Acceptability of the Developed Alternative “Kalang de Kahoy”

for Decreasing Air Pollution

A Research Paper

Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School Department

STI College Tanay

Tanay, Rizal

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Course

Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Calvin Anjelo B. Benavidez Joshua V. Lauron

Vheine Lee Bertoldo Nicole S. Magpantay

Jemaima LP Danao Ryzza Abygaile P. Valencia

Marylle Kaila C. Homegop Francine M. Valenzuela

July 2023
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Approval Sheet

This research entitled Acceptability of the Developed Alternative “Kalang

de Kahoy” for Decreasing Air Pollution prepared and submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the course Inquiries, Investigation, and
Immersion in Senior High School by Calvin Anjelo B. Benavidez, Vheine Lee
Bertoldo, Jemaima LP Danao, Marylle Kaila C. Homegop, Joshua V. Lauron,
Nicole S. Magpantay, Ryzza Abygaile P. Valencia, Francine M. Valenzuela is
recommended for approval.

____________ ________________
Date Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course Inquiries,

Investigation, in Senior High School and Immersion by Oral Examination Committee.

______________________________
Member

_____________________ _____________________
Member Member

______________________________
Chairman

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquiries, Investigation, and
Immersion in Senior High School.

____________ ________________
Date Principal

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Abstract

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Dedication
Throughout this research, sacrifices and efforts have been made. This study is

dedicated to our dear parents, who have been source of inspiration throughout this

research. Their spiritual, emotional, physical, and financial support enabled us to finish

this study. We dedicated this study to Ms. Fatima L. Ingal, Mrs. Alda Joie Alcantara, Mr.

Jun Vincent F. Go LPT, Ms. Paulyn G. Ramirez, Ms. Kristina Cassandra Y. Nemis, Ms.

Shaina Mae D. Iposada, who taught us well and provided us with ideas and lessons

that helped us to complete this study. Their efforts and patience guided us and helped

us understand the importance of research. Above all, to our God Almighty who gave his

enough strength, knowledge, skills, protection for everyday life, and guidance that

enable us to carry out this research. All of these, we offer to you.

Benavidez et al

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Acknowledgments

The researchers would like to express their deep gratitude to some individuals

for their advice and supervision throughout the research study. This study will not be

possible without their entire support and assistance.

Ms. Fatima L. Ingal, Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion instructor for

spending her time and effort to review the papers, as well as for providing support and

guidance throughout the study.

Mrs. Alda Joie Alcantara, research adviser, for giving suggestions, advice and

for assisting the researchers to improve the study.

Mr. Jun Vincent F. Go LPT, for correcting and for giving suggestions and advice

to improve the study.

Ms. Paulyn G. Ramirez, for correcting and for giving suggestions and advice to

improve the study.

Ms. Kristina Cassandra Y. Nemis, for assisting the researchers in correcting

the grammar of the study.

Ms. Shaina Mae D. Iposada, for sharing her knowledge and assisting with data

analysis and statistical computations.

Respondents, for making themselves available, being helpful, and spending the

necessary time to answer the questions.

Parents, for helping the researchers with their financial needs, as well as for

supporting, motivating, and urging them to finish their studies.

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We are most grateful to the Almighty God for providing the researchers with a

wealth of blessings, knowledge, and resources that enabled everyone to finish their

research.

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Table of Contents

Title Page

Approval Form i

Abstract ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents vi

List of Figures and Tables vii

Chapter

1 The Problem and its Background

Introduction 1

Background and Purpose of the Study 3

Statement of the Problem 5

Hypothesis 6

Significance of the Study 6

Theoretical Framework 8

Conceptual Framework 9

Scope and Delimitations 10

Definition of Terms 11

Chapter

2 Review of Related Literature and Studies

Literature 13

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Studies 15

Chapter

3 Research Methodology

Research Design 17

Participants 17

Data Collection 18

Procedure 20

Statistical Treatment 22

Chapter

4 Results and Discussions

Findings 1

Summary of Findings 1

Chapter

5 Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions 1

Recommendations 1

References 23

Appendix 1

List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1 Conceptual Model of Acceptability

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of the Developed Alternative Smokeless Stove

for Decreasing Air Pollution 9

Figure 2 Production Process Smokeless Stove 20

Table 1 Number of Respondents 1

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the background and purpose of the study, research

questions, significance of the study, theoretical framework, conceptual

framework, scope, and limitation, as well as definition of terms.

Introduction

Cooking is an essential thing for a human to have clean and safe food,

especially here in the Philippines where Filipino are known for their love of food.

During the Neolithic Era, people already knew how to use fire for cooking and

during this era, people used different equipment to cook their food. However,

there are a lot of types of equipment that can cause pollution, especially air

pollution to mother earth. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),

“Around 2.4 billion people worldwide cook using fires or inefficient stoves fueled

by kerosene, biomass (wood, animal dung, and crop waste), and coal, which

generate household air pollution.” This kind of pollution can cause death,

especially for children below 5 years old.

Some Filipino who can afford to buy expensive yet environmentally friendly

equipment for cooking may not be exposed to this kind of air pollution, but for

those who can’t afford it still uses the traditional way, which is kalang de uling

and kalang de kahoy, not knowing that this equipment may produce a harmful

effect not only on the environment but as well as to the family who's using it.
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This study aims to produce or develop a friendly kalang de kahoy that can be

used by many without worrying the bad effect it may produce. This study is

anchored to the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 or known as RA 8749 Section

2. stating.

“The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony
of nature. The State shall promote and protect the global environment
to attain sustainable development while recognizing the primary
responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental
problems. The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the
habitat and environment is primarily area-based. The State also
recognizes the principle that "polluters must pay". Finally, the State
recognizes that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all
and should, therefore, be the concern of all.

The Act administers programs and policies which aim to maintain the air

healthy by achieving better air quality for the Filipino people that will meet the

National Air Quality Guidelines for Community Pollutants.

There are three (3) subprograms under RA 8749, Motor Vehicle Emission

Management Program, Industrial Emission Management Program, and

Roadside Ambient and General Ambient Air Monitoring. The three subprograms

were designed to effectively manage the three main sources of air emission in

the Philippines.

In relation to the researchers' study, RA 8749 would serve as the legal basis

for the study “Acceptability of the Developed Alternative “Kalang de Kahoy” for

Decreasing Air Pollution” which shares the same goal as the Philippine Clean

Air Act of 1999. From the subprogram under RA 8749, in Section 1.1.2 Area

Sources of Industrial Emission Management Program (IEMP), household

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cooking is also a contributor in area sources alongside construction activities

and waste burning. A simple, little daily activity is contributing to air pollution

equally as the known harmful activities done by humans. To help find an easy

and affordable solution, the researchers will create a developed alternative

kalang de kahoy that can filter the smoke it emits to lessen the effects in the air

pollution and to the health of the person using the stove.

The developed alternative kalang de kahoy, made from materials easily found

at home, can not only make an impact by helping in maintaining the air quality,

but it can also help the people feel like they are doing a huge contribution in

fighting air pollution by simply using a kalang de kahoy that lessens the negative

effects of the traditional stove they use in everyday life.

Background of the Study

Air pollution has been a problem to the planet for over two thousand years

and it is still a threat to the world and to human health. As the years progressed,

human-made air pollution has been increasing continuously because of the

growing numbers of newly developed infrastructures, power plants, and

vehicles. A single vehicle emits around 4.6 metric tons of smoke per year,

factories contribute 25% of fuel emission, and over 40% of carbon dioxide were

emitted in power plants. Building of new infrastructures is inevitable, but so is

the air pollution it produces. Multiple solutions have been observed; some are

still practiced, but some are ineffective.

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This encouraged Max Chinnah, a Nigerian inventor, to create a smokeless

stove to help lessen the air pollution caused by the people. The stove can not

only reduce smoke pollution but can also convert the heat of the stove’s fire into

electricity that can charge a mobile phone. This invention of smokeless stove

started an idea to other inventors to create a smokeless stove with other better

functions.

However, purchasing a single smokeless stove can cost a lot of money.

Hence, an alternative that can be easily created using materials available in

every household will be of use.

The researchers’ study is anchored to a study conducted by M.R. Pandey et

al. that showed the effectiveness of smokeless stoves in reducing air pollution. A

study done by B.N. Young et al. (2019) however, stated that “although evidence

suggests improvements in health following reductions in ambient air pollution

exposures, much less is known about whether or not efforts to reduce

exposures to emissions from household solid fuel combustion will result in

health benefits, and if certain subgroups of the population are more likely to see

improvements.

Designed to help prevent respiratory infections and lessen indoor and outdoor

pollution, the researchers will aim to develop a smokeless stove and create one

that can filter the smoke.

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Statement of the Problem

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of:

1.1. educational attainment;

1.2. course;

1.3. members of the family;

1.4. family’s monthly income;

1.5. family with comorbidities.

2. What is the extent of the developed smokeless stove to ease financial

concerns in terms of:

2.1. affordability;

2.2. durability;

2.3. combustion efficiency.

3. What are the extents to which smokeless stoves have been developed to

alleviate health concerns in terms of:

3.1. smokeless homes initiative;

3.2. cleanliness home initiative.

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4. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the

respondents and developed smokeless stove to the financial concern in

terms of affordability, durability, and combustion efficiency?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the

respondents and developed smokeless stove to ease health concern in

terms of smokeless homes initiative and cleanliness home initiative?

Hypothesis

This study aims to answer the null hypothesis that there is no significant

relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and the

developed smokeless stove to the financial concern in terms of affordability,

durability, and combustion efficiency. And there is no significant relationship

between the demographic profile of the respondents and developed smokeless

stoves to ease health concern in terms of the smokeless homes’ initiative and

cleanliness home-initiative.

Significance of the Study

This research is made with the aim which is to provide information on how the

alternative smokeless stove will help to decrease the air pollution. Through this,

the community will have the idea on how they could save the earth specifically
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from air pollution. In addition, the data that will be gathered by the researchers

might help the community to possibly change from the ideal design of a stove

into the developed alternative smokeless stove. Overall, when it comes to its

significance to the environment, the air pollution rate in a community might be

lessen through this kind of innovation. We could probably rely on having this

kind of equipment in our houses rather than using actual woods to make a fire

for cooking dishes. As for the next generation, this idea might also encourage

them to design environmentally friendly equipment.

This study is conducted to benefit the following:

Parents and Cooks/Chef. This research will be useful to them since they are

the ones who are focused on using stoves for cooking dishes for daily life. They

might use the product in the long run specially through its purpose which is to

lessen the smoke emitted by a normal stove.

Administrators and Staff. This study will help them to assess next research

related to the topic in which they might use it as basis or standard.

Students. This study may serve as their guide and reference for future

studies related to the topic.

Professor. This research will aid them in discussions regarding related

lessons especially about pollution or other related terms about using energy.

Future Researchers. This research will be a useful reference for the

researchers who would plan related studies specifically when it comes to

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treating air pollution through developing such inventions that will lessen its effect

on the environment.

Overall, this research study will aid Barangay Tandang-Kutyo, Tanay Rizal in

producing a new type of cooking material that will answer the problem when it

comes to air pollution.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored to Peculiar Theory of Pollution proposed by David

Bier (2011), it says that the "pollution is peculiar only because it runs counter to

the prevailing opinion but if we think more about the problem through, we should

expect to see pure air, clean water, and healthier environments". Also, our

environment should become more suitable for human habitation. It is also

anchored in the Economic Theory that was also proposed by David Bier (2011)

that applies to pollution as well. The rich societies have more abilities to clean

the air and have more knowledge than the poor societies. In this study the

researcher developed a Smokeless stove that can filter the air that the stove

release and can help to reduce air pollution, to make our environment more

suitable for human habitation like in Peculiar Theory. The research also makes it

less expensive for even the poor societies to help to clean the air or reduce the

air pollution.
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Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Respondents a) Take an old barrel and

cut a hole in the middle
demographic
of it large enough to
serve as a wood holder.
profile in terms of:
b) Measure the Styrofoam
to fit within the barrel. Acceptability of the
a) educational c) Combine the cement
and water, then pour it Developed
attainment
00000 into the barrel.
d) Place the Styrofoam cut Alternative
b) course
to cover the holes made
in the barrel after Smokeless Stove
c) members of the
inserting the bottom of
family the barrel. for Decreasing Air
e) Place the little cylinders
d) family’s monthly Pollution
on top of the barrel.
f) Remove the Styrofoam
income
placed inside after it has
e) family with dried.
g) Evaluation through
comorbidities survey
h) Analyzing Data and
Interpretation of Data

Feedback

Figure 1

Conceptual Model of Acceptability of the Developed Alternative Smokeless

Stove for Decreasing Air Pollution
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Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual framework of the Acceptability of the

Developed Alternative Smokeless Stove for Decreasing Air Pollution.

Frame 1 shows the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of

educational attainment, course, members of the family, family’s monthly income,

and family with comorbidities.

Frame 2 contains the process of building a smokeless stove, evaluating it and

collecting data using a questionnaire, analyzing data, and interpreting of data.

Frame 3 presents the output which is the Acceptability of the Developed

Alternative Smokeless Stove for Decreasing Air Pollution.

Lastly, Feedback, as related by the arrow, shows the direct flow of the

diagram in which the input, the process, and the output are related to one

another which will determine if the output is effective.

Scope and Delimitations

This study is to lessen global air pollution and prevent heart and lung disease.

The researchers will make smokeless stove that have more advantages in using

this stove than the ordinary one. The smokeless stove is easy to use for

individuals who are cooking in the kitchen and can benefit the environment and

themselves.

The study will be conducted at STI College Tanay Campus, located at Manila

East Road, Barangay Tandang-Kutyo, Tanay Rizal. The respondents of the

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study will be the students and faculty members from the said school,

respectively around 30 persons.

STI College Tanay is a well-known school around the Philippines known for

its technology and other courses like hotel and restaurant management.

A survey-questionnaire made by the researcher will be given to the

respondents and let them use the developed prototype of the alternative

smokeless kalang de kahoy for pre-trial.

The descriptive method will determine the level of acceptability of the

smokeless kalang de kahoy. While on the other hand, developmental method

will be utilized for developing the product which is kalang de kahoy, as well as

the experimental method to test whether the product is effective.

Definition of Terms

Ambient. An encompassing atmosphere.

Anchored. To make something or someone stay in one position by fastening

him, her, or it firmly.

Combustion. A chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with

oxygen and gives off heat.

Emission. The act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.

Inevitable. Certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented.

Infrastructure. The basic systems and services, such as transportation and

power supplies, that a country or organization uses to work effectively.

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Invention. Something that has never been made before, or

the process of creating something that has never been made before.

Smokeless. Not causing or allowing smoke

Threat. A suggestion that something unpleasant or violent will happen,

especially if a particular action or order is not followed.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter presents an overview of the previous related literatures from

both foreign and local level.

Foreign and Local Literature

According to Nayak and Roul (2022) there are 40 to 50% of families

worldwide using a traditional stove for cooking purposes. To overcome this

difficulty, they developed an innovative stove that can minimize an air pollution

and health related issues. The smokeless stove presented where primary and

secondary fuel. The design of the stove is unique to other stove and its

maintenance cost is very less. The objective of their work is to lessen the air

pollution and provide better environment for rural women for their cooking

purpose with reduction in cost.

In this study, the researcher developed a kalang de kahoy that can also

minimize air pollution and protect our health in terms of smokeless home

initiatives and cleanliness home initiatives. The kalang de kahoy that the

researcher developed is less expensive than many people can afford and it’s

also durable.

According to Brighter Communities Worldwide (2021), many families across

Kericho County, Kenya, risk their health just by getting up and cooking breakfast
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because they utilize an indoor open fire for cooking. The smoke that they inhale

can cause illness. They build a smokeless stove out of bricks, mud, sawdust,

water, a tin chimney, and trained installers. They use an inexpensive material.

Because of this project, many families become healthier, and the stove is more

efficient, which saves money.

  The researchers developed an alternative kalang de kahoy that can

minimize the air pollution and make us healthier. The materials that the

researchers choose is less expensive that many families can afford.

According to a study of Pandey et.al., lung illness is frequent in rural areas

with poor indoor air quality due to smoke from household stoves. When

smokeless (with flue) cook stoves were introduced, filters for gravimetric

analysis were once exposed in homes with conventional stoves (without flue).

According to a household survey, seventy-five percent of the cooks preferred

the smokeless stove over the regular stove and all but one of the cooks thought

the smokeless stove produced less smoke than the traditional stove.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether smokeless stoves can

improve local environmental conditions and human health. Smokeless stoves

are said to be an efficient way to minimize air pollution, and if that happens, it

may also be able to lessen the risk of people developing lung diseases because

fewer people will be exposed to that area's air pollution.

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Foreign and Local Studies

In a randomized controlled study of M.M. Adane et.al (2021) about improved

biomass-fueled cookstoves, showed that an improved cookstove is in fact

helping in reducing the air pollution forming inside a household. Results from the

study presented that the improved biomass-fueled cookstove reduced 46% of

indoor air pollution from the baseline value compared to the traditional

cookstove which only reduced 5% of the pollution. The researchers created an

improved biomass-fueled cookstove and conducted a cluster randomized control

trial then gave the product to the respondents.

The study concluded that applying a developed cookstove may be necessary

to reduce exposure to indoor air pollution. Stated in the study that other studies

regarding the topic are limited, hence the need for further research.

A detailed examination about the reduction of indoor air pollution and health

risk of an improved cookstove done by Chakraborty, D. and Mondal, N.K. (2021)

showed a positive result, stating that the health risks of women who mostly uses

a cookstove decreased and that improved cookstoves can be an alternative for

the people.

The study was conducted as an attempt to lower pollution levels in India due

to the million deaths caused by the exposure to indoor air pollutants. The

researchers made an improved cookstove to compare the effects with a

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traditional biomass stove. By assessing the toxicological risk and

carboxyhemoglobin levels of the respondents, the researchers reached a

conclusion that usage of a traditional stove is a major contributor in increasing

the health risks of people that use it.

According to Myllyvirta (2023), air pollution in the country tallies almost 64,

920 deaths adults and 1,310 children way back in 2019. The numbers tallied are

extremely alarming since the only cause of it was only all about air pollution.

Thus, there are still implications wherein it repeatedly adds to the disastrous

effect of air pollution. It includes emission of smoke from factories, burning of

woods from the forest and burning of plastic in commercial areas. Apparently,

due to the alarming number of deaths there are still ways on how we could help

in decreasing the effect of air pollution and possibly end that right now.
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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides information regarding the method used in making

this study. Sampling and collection, data collection, and procedure are also

included in this chapter.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will use an experimental-developmental design

to gather information regarding acceptability of the developed “Kalang de

Kahoy” for decreasing air pollution. This method will be used to explain how

kalang de kahoy develop and works.

According to Richey, Klein, and Nelson (2004), this design is focused on a

certain process, paradigm, or method of development or evaluation. These

might entail developing and validating distinct design models and procedures as

well as pinpointing the circumstances that enable effective utilization.

Participants

Simple random sampling was the technique used for selecting the

respondents in this study. According to Thomas (2020), a simple random

sample is a randomly selected subset population. This sampling method has an

exactly equal chance of being selected by each member. It is the most

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straightforward of all the probability sampling methods since it only involves a

single random selection. Because it uses

randomization, any research performed on this sample should have high internal

and external validity.

This technique is employed by the researchers to ensure an equal

representation of the variables. The researchers divided the respondents within

the students and faculty members of STI College Tanay Campus and randomly

selected the respondents for the researchers to conduct the survey-

questionnaire. It is advantageous for the researchers for it is the most

convenient way for the respondent to answer clearly and correctly.

The researchers decided to conduct a survey inside the population of twenty

(20) hospitality management students, five (5) teachers, and five (5) experts

from STI College Tanay Campus, comprising a total of 30 respondents.

Data Collection

The study entitled "Acceptability of the Developed Alternative “Kalang de

Kahoy” for Decreasing Air Pollution" is a quantitative study which aims to find

out its benefits to human health as it lessens the smoke while cooking. It will use

the survey questionnaire as its data collection method specifically by drafting

questions to be answered by the respondents. The survey questionnaire is an

item list and is subdivided into categories catering structured questions which
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will help the researchers to come up with the conclusion of this research study.

Unlike qualitative surveys, in which participants answer open-ended questions

and can share as much detail as they’d like, close-ended surveys ask

respondents to answer yes or no and/or multiple-choice questions. These

surveys can also gather demographic data — like age, gender, income, or

occupation. The demographic information the researcher will employ in this

study will be in terms of educational attainment, course, members of the family,

family’s monthly income and family with comorbidities. By doing this,

researchers can acquire sufficient information to support the study.

The researchers aim to facilitate 30 students and faculty members of STI

College Tanay which will be selected as the final respondents using the simple

random sampling as its sampling method.

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Procedure

Take an old barrel and

Old barrel, cement, make a rectangular hole Drill four wheels on
at the bottom front, and
sand, water, wheels, square hole at the left the bottom of the
and PVC pipe side, and circle hole at barrel.
the right side.

Gradually put some

of the mixture at the
Put a styrofam on the Mix some cement,
bottom and put a
holes. sand, water
metal that will hold
our charcoal.

Put a big PVC pipe at We will put the rest of

Wait until the cement
the center and put a the cement at the
dry.
sand inside of it. outside of the pipe.

Remove the PVC

pipe and remove the
styrofoam.

Figure 2
Production Process Smokeless Stove

Figure 2 depicts the manufacturing process of a smokeless stove.

Frame 1 shows the materials that will be needed to build the smokeless

stove.
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Frame 2 contains the first step in making a smokeless stove. Take an old

barrel and make a rectangular hole at the bottom front, a square hole at the left

side, and a circle hole at the right side.

Frame 3 presents the second step in making a smokeless stove. Drill four

wheels on the bottom of the barrel.

Frame 4 demonstrates the third step in making a smokeless stove. Put a

piece of Styrofoam in the holes.

Frame 5 illustrates the fourth step in making a smokeless stove. Mix some

cement, sand, and water.

Frame 6 shows the fifth step in making a smokeless stove. Gradually put

some of the mixture at the bottom and put a metal that will hold our charcoal.

Frame 7 presents the sixth step in making a smokeless stove. Put a big PVC

pipe in the center and put sand inside of it.

Frame 8 contains the seventh step in making a smokeless stove. Put the rest

of the cement on the outside of the pipe.

Frame 9 shows the eighth step of making a smokeless stove. Wait until the

cement is dry.
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Frame 10 presents the ninth step in making a smokeless stove. Remove the

PVC pipe and the Styrofoam.

Lastly, the arrow shows the direct flow of the graph, which represents the

step-by-step process of creating a smokeless stove.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers will use a statistical method called frequency (f) that will help

in summarizing all the data gathered. As frequency presents the raw data, the

highest and lowest education attainment of the respondents in the demographic

would be seen easily. This will also help in showing the number of times a

specific value appears in a data which will help in finding the monthly income of

the respondents' family. Frequency will be used to easily understand the

demographic that will show which options occur often in the dataset.

Another statistical method that the researchers will use is the weighted mean.

This statistical method is more accurate than a simple average and improves the

data's accuracy due to having more than one variable or data. Weighing mean

would also be used to interpret the data table. The data will be calculated by

multiplying the weight or probability associated with a particular event.

In addition, the researchers will also use the T-test statistical method.

This method will be used in comparing the means of two groups, as well as in

proving that a method is truly effective in determining the significance of the

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population or groups. T-test will help in making gathered data between the

relationship of two different group’s easier to understand.

Bibliography

A. Books

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Cambridge Dictionary. (2023h, February 22). threat meaning: 1. a suggestion

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