PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Input, Sensor dan Aplikasi Relay

by. Toto Tohir

1
Electromagnetic Control Relays
The PLC's original purpose was the replacement of
electromagnetic relays with a solid-state switching
system that could be programmed.
The programmable controller was designed
to replace physically small control relays
that make logic decisions but are not
designed to handle heavy current or high
voltage.

Electromagnetic relays, such as the

lighting contactor shown, are still
used as auxiliary devices to switch I/O
field devices.
7
 Relay Symbol
Coil
CR1
CR1-1 CR1-2

Normally open Normally closed

(NO) contact
Contacts are open when
no current flows through
the coil but close as soon
as the coil is energized.
(NC) contact
Contacts are closed when
no current flows through
the coil but open as soon
as the coil is energized.

10
Contactor

A contactor is a special type of relay designed to

handle heavy power loads that are beyond the
capability of control relays.

Contactors are designed to operate

such loads as lights, heaters,
transformers, capacitors, and electric
motors for which overload protection is
provided separately
or not required.

13
Motor Starter
A magnetic motor starter is a contactor with an
overload relay attached physically and electrically.
They are electromagnetically operated switches that
provide a safe method for starting large motor loads.

The overload relay will open the

supply voltage to the starter if it
detects an overload on a motor.
Motor overload relay contacts are
normally hardwired in series with
the magnetic starter coil.

17
Simbol relay

Rangkaian Program
(hardware) (software)

19
 Jenis - jenis relay lain: timing relay

 Jika coil timing relay ON, maka beberapa

detik kemudian, contact relay akan ON atau
OFF (sesuai jenis NO/NC contact)

25
Jenis - jenis relay lain: latching relay

 Relay jenis digunakan untuk latching

 Jika latch coil diaktifkan, ia tidak akan
bisa dimatikan kecuali unlatch coil
diaktifkan.

26
 Fungsi Relay : penguat daya

Mengapa relay bisa menjadi penguat daya?

32
Type of Sensor: Proximity Sensor
Proximity sensors or switches detect the presence of an
object without making physical contact with it.

35
 Proximity Sensor Applications

The object being detected is too small, lightweight, or

soft to operate a mechanical switch.
Rapid response and high switching rates are required.
An object has to be sensed through nonmetallic barriers
such as glass, plastic, and paper cartons.
Hostile environments conditions exist.

Long life and reliable service are required.

A fast electronic control system requires a bounce-free

input signal.

36
 Inductive Proximity Sensor Operation

Barrel type
Block diagram

37
 Proximity Sensor Connections
The method of connecting and exciting a proximity
sensor varies with the type of sensor and its application.

Target
L1 L2

Load

Two-wire sensor connection

39
Capacitive Proximity Sensor
A capacitive proximity sensor can be actuated by both
conductive and nonconductive material such as wood,
plastics, liquids, sugar flour and wheat.

Operation is similar to that of inductive

proximity sensor. Instead of a coil, the
active face of the sensor is formed by
two metallic electrodes – rather like an
"opened capacitor".

43
Photovoltaic Or Solar Cell

The photovoltaic cell, or solar cell, is a

common light-sensor device that converts
light energy directly into electric energy.

Solar cell
The solar cell converts light
impulses directly into electrical
charges which can easily be
amplified to provide an input signal
to a PLC.
46
Photoconductive Or Photoresistive Cell

The photoconductive cell, or

photoresistive cell, is is another
popular type of light transducer.
Light energy falling on this device
will cause a change in the
resistance of the cell.

20 Ohms Light resistance

5,000 Ohms Dark resistance
Ohms

47
Photoelectric Sensor Operation

Most industrial photoelectric sensors use a light-emitting

diode (LED) for the light source and a phototransistor to
sense the presence or absence of light.
Light from the LED falls on
Light detector the input of the
phototransistor and the
amount of conduction
through the transistor
changes. Analog outputs
Object
to be provide an output
sensed proportional to the quantity
of light seen by the
photodetector.

Light source

48
Through-Beam Type Photoelectric Sensor

A through-beam photoelectric
sensor is used to measure the
change in light quantity caused by
the target's crossing the optical
axis.

Operating
Emitter Receiver
range

Target 50
Bar Code Systems

Bar code systems can be used to

enter data much more quickly
than manual methods, and are
highly accurate.

The decoder receives

Diverter the signal from the
scanner and converts
Decoder these data into the
Scanne character data
r representation of the
symbol's code.
PLC
51
 Flow Measurement
The usual approach used in measuring
fluid flow is to convert the kinetic energy
that the fluid has into some other
measurable form.

Turbine Flow Meter

Coil
The turbine blades turn
at a rate proportional to
Flow
Magnet the fluid velocity and are
Turbine magnetized to induce
voltage pulses coil.
53
Flow Measurement
The usual approach used in
measuring fluid flow is to convert the
kinetic energy that the fluid has into
some other measurable form.

Electronic Magnetic Can be used with electrically

Flow Meter conducting fluids and offers no
restriction to flow. A coil in the
unit sets up a magnetic field. If
a conductive liquid flows
through this magnetic field, a
voltage is induced and sensed
by two electrodes.
54
Velocity/RPM Sensors
A tachometer is a small permanent
magnet DC generator which when
rotated produces a voltage that is
directly proportional to the speed at
which it is driven.

Controller Tachometers coupled

to motors are commonly
used in motor speed
M control applications to
provide a feedback
Motor voltage to the controller
that is proportional to
Tach motor speed.

55
 Velocity/RPM Sensors

The rotating speed of a shaft

is often measured using a
magnetic (inductive) pickup
sensor.

Pickup coil Pole piece A magnet is attached to the

shaft. A small coil of wire held
near the magnet receives a
pulse each time the magnet
N S passes. By measuring the
Sensor Magnet frequency of the pulses, the
output shaft speed can be determined.
0V

56
 Output Control Devices
A variety of output control devices can be operated by the
controller output module to control traditional processes.
These include:

Solenoid Solenoid
Control Alarm
Pilot light relay valve

Heater Small motor

Motor starter 57
Actuators
An actuator is any device that converts an electrical signal
into mechanical movement. The principle types of
actuators are relays, solenoids, and motors.
Symbol The solenoid converts
Solenoid electric current into
Plunger linear motion.

AIR
Coil

58
 Solenoid Valve
A solenoid valve is a combination of:
▪▪ a solenoid with its core or plunger
▪▪ a valve body containing an orifice
in which a disc or plug is positioned
to restrict or allow flow

Forward motion of piston When SOL A is energized, the

valve spool is shifted to redirect
Directional the fluid and move the cylinder
solenoid forward
valve
CR
FWD
SOL A
SOL A

59
CR
 Stepper Motor
A stepper motor converts electrical
pulses applied to it into discrete rotor
movements called steps. They are
used to provide precise position
control of movement.

Stepper motor control system

Stepper-motor Step
Module translator motor
Communicates
with the PLC and Enables control The motor will move
responds with of the stepper motor one step for each pulse
pulse trains received
60
 Across-The-Line AC Starter Operation

When the start button is

pressed, coil M energizes
Low-current
control circuit
to close all M contacts.

The OL contact opens

automatically when an
overload condition is
sensed, to de-energize
the M coil and stop the
motor.
High-current
power circuit
61
 Across-The-Line AC Starter Operation

The M contacts, in series

Low-current with the motor, close to
control circuit complete the high-current
path to the motor.

Control contact M also

closes to seal-in the coil
circuit when the START
button is released.

High-current
power circuit
62
Diskusi (1) - Pintu Garasi Otomatis

68
 Diskusi (2) - Alur kerja

1. Kondisi awal : LS
bawah ON
Limit Switch
pintu atas Motor Naik
2. Selama sensor luar
ON, motor naik ON,
Motor Turun LS bawah OFF

3. Jika LS atas ON,

Sensor dalam
Pintu Garasi motor stop.
Sensor luar
4. Jika sensor dalam
ON, motor turun
ON, LS atas OFF.
Limit Switch
pintu bawah 5. Jika LS bawah ON,
motor stop.

69
Diskusi (3) Kontrol DOL

Q1 Kontaktor
F1 Fuse Daya
F2 Fuse kontrol
S1,S3 Tombol ON
S2,S4 Tombol OFF
A1,A2 Koil kontaktor
M3~ Motor induksi 3 phasa

70
Diskusi (5) Kontrol Forward Reverse

Deskripsikan cara kerja

dari rangkaian kontrol
motor Forward Reverse
disamping
a. Fungsi S1
b. Fungsi S2
c. Fungsi S3
d. Fungsi F3

72
Diskusi (4) Kontrol Bintang- Segitiga

Deskripsikan cara kerja

dari rangkaian kontrol
motor Bintang - Segitiga
disamping
a. Fungsi S1
b. Fungsi S2
c. Fungsi K1
d. Fungsi F3

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