1 The formula of methane is CH4 and the formula of ethane is C2H6.

Which row describes diffusion and the relative rates of diffusion of methane and ethane?

description of diffusion relative rate of diffusion

A particles move from ethane diffuses more
a high concentration quickly than methane
to a low concentration

:
B particles move from methane diffuses more
a high concentration quickly than ethane
to a low concentration

C particles move from ethane diffuses more

a low concentration quickly than methane
to a high concentration

D particles move from methane diffuses more

a low concentration quickly than ethane
to a high concentration

2 Which test is used to show that a sample of water is pure?

A Evaporate the water to see if any solids remain.

B Heat the water to check its boiling point.

C Test with anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride.

D Use universal indicator paper to check its pH.

3 Chromatography is used to separate and identify the components in both coloured and colourless
mixtures.

For colourless mixtures the chromatogram has to be treated with another chemical.

What is the name of this type of chemical?

A colouring agent
B display agent
C finding agent D
locating agent

2
4 Lithium reacts with fluorine to form the compound lithium fluoride.

Which statement about this reaction is correct?

:
A Each fluorine atom gains one electron.
B Each fluorine atom gains two or more electrons.
C Each fluorine atom loses one electron.
D Each fluorine atom loses two or more electrons.

5 14 C and 12 C are isotopes of carbon.

6 6

Which statement about these isotopes is correct?

A 12 C is more reactive than 14 C because the atoms have less mass.
6 6

B 12 C is more reactive than 14 C because the atoms have different numbers of neutrons.
6 6

C The reactions of 12 C are similar to 14 C because they have the same number of outer shell
6 6
electrons.

D The reactions of 12 C are similar to 14 C because they have the same number of protons in
6 6
the nucleus.

6 The molecular structure of hydrazine, N2H4, is shown.

Which description of the bonding in hydrazine is not correct?

A Each nitrogen atom has a non-bonding pair of electrons.

B Each nitrogen atom has four bonding pairs of electrons.

C Each nitrogen atom shares one of its electrons with a nitrogen atom.
D Each nitrogen atom shares two of its electrons with hydrogen atoms.

3
7 Solid X has a high boiling point.

Its structure has positive ions surrounded by a sea of electrons.

Which other properties does solid X have?

A brittle and an electrical conductor

B brittle and an insulator

:
C malleable and an electrical conductor
D malleable and an insulator

8 The formulae of some ions are shown.

positive ions negative ions

Al 3+ Cl –
Fe2+ N3–
Mg2+ NO3–

Na+ O2–
Zn2+ SO42–

In which row is the formula not correct?

compound formula

A aluminium oxide Al 2O3

B iron(II) nitride Fe2N3
C sodium sulfate Na2SO4
D zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2

9 The equation for the decomposition of magnesium nitrate is shown.

2Mg(NO3)2(s) → 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Which volume of gas is produced when 0.1 moles of magnesium nitrate is decomposed
completely?

A 1.2 dm3 B 4.8 dm3 C 6.0 dm3 D 8.4 dm3

4
10 Which statements about the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide are correct?

1 Lead ions move to the anode and are oxidised.

2 Lead ions move to the cathode and are reduced.
3 Bromide ions move to the anode and are oxidised.
4 Bromide ions move to the cathode and are reduced.

:
A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

11 Aqueous copper(II) sulfate is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.

Which statement is correct?

A Bubbles of hydrogen are formed at the anode.

B Bubbles of oxygen gas are formed at the cathode.
C Copper is deposited at the anode.
D The blue colour of the solution fades.

12 Nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, is used in the manufacture of certain types of solar panels. The equation
for the formation of nitrogen trifluoride is shown.

N2 + 3F2 → 2NF3

type of bond bond energy (kJ mol–1)

NN +950
F–F +150
N–F +280

Using the table of bond energies, what is the energy change for this reaction?

A –560 kJ mol–1
B –280 kJ mol–1
C +280 kJ mol–1
D +3080 kJ mol–1

5
13 Which statements about hydrogen fuel cells are correct?

1 The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is endothermic.

2 The waste product in a hydrogen fuel cell is water.
3 A chemical reaction in the cell produces hydrogen which is used as the fuel.
4 A hydrogen fuel cell is used to generate electricity.

:
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4

14 Which change is a physical change?

A Copper(II) carbonate changes colour from green to black when it is heated, and stays black
when it cools.
B Ethanol reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
C Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen when it is boiled.
D Ice forms liquid water when it is heated.

15 A student adds excess magnesium ribbon to 10 cm3 of 0.5 mol / dm3 sulfuric acid.

The hydrogen gas is collected and its volume measured every 10 seconds.

The experiment is repeated using the same mass of magnesium ribbon with 5 cm3 of 0.5 mol / dm3
sulfuric acid added to 5 cm3 of water.

Which graph shows the results of the second experiment?

250

200

150 original experiment

volume of B
hydrogen / cm3
100
C

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250

time / seconds
16 An equilibrium reaction is shown.

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

The forward reaction is endothermic.

6
 What is the effect of changing the temperature and pressure on the equilibrium position?

increasing temperature increasing pressure

A moves to the left moves to the left

B moves to the left moves to the right

:
C moves to the right moves to the left
D moves to the right moves to the right

17 In which reaction is the underlined compound acting as a reducing agent?

A CO2 + C → 2CO

B 2CuO + C → 2Cu + CO2

C Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

D CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + H2O + CO2

18 A mixture of ice and water is left to stand and the ice melts.

Which row describes what happens as the ice is melting?

temperature of mixture energy changes

A increases average kinetic energy of particles increases

B increases energy is used to overcome attractive forces
C stays the same average kinetic energy of particles increases

O
D stays the same energy is used to overcome attractive forces

19 Which piece of apparatus is used to measure 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A B O
C D

7
20 Paper chromatography is used to determine the Rf values for four different food colourings.

Which food colouring has an Rf value of 0.6?

:
21 The diagram shows the electronic structure of a particle with a nucleon number (mass number) of
40.

e e
ee
e
e e e e
e e 40 e e

e e
e e

The table shows the suggestions that three students, 1, 2 and 3, made to identify the particle.

student
1 2 3

particle Ar Cl Ca2+

Which students are correct?

A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2 and 3

22 The electronic structures of two atoms, P and Q, are shown.

P Q

P and Q combine together to form a compound.

What is the type of bonding in the compound and what is the formula of the compound?

type of bonding formula

:
A ionic PQ
B ionic PQ2
C covalent PQ2
D covalent PQ

23 Which statement about the structure of a metal explains why metals are malleable?

A The electrons can move freely throughout the lattice.

B The layers of metal ions can slide over each other.
C The metal ions are positively charged.
D There is a strong force of attraction between the metal ions and the electrons.

24 The bonding, structure and melting point of sodium chloride and sulfur dichloride are shown.

compound bonding structure melting point / C

sodium chloride ionic giant lattice 801

sulfur dichloride covalent simple molecular –121

Why does sulfur dichloride have a lower melting point than sodium chloride?

A The covalent bonds in sulfur dichloride are weaker than the attractive forces between
molecules in sodium chloride.
B The covalent bonds in sulfur dichloride are weaker than the ionic bonds in sodium chloride.
C The attractive forces between molecules in sulfur dichloride are weaker than the attractive
forces between molecules in sodium chloride.
D The attractive forces between molecules in sulfur dichloride are weaker than the ionic bonds
in sodium chloride.

9
25 Lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2, reacts with potassium iodide, KI, to form a yellow precipitate, PbI2,
and a soluble salt, KNO3.

What is the equation for the reaction?

A Pb(NO3)2 + KI → PbI2 + KNO3

B Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + KNO3

C 2Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3

i.
D Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3

26 The Haber process is a reversible reaction.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

The reaction has a 30% yield of ammonia.

Which volume of ammonia gas, NH3, measured at room temperature and pressure, is obtained
by reacting 0.75 moles of hydrogen with excess nitrogen?

A 3600 cm3 B 5400 cm3 C 12 000 cm3 D 18 000 cm3

27 Electrolytes can be broken down by electrolysis.

Which rows are correct for each electrolyte?

reaction product
electrolyte
at cathode at anode

1 dilute aqueous sodium chloride 2H+ + 2e– → H2 oxygen

2 concentrated hydrochloric acid 2H+ + 2e– → H2 chlorine
3 molten aluminium oxide 2O2– → O2 + 4e– aluminium
4 concentrated aqueous sodium bromide Na+ + e– → Na bromine

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

10
28 The electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate, using inert electrodes, is shown.

+ –

aqueous copper(II) sulfate

Which statement about a reaction at an electrode is correct?

:
A Copper ions gain electrons at the negative electrode.
B Copper ions gain electrons at the positive electrode.
C Hydrogen ions gain electrons at the negative electrode.
D Hydrogen ions gain electrons at the positive electrode.

29 Methane burns in excess oxygen.

The equation is shown.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Bond energies are shown.

bond energy
bond
/ kJ mol–1

C=O 805
C–H 410
O=O 496
O–H 460

What is the energy change for the reaction?

A (4  410 + 2  496) – (2  805 + 4  460)

B (2  805 + 2  460) – (410 + 2  496)

C (410 + 2  496) – (805 + 2  460)

D (410 + 496) – (805 + 460)

11
30 Which statements about hydrogen fuel cells are correct?

1 Water is formed as the only waste product.

2 Both water and carbon dioxide are formed as waste products.

3 The overall reaction is 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O.

4 The overall reaction is endothermic.

0
A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

31 Which list contains only chemical changes?

A melting, evaporating, dissolving

B rusting, freezing, subliming

:
C neutralisation, polymerisation, combustion
D boiling, condensing, distillation

32 The results of adding excess marble chips (calcium carbonate) to hydrochloric acid at 50 C and
at 30 C are shown. Only the temperature is changed.

50 C

volume of
30 C
carbon dioxide
given off / cm3

0
0 time / s

Which row describes the reacting particles at 30 C compared to those at 50 C?

collision rate collision energy

A higher higher
B higher lower
C lower higher
D lower lower

12
33 Methane reacts with steam and an equilibrium is reached.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

The forward reaction is endothermic.

Which row shows how the amount of hydrogen at equilibrium changes when the pressure or
temperature is changed as indicated?

change in change in amount of

temperature pressure hydrogen

A decrease no change increase

B increase no change decrease
C no change increase decrease

:
D no change decrease decrease

34 When aqueous iron(III) chloride is added to aqueous potassium iodide a chemical reaction
occurs and iodine is formed.

Which statement is correct?

A Iodide ions are oxidised, they gain electrons in this reaction.

B Iodide ions are oxidised, they lose electrons in this reaction.

C Iron(III) chloride is oxidised in this reaction.

D Neither iodide ions nor iron(III) chloride is oxidised in this reaction.

35 A student investigates how the concentration of an acid affects the speed of reaction with a 0.5 g
mass of magnesium at 30 °C.

The student has a beaker, concentrated acid, water and the apparatus below.

P a balance
Q a clock
R a measuring cylinder
S a thermometer

Which pieces of apparatus does the student use?

A P, Q and R only

O
B P, Q and S only

C Q, R and S only

D P, Q, R and S

13
36 Which statement describes a weak acid?

A It is a proton acceptor and is fully ionised in aqueous solution.

B It is a proton acceptor and is partially ionised in aqueous solution.

:
C It is a proton donor and is fully ionised in aqueous solution.
D It is a proton donor and is partially ionised in aqueous solution.

37 Which row represents the particles of a gas colliding most frequently?

pressure temperature

A high high
B high low
C low high
D low low

38 Which piece of apparatus is used to measure 1.5 cm3 of a solution accurately?

:
A 25 cm3 measuring cylinder
B 25 cm3 pipette
C 50 cm3 measuring cylinder
D 50 cm3 burette

39 Lithium reacts with fluorine to form the compound lithium fluoride.

Which statement about this reaction is correct?

A Each fluorine atom gains one electron.

B Each fluorine atom gains two or more electrons.
C Each fluorine atom loses one electron.
D Each fluorine atom loses two or more electrons.

40 Methane, CH4, burns in the air to form carbon dioxide and water.

What is the balanced equation for this reaction?

A CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

0
B CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

C CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

D CH4(g) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

14
 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

16
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba lanthanoids
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116

Fr Ra actinoids
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).