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R L

+ +
v_i________v_
0 _____.J
C

Mesh equation for this circuit is

Substitute, the current passing through capacitor i = c �t 0

in the above equation.

The above equation is a second order differential equation.

Transfer Function Model

Transfer function model is an s-domain mathematical model of control systems. The Transfer
function of a Linear Time Invariant (LTI) system is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of
output and Laplace transform of input by assuming all the initial conditions are zero.

If x(t) and y(t) are the input and output of an LTI system, then the corresponding Laplace

transforms are X( s) and Y( s) .

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1/3/23, 8:20 PM Control Systems - Mathematical Models

Therefore, the transfer function of LTI system is equal to the ratio of Y( s) and X( s) .

Y(s)
i.e. , Transfer Function = -­
X( s)

The transfer function model of an LTl system is shown in the following figure.

X(s) Y(s) Y(s)

X(s)

Here, we represented an LTl system with a block having transfer function inside it. And this block

has an input X( s) & output Y( s) .

Example
Previously, we got the differential equation of an electrical system as

Apply Laplace transform on both sides.

8
2
V,,(s) + ( s:) V,,(s) + ( L�) V,,(s) = ( L�) V;(s)

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1/3/23, 8:20 PM Control Systems - Mathematical Models

1
Vo(s) LC
⇒--- + (R) s + _1
½(s) 82
L LC

Where,

• Vi ( s) is the Laplace transform of the input voltage Vi

• v0 ( s) is the Laplace transform of the output voltage v0

The above equation is a transfer function of the second order electrical system. The transfer
function model of this system is shown below.

Vi(s) 1/LC l'o(s)

..

Here, we show a second order electrical system with a block having the transfer function inside it.

And this block has an input ½ ( s) & an output Vo ( s) .

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