 - − tan² 3Atan² A ) = 2 tan 34 sec² 4.
a a a α
1 +tan +sec == sin a sec²
22. (1 +tan - sec) ( 2 2'
Find the proper signs to be applied to the radicals in the three follow-
ing formulae .
A
23. 2 cos 2 = ± √√√1 - sin A ± √1 + sin A , when 278°.
A = 19π
24. 2 sin
2 = ± √√1 − sin A ± √1 + sin A , when 2 11
A
25. 2 cos 2 = ± √√1 − sin ▲ ± √1 + sin A , when = 140°.
A
(3) 2 sin 4 = + √1 + sin A - √√1 − sin ▲ ,
A
and (4) 2 cos = √1 + sind -
– √1 -
– sin d .
126 TRIGONOMETRY .
[ Exs. XVIII .]
30. In the formula
A
2 cos = + 11+ sin A = V1 - sin Ā ,
2
A
find within what limits must lie when
2
Hence
6-2 /5 = 10+ 2/5
cos 18° = √1 - sin² 18 ° := 1-
16 16
√10 + 2√5
=
4
122. The value of sin 18° and cos 36° may also be
found geometrically as follows.
Let ABC be a triangle constructed ,
as in Euc. IV. 10, so that each of the
angles B and C is double of the angle
A. Then L
180° = A + B + C = A + 2A + 2A , X
so that A = 36°.
a (α − x) = x²,
i.e. x² + αx = a²,
√5-1
i.e. x=α
2
BD 1 BC
Hence sin 18° = sin BAD = =-
BA 2 BA
1x -
√5 −1
=
2a 4
ANGLES OF 9 ° AND 81°. 129
= √5 +1 = √5 + 1
(√5 −1 ) (√5 + 1 ) 4
/5 -
√3 + √√ −√5 −√√
/5
sin 9°-=
4
cos 9° = √3 + √5 + √5 −√√
/5
4
EXAMPLES . XIX .
Prove that
√√5-1
1. sin2 72° - sin² 60° :
8
3. cos 120+ cos 60° + cos 84° = cos 24° + cos 48°.
π 2π 3π 4π 5
4. sin sin sin sin = ·
5 5 16
13π
5. sin
π
+ sin -1 6. sin sin
13π
=-
10 10 10 10
2π 4π 8π 14π
9. 16 cos 15 COS 15 COS 15 COS 15 = 1.
10. Two parallel chords of a circle, which are on the same side of the
centre, subtend angles of 72° and 144° respectively at the centre. Prove
that the perpendicular distance between the chords is half the radius of
the circle.
11. In any circle prove that the chord which subtends 108° at the
centre is equal to the sum of the two chords which subtend angles of 36°
and 60°.
12. Construct the angle whose cosine is equal to its tangent.
Also tan (A + B + C )
tan (A + B) + tan C
1 - tan ( A + B ) tan C
tan A + tan B
+ tan c
1- tan A tan B
tan A + tan B
1 tan c
1 - tan A tan B
tan A + tan B + tan C -tan A tan B tan C
1 - tan B tan c . tan C tan A – tan A tan B
. C
81838587- + ...
+ tan An+1
1-83 + 84 ...
S1 - S3 + S5
1.- tan Anti
1 - 82 +84 ...
Ex. 3. If A +B + C = 180°,
prove that sin2 A + sin² B + sin² C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C.
Let S=sin² A + sin² B + sin² C,
so that 2S 2 sin2 A + 1 - cos 2B + 1 - cos 2C
= 2 sin² A + 2-2 cos (B + C) cos (B - C)
= 2-2 cos²A +2 - 2 cos (B + C) cos (B - C).
.. S =2 + cos A [ cos (B - C) + cos (B + C) ],
136 TRIGONOMETRY .
Ex. 4. If A +B + C = 180°,
prove that tan A +tan B +tan C = tan A tan B tan C.
By the third formula of Art. 124, we have
tan A +tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C
tan (A + B + C) = 1 – (tan B tan C + tan C tan A +tan A tan B) *
But tan (A + B + C) = tan 180° = 0.
Hence 0 =tan A +tan B +tan C - tan A tan B tan C,
i.e. tan A +tan B +tan C = tan A tan B tan C.
This may also be proved independently. For
tan (A + B) = tan (180° C) - tan C.
tan A + tan B
.. = - tan C.
1 - tan A tan B
..tan A +tan B = -tan C +tan A tan B tan C,
i.e. tan A +tan B +tan C -tan A tan B tan C.
EXAMPLES . XX .
If A + B + C = 180°, prove that
1. sin 2A + sin 2B – sin 2C = 4 cos A cos B sin C.
2. cos 2A + cos 2B + cos2C = -1- 4 cos A cos B cos C.
3. cos 2A + cos 2B - cos 2C = 1-4 sin A sin B cos C.
A B с
4. sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos COS - COS
2
A B
5. sin A + sin B -sin C = 4 sin sin COS
2 2
A B с
6. Cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2'
B A B с
sin2n44 + sin
11. si 2
- sin
200CM
= 1-2 cos
2
sin
2
ola
B12
B В с с A
12. tan tan
2
+ tan tan
2
+ tan
2
tan
2
= 1.
A B с B с
13. cot + cot 2 + cot 2=
+ cot cot
2
cot
2
.
A C T - A T В TT- с
sin
16. sin
ģ +sin. +sin
2
+ +
2
-1 = 4 sin
4
sin
4 4
B С +A +B T- -C
19
= 4 cos cos
17. cos A+ + cos
2
COS
2 4
COS
a +ß a+y a +8
(2) sin a - sin ẞ +siny -- sin d +4 cos sin COS =0,
2
and (3) tan a + tan ẞ +tan y +tan d
=tan atan ẞtan y tan 8 (cot a + cot ẞ + cot y + cot d).
26. If the sum of four angles be 180°, prove that the sum of the
products of their cosines taken two and two together is equal to the
sum of the products of their sines taken similarly.
27. Prove that sin 2a + sin 28 + sin 2y
=2 (sin a +sin ẞ + sin y) (1 + cos a + cos ẞ + cos y),
if a +B + y = 0.
28. Verify that
sin³ a sin (b − c) + sin³ b sin (c -− a) + sin³ c sin (a - b)
+sin (a + b + c) sin (b − c) sin (c -
− a) sin (a — b) = 0.
If A, B, C, and D be any angles prove that
29. sin A sin B sin (A – B) + sin B sin C sin (B - C)
+ sin C sin A sin ( C -
− A) + sin (A -− B) sin (B − C) sin ( C – 4 ) = 0.
[Exs. XX. ] TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS. 139
.
Ex Solve the equation
sin x + sin 5x = sin 3x.
By the formulae of Art. 94, the equation is
2 sin 3x cos 2x = sin 3x.
.. sin 3x = 0, or 2 cos 2x = 1.
If sin 3x = 0, then 3x = Nπ.
1 π
If cos 2x = > then 2x = 2nπ +
2 3'
Nπ π
Hence X= , or nπ •
3 6
140 TRIGONOMETRY.
α b с
cos e + sin ==
√a² + b² √a² +b² √a² + b²
whose cosine is
√a²+b²
so that cos B =
√a² +b²'
co
>
1- tan²
2 1- t2
and cos == = (Art. 109.)
1 + t2 '
1 +tan2
2
The equation then becomes
1- t2 2t
a +b
1+12 1 + 12 = c,
so that t2 (c + a) - 2bt + c - a = 0.
This is a quadratic equation giving two values for t and hence two
values for tan
2
Thus, the example of this article gives
7t² +4t - 3 = 0,
so that t = -1 or
= tan ( − 45°) or tan 23° 12′ (from the tables).
EXAMPLES . XXI.
33. cos 20 = (√
/2 + 1 ) ( cos 0-12) . 34. cote- tan 0-2 .
35. 4 cot 20 = cot2 0- tan² 0. 36. 3 tan (0-15°) = tan (0 + 15°) .
37. tan 0 +tan 20 + tan 30 = 0.
38. tan 0 + tan 20 + /3 tan 0 tan20= 3.
39. sin 3a =4 sin a sin (x + a) sin (x -
− a).
40. Prove that the equation x³- 2x + 1 = 0 is satisfied by putting for x
either of the values
√2 sin 45°, 2 sin 18°, and 2 sin 234°.
144 TRIGONOMETRY.
EXAMPLES . XXII.
LOGARITHMS .
EXS. The number 296-3457 has 3 figures in its integral part, and
therefore the characteristic of its logarithm is 2.
The characteristic of the logarithm of 29634.57 will be 5-1, i.e. 4.
(ii) Let the number be less than unity.
Since 10⁰ = 1, therefore log 1 = 0;
1
since 10-1 = = 1, therefore log 1 = -1 ;
10
1
since 10-2 = = 01 , therefore log 01 = -2 ;
102
1
since 10-8 = = 001 , therefore log 001-3 ;
103
and so on.
CHARACTERISTIC OF ANY LOGARITHM. 151
Then
66818
log 668-18 = log 100
= log 66818 – log 100 ( Art. 138)
=
= 4:8248935 2 = 2: 8248935 ;
66818
log •66818 = log 100000 = log 66818 – log 100000
=
( Art. 138 )
= 4.8248935 - 5 = 1.8248935 .
66818
So log .00066818 = log 108 = log 66818 – log 108
=
= 4.8248935 – 8 = 4:8248935.
-
52 3247 3330 3413 3495 3578 3661 3743 3826 3909 3991
53 4074 4157 4239 4322 4405 4487 4570 4653 4735 4818
54 4901 4983 5066 5149 5231 5314 5397 5479 5562 5645
55 5727 5810 5892 5975 6058 6140 6223 6306 6388 6471
56 6554 6636 6719 6801 6884 6967 7049 7132 7215 7297
57 7380 7462 7545 7628 7710 7793 7875 7958 8041 8123
58 8206 8288 8371 8454 8536 8619 8701 8784 8867 8949
9032 9114 9197 9279 9362 9445 9527 9610 9692 9775
59
9857 9940 0023 0105 0188 0270 0353 0435 0518 0600
60
5261 721 0683 0766 0848 0931 1013 1096 1178 1261 1343 1426
1508 1591 1674 1756 1839 1921 2004 2086 2169 2251
的
2334 2416 2499 2581 2664 2746 2829 2911 2994 3076
64 3159 3241 3324 3406 3489 3571 3654 3736 3819 3901
3984 4066 4149 4231 4314 4396 4479 4561 4644 4726
的 的 的 的 的的
65
4809 4891 4973 5056 5138 5221 5303 5386 5468 5551
5633 5716 5798 5881 5963 6045 6128 6210 6293 6375
68 6458 6540 6623 6705 6787 6870 6952 7035 7117 7200
7282 7364 7447 7529 7612 7694 7777 7859 7941 8024
70 8106 8189 8271 8353 8436 8518 8601 8683 8765 8848
82
5271 8930 9013 9095 9177 9260 9342 9424 9507 9589 9672
1 8
仍 仍 任 仍 BR828
Ex. 3. Having given log 2 = 30103, find the number of digits in 267
and the position of the first significant figure in 2–37.
We have log 267 = 67 x log 2 = 67 x 30103
= 20.16901.
.. x = 5 log 11 - log 7
log 3 + 2 log 7 - log 11
5.2069635.8450980
=
4771213 + 1 ·6901960 - 1 ·0413927
4.3618655
= 3.87 ....
1.1259246
LOGARITHMS TO DIFFERENT BASES. 157
EXAMPLES. XXIII.
5. Find the value of (1 ) 74, (2) ( 84)% , and (3) (·021)³ , having given
log 2 = 30103, log 3 = 4771213 ,
log 7 = 8450980, log 132057 = 5 ·1207283,
log 588453 = 5.7697117, and log 461791 = 5.6644438.
158 TRIGONOMETRY . [ Bxs. XXIII.]
6. Having given log 3 = .4771213,
find the number of digits in
( 1) 343, (2) 327, and (3) 362,
and the position of the first significant figure in
(4) 3–13, (5) 3-43, and (6) 3–65.
7. Given log 2 = 30103, log 3 = •4771213, and log 7 = •8450980, solve
the equations
(1) 22.3x + 4 = 7º ,
(2) . 22x +1.334 + 2 = 744 ,
(3) 724 =-22–4 = 332–7.
7a + y x 32x + y = 9
and (4)
= =}
8. From the tables find the seventh root of .000026751 .
Making use of the tables, find the approximate values of
9. 645-3. √5 x 87
10. 3/82357. 11 .
V8 x 19
3
12.
7.2 x 8.3
9.4 : 16.5 °
13. 88x 117
174 x 362
CHAPTER XI .
logarithm is
3 × 0000059 , i.e. , 00000177 .
Hence log 74583.3 = 4.8726398 + 00000177
= 4.87264157.
log 0382752.5829152
log 038276 = 2·5829265.
Hence the difference for
•000001 = •0000113.
Therefore the difference for
·0000007 = '7 × ⚫0000113
= '00000791 .
We shall solve two more examples, taking all the logarithms from
the tables, and only putting down the necessary steps.
= - · 30103 = 1 · 69897.
= '2385606.
The logarithm tabulated is therefore
10+ •2385606, i.e. 10.2385606.
(6
The symbol L is used to denote these " tabular
logarithms," i.e. the logarithis as found in the English
books of tables.
Thus L sin 15° 25' = 10 + log sin 15° 25',
and L sec 48° 23' = 10 + log sec 48° 23'.
158. If we want to find the tabular logarithm of any
function of an angle, which contains an integral number
of degrees and minutes, we can obtain it directly from the
tables. If, however, the angle contain seconds we must
use the principle of proportional parts. The method of
procedure is similar to that of Art. 152. We give an
example and also one of the inverse question.
Ex , 1. Given L cosec 32° 21' = 10: 2715733,
and L cosec 32° 22' = 10 :2713740,
find L cosec 32° 21' 51" .
For an increase of 60" in the angle, there is a decrease of .0001993 in
the logarithm .
Hence for an increase of 51 " in the angle, the corresponding decrease
51
is
60**0001993, i.e. .0001694 .
Hence L cosec 32° 21'51" = 10.2715733
.0001694
= 10-2714039 .
Ex . 2. Find the angle such that the tabular logarithm of its tangent
is 9.4417250 .
Let x be the required angle.
168 TRIGONOMETRY .
EXAMPLES. XXIV .
1. Given log 35705 = 4.5527290
and log 35706 = 4.5527412,
find the values of log 35705•7 and log 35 •70585.
2. Given log 5.8743 = • 7689487
and log 587.44 = 2.7689561,
find the values of log 58743.57 and log .00587432.
(Exs. XXIV .] PROPORTIONAL PARTS . EXAMPLES. 169
find the values of cos 32° 16' 24 " and of cos 32° 16' 47 " .
9. Find also angles whose cosines are
.8454832 and .8455176 .
****
26 9.7294223 1988 10 2705777 9.8030716 2790 10.1969284 10.0736493 803 9.9263507 34
27 9.7296211 10*2703789 9.8033506 10 1966494 10.0737296 803 9*9262704 33
28 9.7298197 1986 10 2701803 9.8036296 2790 10.1963704 10:0738099 805 9-9261901
2789 10 32
29 9.7300182 1985 10.2699818 9.8039085 1960915 10:0738904 804 9.9261096
1983 10.2697835 9.8041873 2788 10-1958127 31
30 9.7302165 1983 2788 10.0739708 805 9*9260292 30
31 9.7304148 1981 10.2695852 9.8044661 2786 10.1955339 10.0740513 806 9.9259487 29
**** ** 272
32 9.7306129 1980 10.2693871 9.8047447 2786 10.1952553 10.0741319 806 9.9258681 28
33 9.7308109 1978 10.2691891 9.8050233 2786 10.1949767 10.0742125 806 9.9257075 27
34 9.7310087 1977 10 2689913 9.8053019 2784 10.1946981 10.0742931 808 9.9257069 26
35 9.7313064 1976 10.2687936 9.8055803 2784 10.1944197 10: 0743739 807 9.9256261 25
36 9.7314040 1975 10.2685960 9.8058587 2783 10.1941413 10.0744546 808 9.9255454 24
37 9.7316015 1974 10 2683985 9.8061370 10.1938630 10:0745354 809 9.9254646 23
38 9-7317989 1972 10.2682011 9.8064152 2782 10.1935848 10.0746166 809 9*9253837
39 9-7319961 1971 10.2680039 9.8066933 2781 10.1933067 10.0746972 810 9.9253028 21
40 9-7321932 1970 10.2678068 9.8069714 2781
2780 10.1930286 10:0747782 810 9.9252218 20
41 9.7323902 10-2676098 9.8072494 2779 10.1927506 10:0748592 811 9*9251408 19
9.7325970 1968
AUD CREED PUTOS 43210
42 1967
43 9.7327837 10.2672163 9.8078052 2777 10 1921948 10.0750214 812 9.9249786 17
44 9.7329803 1966 10.2670197 9.8080829 2777 10-1919171 10.0751026 813 9-9248974 16
45 9-7331768 1965
1963 10.2668232 9.8083606 2777 10 1916394 10.0751839 812 9.9248161 15
46 9.7333731 1962 10.2666269 9*8086383 2775 10-1913617 10.0752651 814 9.9247349 14
47 9.7335693 1961 10-2664307 9.8089158 2775 10 1910842 10.0753465 814 9*9246535 13
48 9.7337654 10.2662346 9.8091933 2774 10 1908067 10.0754279 814 9.9245721 12
49 9.7339614 1960 10.2660386 9.8094707 10 1905293 10:0755093 815 9.9244907 11
50 9.7341572 1957 10.2658428 9.8097480 2773
1958
2773 10.1902520 10:0755908 815
9.9244092 10
51 9.7343529 1956 10.2656471 9.8100253 2772 10-1899747 10.0756723 816 9.9243277 9
52 9.7345485 1955 10.2654515 9.8103025 2771 10.1896975 10.0757539 817 9.9242461 8
53 9.7347440 1953 10.2652560 9.8105796 2770 10.1894204 10:0758356 817 9.9241644
9.7349393 10 2650607 9.8108566 2770 10.1891434 10.0759173 817 9.9240827
55 9-7351345 1952
1951 10.2648655 9.8111336 2769 10.1888664 10.0759990 819 9.9240010 5
56 9.7353296 10-2646704 9.8114105 2768 10.1885895 10.0760809 818 9.9239191
57 9.7355246 1950 10.2644754 9.8116873 10.1883127 10.0761627 819 9.9238373
9.7357195 1949
1947 10.2642805 9.8119641 2768 10.1880359 10.0762446 820 9.9237554
59 9.7359142 1946 10.2640858 9.8122408 2767
2766 10.1877592 10.0763266 820 9.9236734
60 9-7361088 10.2638912 9.8125174 10.1874826 10.0764086 9*9235914
Cosine Diff. Secant Cotang. Diff. Tang. Cosec. Diff. Sine /
57 Deg.
172 TRIGONOMETRY.
EXAMPLES. XXV .
3
2. Find the angle whose sine is 8 9 given
444
c sin Bb sin C,
sin B sin C
i.e.
b
b C
b
B C BAA D B a
a D a C
a² + b²- c²
i.e. cos C =
2ab
a + b - c = a + b + c2c2s - 2c = 2 (sc),
_ 2 (s — b) (s — c) ¸
2 sin' 4 = 2 (s — c) × 2 (s - b) =
2bc bc
A (s - b) (sc)
sin = ........ . (2).
bc
Similarly,
B (s — c) ( s ·- a) (s -
− a) (s — b)
sin
2
= , and sin
ca ab
A b² + c² - a²
Hence 2 cos2 - 1 + cos A == 1 +
2 2bc
a² _ (b + c)² -
2bc + b² + c² - a² — a²
=
2bc 2bc
= [(b + c) + a] [ (b + c) − a ] =
_ (a + b + c ) (b + c − a)
...(1 ).
2bc 2bc
COS = (s - a)
.. .( 2) .
bc
Similarly,
B (s - b) and cos с = s (s - c)
COS = "
2 ca 2 √s ab
A 2
Since tan
COS
2
A (s — b) (s — c) (sa) = (s - b) (s - c)
tan =
bc bc s (s - a)
Similarly,
B S - c) (s - a) C (s- a) (s — b)
tan = , and tan 2 =
2 s(s- b) s (s - c)
A
Since, in a triangle, A is always < 180 °, 2 is always
< 90°.
A
The sine, cosine, and tangent of 2 are therefore always
Hence
- b) (s — c)
(s — S
sin A = 2 √s (sa).
bc bc
EXAMPLES. XXVI.
In a triangle
1. Given a=25, b = 52, and c = 63 ,
A B с
find tan , tan and tan
2 2 2.
[Exs. XXVI.] SIDES AND ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE. 181
find the sines of half the angles and the sines of the angles.
3. Given a = 18, b = 24, and c = 30,
find sin A , sin B, and sin C.
4. Given a = 35, b = 84, and c = 91 ,
find tan A , tan B, and tan C.
5. Given a = 13, b = 14, and c = 15 ,
find the sines of the angles.
6. Given a = 287, b = 816, and c = 865,
A
find the values of tan and tan A.
2
a = BC = BD - CD = c cos B− (− b cos C) ,
a = b cos C + c cos B.
B- с B- C
tan tan
2 2
B+C A
tan tan 90° -
2 ( 2
B- C
tan
2
A (Art. 69).
cot
2
B -с b- c A
Hence tan = cot
SIDES AND ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE. 183
172. Ex. From the formulae of Art. 164 deduce those of Art. 170
and vice versâ.
The first and third formulae of Art. 164 give
a² + b²- c² c²+ a2 - b²
b cos C+c cos B = +
2a 2a
2a2
= =α,
2a
so that a=b cos C + c cos B.
Similarly, the other formulae of Art. 170 may be obtained.
Again, the three formulae of Art. 170 give
a= b cos C + c cos B,
b= c cos A + a cos C,
and c= a cos B + b cos A.
Multiplying these in succession by a, b, and -c we have, by addition,
a² + b² - c² = a (b cos C + c cos B) + b (c cos A + a cos C) -
− c (a cos B + b cos 4)
= 2ab cos C.
a²+b²- c²
..cos C= ·
2ab
Similarly, the other formulae of Art. 162 may be found.
173. The student will often meet with identities, which he is required
to prove, which involve both the sides and the angles of a triangle.
It is, in general, desirable in the identity to substitute for the sides in
terms of the angles , or to substitute for the ratios of the angles in terms
of the sides.
B- C
Ex. 1. Prove that a cos
2 = (b + c) sin .
By Art. 163, we have
B+C B-C
2 sin COS
b + c sin B + sin C 2 2
a sin A A A
2 sin COS
2
A B- C B-C
COS COS COS
2 2 2
A A
sin COS sin
12
2
A B-C
.. (b + c) sin 2 a cos 2
184 TRIGONOMETRY .
-
= 28 (s - b) (8 - c)
[
√ s (s - a) √s - c
)(sa)] , by Art . 167,
- 8-C 8-b s- b +s - a
√ √+ 8 -
= 2+√ W:8=
- a +√
]= 2 √• (• − c) [- √ (s( -
−− a ) ( -
—− b ) ]
2/8 (8- c) .c since 2s = a + b + c,
(sa) (s - b)
= 2c cot
2
ot .
2
SIDES AND ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE. 185
C C A B
2 cot 2 cos
COS COS
2 2 2
Also
B A B A
tan 2 + tan 2 sinsin
sin ¦ [ sin (2 con 2 + con 2 xin ¦
312
812
312
A B A B
2 cos COS COS 2 cos COS
182
(Art. 69.)
812
A +B
sin sin sin
2
We have therefore
2 cot
a+ b+c
C B
tan + tan
2 2
A
so that = 2c cot •
(a + b + c) ( tan 2 + tan ):
C B
cot + cot = 2 cot ......... . (2).
Now (2) is true if
8 (8 - a) s (s - c) = 2 8(8 - b)
+
-b) (8 - c) (s - a) (s - b) (8 - c)(8 - a)'
- -
(8 − a) (s — b ) (s — c) ,
S
if (8 - a) + (sc) = 2 (8 - b),
i.e. if 28- (a + c) = 28-2b,
i.e. if a + c = 2b , which is relation (1).
Hence if relation (1) be true, so also is relation ( 2).
186 TRIGONOMETRY.
EXAMPLES. XXVII.
sin (B - C) = b2- c²
7. sin (B + C) a²
a+b A+B A- B
8. = tan cot
a 2 2
32. The sides of a triangle are in A.P. and the greatest and least
angles are and ; prove that
4 (1- cos 0) (1 - cos p) = cos 0 + cos &.
33. The sides of a triangle are in A.P. and the greatest angle exceeds
the least by 90° ; prove that the sides are proportional to √7 + 1, √7, and
√7-1.
34. If C = 60°, then prove that
1 1 3
+ =
a + c b+ c a+ b + c'
35. In any triangle ABC if D be any point of the base BC, such that
BD : DC : m : n, prove that
(m + n) cot ADC = n cot B - m cot C,
and (m +n)² AD² = (m + n) ( mb² + nc²) -
− mna².
36. If in a triangle the bisector of the side c be perpendicular to the
side b, prove that
2 tan A +tan C = 0.
37. In any triangle prove that, if ✔ be any angle, then
b cos 0 = c cos (A − 0) + a cos (C + 0).
38. If p and q be the perpendiculars from the angular points A and B
on any line passing through the vertex C of the triangle ABC, then
prove that
a²p²+b²q² —2abpq cos C = a²b² sin² C.
39. In the triangle ABC, lines OA, OB, and OC are drawn so that
the angles OAB, OBC, and OCA are each equal to w ; prove that
cot w = cot A + cot B + cot C,
and cosec² w = cosec² A + cosec² B + cosec² C.
CHAPTER XIII.
SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES .
b
cos B = tan B = , or α = √(c − b) (c + b).
a
so that
B-
L tan B = 10+ log b - log a. a
A
The side b is found from the rela
tion b
b
a
tan B, B4 a
С
EXAMPLES. XXVIII.
tan
A
= (s— b) (s — c) tan B = (s — c) (s — a)
2 s(s - a) 2 s (s - b)
с (sa) (s — b)
and tan =
2 s (s — c)
b² + c² — a²
cos A = (Art. 164. )
2bc
Ex. The sides of a triangle are 32, 40, and 66 feet ; find the angle
opposite the greatest side, having given that
log 207 = 2.3159703, log 1073 = 3.0305997,
L cot 66° 18' = 9-6424341 , tabulated difference for 1' = 3431.
Here a=32, b = 40, and c = 66,
32 +40 +66
so that 8= 69, s - a = 37, s - b = 29, and s - c = 3.
2
с= 8Ꭶ (8- c) = 69 ×3
Hence cot = √107 ·
(8 - a)(8 - b) 37 x 29 3
1
L cott =10
10++ [ log 207 - log 1073]
= 10 +1.15798515 - 1.51529985
= 9.6426853.
L cot is therefore greater than L cot 66° 18',
C
so that is less than 66° 18'.
Gisp
с
Let then = 66° 18′ - x".
2 0002512
Hence
60 .0003431 '
2512
so that X= x 60 = nearly 44.
3431
с
.. 66 ° 18' - 44" = 66° 17' 16 ', and hence C = 132° 34' 32 " .
EXAMPLES. XXIX .
1. If the sides of a triangle be 56, 65, and 33 feet, find the greatest
angle.
2. The sides of a triangle are 7, 41/3, and 113 yards respectively.
Find the number of degrees in its smallest angle.
3. The sides of a triangle are x2 + x +1, 2x + 1, and x2 -1 ; prove that
the greatest angle is 120°.
4. The sides of a triangle are a, b, and Va² + ab +62 feet ; find the
greatest angle.
5. If a = 2, b = 16, and c == /3 - 1, solve the triangle.
6. If a= 2, b = 16, and c =/3 + 1, solve the triangle.
7. If a = 9, b = 10, and c = 11 , find B, given
log 2 = '30103, L tan 29° 29' = 9.7523472,
and L tan 29° 30 ' = 9.7526420 .
8. The sides of a triangle are 130, 123, and 77 feet. Find the
greatest angle, having given
log 2 = •30103, L tan 38 ° 39' = 9.9029376 ,
and L tan 38° 40' = 9.9031966.
9. Find the greatest angle of a triangle whose sides are 242, 188, and
270 feet, having given
log 2 = 30103, log 3 = .4771213, log 7 = 8450980,
L tan 38° 20 ' = 9.8980104, and L tan 38° 19' = 9.8977507.
10. The sides of a triangle are 2, 3, and 4 ; find the greatest angle,
having given
log 2 = •30103 , log 3 = ·4771213,
=
α b
=
sin A sin B
sin A
which gives a= b "
sin B
and thus determines a.
The side a may also be found from the formula
a² = b² + c² -
— 2bc cos A.
tan 15 °
13-1
Now
1 /3 + 1
(Art. 101) ,
B-C
= 45° (1) .
2
)
.
2
(
B+C -90° -15 ° = 75 ° .........
Also = 90 °
2
By addition, B = 120°.
By subtraction , C = 30°.
Since A = C, we have a = c = 1.
Otherwise . We have
Ex. 2. If b = 215, c == 105, and A = 74° 27', find the remaining angles
and also the third side a, having given
log 2 = -3010300 , log 11 = 1.0413927,
-
B- C b - c A
Here tan = cot = cot 37° 13' 30".
2 b +c 2
a
Again = с = c cosec C,
sin A sin C
.. a = 105 sin 74° 27' cosec 28° 25′ 48″.
But L cosec 28° 25' = 10.3225025 #8 ×2334
diff. for 48":= - • 1867 = × 2334
L cosec 28° 25′ 48″ = 10.3223158 = 1867.
L sin 74° 27' = 9.9838052
log 105 = 2.0211893
22.3273103
20
.. log a = 2.3273103.
.. a =212.476.
198 TRIGONOMETRY.
* 183. There are ways of finding the third side a of the triangle in the
previous case without first finding the angles B and C.
Two methods are as follows :
(1 ) Since a² = b2 + c² - 2bc cos A
= b2 +c2-2bc ( 2 cos2
(2 COS² 41-1)
4bc
c)²
=(b - c) [1+ (b - c)2 sin² ].
Let 4bc A
sin2 = tan² 4,
(b - c)2 2
2 /bc A
so that tan o =
- с sin
and hence is known.
Then (b - c)2
a² = (b - c)² [1 + tan²ø] =- cos²
so that a=(b - c) seco,
and is therefore easily found.
An angle, such as or above, introduced for the purpose of
facilitating calculation is called a subsidiary angle (Art. 129) .
.
EXAMPLES . XXX .
7. The two sides of aa triangle are 540 and 420 yards long respectively
and include an angle of 52° 6'. Find the remaining angles, given that
log2 = •30103, L tan 26° 3' = 9.6891430,
L tan 14° 20' = 9.4074189, and L tan 14° 21' = 9.4079453.
200 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. XXX .]
8. If b = 21 ft. , c == 2 ft ., and A = 22° 20', find the other angles, and
shew that the third side is nearly one foot, given
log 2 = 30103, log 3 = .47712,
L cot 11° 10' = 10• 70465, L sin 22° 20' = 9.57977,
L tan 29° 22' 20 " = 9.75038, L tan 29° 22' 30" = 9.75043,
and L sin 49° 27' 34"= 9.88079.
9. If a = 2, b = 1 + 1/ 3, and C = 60 °, solve the triangle.
-
10. Two sides of a triangle are 13 + 1 and 13 – 1 , and the included
angle is 60 ° ; find the other side and angles.
11. If b = 1, c =13-1, and A = 60°, find the length of the side a .
A 17
12. If b = 91, c = 125, and tan prove that a == 204 .
2 6
31
13. If a = 5, b = 4, and cos (A - B) = 32 prove that the third side cс will
>
be 6.
14. One angle of a triangle is 30° and the lengths of the sides
adjacent to it are 40 and 40 3 yards. Find the length of the third
side and the number of degrees in the other angles.
15. The sides of a triangle are 9 and 3, and the difference of the
angles opposite to them is 90 °. Find the base and the angles, having
given
log 2 = : 30103, log 3 = •4771213,
log 75894 = 4.8802074, log 75895 = 4.8802132,
L tan 26° 33 ' = 9.6986847,
and L tan 26° 34 ' = 9.6990006 .
a-b с
16. If tan o cot 9
a+ b 2
с
sin
2
prove that c = (a + b)
cos ♡
If a = 3, b = 1 , and C = 53° 7 '48" , find c without getting A and B,
given
log 2 = •30103, log 25298 = 4 : 4030862,
log 25299 = 4:4031034 , L cos 26° 33' 54 " = 9.9515452 ,
and L tan 26° 33' 54"= 9.6989700.
[Exs. XXX.] AMBIGUOUS CASE. 201
17. Two sides of a triangle are 237 and 158 feet and the contained
angle is 66° 40' ; find the base and the other angles, having given
log 2 = 30103, log 79 = 1.89763,
log 22687 = 4.35578, L cot 33° 20′ =10-18197,
L sin 33° 20' 9.73998, L tan 16° 54′ - 9.48262,
L tan 16° 55'9.48308, Lsec 16° 54'10.01917,
and L sec 16° 55′ = 10·01921 .
B- C = b+c
[ Use either the formula cos sin or the formula of the
2 a 2
preceding question.]
20. Two sides of a triangle being 2265-4 and 1779 feet, and the
included angle 58° 17', find the remaining angles.
21. Two sides of a triangle being 237-09 and 130.96 feet, and the
included angle 57° 59′, find the remaining angles.
sin A
i.e. α == b . (2).
sin B
B
B
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
ల
b
b
J
B
Ca C₁ D
B
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
b = AD = c sin B.
To sum up :
Given the elements b, c, and B of a triangle,
(a) If b be < c sin B, there is no triangle.
(B) If b = c sin B, there is one triangle right-angled.
- c²
(a) If b < c sin B, the quantity b2c2 sin2 B is
imaginary, and ( 1 ) gives no real value for a.
(B) If b = csin B, there is only one value, c cas B,
for a ; there is thus only one triangle which is right-
angled .
(y) If b > c sin B, there are two values for a. But,
since a must be positive, the value obtained by taking
the lower sign affixed to the radical is inadmissible unless
713
6
:: angular diff. = 71 * x 60" 76 ) 4278 (56
= 56 " nearly . 380
478
456
EXAMPLES. XXXI.
11. Given a = 250, b = 240, and A = 72° 4' 48", find the angles B and C ,
and state whether they can have more than one value, given
log 2.5 = -3979400, log 2 :4 = • 3802112,
L sin 72° 4 ' = 9.9783702, L sin 72° 5 ' = 9.9784111,
and L sin 65° 59' = 9.9606739.
12. Two straight roads intersect at an angle of 30° ; from the point
of junction two pedestrians A and B start at the same time, A walking
along one road at the rate of 5 miles per hour and B walking uniformly
along the other road. At the end of 3 hours they are 9 miles apart.
Shew that there are two rates at which В may walk to fulfil this
condition and find them.
[Exs. XXXI. ] SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 209
14. Two sides of a triangle being 5374-5 and 1586.6 feet, and the
angle opposite the latter being 15° 11', calculate the other angles of the
triangle or triangles.
15. Given A = 10° , a = 2308.7, and b = 7903 2, find the smaller value
of c.
189. Case IV. Given one side and two angles, viz.
a, B, and C.
b с a B a
= =
sin B sin C sin A
sin B sin C
giving b=α and ca
sin A' sin A
α b C
= =
sin A sin B sin C
EXAMPLES . XXXII.
17 1
1. If cos A = and cos C =
14
find the ratio of a : b : c.
22
sin a sin B
i.e. x=α
sin(B - a)
The height x is therefore given in a form suitable for
logarithmic calculation .
directly towards Q. P
Measure therefore AB in any
other suitable direction on the hori-
zontal ground, and at A measure the
angle of elevation a of P, and also
A @
the angle PAB (= ß).
a
At B measure the angle PBA
B
(= y)
In the triangle PAB, we have then
AQ = sin d
.( 2).
α sin (B + 8)
214 TRIGONOMETRY.
NobyEarth
. st
Nboyrth
N.N.W.
1.W.
Norbtyh
N.E.
N.N.E.
.
.
N.W. by West.
N.E. N.E. by East.
M.W.
W.N.W.
E.N.E.
West by North. East by North
W E
West by South. East by South.
W.S.W. E.S.E.
S.W. by West. S.E. by East.
S.E.
S.W.
, outh
Soubtyh
S.W.
bS y
S.E.
.
S.S.W.
S.EaS.stEy.,
Soutb h
,Webyst
S
EXAMPLES . XXXIII.
5. A vertical pole (more than 100 feet high ) consists of two parts,
1
the lower being zrd of the whole. From a point in a horizontal plane
through the foot of the pole and 40 feet from it, the upper part subtends
1
an angle whose tangent is 2 ' Find the height of the pole.
17. From the top of a hill the angles of depression of two successive
milestones, on level ground and in the same vertical plane with the
observer, are found to be 5º and 10° respectively. Find the height of the
hill and the horizontal distance to the nearest milestone.
18. A castle and a monument stand on the same horizontal plane .
The height of the castle is 140 feet, and the angles of depression of the
top and bottom of the monument as seen from the top of the castle are
40 ° and 80° respectively. Find the height of the monument .
218 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XXXIII. ]
cos ( a + 2 ) cos (a + 2B )
Let P and Q be the top and foot of the tower, and let
PR be the flagstaff. Let A and B be the points at which
the measurements are taken, so that ZPAQ = B and
PAR = _PBR = a .. Since the two latter angles are
equal, a circle will go through the four points A, B , P,
and R.
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 219
circle, we have
< BRP = L BAP = B, =
...( 1 ).
From the triangles APR and ABR we then have
PR AR AR a
sin RBA sin e
(Art. 163).
sin a sin RPA
[ It will be found in Chap. XV. that each of these
quantities is equal to the radius of the circle.]
Hence the height of the flagstaff
a sin å a sin a
= PR =
sin e cos (a + 2B) ' by (1 )
PQ
Again, PB = cos BPQ = cos (a + B )............. ( 2 ),
PB sin PAB sin ß (3 ).
and sin APB
a sin e
Hence , from (2) and (3), by multiplication ,
PQ_ sin ß cos(a+
a sin A
B )) _ sincosBß (acos(a + B),by (1).
+ 28)
>
220 TRIGONOMETRY.
b +y 2 tan 0
Hence = tan 20 = =
a 1 - tan2 0 b2
b +y. 2ab
so that =
a a2 - b2
2a2b a²+ b²
Then y = a² -b2 b = b a² - b²'
B'
α
پر
A
EXAMPLES. XXXIV .
1. A bridge has 5 equal spans, each of 100 feet measured from the
centre of the piers, and a boat is moored in a line with one of the middle
piers. The whole length of the bridge subtends & right angle as seen
from the boat. Prove that the distance of the boat from the bridge is
100J6 feet.
2. A ladder placed at an angle of 750 with the ground just reaches
the sill of a window at a height of 27 feet above the ground on one side
of a street. On turning the ladder over without moving its foot, it is
found that when it rests against a wall on the other side of the street
it is at an angle of 150 with the ground . Prove that the breadth of the
street and the length of the ladder are respectively
27 (3 - 3) and 27 ( 1/6 - 12) feet .
3. From a house on one side of a street observations are made of the
angle subtended by the height of the opposite house ; from the level of
the street the angle subtended is the angle whose tangent is 3 ; from two
windows one above the other the angle subtended is found to be the
angle whose tangent is – 3 ; the height of the opposite house being
60 feet, find the height above the street of each of the two windows.
4. A rod of given length can turn in a vertical plane passing through
the sun, one end being fixed on the ground ; find the longest shadow it
can cast on the ground.
Calculate the altitude of the sun when the longest shadow it can cast
is 34 times the length of the rod.
5. A person on a ship A observes another ship B leaving a harbour,
whose bearing is then N.W. After 10 minutes A, having sailed one mile
(Exs. XXXIV .] HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 223
N.E., sees B due west and the harbour then bears 60 ° West of North .
After another 10 minutes B is observed to bear S.W. Find the distances
between A and B at the first observation and also the direction and rate
of B.
6. A person on a ship sailing north sees two lighthouses, which are 6
miles apart, in a line due west ; after an hour's sailing one of them bears
S.W. and the other S.S.W. Find the ship's rate .
7. A person on a ship sees a lighthouse N.W. of himself. After
sailing for 12 miles in a direction 15° south of W. the lighthouse is
seen due N. Find the distance of the lighthouse from the ship in
each position .
8. A man, travelling west along a straight road, observes that when
he is due south of a certain windmill the straight line drawn to a distant
tower makes an angle of 30° with the road. A mile further on the
bearings of the windmill and tower are respectively N.E. and N.W. Find
the distances of the tower from the windmill and from the nearest point
of the road .
b - a
20. A tower 150 feet high stands on the top of a cliff 80 feet high .
At what point on the plane passing through the foot of the cliff must an
observer place himself so that the tower and the cliff may subtend equal
angles, the height of his eye being 5 feet ?
21. A statue on the top of a pillar, standing on level ground, is
found to subtend the greatest angle a at the eye of an observer when his
distance from the pillar is c feet ; prove that the height of the statue is
2c tan a feet, and find the height of the pillar.
22. A tower stood at the foot of an inclined plane whose inclination
to the horizon was 9º. A line 100 feet in length was measured straight
up the incline from the foot of the tower, and at the end of this line the
tower subtended an angle of 54°. Find the height of the tower, having
given log 2 = •30103, log 114.4123 = 2.0584726,
and L sin 54 ° = 9.9079576 .
23. A vertical tower stands on a declivity which is inclined at 150 to
the horizon . From the foot of the tower a man ascends the declivity for
80 feet, and then finds that the tower subtends an angle of 30°. Prove
that the height of the tower is 40 (W6 -2) feet.
24. The altitude of a certain rock is 47°, and after walking towards it
1000 feet up a slope inclined at 30° to the horizon an observer finds its
altitude to be 77º. Find the vertical height of the rock above the first
point of observation , given that sin 47° = • 73135.
-
26. A regular pyramid on a square base has an edge 150 feet long,
and the length of the side of its base is 200 feet . Find the inclination of
its face to the base.
27. A pyramid has for base a square of side a ; its vertex lies on a
line through the middle point of the base and perpendicular to it, and at
a distance h from it ; prove that the angle a between the two lateral faces
is given by the equation
sin a = 2h / 2a ” + 4h2
a ” + 4h2
PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE.
2
By Art. 169, we have sin A = -
bc √s (s − a) (s — b) (s — c),
EXAMPLES. XXXV.
17. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are one foot and 1/2 feet
respectively, and the angle opposite the shorter side is 30° ; prove that
there are two triangles satisfying these conditions, find their angles, and
shew that their areas are in the ratio
13 + 1 : / 3 – 1.
18. Find by the aid of the tables the area of the larger of the two
triangles given by the data
A = 31° 15', a =
= 5 ins., and b = 7 ins.
B C
B C
B
D
α
= " since in this case sin A = 1 .
2 sin A
232 TRIGONOMETRY .
a b
R= =
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C (Art. 163 ).
2 2.S
sin A = bc √s (s − a) (s — b) (s — c) =
bc >
where S is the area of the triangle .
Substituting this value of sin A in ( 1 ), we have
abc
R=
4S >
S
..
Hence BD = 8 - b = BF;
SO CE = sc = CD,
and AF = 8 - a - AE.
ID B
Now = tan IBD = tan
BD 2
B B
.. r = ID = BD tan = (s - b) tan
2
234 TRIGONOMETRY .
C
So r = IE = CE tan ICE = (s — c) tan 2
A
= a) tan
and also r = IF = FA tan IAF = (s — •
2
A B
Hence r = (s- a) tan = (s - b) tan = - c) tan
B C
COS COS
2 2
=r
sin sin
2
B C с B C B
.. a sin sin rin COS + cos sin
2 2 2 2 2
B C A A
= r sin + = r sin 90° = r cos
-41 44
2
B C
sin sin
2
.. r = a
A
COS
2
A A
Cor. Since a = 2R sin A = 4R sin 4
2 cos 4,
2
A · B C
we have r = 4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
b+c [b + c + a
S = r₁
= n [b + c2 = a ] = n [ + 02 + " - a ] = n ( -a).
S S
and r3 =
b
236 TRIGONOMETRY .
A
¿.e. r2 = s tan
2.
B
So LIBD, = 90 °
2
:: a = BC = BD + D.C
= 1 D , cot I,BD, + ID, cot I ,CD
B C
= ri ( tan + tan
2
B
sin sin
2 +
=
= ri
COS COS
2
RADII OF THE ESCRIBED CIRCLES. 237
B C B C B
... a cos COS = Tsin COS + cos sin
2 2 (s 2 2 2
B A A
= r₁ sin = r1 sin = r₁ cos
sin (23 +9) (90° 4)
2 2'
B C
COS COS
2 2
.. r₁ = a
A
COS
2
A A
Cor. Since a = 2R sin A = 4R sin142 COS "
A B C
we have r₁ = 4R sin COS COS
2 2 2
EXAMPLES. XXXVI.
= 90° — A.
Hence MKL = 180° – 2A
= the supplement of 2A .
So < KLM = 180° – 2B,
and < LMK = 180° – 2C.
240 TRIGONOMETRY .
LM AL ABcos A
= =
sin A sin AML cos PML
C cos A c cos A
=
COS PAL sin C
C
:. LM= sin A cos A
sin C
and CG = 3CF.
a²
-
= b²+ 4+ ab cos C,
a²
Hence 2AD2 - c² = b² —
2'
So also
BE = √2c² + 2a² -
— b², and CF = √2a² + 2b² — c².
sin y DC α
= -
sin C AD 2x
a sin C a sin C
... sin y =
2.x √2b² + 2c² -— a²
a sin B
Similarly, sin B =
√2b² + 2c² — a²
sin AC b
= = •
sin C AD XC
b sin C 2b sin C
.. sin =
X /2b² + 2c² — a²
=A −- 2 ( 90° – C) = A + 2C -
− 180°
= A + 2C − ( A + B + C) = C −- B.
(Art. 72),
=
- R28 R2 cos A cos B cos C.
IE r B C
Also AI = = =
= 4R sin
A A 2 sin 2 (Art. 204. Cor.).
sin sin
2 2
O12 B C
=
= 1 + 16 sin² sin²
R2 2 2
B C B C B
- 8 sin sin COS COS + sin sin
2 2 2 2 2
B B C B
= 1-8 sin COS COS -sinsin 2
2 sin (c 2 2 2
B C B+C
= 1-8 sin sin COS
2 2
B с A
= 1-8 sin sin -sin (Art. 69)......... ( 1).
2 2 2
B C A
OI = R √1-8 sin sin sin •
2 2 2
bc sin A 2bc А
ie 8: = COS ( 2).
b + c si A btc 2
n
2
A
Also A= DAB + B +B ... (3).
We thus have the length of the bisector and its
inclination to BC .
EXAMPLES . XXXVII.
If I, 11, 12, and 13 be respectively the centres of the incircle and the
three escribed circles of a triangle ABC, prove that
1. AI = r cosec
0 A B C
2. IA . IB . IC = abc tan
12 / tan
2
tan
2
.
А
3. AI = r, cosec 2 • .
4. 11, = a sec 2 .
A
5. 1,12 = a cosec 6. II.II,. 117 = 16R r.
B+C
7. 12132 = 4R (12 + rs). 8. [ 1,1,1, = 2
II .1213_112.1311_II ,. 1,12
11. sin A sin B sin C .
If I, 0, and P be respectively the incentre, circumcentre , and ortho.
centre, and G the centroid of the triangle ABC, prove that
17. Prove that the distance of the centre of the nine-point circle from
R
the angle A is ( 1 + 8 cos A sin B sin C.
2
21. D, E, and F are the middle points of the sides of the triangle
ABC ; prove that the centroid of the triangle DEF is the same as that of
ABC, and that its orthocentre is the circumcentre of ABC.
In any triangle ABC, prove that
22. The perpendicular from A divides BC into portions which are
proportional to the cotangents of the adjacent angles, and that it divides
the angle A into portions whose cosines are inversely proportional to the
adjacent sides.
23. The median through A divides it into angles whose cotangents
are 2 cot A + cot C and 2 cot A + cot B, and makes with the base an angle
1
whose cotangent is ( cot C ~ cot B).
[Exs. XXXVII. ] PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 249
24. The distance between the middle point of BC and the foot of the
b2 ~c2
perpendicular from A is 2a
25. O is the orthocentre of a triangle ABC ; prove that the radii of
the circles circumscribing the triangles BOC, COA, AOB, and ABC are
all equal .
26. AD, BE, and CF are the perpendiculars from the angular points
of a triangle ABC upon the opposite sides ; prove that the diameters of
the circumcircles of the triangles AEF, BDF, and CDE are respectively
a cot A, b cot B, and c cot C, and that the perimeters of the triangles DEF
and ABC are in the ratio r : R.
27. Prove that the product of the distances of the incentre from the
angular points of a triangle is 4Rr².
28. The triangle DEF circumscribes the three escribed circles of the
triangle ABC ; prove that
EF FD DE
= =
a cos A b cos B c cos C '
29. If a circle be drawn touching the inscribed and circumscribed
circles of a triangle and the side BC externally, prove that its radius is
tan2
a 2'
30. If a, b, and c be the radii of three circles which touch one another
externally, and r₁ and r₂ be the radii of the two circles that can be drawn
to touch these three, prove that
1 2 2 2
=
1 -- a ++ 을с
31. If A be the area of the triangle formed by joining the points of
contact of the inscribed circle with the sides of the given triangle, whose
area is A, and A1 , A2, and A, the corresponding areas for the escribed
circles, prove that
A1 + A2 + A3 - A。 = 24.
32. If the bisectors of the angles of a triangle ABC meet the opposite
sides in A', B', and C', prove that the ratio of the areas of the triangles
A'B'C' and ABC is
A B C A- B B-C C-A
2 sin 4 sin : COS COS COS
2 2 2 2 2
250 TRIGONOMETRY . [ Exs. XXXVII .]
37. In the sides BC, CA , AB are taken three points A', B', C' such that
9
and
+ -+ - (C- ). C
Hence
= + d² + 2cd cos B,
a² + b² - 2ab cos Bc²
a² + b² - c² - d²
so that cos B =
2 (ab + cd)
Hence
(a² + b²- c² - d²)²
sin2 B = 1 - cos² B = 1-
{2 (ab + cd)}²
{2 (ab + cd)}² — {a² + b² — c² — d²}²
4 (ab + cd)²
-
{2 (ab +cd) + (a²+ b² — c² — d²) } { 2 (ab + cd) — (a² + b² — c² — d²)}
4 (ab + cd)²
{(a²+2ab +b²) —(c² − 2cd + d²) } {( c² + 2cd + d²) —(a² + b² −2ab)}
4 (ab + cd)²
-- -
= {(a + b)² — (c — d)² } { (c + d)² − ( a -
− b)²}
4 (ab + cd)²
{(a + b + c - d) (a + b − c + d) } { (c + d + a − b) (c + d − a + b)}
4 (ab + cd)2
Let
a + b + c + d = 28,
so that
-
a + b + c - d = (a + b + c + d) − 2d = 2 (s — d),
-
a + b - c + d = 2 (s —- c),
a - b + c + d = 2 (s - b),
and -a + b + c + d = 2 (s− a).
Hence
- ·
sin' B = 2 (s – d) × 2 (s - c) × 2 (s — b) × 2 (s − a) ¸"
4 (ab + cd)²
so that
- - - -
(ab + cd) sin B = 2 √ (s − a) (s — b) (s — c) (s — d).
Hence the area of the quadrilateral
= (ab + cd) sin B = √ (s -
− a) (s - - d) .
— b) (s — c) (s —
AREA OF A QUADRILATERAL. 253
a² + b²- c² - d²
220. Since cos B = >
2 (ab + cd)
we have AC2 = a² + b² - 2ab cos B
a² + b²- c² - d2
= a² + b² -— ab
ab + cd
= ab sin B + cd sin D,
B C
so that b
— 8abcd ( 2 cos² a -
=· 4a²b² + 4c²d² - − 1)
=
= 4 (ab + cd)² – 16abcd cos² a,
so that
16A² = 4 (ab + cd)² — (a² + b² — c² — d²)² - 16abcd cos² a
. (3).
But, as in Art. 219, we have
- c² − d²)²
4 (ab + cd)² -
— (a² + b² —
= 2 (sa) . 2 (s - b) . 2 (sc ) . 2 (sd)
- c) (s -
= 16 (sa) (s — b) (8 — — d).
Hence ( 3) becomes
▲² = (s − a) (s -
— b ) (s — c) (s — d) — abcd cos² a,
giving the required area.
Cor. 1. If d be zero, the quadrilateral becomes a
triangle, and the formula above becomes that of Art. 198.
AREA OF A QUADRILATERAL . 255
EXAMPLES . XXXVIII.
1. Find the area of a quadrilateral, which can be inscribed in a circle,
whose sides are
(1 ) 3, 5, 7, and 9 feet ;
and ( 2) 7, 10, 5 , and 2 feet.
2. The sides of a quadrilateral are respectively 3, 4, 5 , and 6 feet, and
the sum of a pair of opposite angles is 120° ; prove that the area of the
quadrilateral is 3/30 square feet.
256 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XXXVIII. ]
1
The angle BOC is th of the sum of all the angles
n
n n
IT
Hence ZBOL = * =
BOC = n
a a T
.. R= = cosec . ( 1 ).
T 2 n
2 sin
n
Again ,
T
a = 2BL = 20L tan BOL = 2r tan
n
a a T
.. p= cot (2).
T 2 n
2 tan
n
The formulae (2) and (3) give the area in terms of the
radius of the inscribed and circumscribed circles.
226 . Ex . The length of each side of a regular dodecagon is 20 feet ;
find (1) the radius of its inscribed circle, (2) the radius of its circumscribing
circle, and (3) its area .
The angle subtended by a side at the centre of the polygon
360°
= 30 ° .
12
Hence we have 10 = rtan 15 ° = R sin 15° .
.. r = 10 cot 15°
10
52- / 3 ( Art. 101)
=
= 10 (2 + 1/ 3 ) = 37.32... feet.
=
Also
10 2/2
R = = 10 x
sin 15° 13-1 (Art. 106 )
= 10. / 2 (13 + 1) = 10 (16+ / 2)
= 10 (2.4495 ... +1.4142...) = 38.637 ... feet.
Again , the area = 12 x r x 10 square feet
= 1200 (2+ /3)=4478.46 ... square feet.
EXAMPLES . XXXIX .
1. Find, correct to '01 of an inch, the length of the perimeter of a
regular decagon which surrounds a circle of radius one foot.
2. Find to 3 places of decimals the length of the side of a regular
polygon of 12 sides which is circumscribed to a circle of unit radius.
3. Find the area of (1) a pentagon, (2) a hexagon, (3) an octagon,
(4) a decagon and (5) a dodecagon, each being a regular figure of side
1 foot.
15. The interior angles of a polygon are in A. P.; the least angle
is 120° and the common difference is 5º ; find the number of sides.
XXXIX .] REGULAR POLYGONS . 261
16. There are two regular polygons the number of sides in one being
double the number in the other, and an angle of one polygon is to an angle
of the other as 9 to 8 ; find the number of sides of each polygon.
17. Show that there are eleven pairs of regular polygons such that
the number of degrees in the angle of one is to the number in the angle of
the other as 10 : 9. Find the number of sides in each.
18. The side of a base of a square pyramid is a feet and its vertex is
at a height of h feet above the centre of the base ; if 0 and $ be respec
tively the inclinations of any face to the base, and of any two faces to one
another, prove that
2h a
tan o and tan 1+
a 2h2
0
Hence, when is very small, the quantity sin lies
.. sin COS
2 2 2:
0
sin 0 = 2 sin
Hence, since = 2
COS
2'
A3
.:. sin 0 > 0
( 1-0) , 4
i.e. > A
2
A2
we have
1-2sin>>1-2 )... » i.e. > 1
2 .
6 180 x 6 '
II
266 TRIGONOMETRY.
с
TT
we have sin 10 ' = sin
(18036) 180 x 6
ܕܶܐ
3.14159265 ...
= .0029089 nearly.
180 x 6 !
的
Also cos 10' = V1 - sinº 10 '
= [1- 000008468 ... ]
=1 1- [ •000008468 ... ],
approximately by the Binomial Theorem ,
= 1- •000004234...
= .9999958 ....
6
sin x
1
* + 13 sin zx .
COS X +
2
EXAMPLES . XL.
2
0 0
= 23 sin COS COS COS =
23 23 22 2
0 0
= 2" sin X COS 2 ' COS 22 .. Cos 23 COS 2n
2n
Make n indefinitely great so that, by Art. 228 Cor. ,
0
2n sin = 0.
2n
0
Hence sin 00. cos 2' COS 22 COS 28………….ad inf.
a
.. area of sector AOB x area of whole circle
27
a 1
271 ** R*= R. a.
EXAMPLES. XLI.
OT √2hr 2h
Also , tan OCT:= =
CT r r
so that, very approximately , we have
2h
< OCT = radians
r
2h 180 180 × 60 × 60 2h
=
r 18π0)° =[ π r
236. Ex. Taking the radius of the earth as 4000 miles, find the dip
at the top of a lighthouse which is 264 feet above the sea, and the distance
ofthe offing.
1
Here r=4000 miles , and h = 264 feet = mile.
20
Hence h is very small compared with r, so that
OT= × 4000 = √400 = 20 miles.
2h 1
Also the dip = radians - radian
200
1 180 x 60
X x60)' = (54)' == 17′11″ nearly .
200
=(2 π
EXAMPLES. XLII.
[ Unless otherwise stated, the earth's radius may be taken to be 4000
miles.]
1. Find in degrees, minutes, and seconds, the dip of the horizon from
the top of a mountain 4400 feet high, the earth's radius being 21 × 106
feet.
2. The lamp of a lighthouse is 196 feet high ; how far off can it be
seen ?
272 TRIGONOMETRY. Exs. XLII .]
3. If the radius of the earth be 4000 miles, find the height of a
balloon when the dip is 1°.
Find also the dip when the balloon is 2 miles high.
4. From the top of the mast 'of a ship, which is 66 feet above the
sea, the light of a lighthouse which is known to be 132 feet high can
just be seen ; prove that its distance is 24 miles nearly.
5. From the top of a mast, 66 feet above the sea , the top of the
mast of another ship can just be seen at a distance of 20 miles; prove
that the heights of the masts are the same.
6. From the top of the mast of a ship which is 44 feet above the
sea-level, the light of a lighthouse can just be seen ; after sailing for
15 minutes the light can just be seen from the deck which is 11 feet
above the sea-level; prove that the rate of sailing of the ship is nearly
16.33 miles per hour.
7. Prove that, if the height of the place of observation be n feet, the
(зп
distance that the observer can see is miles nearly.
2
9
CHAPTER XVIII.
3 12 16
240. Ex. 1. Prove that sin-1 5 cos-1 = sin-1
13 65
3 3
Let sin-1 = a, so that sin a =
5 5
3
9 a:
and therefore cos α = 1- · +
25
INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS . 275
12 12
Let COS - 1
13 =B, so that cos B = 13
144 5 13
5
and therefore sin ß = V 1
169 13
.
B
12
16 16
Let sin - 1
65= y, so that sin g ' = 65
We have then to prove that
a -B = y,
i.e. to shew that sin (a – B ) = sin y .
Now sin (a - b ) = sin a cos ß- cos a sin ß
3 12 4 5 36 - 20 16
5. 13 5'13 65
= sing .
65
1 1
and let tan - 1 -B, so that tan B
7
2a + B = =
2 tan a
Now tan 2a =
1 - tanº a
2
3 6 3
100
O
1 8
1
2a + tan ß
Also, tan (2a + B) = 1tan tap 2a tan 8
3
+
21 + 4 25
= 1 =tan :
II
31 28 - 3 25
1
4:7
T
i . 2a + ß =
18-2
276 TRIGONOMETRY.
Ex . 8. Prove that
1 п
4 tan - 1 tan - 1
5 239
1
Let tan - 1 = a, so that tan a =
52
2 tan a 5
Then tan 2a =
1 - tana a 1 12
1
25
10
12 120
and tan 4a =
25 119 '
1
144
TT
so that tan 4a is nearly unity, and 4a therefore nearly
TT
Let 4a= ä + tan-? x .
120 T + 2
.. = tan
119 li + tan - 18=)= 1 1-3
(Art.. 100)).
JE
1
... X= .
239
T
Hence
4tan---tan -1239 4
Ex . 4. Prove that
a+b
tan -1a + tan - 1b = tan - 1
1- ab
Let tan-lara, so that tan a = a.
Let
tan - 10 = ß, so that tan p = b .
a+b a+b
Also, let tan - 1
(1- ab ) = y , so that tan 7 =
1 -ab :
We have then to prove that
a + B = y.
tan a + tan ß a+b tany,
Now tan (a + B)
1- tan a tan ß 1 - ab
so that the relation is proved .
INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS . 277
.: x + y = tan -z a + b
1 - ab '
a+b
i.e. tan - 1 a + tan - 1b = tan - 1
1-abº
a+b
In the above we have tacitly assumed that ab < 1, so that 1- ab
is posi
Ex . 5. Prove that
63 1
C08-1 65
+2tan- )=sin-11
Since 653 - 632 = 16 %, we have
cos - f = tan - 63 19. 65
16
Also, as in Ex. 1 , sin - 1 * = tan - 4 .
We have therefore to shew that 63
1-6
80 that 2 tan - 1 } = tan- Pri
278 TRIGONOMETRY .
EXAMPLES. XLIII.
Prove that
3 8 77
1. sin - 15. + sin -1 17: = sin - 1 85
5 7 253 )
2. sin - 1 + sin - 1 = cos - 1
13 25 325
4 3 27 4 1
12 33
3. cos - 1 + tan - 1- = tan - 1 4. cos- 1 + cos cos - 1
5 ់ ពី 11 ' 5 13 65
2 1+x
5. cos - 1 x = 2 sin - 1 = 2 cos - 1
3 16 1 7
6. 2 cos - 1 cos - 1
13 + cot- 1 63
+ =
2 25
1 1 1
7. tan -15
2
+ tan - 1 = şin - 1 + cot- 13 = 45 °.
15
1 1 2 1 12
8. tan - 1 - + tan - 1, = tan - 1 9. tan - 1 tan - 1
7 13 9 5
1 2 1
- 1
3
10. Lan - 14 + tan-2 3 - com 50
1
F14
-1
1
11. 2 tan - 1 5
100
+ tan -1 7 + 2 tan .
3 3 8 TT
12. tan - 1 4 + tan -1 tan
5 19
1 1 T
13. tan - 1 3- + tan - 15 + tan - 17 + tan - 1
1 1 T 1
14. 3 tan - 14 + tan -1 - tan - 1
4 1985
1 1 1 TT
15. 4 tan - 1 tan - 1 + tan - 1
70 99 4
120 5 m m-n 7T
16. tan - 1 2 sin - 1 17. tan - 1 tan -1
119 13 n m+ n
2t 3t - t3
18. tan -1t + tan - 1 1 - t2 = tan -2
1-3t2 '
if 3t - t3 1
or > N3, and = T + tan - 1 =
1-32
if t >
13 PT and < /3.
280 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XLIII.]
+tan-1 c (a + b + c) = T.
√ ab
COS
22. ( 3 tan
oos (2 ) == sin (4 tan - 1 ).
sin 2a + cos B
23. 2 tan- tan (45° -– a) tan = COS-1
L1 +sin2a cosß.
24. tan-¹x= 2 tan-¹ [cosec tan-1x- tan cot-¹ x].
π β sin a cos B
25. 2 tan-1 = tan -1
[ tantan ( - 2 )] = sin ẞ + cos a
26. Shew that
α-x
COS -1 = sin-1 = cot-1
α- -b
√a-x
1 -
= sin-1 2√(à − x) (x − b)
a -b
x
27. If cos-1 -+ / =a, prove that
a cos-12
x2 2xy y2 - sin² a.
a² ab cos a + b2
Solve the equations
2 1
34. tan - 1 x + 2 cot-1x = T. 35 . tan cos-1 x = sin cot - 1 2
3"
36. cot-? x - cot-1 (x + 2 ) = 15°.
x2-1 2x 21
37. cos - 1 + tan - 1
x® +1 2-1 3
2014
5 12
39. sin - 1 X + sin -12x = 40. sin-1 - + sin-1
II
3• C
a b с T
41. tan - 1 + tan - 1 + tan - 1 2 + tan - 1
2 2
2 2
42. Sec - 1 a sec - 1 sec - lb - sec - 1 a .
b
43. cosec - 1x = cosec - 1 a + cosec -16 .
1 - a? 1-62
44. 2 tan - 1 x = cos-1 cos - 1
1+a 1 + 12
CHAPTER XIX.
2 sin {a + (n −2),
8 } sing =cos {a + (n− { ) B} —cos { a + (n −} ) B},
and
(1 β
2 ¹) 3} sin "B
-~~
+ (~
i.e. S = sin (a
sin
B
2cos {a + (n − 2) ẞ} sin2 = sin {a + (n − 3) B} —sin {a+(n − §)ß},
284 TRIGONOMETRY.
and
n- n (B + )
sin
2 (B + ) sin 2
COS β
In a similar manner we can obtain the sum of the cubes of the sines
of a series of angles in A.P.
Cor. Since
2 sin2a = 1 - cos 2a, and 2 cos² a = 1 + cos 2a,
we can obtain the sum of the squares.
Since again 8 sin a =2 [1 - cos 2a]2
= 2-4 cos 2a + 2 cos² 2a = 3-4 cos 2a + cos 4a,
we can obtain the sum of the 4th powers of the sines. Similarly for the
cosines.
PA , = 2r sin POA, п
POA
2
2r sin
(6 + 1) .
2 n
2T
9
0
PA3 = 2r sin 3 = 2r sin
2 ( 6+) n
n- 1 T
2
n
+
n
TT
sin + sin
= 2r in li 2
TT
n 2'n
(Art. 241)
sin
2n
TT TT a TT
= 2r cosec sin
2n 2 2 ]2n
T A TT
= 2r cosec COS
2n ( 2n
EXAMPLES . XLIV .
Sum the series :
1. cos 0 + cos 30 + cos 50+ ... to n terms.
A 7A
2. cos to n terms.
2 + cos 2A + cos 2
+
Prove that
sin a + sin 2a + sin 3a + + sin na n+1
3. = tan a.
cos a + cos 2a + + cos na
288 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XLIV. ]
TT
2n 2n
26. A1 , A2, ...A2n ++11 are the angular points of a regular polygon in .
scribed in a circle, and O is any point on the circumference between A ,
and Amn +] ; prove that
04 , + 0A3 + ... + 0A 2n + 1 = 0A2 + 0A4 + ... + 0Azn.
27. If perpendiculars be drawn on the sides of a regular polygon of n
sides from any point on the inscribed circle whose radius is a, prove that
2 3
2
n
( %) *3, and ; Σ2 ((%))*=5.
*13Σ ()
a
=
n a
= 5.
L. T. 19
CHAPTER XX.
ELIMINATION.
sin² + cos² 0 = 1 ,
= √(by)* + ( ax)}*
1 (by)* + (ax)}
Hence
sin
(by)}
1 (by)3 + (ax)}
and
cos Ꮎ
(ax)
so that (1) becomes
1 1
a² – b² = √ (by)³ + (ax)} [ ax . -by
{ (by)})
(ax)}
== √ (by)³ + (ax) ³ { (ax) ŝ + (by)}}
= { (ax)} + (by)}} },
i.e. (ax)³ + (by)³= (a² – 12)3.
The student who shall afterwards become acquainted with Analytical
Geometry will find that the above is the solution of an important problem
concerning normals to an ellipse.
EXAMPLES. XLV.
roos 0 y sin
6. a + b =1,
and x sin 0 - y cos 0 = √a² sin² + b² cos² 0.
7. sin 0 - cos 0 =p, and cosec 0 -− sin 0 = q.
8. xa cos 0 + b cos 20, and y = a sin 0 + b sin 20.
9. If m=cosec - sin 0 , and n = sec - cos 0,
-
prove that m³ + n+ = (mn) −3.}.
10. Prove that the result of eliminating @ from the equations
x cos (0 + a) + y sin (0+ a) = a sin 20,
and y cos (0+ a) — x sin (0+ a) = 2a cos 20,
is (x cos a + y sin a) + (x sin a − y cos a) ³ =
— (2a)}.
Eliminate and from the equations
11. sin +sin pa, cos 0+ cos & = b, and 0-4 = a.
12. tan 0 +tan p = x, cot 0 + cot p = y, and 0 + 0 = a.
13. a cos2 0 + b sin20 = c, b cos² + a sin² = d,
and a tan 0= b tan .
14. cos + cos a, cot 0 + cot pb, and cosec + cosec = c.
15. a sin 0 = b sin 4, a cos 0 + b cos p = c, and x = y tan (0+ 4).
Ꮖ x
16.
a cos 0+ sin 0 = 1 , a cos + sin = 1,
PROJECTIONS.
0
Q R
N N M A
M
A Z
U M NA
0 M R L
N
8
R
P.
. ••
•Sl
S/ R
M T
B
R N R
B
B
A M
M
= cos AOB × OP cos BOC - sin AOB × OPsin BOC. (Art. 250.)
B
A N
A
N
B
M A
OP cos (A – B)
= projection of OP on OA
B B
I. ( Page 5. )
Coro
2 301 45569
1. 2. 3.
3 360 ° 64800
4 1.0 5. 2 36 6 1 6. 4.388
10800 3375
7. 338 33'33.3 " . 8. 90%. 9. 1538 88'88.8" .
10. 398 76'38.8 " . 11. 2618 34'44 : 4 " .
12. 5288 3'33.3 " . 13. 1 } rt. 2 ; 108°.
14. •453524 rt. 2 ; 40 ° 49' 1 •776 " .
15. -394536 rt. 2 ; 35° 30' 29 •664 ".
16. 2.550809 rt. ; 229 ° 34' 22.116 " .
17. 7.590005 rt. 4 ; 683° 6' 1.62" .
28. 5° 33' 20" ; 66° 40'. 29. 4715° ; 4211" .
31. 33 ° 20' ; 10° 48' .
π 221
7. 2338 33' 33-3". 8. 2000. 9. 10. π.
3 360
703 3557 79
11. π. 12. π. 13. π.
720 13500 36
3π 1103
14. 15. π. 16. 1.726268π.
10° 2000
17. 81 ° ; 9°. 18. 24°, 60°, and 96°.
19. 132° 15' 12.6". 20. 30°, 60°, and 90 °.
21. 1 π 2π 1
and - radians.
2' 3' 3 2
3π 5π
22. (1) ; 108 °. (2) 7·; 1284 °.
5
3π 5π 15π
(3)
4
; 135°. (4) 6
; 150°. (5) 17 ; 15814°
23. 8 and 4. 24. 10 and 8. 25. 6 and 8.
π 5πc
26. 27. (1) 12 == 75 ° = 831º ;
3'
7πc 5πc
(2) 18 = 70° = 7778 ; (3) 8
= 1121° = 125º.
√15 1 12 8 11 60 61 3 4
5. etc. 6. 7. 8.
4 √15 ' 5'13' 60 61 60 53 ་
40 41 3 4 1 5 3
9. 10. • 11.
9 ; 40 ° 5 ' 5 ' 5' 3 4'
15 17 1 3 3
12. 13. 14. 1 or •
17' 8' 2 √5 ; 5√5. 5
3 5 5 12
15. or • 16. 17. • 18.
5 13 13 ' 13 1/3 or 1.
√3
1 1
19. 20. 21. 1+ √2.
༡་ √2
2x (x + 1 ) 2x + 1
22.
2x² + 2x + 1 2x² + 2x + 1
2xy 2xy
2. 68° 45′ 17.8". 4.
x² + y² ' x² − y² *
1
8. tan¹ A. 9. 0 = 60°.
tan¹ A
10. In 1 minutes.
π π π
14. Nπ ± 15. Nπ ± 16. Nπ =
6 3'
Τ π π
17. Nπ ± 18. (2n + 1 ) π + 19. 2nT
6
m π π
20. 105° and 45° ; 1 )m. and
(n + 1 ) + ± 7 + ( − 1 )” 12
—
52 ,
m π π
n F 6 + (− 1)™ 12 '
( - ) + (- 1 )
where m and n are any integers.
21. 187 and 1421° ;
m π π π
+k
and ㄓ
2 =
(n + 1) 8 12 (n- m) 8 12
22. (1 ) 60° and 120 ° ; ( 2) 120 ° and 240 ° ; (3) 30 °
and 210°.
23. (1 ) 2 ; ( 2) 1 ; (3) 1 ; (4 ) 1 ; (5) 1 .
Τ
14. 2NT ± or 2nπ ± 15. sin = 1 or
3 6* 3.
vi TRIGONOMETRY.
Nπ π Nπ + π
16. + ( − 1)" 17. or (2n 1)
5 20 ' 4 10
27T 2TT
18. 2nπ or (2n + 1 )T 19. or
5 m -n m +n
π 2nT
21. 2nπ or
20. (2n + 1) 5 or 2ur- . 9
π π
•
22. (2x + 1) m²+n , or (2r - 1) m= -n
π π
23. n+ 24. m
( +1) 9 ( +1) n + 1
π
1+ 26. n+
25. 24 -√ /1-2² 16
= (n + 231) .
π α
27. n+ ㄓ ·
12) 3 3 28. ( + )4
Nπ a π π
29. ㄓ • 30. Nπ ±
3 3 6 31. ( +1 2) m n
2n + 1 + √4n² + 4n − 15
32. tan 0:=
4
π π n π π
0=
33. 6- (m + ) = 6 + ( - 1)* ; + = (m - 3) = +7 -(- 1 )* 12'
15
34.
} [ (6m4n) 2 3] ; } [ (6n – 4m ) = - = - 5]
35. 45° and 60°.
38. 3 or ૐ .
1 1
37. + /5 ;
√ + 2√/5 .
7. √4 − √2− √6 . √4 + √2 + √6
; √2-1 ;
2√2 2√2
− (√2 + 1 ) + √4 + 2 √√2.
4 - a² - b²
8. 23. + and 24. - and -
√ a² + b²
25. - and -
29. π 3π 3π 5п
(1 ) 2nπ + 4 and 2nπ + 4 ; (2) 2nπ + 4 and 2nπ + ;
4
π π 3π
(3) 2n − and 2nπ + 7 ; (4 ) 2nπ + 4 and 2nπ + 4
viii TRIGONOMETRY.
π π
30. (1) 2nπ- 4 and 2nπ + 4'
3π 5π
(2) 2NT + and 2nπ +
4 4 ;
5п 7π
(3) 2n + and 2n +
4 4
Τ π π
18. − 1 )n. — -
Nπ + ( - — — ·• 19. 2NT + ·
4
π π 21.
20. nnT + - T. 2nπ +4 A..
6 + ( − 1)" 4 4
22. -- 21 ° 48′ + n . 180 ° + ( − 1 )" [ 68 ° 12' ] .
23. 2n . 180° + 78°58 ′ ; 2n . 180 ° + 27 ° 18′.
27
24. n . 180° + 45 ° ; n . 180° + 26° 34'. 25. 2n or 2n +
3
π π π
26. 2n or 2nT + 27. 2nπ + or 2nπ
2' 2 3
π π
28. 2NT + or 2nπ - • 29. nn .
6 2
+ √17-1
30. sin = 31. COS Ө = √17-3
8 4
π π π
32. W ± 3 or #++ 33. 2nπ ± ~ ; 2NT ±
2 4
1\ π π π
34. n+ 35. Nπ = • 36. nn +
4/2 4°
8121
Nπ π 1
37. Ө= or nπ ± also 0 == Nπ = where cos a ==
2 3;
π π
38. n+ 39. Nπ ± •
33' 3
1. 4-5527375 ; 1-5527394 .
2. 4.7689529 ; 3-7689502 .
3. 478-475 ; 004784777. 4. 2.583674 ; 0258362 .
5. (1 ) 4-7204815 ; (2 ) 27220462 ; (3) 4-7240079 ;
(4) 5273.63 ; (5) 05296726 ; (6) 5.26064.
6. •6870417 . 7. 43° 23′45″ .
8. 8455104 ; ·8454509. 9. 32° 16′35 ″ ; 32° 16′21 ″.
10. 4.1203 060 ; 4.1218 748.
11. 4.3993263 ; 4.3976823. 12. 13° 8'47".
13. 9.9147334. 14. 34° 44′27″.
15. 9.5254497 ; 71 ° 27′43″. 16. 10.0229414.
17. 18°27'17". 18. 36° 52′12″.
12 ' 5 5 ' 65 13
7 287
6. and 7. 60°, 45 ° , and 75 ° .
41 816
and b, = 200.
5. 4 /3 + 2 /5.
6. 100/3 ; the triangle is right-angled.
8. 33 ° 29'30 " and 101° 30'30 " . 9. 17.1 or 3.68 .
10. (1 ) The triangle is right-angled and B = 60°.
(2) B = 8° 41 ' and Cy = 141 ° 19' ; B, = 111 ° 19' and 38° 41 '.
=
1
11.
2 sin (2n + 2 ) a . sin 2na cosec a.
n 1
12. cos 2a - cos (n + 3) a sin na cosec a.
2 2
13. cos (2na - − cos (2na + a) cos nẞ + cos a (1 -
− a) cos (n + 1) ẞ - − cos ẞ)
2 (cos B - cos 2a)
1
-
14. 4 [ (2n + 1 ) sin a − sin ( 2n + 1 ) a] cosec a.
n 1
15. -
2 2 cos [ 20 + (n − 1 ) a] sin na cosec a.
3 n +1 na α 1 n + 1 a . sin 3na 3a
16. sin a sin cosec sin 3 cosec
4 2 2 4 2 2
1
17. · ¹³n − 4 cos (n + 1 ) a sin na cosec a + cos (2n + 2) a sin 2na cosec 2a] .
18. [ 3n + 4 cos (n + 1) a sin na coseca + cos (2n + 2) a sin 2na cosec 2α].
1 no n― 1 n + 3 0+ co n + 7 0
19. COS
sin 23[c 0+ cos s 0 Cosec
[° 2 2 2 2
1 3n0 3n + 9 30
+ sin COS O cosec
2 2 2
1
20. - sin (2a + 2nß) sin 2nßsec ß.
16
2
XLV. (Pages 293, 294.)
1. a² + b² = c² + d².
x² y² 2xy -
2. +
a² b2 ab cos (a - ẞ) = sin² (a – ẞ) .
3. a (2c² -
— d²) = bdc. 4. a sin a + b cos a = √2b (a + b).
x² y² - x² y²
5. + 1. 6. + = a + b.
a² b2 a b
7. (p² + 1 )² + 2q (p² + 1 ) (p + q) = 4 (p + q)³ .
8. - a² -
(x² + y² - b²) (x² + y² — — b³) = 2a²b (x + b).
11. a² + b² = 2 + 2 cos a. 12. xy = (y - x) tan a.
13. a² (a - c) (a – d) = b² (b − c) (b - d).
14. 8bca { 46² + (b² — c²) ²}.
15. x (c² - a² - b³) = y√(a + b + c) (− a + b + c) (a − b + c) (a + b − c).
16. b² [x (b² - a²) + a (a² + b²)]² = 4c¹ [b²x² + a²y³].
PART II.
ANALYTICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
CHAPTER I.
1
=l +n.
1 +n ( n - 1 ) 1
- + n (n - 1 ) (n - 2) 1
(1 + 2)" n 1.2 na 1.2.3 n3
+
1 2
=1+1+
1
1.2
n
+
(1-5)(1-9).(1-1) (1-4)
1 1
( (1-3) +
n n
1
n.
13 4
+ ... (1 ).
This series is true for all values of n , however great .
Make then n infinite and the right - hand side
1 1 1
= 1+ 1 +& +3 +
= l + 1 + +
13
+
14
+ ad inf. .... (2)
L. T. II . 1
2 TRIGONOMETRY.
Lt 1+ = e,
n = 3 (1 + n
1)
where Lt stands for " the limit when n =
= ∞ ."
N=∞
1
Cor. By putting n == " it follows (since m is zero
m
when n is infinity) that
1
= e.
Lt
m =0(1 + m)= =nLt
= ∞ ( 1 + 1)" -
<
2.2 22 ,
1 1
< 23
2.2.2
we have
1 1 1
e< 1+1 + + 22 + 23 ad inf.
1
< 1+ 1=
Multiply this equation by 19, so that all the terms of the series (1)
become integers except those commencing with 19
Hence we have
19 + 1
la 19 19
P 19–1 = whole number + 19 + 1 + 19 + 2 +
a
19 +3
t ...,
1 1 1
i.e. an integer = + + . ...( 2)
9+1 (q +1) (q +2) * (q +1) (q +2) (q + 3)
1
But the right- hand side of this equation is > 9 and
9+1 '
<
1 1
q +1 + Ij2 + Ijs+
q + 1 " (q +1)2 " (q + 1)3
+
1
i.e. is
q+ 1+ (1-4+
9+ 9 11),
i.e. is < ー
1
Hence the right-hand side of (2) lies between and and is there.
9+1
fore a fraction and so cannot be equal to the left - hand side.
Hence our supposition that e was commensurable is incorrect and it
therefore must be incommensurable .
and that
1+x+ + ...
+3
Hence we have
......
.. ( 2).
1 1
7. Ex . 1. Prove that ad inf.
1}(- )=1+3+
1 e- t ...
1+ 1 + 2 , 1 + 2 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
+ ... ad inf.
2 13 14
1
2n (n + 1)
The nth term 1 + 2 + 3 + ... tn
=
n
22
1 n +1 1 1 1 2
=
2 In 72)+27])- [in - + --1];
1- [(6-1 in 1 n 2 n
+1
+/-.22 [²+
[1+ 1+ + 1+
+ + .. ad inf ]
1 3e
1 .
2 ' 22
+ .
3 ° 23 4'2+
t .. ......... ( 2 ).
1
If we put y 3
افت
we have
1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1
logo 4– log.3 = log. (1+ 3 3
-
2.32 3 ° 33 4. 34+.
( 3 ).
From these equations we could, by taking a sufficient
number of terms, calculate loge 2, loge 3, and loge 4 .
It would be found that a large number of terms would
have to be taken to give the values of these logarithms to
the required degree of accuracy . We shall therefore
obtain more convenient series.
8 TRIGONOMETRY .
1+ y = m
1-y n
EXAMPLES. I.
Prove that
1
1. (e + 6−1) = 1 + + ...
2 4 6
2.
(+++ ) ( -1++ 12 )= 1
・)
2 2
3. (1+1+ 1+ 1+ ·. ) ² = 1 + (1 +
6
4. 5. ... = e-1 .
* ++++ 6. 윤+++
17
12
1
+ +
e-
-1
6.
1+ e+1 °
...
23 33 43
7. 1+ + + =5e.
2 3 4 ...
18+
10 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. I.]
1 1
= sin 0 + 52 sin4 00 + 3a sin 0 + ad inf.
COS
14. To prove that the value of (cosm)" , when n is
infinite, is unity.
n
a
We have
cos - (1-sing)
1
COS
. n
-
n
n sin
n
sina 2 n
::6(cos0.m9)*=(1-zi
= nog*)*-–[(1-in:9
= (1 - 1- n
12 TRIGONOMETRY .
Now, by putting
α
- sin² = m,
n
we have
1
1
sina a m
n=
(Art. 2, Cor.)
nLt
= co {1 - sin ) mLt
=0 (1 + m ) = e
when n is infinite.
Hence, when n is infinite,
α n
= e⁰ = 1.
[cos 2]"
n
=
- 2 log. (1 - sin¹ )
n α 1 4 1
-- ( sin + 2 sin + sin +...).
(Art. 8.)
TWO IMPORTANT LIMITING VALUES. 13
α
The series inside the bracket lies between sin² and
the series.
n α
a n a
sin and tan .. ( 1).
2 2 n
But
2
sin
n α n
Ltsin² = Lt = 1x0 = 0,
n=∞ 2 n 2= ∞ 2n
n
and
2
n n 1 a2
Lt tan² = Lt X X = 1 × 1 × 0 = 0.
N=∞ 2 n=∞ 2n
Cos²
u = 1.
14 TRIGONOMETRY .
n
sin
n
15. To prove that the limiting value of
(n
when n is infinite, is unity.
We have shewn, in Art. 227 (Part I.), that sin 0, 0 and
tan & are in ascending order of magnitude.
812
α α α
Hence sin " and tan
'n ' n
-
(1-2) (1-2) (1 )
...(1) .
P
When a,
b, c ...... are all positive quantities and less than unity, we
have
(1 − a) (1 -
− b) = 1 - a - b + ab > 1 - a - b,
and (1 - a) (1 - b) (1c) > (1 - a - b) (1 - c) >1 - a - b - c,
and so on, so that
(1 - a) (1 - b) (1c)...... > 1- (a + b + c + ......).
1
++
2n (1+ ...
끎(
- ++
3
+ ad inf .) .
16 TRIGONOMETRY.
1
Now the series 1+ + + ...ad inf. is, as in Art. 6, convergent, so
23
1 1 1 +
that the quantity Zin (1+ 2 '
2n
+
3 . ) is, when n is made indefinitely
great, ultimately equal to zero.
Therefore, finally, the series (1) of Art. 2 is equal, in the limit, to
1 1 1
1+1+ + ... ad inf.
ti
12 13 + 4
A similar argument will apply to the series in Art. 5.
11.
18.
CHAPTER II.
17.
Complex quantities. The quantity x + y √− 1,
where x and y are both real, is called a complex quantity.
A complex quantity consists therefore of the sum of two
quantities, one of which is wholly real and the other of
which is wholly imaginary.
π
Hence 1 + √1 = √2 [ cos + √1 sin ,
π
so that /2 is the modulus and is the principal value of the amplitude
of the given expression.
COMPLEX QUANTITIES. 19
-
Ex. 2. Quantity − 1 + √√ −3.
Here -1+ 13 = r (cos +1sin 0),
so that r cos 0-1 , and rsin 03.
:. r = + √1 + 3 = + 2,
and then 1
cos 0= and sin 0=
2
2π
so that = ·
--1 + 3 = 2 cos 3
-2 [cos 2+ √1 sin 23 ] .
-1 - √3 = 22 [cos
cos ( -27)
3 + i sin ( -23 ) ] .
y
cos e = and sin 0:=
+ √x² + y² + √ x² + y²
x + y√ − 1 = √ x² + y² [ cos ( 2nπ + 0) + √ -
− 1 sin ( 2nπ + 0)] .
(cos -
+ √1 sin O)n is cos no + √—1 sin no.
Case I. Let n be a positive integer.
By simple multiplication we have
= cos a cos ß -
– sin a sin ß + √ − 1 [ sin a cos + cos a sin B]
- 1 sin (a + B).
= cos (a + B) + √ —
DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM. 21
So
- -
[cos a + √1 sin a] [ cos B + √ − 1 sinẞ] [ cos y + √ − 1 sin y]
-
= [ cos (a + ß) + √ −1 sin ( a + B) ] [ cos y + √ 1 sin y]
= [cos (a + B) cos y -
− sin (a + ẞ) sin y]
+ -1 [sin (a + B) cos y + cos (a + B) sin y]
-
= cos (a + B + y ) + √ − 1 sin (a + B + y).
This process may evidently be continued indefinitely,
so that
-
[cos a + √1 sin a] [ cos ẞ + √ − 1 sin ẞ] [ cos y + √1 sin y]
...... to n factors
= cos (— m) 0 + √ — 1 sin (− m) 0
= cos no + √ - 1 sin no.
22 TRIGONOMETRY.
Ꮎ 9
COS
[cos 9 + √ =1 sin ย] = cos (9. c) + √ I sin (1. )
= cos + √ - 1 sin 0.
Ꮎ
Therefore cos is such that when multi-
cos q + =1 sin q
--
plied by itself q times it gives cos 0 + √ − 1 sin 0.
Ꮎ Ө
Hence cos +√ -- 1 sin is one of the qth roots of
q q
cos + √1 sin 0,
8
i.e. COS - + √ - 1 sin
q q
is one of the values of
Ex. 1. Simplify
(cos 30+i sin 30)5 (cos 0 – i sin 0)3
(cos 50+ i sin 50)7 (cos 20 – i sin 20)5
We have cos 30+i sin 30 = (cos +i sin 0)³,
cos - i sin 0 = cos ( − 0) + i sin ( − 0) = (cos + i sin 0)−¹,
cos 50+i sin 50 = (cos 0 + i sin 0)³,
and cos 20 - i sin 20 = cos ( -20) + i sin ( -20) = (cos + i sin ◊)−2.
The given expression therefore
= (cos +i sin 0)15 (cos + i sin 0)-3
(cos + i sin 0)35 (cos @ + i sin 0)−10
= (cos + i sin 0)-13 = cos 130 - i sin 139.
1 1
Ex. 2. If 2 cos 0 =x +x and 2 cos p = y +
1
prove that one of the values of xmyn + xmyn
is 2 cos (mo + no).
We have x²- 2x cos 0 = −1.
• (x- cos 0)² = -1 + cos² = - siu² 0.
.. x=cos 0+ i sin 0,
so that xmcos me +i sin me,
1
and = cos me - i sin me.
xm
Similarly y=cos +i sin ø,
so that y"=cos no +i sin nø,
1
and =cos no - i sin no.
y"
1
:: xmyn +
xmyn
=·(cos me + i sin me) (cos nø+ i sin nø)
+ (cos me - i sin me) (cos nø – i sin nø)
= cos (mo +np) +i sin (m0 + nø)
+cos (mo +no) - – i sin (m0 + nø)
=2 cos (m0 +no).
Similarly it could be shewn that one of the values of
xm yn
is 2 cos (me -
– np).
yn + xm
24 TRIGONOMETRY.
EXAMPLES . II.
COS π - i sin
(cos a + i sin a)*
10. π 11.
π (sin ẞ +i cos ẞ)5 °
cos +i sin
a-B a+B+y+ 8
14. (x +y) (z + u) = 4 cos 2 COS3220[COS 2
+ fsin +8 + y +8] .
1 1 α- a +B + y + 8
15. = - cosec cosec
(x − y) (z - u) 2 2 [ cos 2
- i sin
in a + B + y + d] .
a + B+ y + 8 +i sin
16. xy + zu 2 cos a+B=y= 0 [COS a+B 2+y +8] .
1
prove that 2 cos ro= x + •
21. If cos =x +
2005 cos + = y + ...
, 2008 y
1
prove that 2 cos (0 ++ ... ) = xyz….. + xyz... ·
π π
22. If Xp== COS 2r + 1 sin
2r'
prove that X1 · X2 • X3 . ... ad inf.coS π.
23. Using De Moivre's Theorem solve the equation
x²- x³ + x² - x + 1 = 0.
quantity is
2nπ +0 2пп + 0
COS + -1 sin
q q
By giving n the successive values 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (q - 1 )
we see that each of the quantities
0 0
COS + √ − 1 sin
q
DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM . 27
2π +0 2π +0
COS + - 1 sin
q q
4π +0 4π + Ꮎ
COS + √-1 sin
q q
6п + 0 6п + 0
COS + √- 1 sin . (1),
q q
- sin 0)ª.
(cos Ꮎ + √1
2пп + 0 2пп + 0
COS + √- 1 sin
q q
(cos +1 sin 0)
2пп + 0 2NT +
(x + yi) ² = p COS +√√1 sin
q q °
]
The student will note that the value n = 4 will not give us an additional
value. For it gives
COS
cos (2 + 12)+ √-Isin (2+ ).
DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM . 29
EXAMPLES . III.
Find all the values of
1. it 2. ( -1) . 3. ( -0).
4. ( -1) 16. 5. (1 + N = 1) 6. (1 + 7-3 ; .
7. (1-7 - 374. 8. (13+ N - 1) 9. (73-7-1)
10. 161. 11. 323. 12. (1+/- 3)10+ (1-7-3) .
27 21
13. Simplify
( cos?3 +i sin ) 3
15. Prove that the roots of the equation 210 +1125 – 1 = 0 are
15-1 2ra 2rt
5 ti sin
COS
2 5 ]
16. Solve the equation 212 – 1 = 0 and find which of its roots satisfy
the equation ** + x2 + 1 = 0 .
Solve the equations
17. < ? + 1 = 0 . 18. 27+ x4 + 23 + 1 = 0.
19. Prove that Wa + bi + " a - bi
has n real values and find those of
21+ = 3 + 91-7-3.
20. Prove that the n nth roots of unity form a series in G, P.
21. Find the seven 7th roots of unity and prove that the sum of their
nth powers always vanishes unless n be a multiple of 7, n being an integer,
and that then the sum is 7.
1.2 1.2.3
...(1 ).
BINOMIAL THEOREM. 31
za +
1+ nz + (2)
1.2
n (n - 1 ) (n - 2 ) (n -− 3 ) (n − 4 )
+ cos"-50 sin³ 0 — ….. ….. (2 ).
1.2.3.4 . 5
29. The values for cos no and sin ne in Art. 27 may also be obtained.
by Induction, without the use of imaginary quantities.
For assume (1) and (2) to be true for any value of n. Then, since
cos (n + 1 ) = cos ne cos 0 −- sin no sin 0 ,
L. T. II. 3
34 TRIGONOMETRY .
2 tan 1 - tan2
2
Then since (Art. 109, Part I. ) , sin 0 = and cos 0 =
1 +tan2. 1 +tan?
the equation above becomes
+2\ 2 2t 2 1-12 2t
a² (1=12) ² + 1 1 + 12 +2ga 1 +12 + 2fb 1+ t2 + c = 0,
or, on reduction and simplification ,
t (a² - 2ga + c) + 4ƒbt³ + t² (4b² - 2a² + 2c) + 4fbt + a² + 2ga + c = 0 ......(1) .
This is an equation having 4 roots.
Also 8 sum of the roots = - 4fb
a² - 2ga + c '
462-2a2 + 2c
= sum taken two at a time:=
82=
a² - 2ga + c
8 =sum taken three at a time:= 4fb
a² - 2ga + c '
and a² + 2ga + c
84 sum taken four at a time =
a² - 2ga + c '
3-2
36 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. IV. ]
Since 8₁ =$3, it follows, by the last article, that
2
tan ( 0, ++ 0₂
03 2++ 03 81-83
0 + 0 4 ) = 1 = #2 + 04= 0 = tan nπ.
[The denominator 1-8₂ + 84 does not vanish unless a² = b². ]
:: 0₂ + 02 + 03 + 04 = 2 . nπ radians
=an even multiple of π radians.
[The student who is acquainted with Analytical Geometry will see that
this is a solution of the problem " If a circle and an ellipse intersect in
four points, prove that the sum of the eccentric angles of the four points
is equal to an even multiple of two right angles. "]
EXAMPLES. IV.
Prove that
1. cos 40 = cos4 0-6 cos2 0 sin² 0 + sin4 0.
2. sin 60-6 cos5 0 sin 0 - 20 cos³ 0 sin³ @ +6 cos 0 sin5 0.
3. sin 70-7 cos6 0 sin 0-35 cos¹ 0 sin³ 0 +21 cos2 0 sin5 0 - – sin7 0 .
4. cos 90=cos 0-36 cos7 0 sin² + 126 cos5 ◊ sin¹
- 84 cos3 0 sin60 + 9 cos @ sin³ 0.
5. cos 80 = cos8 - 28 cos e sin² 0 +70 cos¹ 0 sin¹ 0
- 28 cos2 0 sinº 0 + sin³ 0.
Write down, in terms of tan 0, the values of
6. tan 50. 7. tan 70. 8. tan 90.
9. Prove that the last terms in the expressions for cos 110 and
sin 110 are
- 11 cos @ sin100 and - sin¹¹ 0.
10. Prove that the last terms in the expressions for sin 80 and sin 90
are - 8 cos @ sin? 0 and sinº 0 respectively.
11. When n is odd, prove that the last terms in the expansions of
sin no and cos no are respectively
n-1 n-1
2 sin" and 2
-1) n ( -1) cos e sin"-10.
12. When n is even, prove that the last terms in the expansion of
sin no and cos no are respectively
n-2 n
2
n (-1) cos @ sin^-10 and ( -1 ) ²sin" 0.
13. If a, ẞ, and y be the roots of the equation
x³ +px² + qx +p = 0,
prove that tan-¹a +tan-¹ẞ + tan--1¹y = nπ radians
except in one particular case.
SIN α AND COS a EXPANDED IN A SERIES. 37
ӨӨ
a (3-1) ( -2 ) ( -3)
+ 1.2.3 . 4 cos- sin¹ — …..
a (a - 0) sin 02
= cos" . Cosn-20
1.2 Ꮎ
a (α - 0) (a - 20) (a − 30) Cosn-40 04
+ -
1.2.3.4 (sin 9)* -... ... (1 ) .
38 TRIGONOMETRY.
n (n - 1 ) (n - 2 )
sin non cos"-10 sin cos"-30 sin³0 + ....
1.2.3
a la
- - 3
00 1) ( − 2) (3-4)
+ 1.2.3.4 . 5 ·cos" -50 sin³ 0 + ...
...
o +
sin 8 3 15
For tan
cos e 62 04
-
1
24
-1
As A5 64
= (e 6
A3
+
) [1- + ....]
120 24
65 62 A4
= (0 -
6
+
. )[ 1 + - + ...))
120
-
2 24
82 Ꮎ
24
9
63 A5 A2 A4 A+
1+
= (0
a -
6
+
120 . ) [1 2 24
+
4
= 0 + 3 + 15 05, :
on reduction and neglecting powers of e above 05.
A similar method would give the series for tan 0 to
as many terms as we please. The method however soon
becomes very cumbrous and troublesome.
35. In Arts. 32 and 33 we tacitly assumed that a
was equal to the number of radians in the angle con
40 TRIGONOMETRY .
sin
sidered. For, unless this be the case, the limit of is
0
not unity when ✪ is made indefinitely small.
When the angle is expressed in degrees we proceed as
follows.
Let a radians, so that
a Ꮳ
=
180 π
π
and hence ∞= a.
180
Then cos a = cos x
20
=1 + ...
6
1 π²α² 1 π¹α¹ 1 πα
=1 + ... ad inf.
21804 1804 6 1806
So also
sin a = sin x =
= XC +
3
πα ― 1 πα 1 πα 5
= + ... ad inf.
180 3180. 15180
we have
π 1 π 8 1 π 5
sin 10" = + ...
64800 13 (64800, رة
1564800
1 π 2 1 π 4
and cos 10" = 1 - +
2 64800, 4 64800,
π
Now = 000048481368...,
64800
2
= '0000000023504 ...,
(64800)
3
and 0 0 = '000000000000113928 ....
(648 )
0000000023504
and cos 10" = 1
2
- 1-000000001175
= 999999998825.
sin 0 1349
Ex. 1. If 1350 ' prove that the angle 0 is very nearly equal to
1
15th radian.
sin
We know that, the smaller is, the more nearly is equal to
unity . Conversely in our case we see that is small.
42 TRIGONOMETRY.
In the series for sin @ (Art. 33) let us omit the powers of above the
third, and we have
Ꮎ.
13 1349 1
=1
1350 1350
6 1
02=
1350 225
so that
2 1 = 2./3_3.4641 ...
= = 011547 ... radian.
/3
√ 100 300 300
For a still nearer approximation, omit cubes and higher powers of 0.
The equation (1) then becomes
√3 8 1
1 (1-4)- /³ = 2 -100 .
2
4
i.e. 02 +2 /30 100 °
304
:: 0 = −√3 + 10 0115086 ... radian.
n³.- n n5-- n
02+higher powers
3 5
n² - 1 n4-1
02 +higher powers
2 4
When is zero, this expression
-n n² - 1 n
•
3 22
INDETERMINATE EXPRESSIONS. 45
x2
and ex= 1 + x + ... (Arts. 5 and 8),
2+ 3
this expression
1 12
x3
x- x2 + X-
x3 x5
1
3 · ).
x3
1 +x + + + ... − (1 + x)
13
x
+higher powers of x + powers of x
1
+higher powers of x + powers of x
EXAMPLES. V.
sin @ 1013
1. If 1014 '
0
prove that is the number of radians in 4° 24′ nearly.
sin 863
2. If 864'
prove that is equal to 4° 47' nearly.
sin 5045
3. If =
0 5046 '
prove that the angle @ is 1° 58′ nearly.
sin 0 2165
4. If =
0 2166 '
prove that is equal to 3° 1' nearly.
sin 0 19493
5. If
19494 '
prove that is equal to 1° nearly.
6. If tan 0 =
15'
find an approximate value for 0.
Find the value, when x is zero, of the expressions
x - sin x x2 sin ar
7. x3 8. - cos mx 9. sin br
at- bx
25. x 26. (tanx) +
X 3x
27. (cos m +sin m
π
Find the value, when x equals of
32 .
31. (cos )". (008 ) . 33. (cos ) .
n
34. If n be > 1 and 0 = nearly, prove that (sin )" is very nearly
equal to
(n - 1) + (n + 1) sin
(n +1) + (n - 1) sin e
35. In the limit, when ẞ = a, prove that
a sin ẞ - ẞ sin a
= tan (a - tan-¹a).
a cos B - ẞ cos a
36. Prove that
1
4tan-1 - π= tan-1 1 9
239
and deduce that in a triangle ABC, in which C is a right angle and CA is
five times CB, the angle A exceeds the eighth part of a right angle by
3' 36", correct to the nearest second.
48 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. V. ]
37. Find a and b so that the expression a sin x + b sin 2x may be as
close an approximation as possible to the number of radians in the angle
x, when x is small.
38. If y = x - e sin x, where e is very small, prove that
X
tan = tan
2 (1- e + e² sin³ 2),
and that
X
tan = tan 1 + e + e² cos2 •
2
where powers of e above the second are neglected .
39. If in the equation sin ( w -– 0) = sin w cos a, e be very small, prove
that its approximate value is
a
2 tan w sin2
(1 – tan² w sin²
40. If be known by means of sin & to be an angle not > 15°, prove
that its value differs from the fraction
28 sin 24+ sin 40
12 (3 +2 cos 24)
by less than the number of radians in 1'.
3π 5п 5п Τ
COS cos 3+ cos COS + cos COS == .(3)
7 ī 7 7 7
π 3π 5п 1
and COS COS COS = - . (4).
7 7 7
First Method. Let y = cos 0+ i sin 0, where has either of the values
π 3π 5π 9π 11T 13π
and
7' 7 9 7 ' T, 7 2 7 7'
Then -
y =cos 70+ i sin 70 = − 1,
i.e. (y + 1) (y - y5 + y* —y³ + y² −y + 1) = 0.
Now the root y = -1 corresponds to the value 0 =π.
EXAMPLES. 49
π 3π 3π 5π 5п π 1
COS COS + cos COS + cos COS =
7 7 7 7 7
π 3п 5π 1
and COS COS COS = -
7 7 7
Second Method. The equation
(cos + i sin 0) = -− 1 ........ ........ ..... (7),
i.e. cos 70+ i sin 70 = -1
L. T. II. 4
50 TRIGONOMETRY .
Writing c for cose and s for sin e, the equation (7), on being ex-
panded by the Binomial Theorem, becomes
c7 + 7ics - 21c582 - 35ic¹s³ + 35c³s4 + 21ic²s5 – 7cs6 — is7 — — 1.
Equating the real parts on each side, we have
c7-21c582 + 35c³s4 — 7cs6 — — 1.
Putting s² =1 - c², we see that the cosine of each of the angles (8)
satisfies the equation
64c7-112c5 + 56c³ - 7c + 1 = 0 ....………………. (9),
i.e. (c + 1) {8c³ - 4c² - 4c + 1 } 2 = 0 .......... (10).
But
13π π 11T 3π 5π
COS π - 1 , cos 7 = COS$7 COS = COS and cos 9π = cos
7 7 7 יך
π 3π an 5п
so that the roots of ( 10) are -1 and cos " COS 7 d cos the
7
latter three being twice repeated.
Hence cos π COS 3π and cos 5п are the roots of the equation
7 7 7
8c3-4c2-4c + 1 = 0.
But this is equation (6).
The equation (9) may also be obtained by putting n = 7 in equation (2)
of Art. 49, which is in the next chapter.
Third Method. When only a small number of angles are introduced
the equation (6) may be easily obtained without using imaginary quan-
tities.
Let denote any of the angles (8).
Then 70 -an odd multiple of π.
.. cos 40 = - cos 30,
i.e. if cos 0 = c, we have
2 { 2c² - 1 } ² - 1 = − { 4c³ – 3c} ,
i.e. 8c4-8c2 + 1 = 3c - 4c³,
i.e. 8c4 + 4c38c2-3c + 1 = 0,
i.e. (c + 1) (8c³ - 4c² - 4c + 1) = 0.
EXAMPLES. 51
EXAMPLES. VI.
1. Prove that
6T 8π
x- cos cos X- cos x-
( -2005 ) ( -2008 5 ) ( -200 5 )( -2 cos 5 )
=x + 2x³- x² - 2x + 1.
2. Prove that the roots of the equation
2π 4π 6π
8x3 + 4x² - 4x - 1 = 0 are cos COS 9 and cos
7 7 7
2π 4π 6п
3. Prove that sin sin and sin are the roots of the equation
79 7
√7 √7 = 0.
2 8
Prove that
1 1 1
4. = 1.
2π 6π
4- sec2 4- sec² sec2
7 7
π 2π 3π 4π 19
5. cos¹ + co84: + cos4 + cos¹ =
16 °
9 9 9
π 2π 3π 4π
6. sec4 + sec¹ 9 + sec¹. 9 + sec¹ 9 = 1120.
π 3π 5п 7π 9π 1
7. cos 11+ cos 11+ cos 11 + cos 11 + cos 11 2
8. Form the equation whose roots are
π 3π 4π 5п
tan2217 , tan ? 2″ tan2 11 " tan2 11 and tan2.
11 11 11'
[Commence with equation (3) of Art. 30.1
( Bxs. VI.) EXAMPLES. 53
Prove that
TT 27 37 47 51
9. cot?Ti + cota + cota + cot? + cota = 15.
11 11 11 11
27 3т 47 5t
10. sec2 + seca + sec ? + seca + sec ? = 60.
11 11 11 11 11
21 67 187
/ 13 - 1
11. cos 13 + COS + cos
13 13
10т 147 227 (13-1
12 . COS + cos + COS
13 13 13
TT 71 117 137 1
13. COS15+ Cos 15 + cos 15
+ COS
15
.
T
14. Prove that sin is a root of the equation
14
64.26 - 80.x * + 24.x2 - 1 = 0.
52 TRIGONOMETRY.
EXAMPLES . VI.
1. Prove that
27 47 6. 8T
2-2 5) (2-3.*:)
(3-%cos*2
* (0-2005
-20 ") (--300*)
5 $5 2 cos
5
2 2-2 cos
= x ++ 2003 - 2 - 2 :0 + 1. -
Prove that
1 1. 1
+
+
4. -1
47 6T
玩
п 21 3T 47
6. sec4 + sec4 + sec4 + sec4 = 1120 .
9 9
Hia
T 37 57 77 97 1
=
7. cos
+
11
+ COS
11
+ cos
11
+ COS 11+ cos 11 =2
8. Form the equation whose roots are
Зп 47 5T
tan 11, tan225
11
tan ?
11 ,
tana
11
and tan2
11 :
Prove that
π 2π 3π 4π 5п
9. cot2 11 + cot2 11 + cot2 11 + cot² 11 + cot2 11 = 15.
π 2π 3π 4π 5п
10. sec² + sec² 11 + sec² 11 + sec² + sec² 11 = 60.
11 11
2π 6п
11. COS + cos + cos 18π = /13-1
13 13 13 4
10π 14π 22π - √13-1
12. COS + cos
13 + cos 13 13
π 7π 11T 13π 1
COS + cos
13. 15 15 + cos 15 + cos 15 ·
т
14. Prove that sin 14 is a root of the equation
64x680x4+ 24x² – 1 = 0.
CHAPTER IV.
1
and OC - - = 2i sin 0.
= 2i sin no.
I
and xn
EXPANSION OF COS" . 55
n (n - 1)
+ + + ....
1.2
But by the last article we have
1 1
xn + =
xn 2 cos no, xn-²+ = 2 cos (n - 2) 0, ....
Hence
2º cos” 0 = 2 cos no + n . 2 cos (n − 2) 0
+ n (n − 1) . 2 cos (n − 4) 0 + ......
1.2
i.e. 2n-¹ cos" 0 = cos n✪ + n cos (n − 2) 0
-
n (n − 1 )
+
1.2 cos (n − 4) 0 + ... ... (2).
1\n
so that - …………………. (1).
2n in sin” 0 = ( a
EXPANSION OF SIN" . 57
n (n -
− 1) ·
1
-•nx .
1 1
.... (2)
+ +
1.2 xn- xn-1 xn
1 n (n
xn・ xn−4 +
= (a + 1 ) − n (an−2 + + 1.2
-
== 2. cos no - n . 2 cos (n − 2) 0 + n (n − 1 ) . 2 cos (n −
-
4) 0
1.2
as in Art. 44.
n
.. 2-1 (-1 ) sin" = cos non cos (n - − 2) 0
-
n (n − 1 )
+
1.2 cos (n - 4) 0- ... ...(3).
so that sin60 = (
-2° sin' 6 =· (2
( x² ++ 1/2 )
) -− 6 (x
( x+++ 1)
) ++ 15
15 ( x² ++ 1 )
) −- 20
= 2 cos 60-6.2 cos 40 +15.2 cos 20-20.
- 25 sin5 0 = cos 60 - 6 cos 40 +15 cos 20-10.
+ 5 (x* — —4) – 20 ( x² - -— ) .
Hence, as before, we have
-211 cos5 @ sin? 0 =sin 120 - 2 sin 100 - 4 sin 80 + 10 sin 60 +5 sin 40
- 20 sin 20.
EXAMPLES. VIL
Prove that
1
1. sin 0 16 [sin 50 - 5 sin 30 + 10 sin 0].
1
2. co89 0 =
256 [cos 90 +9 cos 70 +36 cos 50 + 84 cos 30 + 126 cos 0].
60 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. VII.]
3. cos¹00 =
1
[cos 100 + 10 cos 80 +45 cos 60 + 120 cos 40 + 210 cos 20 + 126].
512
1
4. sin³ 0 = 128 [cos 80-8 cos 60 + 28 cos 40-56 cos 20 + 35].
1
5. sin⁹ 0 = 256 [sin 90-9 sin 70 + 36 sin 50 -84 sin 30 + 126 sin ].
sin no
**48. To express in a series of descending
sin
powers of cos 0.
If a be < 1, we have
sin
sin 0+ sin 20 + x² sin 30 + ...
1-2x cos 0 + x²
+ xn-¹ sin no + ... ad inf. ....... (1).
Now coefficient of
(n - 3) (n - 4)
+ (2 cos 0)n-
1.2
- -
(n − 4) (n − 5) (n − 6)
1.2.3 (2 cos 0)n−7 +
n- 1
If n be odd, the last term could be proved to be (-1) 2 ; if n be even,
n -1
it could be shewn to be ( -1) (n cos 0).
(2 cos 0)n−2 ―
− (n − 3) (2 cos 0)n—
- [(2 co
- -
(n − 4) (n − 5)
+ (2 cos 0)n-6 -
1.2
= (2cos () ” — n ( 2 cos () n -² + [ (n − 2)
1.2(n − 3) + (n −3 ) ] (2 cos @)” →↓
- - -
(n − 3) ( n − 4) (n − 5) +
, (n =
− 4 ) (n − 5)
1.2 (n 4) ( -5) (2 coa 6) * -* +... ,
- [(n- 3) (n = 3 . 1.2
COS NO IN DESCENDING POWERS OF Cos e. 63
so that, finally,
n (n - 3)
2 cos no = (2 cos 0)" -
— n (2 cos 0)n−3 + (2 cos 0)n→
1.2
-
n (n − 4) (n − 5)
1.2.3 (2 cos 0)ns + ...........(2).
..
sin no
** 50. To expand in a series of ascending
sin o
powers ofcos 0.
As in Art. 48, we have
sin no
= coefficient of x^-1 in [1 - 2x cos 0 + x²]→¹
sin
= coefficient of x^-1 in [ 1 + x (x − 2 cos 0)] -¹
= coefficient of an-¹ in
n+ 1 n - 1
n-1 n+1
sin no 2 2
(-2 cos 0)
sin e = (− 1) + (− 1)*** 1.2
n+3 n+1 n- 1 n - 3
n +3
+ (- 1) 2 , 2 · 2· 2 2
1.2.3 . 4 (-2 cos 0) + ...
+ (2 cos 0)n-¹.
Hence, finally, when n is odd, we have
n-1
(−1 ) 2 sin no - 1 - n² - 12 cos² + (n² — 1³) (n² — 3³) Cos
.
sin 1.2
n in
1.2.3
in nAe
(-1)3+1 ssin
= n cos A -
n ( n ? - 2)
cos: A +
n (n2 — 22) (na – 42)
3
cos: 0
5
1 1
.... + (- 1)8+? (2 cos 9)n-1 ........(3).
N.B. It will be noted that equations (2) and (3) of this article are
simply the series of Art. 48 written backwards . This is clear from the
method of proof, or the statement could be easily verified independently.
** 51. To expand cos no in a series of ascending
powers of cos 0.
As in Art. 49, we have
2 cos no = coefficient of an -
coefficient of an in
-
(1 – 2x cos 0 + cca) -7
coefficient of an coefficient of xn- in
1 – C« (v — 2 cos 8) + 22 (x – 2 cos 0 ) –
+ ( - 1)" ** ( « — 2 cos 0 )" + ... ...( 1 ),
as in Art. 49.
L. T. II . 5
66 TRIGONOMETRY .
in
n-1 n- 1 n- 1
1 - ( – 2 cos 6) + + (- 1) 2 x 2 ( x – 2 cos 6 ) ?2
n+ 1 n+ 1 n+1 n +3 n +3 n+3
2
+ ( - 1) 2 x 2 (a- 2 cos 0 ) 2 + (- 1 ) 22 X
( c - 2 cos ) 2
+ ......... + (- 1)" 21 (2 - 2 cos 6)"....
-1
n + 3 n+1 n-1
n+3
2 2 2
+ (-1) 2 1.2.3 (-2 cos )
n + 3 n + 1n - ln - 3n - 5
2 222 2
(-2 cos 65
1.2.3.4.5
5
+ + (2 cos 0 )".
n-1
2
.. (-1) 2.2 cos no
(n + 1) (n - 1 )
= cos @ [(n- 1) + (n+ 1)] – cos38 [(n - 3 ) + (n + 3 )] -
3
( n + 3 ) ( n + 1 ) (n - 1 ) (n - 3)
+
15
coso O [(n – 5) + (n + 5)] + ....
n -1
n (n² -
— 1²) n (n² - 1²) (n² - 32)
= n cos 0 - cos³ + Cos
n- 1
- ...... ( - 1 ) 2 • 2n-1 cos" 0......(2).
nn - 2
n- 2 n
2 2 2
= ( −1 ) ³ [ − 1 ] + ( − 1) ; | -2 cos 0)2
- (-3)′ 7 (- 1 ) + (- 1)² 1- .2 ((
n+2 n
n +2
2 2
+(- 1) 2
1.2 ( -2 cos 0)²
n + 2 n n- 2 n - 4
•
2 2 2 2
(-2 cos 0)
1.2.3.4
5-2
68 TRIGONOMETRY.
n+4 n + 2 n n -2
n+4 •
2 2 2 2
+ (− 1) 2 (-2 cos 0)
1.2.3.4
n +4 n + 2 n n − 2 n - 4 n - 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
-2 cos 0)6
16
+ + (2 cos 0)".
n
.. ( -1 )².2 cos no
cos²
= [1 + 1] - ·[n (n − 2) + (n + 2) .n]
12
Cos¹
+ ·[(n + 2) .n . (n -
− 2 ) ( n − 4 ) + ( n + 4) (n + 2) .n . (n − 2 ) ]
4
n
+ ....... + (− 1) .( 2 cos 0 )” .
Hence, finally, when ʼn is even,
n
n² cos² 9 n² (n² - 2³)
(-1 ) cos no = 1- + Cos¹
2 4
-
n² (n² — 2²) (n² — 4³) cos + ...
16
n
+(- 1) 2n-1 cos" .............. .... (3).
N.B. As before, the equations (2) and (3) of this article are only the
series (2) of Art. 49 written backwards.
n-1
+ ( - 1) 2 (2 cos 0)n-¹ + ......(1) ,
EXPANSIONS IN POWERS OF SIN 0. 69
n -1
cos n = n cos 0 _ n (n² — 1º) Cos³
and ( -1 ) 2 cos n✪ = n cos 0 -
3
n- 1
n (n − 13) (n −3) cos + ...... + (- 1 ) 2 2n-1 cos” (
+
...... (2).
π
In these equations change ✪ into -0, and therefore
cos e into sin 0.
Then sin ne will become
Nπ n- 1
sin 2- 2
— no) , i.e. ( − 1) cos no,
......(1),
70 TRIGONOMETRY.
and
n
22/2
n² n²(n² - 2²)
(-1)³ cos no = 1- cos² + -......
-cos¹ 0-
4
n
+ (- 1) 2n−1 (cos" 0)………….. (2).
EXAMPLES. VIII.
+ - + sec
sec 0+sec0 + + ... to n terms,
(0 2 %) + (0 +1n ) +
If cos no be now given, the equations (1) and (2) give cos 0.
But since cos no:= cos (n0 + 2π) = cos (n0 +4π)
=..........
these equations would also give
COS -
coa (0+ 2 ), cos ( + )....
Hence, in each case, the roots are
and n2
= -2 . n n 9 when n is even.
-1 cos no - 1 1 - (- 1) cos no
EXAMPLES. 73
EXAMPLES. IX.
3. cosec²0 + cosec² (0
( 0+: to n terms.
+ 2 )) + cosec² ( 0 + 1 ) .
to n terms.
5. tan 6 + tan (6+ ) + tan (0+ .....
π -
8. tan20 +tan²³ (( 00+
+ 1 ) + tan² ( 0 + 2= ...... to n terms.
n ) +
9. If n be odd, prove that S = 3C = n² - 1, where
π 2π Зп
S sec² + sec². + sec2. + ...... to n - 1 terms,
n ฆ n
2π
and C = cosec² + cosec² + cosec² 3π + ...... to n - 1 terms.
n n n
10. Find the sum of the products, taken two at a time, of expressions
of the form sec where r has all values from zero to n - 1.
(0+2TT),
CHAPTER V.
ex = 1 + x + + + ad inf......... ..(1).
XC3
Then ex = 1 + x + + +……………. ad inf.
2 3
r² (cos 20+ i sin 20)
= 1 +r (cos + i sin 0) +
2
(cos 30+ i sin 30)
+...... ad inf.
3
r² cos 20 3cos 30
= 1 + rcos + + + ......
3
12
r² sin 20 r³ sin 30
+√ =1 [ rain @ + +
13
The quantity
p2 роз
1 + r cos 0 + cos 20 + cos 30 + ...... ad inf.
12
p3
is < 1 +r+ + ad inf.
3
is convergent.
Hence the series for e" is always convergent.
(1+1+ 2+ 3 +....)
12
A2 A6
=1 +
2 4 16
A3 A5
+i[0- + ...] +
15
and, by subtraction,
eli - e -oi
sin A
2i
COMPLEX QUANTITIES. CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS. 77
ენ
and COS X = 1-- + + ...... ad inf.
16
206
and cos x = 1.- + ........ (2).
246
= sin (x + y).
EXAMPLES. X.
10. {sin (a − 0) + e±aisin 0 }" = sin^-¹ a { sin (a− n0) + e±ai sin no} .
[ It will be observed that the values of sinh y and cosh y are obtained
from the exponential expressions for sin y and cos y by simply omitting
the i's.]
ey tey
cothy 1 ey te y
and
tanh y ey - ey '
The hyperbolic cosine and sine have the same relation
to the curve called the rectangular hyperbola that the
ordinary circular cosine and sine have to the circle.
Hence the use of the word hyperbolic.
68. From Arts. 66 and 67 we clearly have
cos (yi) = cosh y,
Y
and sin (yi) = i sinh y .
So tan ( yi) = i tanh y.
L. T. II. 6
82 TRIGONOMETRY .
cosh* y – sinh * y = 1.
[This may be deduced independently from the definition of the hyper-
bolic functions . For
ey 2
cosh2y - sinh2y1=
= (c²+ e− ) ² - (e² = e− ³) ²
sin [(x + y) i] = sin (xi) cos (yi) + cos (xi) sin (yi).
3itanh + itanh3x
1+ 3 tanh2x
3 tanh + tanh x
so that tanh (32 ) =
1 + 3tanh x
As before, this may be easily proved from the definition
of tanh .
+
= 1+ 1+ 1+ 61
=x+ + +
17
cosh (x +yi) = cos { (x + yi) i} = cos (xi - y) = cos [ -2π + xi - y] (Art. 65)
=cos [(2πi +x + yi) i] = cosh [ 2πi + x +yi]
= (similarly) cosh [ 4πi + x + yi] = ......
Hence the hyperbolic cosine is periodic, its period being imaginary
' and equal to 2πi.
Again, since sinh 0 = -− i sin (i, we have
73. Ex. 1. Separate into its real and imaginary parts the expression
sin (a +ßi).
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS. 85
eß te -B eB -e -B
= sin a ti cos a
2 2
eatBite-α-·βι
We have cosh (a + Bi) = (Art. 67)
2
ea . eßite-a . -Bi ea (cos ẞ +i sin ẞ) +e " (cos ẞ- i sinẞ)
2 (Art. 62)
EXAMPLES . XI.
Prove that
1. cosh 2x =1 + 2 ( sinh x)2 = 2 (cosh x)² -
– 1.
2. cosh (a +B) = cosh a cosh ẞ + sinh a sinh ß.
cosh (a + B ) – cosh (a – B) = 2 sinh a sinh B.
3.
tanha + tanh
4. tanh (a + B) :=
1+ tanh a tanh 3
5. cosh 3x = 4 cosh3 x - 3 cosh x.
6. sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3x .
7. sinh (x + y) cosh (x -
− y) = (sinh 2x + sinh 2y) .
8. cosh 2x + cosh 5x + cosh 8x + cosh 11x
13x 3x
= 4 cosh Icosh 3x cosh
2 2
9. cosh x +cosh (x + y) + cosh (x + 2y) + ...... to n terms
n- 1 ny
cosh (x + 271y ) sinh 2
sinh
n (n - 1) sinh 3+
11. sinh + nsinh2 + ...... to (n + 1) terms
1.2
X
=2" cosh" sinh
( +1) .
12. sinh ẞ sin a +i cosh ẞ cos a = icos (a + ẞi).
13. sin 2a +i sinh 28 = 2 sin (a +iẞ) cos (a - iẞ).
14. cos (a + iß) + i sin (a + iß) = e−³ (cos a + i sin a).
15. If tany = tan a tanh ß, and tan z = cot a tanh ß, then prove that
tan (y +2) = sinh 28 cosec 2a.
π น
16. If u= log tan + , prove that tanh12 =tan 2.
$ ),
Separate into their real and imaginary parts the quantities
17. cos (a + ßi). 18. cot (a + ẞi).
19. cosec (a +ẞi). 20. sec(a +Bi).
21. sinh (a + Bi) . 22. tanh (a + bi).
23. sech (a +ßi).
u + iv sin u + i sinh v
24. Prove that tan 1
2 cos u + cosh v
25. If sin (4 +iB) = x + iy, prove that
x2 y2 x2 y2
cosh2B + sinh ”B =1, and sin2 A cos2A = 1.
26. If tan (4 + iB) = x + iy, prove that
x²+y² + 2x cot 2A = 1 , and x² + y² – 2y coth 2B + 1 = 0 .
27. If sin (0 + pi) = cos a + i sin a, prove that cos² 0 = ±sin a.
28. If sin (0 +pi) = p (cos a + i sin a), prove that
p²= [cosh 2p - cos 20] and tan a = tanh & cot 0.
29. If cos (0 + pi) = R (cos a + i sin a), prove that
sin (0 - a)
= log •
sin (0 +a)
30. If tan (0 +pi) = tan a +i sec a , prove that e26 = cot and that
'2'
π
20 = NT + + a.
x4
36. (cosh x + cos x) = 1 + + + ad inf.
4 18
** 74. Inverse Circular Functions. When a and
B are real and a = cos B, we defined, in Art. 237 , Part I. ,
the inverse cosine of a to be that value of B which lies
between 0 and π, and it was pointed out that ẞ was a
many-valued quantity.
If now x + yi = cos (u + vi),
then similarly u + vi is said to be an inverse cosine of
x + yi.
But since
If x be real, we have
ey te y
>
2
so that e? - 2cce + 1 = 0,
and hence ey = x + Va - 1
1
= x + Næ - 1 or
+ V2 - 1
.: y = + log ( x + V22 – 1).
The positive value of the right-hand side is the one
always taken .
Hence, when « is real, cosh- æ is a single-valued
function .
Similarly sinh - Cx and tanh - 2 . are defined ; they are
single -valued functions, when x is real.
** 78. If a + Bi = cosh (x + yi), then x + yi is said to be an in.
verse hyperbolic cosine of a + Bi.
But cosh ( x + yi) = cosh { 2nni + (x + yi) } , as in Art. 72.
Hence 2nni + (x + yi) is an inverse hyperbolic cosine of a + Bi. Its
principal value is that value whose imaginary part lies between 0 and
ti, i.e. such that 2nt y lies between 0 and 1.
Similarly the inverse hyperbolic sine and tangent of a + Bi are defined .
In this case the principal values are such that the imaginary part lies
TT
between i and 2 .
** 79. Ex . 1. Separate into real and imaginary parts the quantity
sin-1 ( cos 0 + i sin o) , where 0 is real.
Let sin - 1(cos 0 + i sin 0) = x + yi,
so that cos @ + i sin 0 = sin (x + yi) = sin x cos yi + cos x sin yi
= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y.
=
• y =z log { (1 +8)² + a²
+ a² ) °
92 TRIGONOMETRY.
tanh 2y =
= 28
Or again (1) gives
1+ a²+ẞ²:
so that 28
y = tanh- 1 + a² + 82*
We should have Tan-¹ (a + ẞi) = nr +tan-¹ (a +ẞi)
2a i 28
= n + tan-1. + tanh - 1
1- a² - ẞ² 2 1+ a²+8²
EXAMPLES . XII.
Ꮎ = tan-1 •
α
:: + √ a² + B² = + x, and tan-¹
- XC
[which is an angle such that its cosine is i.e. -1,
+x
and its sine zero ( Art. 20) ] is equal to π.
..Log ( x) = 2nπi + log, x + πi,
and log (-x) = log, x + πi.
LOGARITHMS OF COMPLEX QUANTITIES. 97
π
Log (Bi) = 2nTi + loge ß + i
= log, 8 +i ( 2n + 1) =,
+ 1/2) Tπ,
Log (√ - 1) = i: ( 2n +
π
so that the principal value of Log (√ —1) is — i .
.. Log ei = Oi + 2nTi.
88. Ex. 1. Resolve into its real and imaginary parts the expression
Log sin (x + yi).
Let Log sin (x + yi) = u + vi, so that
eutvi = sin (x + yi ) = sin x cos yi + cos x sin yi
ey + e-v ey - e-y
= sin x + i cos x . (1).
2 2
As in Art. 18 let the right-hand side of this expression equal
r [cos (2nπ + 0) + i sin (2nπ + 0)],
so that
2 2
r= + sin2 x + cos² x
2
( out ).
= } √ (e²v +e−²y) -
− 2 cos 2x
cosh 2y - cos 2x
= √2 cosh 2y -- 2 cos 2x = ^ 2
and ey - e-y
0=tan-1 cot x
[cot x eve- V]. = tan ~ [cotx tanhy ],
with the usual restriction of Art. 20.
We have then from (1)
eu (cos v +i sin v) = r [ cos (2nπ +0) + i sin (2nπ + 0)].
Hence eur, so that u = loger,
and v = 2nπ +0.
.. Log sin (x +yi) = u + vi = loger + (2nπ +0) i
= log. Cosh 2y - cos 2x + i[2n + tan -1 (cotx tanh y)].
2
EXAMPLES. XIII .
Prove that
1. log (cos + i sin 0) = i0, if -π < 0 . 2. log ( -1) = πi.
cosh 2y + cos 2x
6. log cos (x + yi ) = log. 2 2x).-i tan-¹ (tan x tanhy) .
sin (x + yi)
7. log
sin (x - yi) = 2itan-1 (cot x tanhy).
cos (x - yi)
8. log = 2itan-1 (tan xtanhy ).
cos (x + yi)
x i
9. i log =T - 2 tan-1 x.
x+i
10. log (1 +i tan a) = log, sec a + ai, where a is a positive acute angle.
1 π
Cosec
Oi)= log. ( coc i
11. log ( ) + (2 - ).
a + bi
12. log a - bi = 2i tan-1음.
a
13. Log ( -5) = loge 5+ ( 2nπ +n) i.
ax = exLoga
Then, by definition,
(a + Bi)x+yi = e(x+yi) Log (a+ßi)
-
= e{x+ yi} {logr+ (0 +2mπ) i}
:: [√−1]√ =1 =e (2nx+7) v² =e
=e− (2nx+5),
where n has any integral value.
EXAMPLES. XIV .
Prove that
1. aire --2mm
2 { cos (log a) + isin (log a) }.
( 2m . 2n +
1
2 PT + q loge 2.
.. 2T = 4π = 6π = ..
.......
94. ◊ be not
Gregory's Series. To prove that, if o
π π
less than - and be not greater than + then
4
1 1
0 = tan 0 - tan³ 0+ tans - ...... ad inf.
5
We have
1 + itan 0 = sec 0 ( cos + i sin 0)
= sec 0. eoi
TT TT
4 and + 4
.
- and + 1
-
4
.
3
tan3 O +
5
tan : 0 - .. ad inf.
108 TRIGONOMETRY .
π
For let ✪ = pπ +4, where ø is not greater than 4 and
π
not less than - •
4
7π 9π π π
If e lie between and i.e. between 2π - and 2π + the equa-
4' 4'
tion becomes
1 ta
0-2π=tan n³ 0 + /1 tan50- ad inf.
CALCULATION OF T. 109
13π 11π π
Similarly, if lie between - and - 9 i.e. between -
– 3π and
4
π
−3π +
4' we have p = -3, and the equation becomes
1
0 + 3 = tan 0-1 tan³0 + tan³ 0 - ad inf.
π 3π
98. If lie between and , or between
4
5п 7π
and
4 4
or, generally , between
π 3π
nж + and nж +
4 4
tan is numerically greater than unity ; in these cases
the expansion of log ( 1 + i tan ) does not hold, and there
is no such expansion as equation (1 ) of Art. 96.
=1- - - - - ......
9 -G- 13
1 1 1
= 1-2 + + +
3.5 7.9 11.13
T 1
tan + tan-1
2 3
COIN
1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1
= -
+
2 3:23 5 ° 25 7.27
1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1
-
+ +
33.33 5.357 . 37
3 ' 53
+
5.55 7:57
+
l
1 1 1 1
2393° 2393
+
5.2395 .]
CALCULATION OF T. 111
2 1 23 1 25 1 27
.. T = 16 - + + ......
10 3103 5 105 7107
1 1 1 1 1
4 +
239 3 2393 5 2395
2
Now 16 x == 3.2
10
1 25
16 x •001024
5 * 105
1 29
16 x = ⚫0000009102
9 ° 109
1 1
4x 0000000977
3'2393 =
3-2010250079
1 23
Also 16 x = · 0426666666 ...
3'103
1 27
16 x = 0000292571 ...
7 ° 107
1 211
16 x = 0000000298 ...
11 ' 1011
1
4x = 0167364017 ...
239
0594323552
Hence 3-2010250079
- 0594323552
T=
π = 3.14159265/27
This is the value of π correct to 8 places of decimals.
By taking the first series to 21 terms and the second
series to three terms we should get π correct to sixteen
places.
112 TRIGONOMETRY .
EXAMPLES. XV.
Assuming that
1 1
0 - nr = tan 0 -tans o0+1tanº
-
3 0 - ...,)
write down the value of n when 0 lies between
117 137 7т 9T
1. and
4
2.
4 and .
4
19T 37 57
and
3. 4
and
241 0 4. -
4
117 137
5. and
4
6. Prove that
1 1
v==\x8f1-5
2 { +5 . - 32 7.33 }
...}
7. Prove that
TT 2 1 / 2 1 2 1
4 3 73 +5 6 + )-..
1-1 + 1-16 +1) 7 3 33
+ 75
π
13. When both 0 and tan-1 (sec ) lie between 0 and , prove that
2
π 0 1 1
པ་
tan-¹ (sec 0) = +tan2 - tan6 + tan10 ....
4
L. T. II. 8
CHAPTER VIII.
Let
C = 1 + c cos a + c² cos 2a + ... + cn-¹ cos (n - 1 ) a ......(1) ,
and
Sc sin a + c² sin 2a + ...... + cn-¹ sin (n − 1 ) a…………………….(2).
(1 -
− cn enai) (1 — ce-ai)
(1 — ceai) ( 1 — ce-ai)
1 - ce-ai -
— cn enai + cn+¹ e(n−1) ai
=
1 - c (eai + e-ai) + c²
-
1 — c ( cosa + isina) —c" ( cosna + isinna) + cn +1 (cos (n − 1 ) a
(+isin (n − 1) a)
12c cos 2a + c²
1- c cos
Hence C∞ =
1- 2c cos a + c²'
c sin a
and S
= 1 - 2c cos a + c²°
From the results for C and S it is now clear that the above series
might have been summed, without the use of imaginary quantities, by
multiplying both sides of (1) and (2) by the quantity 1-2c cos a +c².
The coefficients of c², c³......cn-1 would then be found to vanish and the
values of C and S be easily obtained.
1 1.3 1.3.5
Let S = sin a + sin 2a + sin 3a +...,
2 2.4 2.4.6
1 1.3 1.3.5
and C= 1 + cos a + cos 2a + cos 3a + ....
2 2.4 2.4.6
EXAMPLES. XVI.
Sum the series
1 1
1. sin a + 2 sin 2a + 22 sin 3a + ad inf.
NI
3. sin a.sin
a
า
to n terms.
9 . 3 sin a +5 sin 2a + 7 sin 3a + . to n terms.
TT
10. When a = 2 find what are the values of the series in Exs. 3
and 4.
in (n - 1 )
13. cos" a - n cos - 1 a cos at cogn- a cos 2a... to (n + 1) terms ,
1.2
n being a positive integer.
14. n sin atn (n + 1) sin 2a + n (n + 1 ) (n + 2) sin 3a + ad inf.
1.2 1.2.3
118 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. XVI.]
1 1 1.3
cos 20
15. 1 + co 2 · cos 40 + 2.4.6 cos 60- ad inf.
n (n - 1)‘sinh 3u +
16. sinh u + n sinh 2u + 1.2 to n + 1 terms, where n
is a positive integer.
1
eccos 6 [ cos (c sin 0) + i sin (c sin 0)]
1
+ -c cose [ cos ( c sin 0) — i sin ( c sin 0)]. (Art. 62. )
1
and S = 2 sin (c sin 0) [ eccose - eccos ]
c² c²
=:ceai + ezai + esai+ ......... ..... ...(1)
2 3
=-
- log [1 - cea ] (by Art. 90) ......... (2)
=-log [1 - c cos a - ic sin a] (Art. 62).
Let 1 -- c cos a = r cos 0, and -· c sin a = r sin 0,
so that
1 - c cos a
r = √1-2c cos a + c², cos = ,
r
120 TRIGONOMETRY.
and
c sin a c sin a
sin , i.e. 0 == tan-¹
r 1 - c cos a
with the convention of Art. 20.
.........(3),
- c sin a
and S = -0 = - tan-1 .(4).
-- C COS
The results ( 3) and (4) give then the sum of the two
series except when (1 ) c = 1 and a = 2nπ, ( 2) c = −1 and
a= (2n + 1 ) π, and (3) when c > 1.
In examples depending on the logarithm series it will
be often found that for some particular values of the angle
there is no sum .
α-
EXAMPLES. XVII .
Sum the series
1. sin a +c sin (a +ẞ) + sin (a + 28) + ad inf.
12
1 1
12. c sin a tac sin 3a + 5= c5 sin 5a + ad inf.
1 1
ad inf.
13. c cosa + 3 c cos 3a + cocos 5a +
1 1
-
14. c cos a -
1 1
15. c sin a ad inf.
c8 sin 3a + z co sin 5a -
1
16. COs a cos 3a + cos 5a ...... ad inf.
3 5
1 1
17. c cos a - 3c3 cos (a +28) + c5 cos (a +48 ) – ad inf.
1 1
18. sin aa sin B + sin 2a sin 2B + . sin 3a sin 3B + ad inf.
1 1
19. c sin? a 2
ca sin ? 2a + c3 sina 3a - ...... ad inf.
1 1
20. sinh 2 - sinh 2a + ad inf.
2 3 sinh ra -
[Exs. XVII.] SUMMATION OF SERIES . 123
1 1
= tan x -
3
tan® 2 +3tano s where x lies between and +
2 3
1
= 2e(tanº0+23 tan® 0 +5 tan100 + ....), where 0 lies between
T
and +
1 1
o +
27. sin 0 + 3 sin3 0 + 5= sins 0+ . _
=2 (sin e 1
sin 30+
1
5 sin 50 ...), where 0+(2n + 1)
109. We subjoin some examples of series which come
under neither of the foregoing heads nor under that of
Chapter XIX., Part I. In general they are to be summed
by the artifice of splitting each term into the difference of
two terms. Considerable ingenuity is often required. When
the answer is known the method of summation can usually
be easily seen ; for the answer when n is put equal to
unity gives the form in which the first term of the series
has to be put.
124 TRIGONOMETRY.
3. sin.3.3 sin 32 - in =
- 32 in - 3 in .
32 4
32 33 32
3Pain³ 33 = [3xing 33 - 3' sin 32 ] .
.........
0
3n-1 sin³ = 3" sin - 3n-1 sin
3n 3n 3n-1
Hence, by addition, the required sum
-in - nine].
Also the sum to infinity
- [0 - sin 0]. (Art. 228, Part I. )
EXAMPLES. XVIII.
1 Ꮎ 1 0 1 0
6. tan 0 + 2 tan 2 + 22 tan 22 tan ad inf.
23
1 1
7. tanh 0 +12tanh + tanh 22 + tanh 23+ ...... to n terms.
2 22 23
8. tan 0 sec 20+ tan 20 sec 40+ tan 40 sec 80+ ...... to n terms.
0 Ө 0 Ꮎ
9. tan sec + tan 22 sec 2+tan 23 sec 22 + ...... to n terms and to
2
infinity.
1 1 1
10. 2 cos 0 + 22 cos 0 cos 20 to n terms.
23 cos 0 cos 20 cos 22 0
126 TRIGONOMETRY. [ Exs. XVIII .)
1 1
11. sin 20 cos? 0 sin 40 cos? 20 + sin 80 cosa 40 - to n terms,
4
1
12. sin 20 sin? 0 + sin 40 sin2 20 + 4 sin 80 sinº 40+ to n terms.
1 3 32
17 . + +
cot 0 - 3 tan 0 cot 30 - 3 tan 30 cot 320 - 3 tan 320
.
to n terms .
cos - cos 30 cos 30 - cos 340 cos 320 - cos 330
18. +3 + 32 +
sin 30 sin 320 sin 330
to n terms.
4 6 8
19. tan - 1 + tan - 1 + tan - 1 + to n terms.
1 + 3.4 1 + 8.9 1+ 15.16
1 1 1 1
20. tan-1ž + tan - 1 tan- 1
13
+ tan - 1 +
21
to n terms.
1 2 2n - 1
21. tan - 1 3+ tan - 1 g + + tan - 1
1+ 22n – 1 +
...... ad inf.
1 13 - 12
22 . sin - 1 + sin -1 2-O1 + sin - 1
12 +.
12 N
+ sin -1
ſn - fn - 1+ ...... ad inf.
un (n + 1)
Expansions.
110. In some branches of higher Mathematics it is
desirable to be able to expand certain quantities in a
series of ascending powers.
As an example we will expand
log (1 - 2a cos @ + a )
in ascending powers of a.
EXPANSIONS. 127
1
a . 2 cos - a² . 2 cos 20 -18a³.2 cos 30 ......
1 1
=- 2a cos 0
6 + 2 a² cos 20+ a³ cos 30+ ......
2 [a 3
We have
1 - a2 2- 2a cos 0
== 1+
1- 2a cos 0+ a² 1 -· 2a cos 0 + aª
= −1+ ( 1 -
− αeºi)−¹ + ( 1 -
− ae− i)-1
= −1 + 1 + aeºi + a²e²0i + a³é³0i + ......
+ 1 + ae-oi + a²e—20i + a³e¬30i + ......
. ad inf.
= 2a sin 0 + 2a² sin 20 + 2a³ sin 30 + … ...…
As before this expansion is legitimate only if a < 1.
EXPANSIONS. 129
:. 2x = log ( 1 -
— ne-ai) — log ( 1 — neai)
1 1
==- ne-ai - n²e-2ai n³e-sai ......
2 3
1 1
+ neai + n²ezai + — n³é³ai + ......
2 3
1
= n (eai -
− e−ai) + 2 n² (ezai — e−2ai)
1
+ n³ (esai — e˜³ai) ......
……………. ad inf.
3
1 1
= n . 2i sin a +
n² . 2i sin 2a + n³ . 2i sin 3x + ...
2 3
1 1
.. an sin a + n² sin 2a + n³ sin 3a + .... …..(1 ).
2 3
= x
.'" +....]
bi)'a² + (a + b3)
− } [1 + (a + bi) ≈ +(a +12
- bi)²x²
x+ + .....
+ } [(1 + (a - b ) = + (a = bij
The coefficient of an
= (a + bi)" + (abi)n
2 n
If a + bir (cos a + i sin a), so that
by De Moivre's Theorem.
Hence we have
2 cos 2a r³ cos 3a
eax cos bx = 1 + r cosa . x + 1.00²+ 20s + .......
12 3
where
b
r = + √a² + b² and tan a = -
a
This expansion is legitimate for all values of a, b, and
x. (Art. 57.)
EXPANSIONS. 131
EXAMPLES . XIX.
π
14. Expand log tan (1 +1) in a series of sines of ascending multiples
of 0.
15. Prove that
-
(1 + eitana) (1 +eitan a) (1 + ei cot a) (1 +ei cot a)
= 4 (sec ß + cos 0)²,
where B= -2a.
is 1г(-1) -1 - 2 cos no n 9
n (a + b)"
(a² + b² - ab)²
a- b
where tan 0=a+¿ √3.
CHAPTER IX.
so that xn -cos no = ± √1
- sin no,
and therefore
COS
cos ( + ) ± i sin ( + ),
2 (n - 1 ) -
COS
cos {0 + 2 (n =
n1) } ± í sin {e + 2 (n −
n 1) |
{0
x²- 2x cos ( + -
(0 +2 ) +1,
cos
a² - 2x 008 (8 + ) + 1,
2n - 2
and x²
- 2x cos {
( +212
n ) +1.
Hence
= - 2x cos (0 + 1n ) +1 }
{
-
cos
... (x² - 2x008 ( 8 + 2¹2 π ) + 1 }. …….. (1 ).
By dividing by an we have
1 1
- cos
a² + xn
1/2 − 2 cosne = { # + − 2 008 @)} { * + — — 2008 (0+
(8 + 20)
2 = )}
}
1 2n
... {~ +2 - 2008 ( 8 + 21-2 )}
-
= {x² - 2ax cos € + a³} {œº —:2αx cos (0 + 2 )
n ) + a ... {
* {(a* - 2ax cos ( +1 _ 2axcos (6 + 2n −2 +) +a °}
. (3).
1
We shall first shew that an + ra 2 cos na is divisible by
1
X+ 2.os a .
2
1
Let x" + - 2 cos na be denoted by ♡ (n) , and x + - 2 cos a by , so
xn
that we have to shew that o (n) is divisible by 1, for all positive integral
values of n .
Assume that this is true for $ (n - 1 ) and $ (n − 2) .
We have then , by ordinary multiplication,
+ 1
(++ )x® n(n 1)== { +}} { -1
+
X
(n− 1) a)
:+ XN - 7
- 2 cos (n
xn 2 cos n + -2
=- (- + **) +( * ++ >) -2006(1–1)a x< ( + )
1
2 cos na
*+ - +
an
1
= {2a- + 2 cos (n −-2)2) a} –2cos(n−1)) a {+1-2008a}
XN - 2
cos ;
since 2 cos na +2 cos (n − 2) = 4 cos a cos (n − 1) a.
1
Hence
(2+4)*xº (n − 1 ) = \ (n) + ” (n - 2) – 21 cos (n − 1) a.
x
1
=»1 (+++2004)
=λ
a, cos a
1 -
Again cos
2″ +xn
— — 2008 na = 2 + xn
1 - 2 con (0+
( +2 ),,
„)
and is similarly divisible by
1
cos
2 + 2- 2008 (a + 2 ).
Proceeding in this way we can shew that it is divisible by
Απ 1 n-
x+ - 2 cos .... x + 2 cos 2π
x (a ++), ... Ꮖ (a + 2 n
= 12 ) .
and hence obtain equation (2) of Art. 115.
to n factors
{ *- 2ax cos ( + F) )+α )...
༧° –
=x²n - 2an xn cos no + a²n.
The equation (3) may also be deduced directly from equation (3) of
πT
Art. 115 by putting 0 == We then have
n.
π 3π 5п
x2-2ax cos-+ a² x² - 2ax cos + a² x² - 2ax cos +a²
³ n + a²) (x² - n ³) (29. n
2n
...... to n factors = x² - 2anxn cos π + a²n
=x² + 2a²x² + a²n = (x² + an)2,
i.e. Pa² . PB2 . Py2......to n factors = (x² + an)².
This is relation (3) .
n
Hence we get 52 pairs of quadratic factors.
When multiplied together they give the correct
coefficient for x ", so that no numerical quantity need be
prefixed to their product.
Hence, finally, when n is even,
27T 47
22 – 1) (22 2.0c cos
2*C – 1 = (x2 n
n
+1
-
-2
1) (02 X? – 2x cos
-
n
+1
x2 20 cos
... (22- n
T
+1 ... ..( 2 )
Secondly, let n be odd.
As in Art. 24 the values of the expression (1 )
are now
2T 27 4п 47T
cos 0 + i sin 0, cos + i sin > COS ti sin ...
n n n n
n 3 n 3 n 1 n 1
COS 7 + i sin To COS T + i sin TT .
n n n n2
n -
-1
2x
n
2x cos
( - 2ro * +-1}.........(3)
...fee 1} . n
FACTORS OF x² + 1. 141
Hence we have
r=23-1
2rπ
ост - 1 = (x² - 1)
xn II 2. cos +
r= 1 n 1),
when n is even, and
r= n-2 1
21π
x² - 1 = (x − 1 ) II 2x cos +
r=1 n 1) ,
when n is odd .
These formulæ can also be deduced from the funda-
mental one of Art. 115 by putting n0 = 2π.
... v 2x cos (n − 1) π +1
n
— π 3π
** + 1 = ( x + 1 ) ( x * — 2x cos n +1 ) ( a² - 2x cos n +1) ...
-
x²
[ 2º - 2r cos (n =n2) = +1 ] .
...
EXAMPLES. 143
We have then
n-2
2
II - 2x cos
x² + 1 = 11² (∞² 08 2r + 1 + 1) ,
r=0
when n is even, and
n- 3
2
x² + 1 = (x + 1 ) II ( x² - 2x cos
cos
2r +1 + 1) ,
7:
when n is odd.
These formulæ can be deduced from the fundamental
one of Art. 115 by putting no = π.
2n - 2
π
... oop - cos (6 + 2-3
n )}
II cos COS
P=0 {008
= 2 " -1" - cos (0 + 2 )} .
Similarly by putting xe we have
cosh no - cos no
2T
= 2n-1 [cosh - cos #] cosh + -
0] [cosh - cos
cos (0 +2n )......
2n - 2
COS π
[cost -cos ( +23n )].
144 TRIGONOMETRY.
n 21 n 2
21 41 n.- 2
¿ .e . n = 2.4 sin? 4 sin ? .4 sin ? TT ,
2n 2n 2n
n
there being 2
-
1 factors,
21 4т n- 2
= 2n-1 . sin? sin? sin ? .
2n 2n 2n
n - 1
2
21 4т n-2
Hence # Nn = 2 sin sin sin TT
...(1).
2n 2n 212
27 47 n-2
Each of the angles 2n ' 21 a is less than a right angle, so
2n
that each of the sines on the right- hand side of (1 ) is positive.
On the left-hand side we therefore replace the ambiguity by the
positive sign and have the required result.
EXAMPLES. XX .
*|
2n 2n 2n
7T 27 37 (n − 1) 7
tan tan tan tan
n n n n = n.
18. Shew that cos no
T 37 2n - 1
2n-1 cos
(
-> c(6046–008..) (608 COS
) .....(caso-c00PM--).
2n
cos
- - COS
2n
COS
2n
TT
Prove that
n-
19. sin nø=2n-1 sin o sin (0
(0++ 1) (0+ " :-)
ran - 1
φ
n
...... sin
n
= 2n-1 II sin
(* +"..).
φ+
n
TT
[ Change o into 0+ 2n in the formula of the preceding question .]
TT 27 n
21. 2n - 1 cos o cos
( + ) cos (6 +21)
n
( n
n
cos
(* +"- 2-)
ф +
n
TT
៩៩
т 3π 5 2n - 1 ??π
22. 2n-1 cos COS COS π COS π = COS
2n 2n 2n
π 5π 2π -1
23. 2-1 sin 2n sin 2n sin 2n sin
2n T= 1.
π 2π
24. cos n cos n COS (2-1) π = (-1)" - 1
n 22n-1
25. Prove that
2TT
x - a cos 0+
xn- an cos no 1 r=n-1 n
Σ
nxn-i r=0 •
x2n - 2ax" cos no + a²n 8+ 2rT
x² - 2ax cos + a2
n
[In the expression (3) of Art. 115 change x into x + h, expand and
equate coefficients of h.]
26. The circumference of a circle of radius r is divided into 2n equal
parts at points P1, P2, ......P2n ; if chords be drawn from P₁ to the other
points, prove that
PPPPP₁Pn = rn¬¹√n.
Also, if O be the middle point of the arc P₁P2n , prove that
OP . OP2......OP₂ = = √2mm.
27. If A, A,.. .A2n+1 be a regular polygon of 2n + 1 sides, inscribed
in a circle of radius a, and OAn+1 be a diameter, prove that
OД₁ . OA2...... ОAn = an.
28. 442......4, is a regular polygon of n sides. From 0 the centre
of the polygon a line is drawn meeting the incircle in P,1 and the circum-
circle in P2.
Prove that the product of the perpendiculars on the sides drawn from
P₁ is to the product of the perpendiculars from P₂ as
no
Cosn cot2 to 1,
n 2
✔ being the angle between OPP₁ and OA₁.
29. ABCD...... is a regular polygon, of n sides, which is inscribed in
a circle of radius a and centre O ; prove that
PA2 . PB2.PC²...... = r²n — 2ɑnrn cos no + a²n,
where OP is r and the angle AOP is 0.
Prove also that the sum of the angles that AP, BP, CP, ...... make
rn sin no
with OP is tan-1
rn cos no- an⋅
SIN IN FACTORS. 147
Ꮎ
= 2 sin = sin
) ........ (1).
2 sin (+ 2
π 0
Similarly in (1) changing into and + succes-
2 22
sively, we have
0 Τ 0 2π Ꮎ
sin =2 sin sin + = 2 sin sin +
22 2 22 22
•
22
= 2sin (22 + 22). sin (3+ 22).
+0
2T +
sin
p
which COS
= sin ( +9
) = cos p.
Hence (5) is
π
=
sin 022-1 sin
in p[ sin P - sin [ in 2 - sing
...
π
( -1) 0 0
... sin2 sin2 COS (6).
p p p
Ꮎ
Divide both sides of (6) by sin- and make @ zero.
p
sin sin 0
Since = p,
Ꮎ
sin sin
Pe=0
SIN IN FACTORS. 149
we have
π
π 2π 3πT ( -1)
p = 2º¹ . sin² . • sin2 sin2 ... sin² ..(7).
p P p p
sin2 sin2
p. p² 02 02
p = = (Art. 228, Part I.),
02 πT
-2 π-2
sin2 sin2
Pp =∞ p² p
A2 62
= (1 -
sin 0-0 1 - ... ad inf.
2. ) (1 32π2
124. The equation (4) of Art. 122 may, by means of Art. 115, be
shewn to be true for all integral values of p. For we have
x² -2x cos po +1
5277 %
402
= (1+(1 + **)(1+ ...ad inf. (2 ).
7 ? 527 )
The products (1) and (2) are convergent. For we know (C. Smith's
Algebra, Art. 337) that the infinite product II (1 + Un) is convergent if the
series un be convergent.
In the case of (1), Eun
02 1 1 1
(1+ 22-+ 32*+ 4*+...).
and the latter series is known to be convergent.
22 37
sin e A2
3
1 + + ...... ad inf.
8 15
SUM OF NEGATIVE POWERS OF INTEGERS. 153
+ ......
log (1 − 2 ) + log ( 1 - 32 )
0 ) + log (1–3
04
+ ...... ( 1 ).
6
= log [ 1-8 120
02 104 06
==
log (1 ) -- [ +1 3 по + ...] .
2 п +1
02 04 06
...
log (1-0 ) -- [ 10 + 3
+ 2244 1 266+ ].
so that ( 1 ) gives
02 1 1 1 104 1 1 1
- + 22 +
32
+ 27 14 + 24 + 34 + ]
]-
1 06 1 1
+ 26 + 36 + ... ......
3 по
02 04
= log [1- (8-1956 +.. )]
120 .
102 ᎾᏎ 1/02 04 2
=- + ... ー ...
+ … .. ) * -—
6 120 26 120
02 1
+04 -1· 1
120 2 36
02 04
6 180 (2) .
Hence we have
1 1 1 1 1
ad inf.
G
72 ( 12
1 1
+
1
22
+
1
3
+
1 +
:) = -6
1
>
... ad inf.
.
2 T* 14 ( in + 24 + 3+ -
180 '
1 + 1 1 772
Hence + ad inf. (3),
12 22 32 6
=
1 + 1 1 +
and + ad inf. (4),
14 24 34 90
= cos e 1 ...
80 that
12'4
402 402 402
log (1 - 4 + log (1 - ) +log(1-
п2 ,
A2
3272
44
1 5277
Hence as before
+...-log[1- + -...]
= 2
+
24
- 402/1 1 + 1 1
TT 1 ?2
+
32 52
A2
... ) - 1100" (1. + + 2+ ... ) + ...
A4
2 34
-log[1-69- +...:)]
=
=
A2 A4
2 24
1 A2 04 2
2
A2
24
+
104
2 12 24
+
.)*+ ...
A2 A4
- 2
+
24 it...-
+
2 4
- - =
2
.
12
SUM OF NEGATIVE POWERS OF INTEGERS. 155
1 1 1 1
+ ++ ... ==
34 ... ) 12 '
% 100
1
and hence = .(1),
12 + 3
32 + 2 +
78
1 1
and + + + = ..(2)
14 34 54 96
- -
= T1.3 3.5 5.7 ...... (2n − 3) (2n − 1) (2n − 1) (2n + 1) 9
2 22 42 62 (2n - 2)² (2n)2
where n is infinite,
2/1π
=√n , ultimately.
This is called Wallis ' Formula, and gives in a simple form a very near
approach to the product of the first n even numbers divided by the first n
odd numbers when n is very great.
156 TRIGONOMETRY.
Substituting these values in (2) and equating on each side the coeffi-
cients of -h we have
80 80 80
tan 0=
π2-402 322-402 + 522-402 + ............. (3)
T=∞ 80
ΕΣ
r=0 (2r + 1)²² -—402 •
The series (3) may also be written
2 2 2 2
tan 0=- ......
π- 20 π+20 + 3π -20 3π+ 20
[The student who is acquainted with the Differential Calculus will
observe that equation (3) is obtained by differentiating (1) with respect
to 0. ]
EXAMPLES. 157
EXAMPLES. XXI.
Prove that
1- 1 1 - 1 πT2
1. 12 + 32 ...... ad inf. = 12
1 1
2. 16 + 26 + 36 × ...... ad inf. 6 (2π)6
1 1 1 1 π2
3. 1.2 + 2.4 + 3.6 + 4.8 + ...... ad inf. = 12
3 6 10 п2
4. 34 + 54 + 7+ + 9+ + ...... ad inf. = 64 12
(1-5)
5. Prove that the sum of the products, taken two and two together,
of the reciprocals of the squares of all odd numbers is 384
6. Prove that the sum of the products , taken two and two together,
П4
of the reciprocals of the squares of all numbers is 120 '
Prove that
1 20 20
7. cot 0 = - 02 222-02
1 1 1 1
= + ad inf.
-π + 0 + π + - 2π + 0 + 2π ......
1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1
8. cosec = --- +
8 -π 0+ π 8 2π + 0 + 2π 0 - 3п 0 + 3п +...
22=00 -- 1)n
=1+20 Σ 02-12T '
n=1 2
and hence that
1 + 0 cosec 0 = 1 1 1
+ ad inf.
202 0202 - π2 02-22T2
Use the relation cosec =12 Ө
[Use + cot
(tan 2 1) ]
1 3 5
—1 sec = π2-402 ad inf.
9. 4π 32T2-402 + 522-402
π π
Use the relation 2 sec = tan + + cot +
[Use 4 *) 4
[Exs. XXI. ] INFINITE PRODUCTS. EXAMPLES. 159
1 1 1 1
10. 7 sec
s ²0 = + + + + ad inf.
(π- 20)² (π +20)² (3π - 20)2 (3π + 20)²
[Apply the process of Art. 129 to the result obtained in that article.]
1 1 1 1 1
11. cosec2 0 = + + + ad inf.
·0² + (0 − π)² + ( 0 + π)² ™ (0 − 2 π)² + ( 0 + 2π)² '
Prove that
0) =
12. ain ( - ) - ( 1-9) (1+ ) (1-÷)
cos (a - 0)= II 1 20
15. where r is any odd integer, positive
cos a [ 2α + γπ .
or negative.
cos + cos a 02 02 02
16. =
1+ cos a (3π + a)2
02
-a)³]
[ 1- (3π -a)²......
= II 1.
(rπ+a)²] ,
where r is any odd integer positive or negative.
[Multiply together the results of Exs . 14 and 15 and then change 20
and 2a into 0 and a.]
cos - cos a
17. =
1 - cos a {1-6} { 1-12#+ 2)}}
02 02
{1 (2π - (4π + α)2)
02
= Π| 1
T)2 ]
(a + rπ)
where r is any even positive or negative integer, including zero.
Hence deduce the factors of cosh x cos a.
160 TRIGONOMETRY . [ Exs. XXI.)
sin a - sin 0
18. sin a . (1+14 )
= (1-2) (1 -a) T - a T+a
02 02
4 cos?
= 400* [1+1649 a ][1+ 27.2.]..
(a +7 )
A?
(a - 7 ) ?
= 4cos? n [(1+a (a + t
rm ) ? ].
5
Ten - 1
sinh?
2
sinh nu = n sinh 4 II 1+ .
r = 1 TTT
sin ?
2n
and deduce the expression for sinh u in the form of an infinite product of
quadratic factors in u.
[ Start with the result, when 0 is zero, of Ex. 1, Art. 121. In this
result put o equal to zero and divide.]
21. Prove that the value of the infinite product
(1+1) ( 1+ ) (1+3).
1
22
.ad inf.
is - sinha .
T
where 07, 02, 03 ...... are the angles that the tangents subtend at the
common centre .
[Exs. XXI.] INFINITE PRODUCTS, EXAMPLES. 161
15
and
(1+))(1+ 1-) (1+ 2 ... 3
sin { w \ c + Xx }.
ca + sin #C
11
L. T. II.
CHAPTER X.
where
logo (nn +h)–logun=
) n
los»"#" -u log. (1 + ).
n
=
M = .43429448 ...
Hence, by Art. 8, we have
uh uha i h3
-
log10 (n + h) – logion = n 2 na
+
3 n3 ...... (1).)
PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONAL PARTS. 163
1 1
2 (* 43429448 ...) × 108
21714724 ...
i.e. less than i.e. < '0000000021 ....
108
hs is less than one-ten thousandth part of this.
Also μ
3 n³
Hence in (1 ) the omission of all the terms on the right-
hand side after the first will make no difference at least as
far as the seventh place of decimals. To seven places we
therefore have
= μη
log₁0 (n + h) — log10 n n
μ .1
So logo (n + 1) -login = n
Hence, by division ,
logo (n + h) -login =
= h.
logo (n + 1 ) -login
The principle assumed is therefore always true for the
logarithms of ordinary numbers as given in our tables.
π
This ratio is small, except when O is nearly equal to ·
2
Hence, except when the angle is nearly a right angle, the
second term in (1) may be neglected, and we have
and hence in this case the relation (3) does not hold and
the difference in the sine is not proportional to the
difference in the angle. In this case then the differences
are irregular. At the same time the differences are
ka
sin 0 is always < (0003 ) 9 i.e. < 00000005 ...
12
+ tanº 0 (k2 + 7
sin e
--] ( Art. 34)
+ k3 sec 0 + tanº 0
= k sec? + K2
cos3 e] to (1).
1 F
= sec 0 1
1
1 - k tan 0 ― k2 ...
2
+ tan²
= sec ▸ | k tan 0 + k² ( 0) + ... ]
=
= k sec 0 tan + k² sec + tan² •) + ....... (1).
sin (0+ k)
L10 sin (0+ k) — L₁0 sin 0 = log10 sin
ka
-
= log₁ [cos k + cot 0 sin k ] = log₁0 | 1 + k cot 0 — 2 ...
μk²
= μk cot 0 - cosec² 0 ....
2
π uk²
If ◊ be nearly the terms µk cot ◊ and cosec² are
2
both small, so that if the angle be nearly a right angle the
differences are insensible as well as irregular.
k k2 1 k2
εμ + + ...
[sin 0 COS Ꮎ cos² 2 sin² 0 cos²0
(Arts. 8 and 12)
µk cos 20
2μk2 + ....
sin ecos sin² 20
The numerical ratio of the second term to the first
= k cot 20. This is small except when is near zero or a
right angle.
Hence, with the exception of these two cases, we have
2μ
L tan (8 + k) - L tan 0 = .k.
k,
sin 20'
rithmic cotangent .
143. Tabular Logarithmic Secant and Cose-
cant . We have
= L cos 0 − L cos (0 + k)
Lsec (0+ k) - L sec
L cosec (0+ k) - L cosec = L sin 0 −-L sin ( 0 + k).
and
Hence the results for the L sin and L cos are also true
ERRORS OF OBSERVATION .
When is small, both the calculated height and the absolute error,
viz. atane and a sec2 0.8, are small, but the latter is great compared
with theformer.
When is nearly 90°, both these quantities are great.
a sin a sin ẞ
sin (ẞ - a) [1-0 {cot (B - a) + cot a } ]
= e sin ß
sin a sin (ẞ- a) '
so that
11/15 8
0, = 180
. ( 1) .
(4-0)2 + 22 – 32_11 - 88
Also
*(1-9)" ,
C
i.e.
16+ sin B.0, = 16(11-88][1+ 1] = 1 [ 11-4 :]], 16
3./15 21
i.e. 16° 0 ,, = 220,
io 64
so that 7/15 8
0, -
60
. (2).
22 +32 – ( 4 - 0)2 - 3 + 88
Also cos ( C – 03) = =
2.2.3 12
28
-1 +44,15
1
i.e. 785.00= -*+
16
so that 0g = 8./15 d.
45
EXAMPLES. XXII.
horizontal line from the foot of the tower, and its height is thus found to
csin a sin ß
be feet.
sin (a - b)
If AB be measured not directly from the tower but horizontally and
in a direction inclined at a small angle o to the direct line shew that, to
correct the height of the tower to the second order of small quantities, the
c cos a sin B 02 must be subtracted.
quantity
cos B sin (a - b) 2
6. A , B, and C are three given points on a straight line ; D is
another point whose distance from B is found by observing that the
176 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XXII .]
angles ADB and CDB are equal and of an observed magnitude 0 ; prove
that the error in the calculated length of DB consequent on a small
error 8 in the observed magnitude of 0, is
2ab (a + b)2 sin e 8
(a2 +62 – 2ah cos 20 )
-
will be – cot A cot B , and find the errors in the other angles.
3
b = 50 feet, and C = tan-1 4 ; find what error in the given value of a will
cause an error in the calculated value of c equal to that caused by an
error of 5 " in the measurement of C.
9. A triangle is solved from the parts C = 15°, a = N6, and b = 2 ;
prove that an error of 10" in the value of C would cause an error of about
13.66' in the calculated value of B.
10. Two sides b and c and the included angle A of a given triangle
are supposed to be known ; if there be a small error in the value of the
angle A , prove that
( 1) the consequent error in the calculated value of B is
- O sin B cos C cosec A radians,
-
L. T. II. 12
CHAPTER XII.
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
y³ + 3ay² + 3by + c = 0.
Put y = x - a, and this equation becomes
-
x³ ---
− 3 (a² − b) x + ( 2a³ − 3ab + c) = 0,
i.e. it becomes of the form
Hence n=
4p/
x³ - 3px + q = 0
1 1 1
are
n cos , n cos ( +23 ) , and n cos ( 0 + 13 ) ,
i.e. 2 √
/pocos e, /p cos (0 + 23 ) , and 2 √p cos (6+ 3 ) .
2√
EXAMPLES. XXIII.
EXAMPLES. XXIV.
π
10. If x + y = a, where a is , find when tan x tan y is a maximum,
2 cos a
We have 1 - tan x tan y =
cos a + cos (a -2x)
x + √ − 1 y.
MP
and MOP - tan-1 =tan-1 y
OM
COMPLEX QUANTITIES. 185
The first of these equations states that turning a line three times in
succession through a zero angle gives the original line.
The second states that turning it three times in succession through
2π
an angle 3 (i.e. altogether through 2π) gives the original line.
The third states that turning it three times in succession through an
4π
angle 3 (i.e. altogether through 47) gives the original line.
These statements are all clearly true.
5. If cos (0 + ip) = sec (a + iß), where a, ß, 6, and ø are all real , prove
that
tanh² cosh² ß = sin² a and tanh2 ß cosh2 = sin² 0.
6. If x=2 cos a cosh ẞ and y = 2 sin a sinh ß,
prove that
4x
sec (a +iẞ) +sec (a -
— iß) : 2
x²+y² ,
4iy
and sec (a + iß) — sec (a -
— iß) = x² + y² •
7. Prove that
sin" cos no +n sin^-1 o cos (n -
− 1) 0 sin (0-4)
n(n - 1) -
+ 1.2 sinn-2 p cos (n − 2) 0 sin² (0 − 4) + . + sin" (0 − p)
= sin" 0 cos np.
8. Prove that the roots of the equation
n (n - 1)
x² sin no -
– nx^-1 sin (no + 4) + 1.2 2 sin (no + 2p)
-... to (n + 1) terms = 0,
10. If the arc of a circle of radius unity be divided into n equal arcs ,
and right-angled isosceles triangles be described on the chords of these arcs
as hypothenuses and have their vertices outwards, prove that when n is
indefinitely increased the limit of the product of the distances of the
vertices from the centre is e where a is the angle subtended by the aro
at the centre.
11. The sides of a regular polygon of n sides, which is inscribed in a
circle, meet the tangent at any point P of the circle in A , B, C, D ......
Prove that the product PA.PB.PC.PD ...... = an tan ng or an tan no,
according as n is odd or even , where a is the radius of the circle and 0 is
the angle which the line joining P to an angular point subtends at the
circumference .
12. A regular polygon of n sides is inscribed in a circle and from any
point in the circumference chords are drawn to the angular points ; if
these chords be denoted by Cy , C2 , Cn , beginning with the chord drawn
to the nearest angular point and taking the rest in order, prove that the
quantity
CzC2 + C2C3 + ...
+ Con - 1 Cn - Chci
is independent of the position of the point from which the chords are
drawn .
13. A series of radii divide the circumference of a circle into an equal
parts ; prove that the product of the perpendiculars let fall from any
point of the circumference upon n successive radii is
zor
sin ne ,
2n - 1
where r is the radius of the circle and 0 is the angle between one of the
extreme of these radii and the radius to the given point.
14. If a regular polygon of n sides be inscribed in a circle, and I be
the length of the chord joining any fixed point on the circle one of the
angular points of the polygon, prove that .
2m
12m = naam
{ m }a
1
17. Prove that the general value of 0 which satisfies the equation
(cos 0 + i sin 8) (cos 20 + i sin 20) to n factors = 1
is
4mm
where m is any integer.
n (n + 1)'
18. Prove that
#*+e+
e ==2{1+2"}{1+(
} )} {1+(?)} ad inf.
20.
1 ****
3 * 16 * TE
Shew that
+
= p[@ *+ 2 *cos(V36)]
] COS
X+ + + + ad inf.
KE 10
X 1/3
--16
- " –-visin* x9).
e 2 COS
2
21 47 + 147 167
and sec + sec + sec + sec = 8.
17 17 17 17
[Misc. Exs. XXV.] EXAMPLES . 191
Tπ
25. Shew that the equation whose roots are tan 15 ' where r is any
number including unity less than and prime to 15, is
x8-92x6 + 134x4 – 28x² + 1 = 0.
I. (Pages 9-11.)
8. log, 2. 9. log, 3 - log, 2.
I'π Υπ
5. + /2 cos + i sin where r = 1, 9, or 17.
2 (c 24 24 "
I'π
6. 2048 | COS 9 + i sin , where 7 = 5 , 11 , or 17.
T]
Tπ Tπ
7. +2 cos 12 - i sin 12 where r 1 or 7.
[e
Υπ π
8.2 cos + i sin where r = 1 , 13, or 25.
[ 18 18 "
rπ η
9. COS + i sin where r = -
– 1 , 5 , 11 , 17, or 23.
1/4 [ 15 15 ,
10. +2 and ± 2i.
Υπ ηπ
11. 2 , and 2 COS + i sin where r 2 or 4.
5 5
18.
sin 2a - i sinh 28
cosh 2B – cos 2a
19. 2 sin aa cosh ß - i cos a sinh ß
cosh 2B – cos 2a
20. 2
cos a cosh B + i sin aa sinh ß .
cos 2a + cosh 2B
21. sinh a cos ß + i cosh a sin ß. a
22.
sinh 2a + 2i sin 28
cosh 2a + cos 2ß
23. 2 cosh a cos ß – i sinh a sin ß a
cosh 2a + cos 2B
XII. ( Page 92.)
OT 1 + sin
1. log > according as cos 0 is positive or
1- sin
negative.
2. sin-" ( sin 6 )+ i log [ / 1 + sin 8 – sin 6].
XIII . ( Page 99.)
v
15.
2
log (u2 + v2) + i tan
)+ u
where
8. cos a + (− 1 ) -¹ { (n + 1 ) cos (n -
− 1 ) a + n cos na}
2 (1 + cos a)
11.
(2 cos 2)" . sin (a + 18
2 ).
log
4 12
1- 2c cos a + c²
2c cos a 1 1 + 2c sin a + c²
14. tan -1 15 . log
1 - c² 4 1- 2c sin a + c² °
π
16. + --- π " or 0 according as cos a is positive, negative,
4
or zero.
1 2c cos B - 1 2c sin B
17.
2 cos (a - ẞ) tan-¹ 1-22 2sin (a − B ) tanh -1 1 + c²
=
1 a + ß Cosec
18. 2 log ( sin 2 a-2 B ),, except when a ± ẞ is a
©)
multiple of 2π.
1
19 . 2 log [ ((11 + c) ÷ √1 + 2c cos 2a + c²].
α 1
20. 9/2 21. - (cos B cosech a).
2 tan-1
1
22. [ 2√3 log. (2 + √√3 ) – π].
ANSWERS. vii
1 π
22. =sin -11 − sin -1
Sn - -¹ ; S‰ =
2
√n + 1
+ ad inf.
p.202 раздз
5. re sin + sin 24 + sin 34+ ... ad inf.,
2 3
b
where ´r = + √a² + b² and $ = tan- a
1 1 1
9. x cos a asin 2a - acos 3a + x¹ sin 4a fa
2 3 4
1
x5cos 5a - ... ad inf.
1
10. x + y − rπ = - cos a sin x cos²a sin 2x cos³ a sin 3x
2 3
- ad inf.
α
12. (1 ) m = tan2.2 (2 ) m = - tan² a.
1
13. - log 2 - sin 20 + 12cos 40 + 3 sin 60.-14cos 80
1
- sin 100 + ... ad inf.
5
1 1
0-
14. 2 [ sin sin 30+ sin 50 - ... ad inf. ]
T
15.log
log (
( cos B) + (tan a + cot a) cos
1 1
- (tan² a + cot² a) cos 20 + (tan³ a + cot³ a) cos 30 -... ad inf.
2 3
ANSWERS. ix
4.
4 II။ - 2x cos (3r + 1) 9 +1] ,
where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
10. (x² – 1 ) II [
| x² - 2x
200cos 5 + 1 ], where r = 1 , 2 , 3, or 4.
π
11. (x + 1 ) II [ x² - 2x cos (2r + 1) 13 + 1 ] ,
where r = 0, 1, ...5.
- Υπ
-2x cos
12. (x² – 1 ) II [ x²
2² . 7
+ 1
1],
where r = 1 , 2 , ...6.
π
13. II x² - 2x cos (2r + 1) + 1], where r = 0 , 1 , 2, ... 9.
20
29. Take the logarithm of both sides of the expression of
Art. 115 reading r instead of x ; differentiate with respect to r
and then integrate with respect to 0.
X TRIGONOMETRY. (PART II.)
8 1902
3 9015 05848 1907