CORROSION SCIENCE SECTION
TABLE 1 TABLE 1 (continued)
Experimental Database Used for Artificial Neural Network
Training Model11
Exp.
Time T RH SO2 Prec. m
(years) (°C) (%) (µg/m3) (mm) pH (g/m2)
1 8.0 76.5 151.6 393.6 4.1 1,127.0(A)
1 9.0 70.2 168.2 295.2 4.1 878.6
1 8.7 74.8 145.6 600.0 4.1 691.6
1 8.0 72.5 120.0 350.4 4.1 483.7
1 9.6 73.0 83.3 626.0 4.8 557.0
1 9.9 72.0 78.4 416.6 4.9 595.5(A)
1 8.9 71.0 49.0 431.6 4.7 350.0
1 9.7 75.0 49.2 512.7 4.4 352.0
1 8.1 79.0 27.2 585.6 4.9 293.0
1 9.9 76.0 18.3 419.5 4.6 239.4
1 9.2 80.0 17.9 510.0 4.4 224.0
1 8.9 78.0 5.7 834.0 5.3 184.0
1 8.3 76.0 18.1 442.2 6.1 183.0
2 8.0 76.3 166.8 505.2 4.1 1,471.3(A)
2 8.8 74.1 165.0 409.2 4.1 1,093.5
2 8.8 74.1 140.3 475.0 4.1 728.8
2 8.2 73.1 116.3 463.2 4.8 630.7
2 9.7 73.0 88.9 438.0 5.0 595.0(A)
2 9.4 76.8 17.8 413.9 4.4 332.9
3 8.0 76.3 166.8 505.2 4.1 1,492.9(A)
3 8.8 74.4 159.7 397.2 4.1 1,368.7
3 9.1 73.5 126.8 463.4 4.1 940.4
3 8.0 74.0 110.0 484.8 4.8 692.1
4 9.5 73.0 83.2 427.0 5.0 460.8(A)
4 9.2 80.0 17.9 509.7 4.4 576.7(A)
5 8.6 74.5 147.4 468.0 4.1 1,576.5
5 8.3 74.4 171.3 396.0 4.0 2,142.8(A)
5 8.7 73.5 120.8 545.2 4.1 1,299.9
8 9.5 73.0 67.0 469.0 4.8 1,278.2(A)
8 9.1 76.4 18.6 469.2 4.9 775.6(A)
10 8.7 74.0 132.0 450.0 4.1 2,080.3
20 9.0 74.6 50.8 475.2 4.9 1,337.3(A)
25 9.0 74.6 61.2 487.7 5.0 1,362.8(A)
1 8.5 80.0 101.5 734.8 4.7 520.4
1 8.5 77.1 114.0 426.6 4.7 353.7
1 8.4 77.8 105.2 568.4 4.7 366.8
1 9.7 76.4 55.6 567.6 4.7 438.0
1 9.0 73.9 40.5 738.2 4.7 271.0
1 10.0 77.3 29.3 579.2 5.1 241.0
1 7.5 79.3 32.3 538.8 4.5 232.0
1 9.9 76.0 15.3 522.0 5.6 182.0
1 9.4 78.7 8.8 601.0 7.0 138.0
1 9.3 71.9 6.3 384.1 5.4 103.0
1 9.3 74.0 11.1 491.1 5.7 100.0
2 8.3 79.6 102.7 700.3 4.7 734.7
2 9.2 74.9 106.2 473.7 4.7 537.1
2 8.0 80.1 103.3 607.6 4.5 558.2
2 10.3 75.0 51.6 474.0 5.3 726.1(A)
2 9.8 76.0 14.2 464 5.2 236.0
3 8.2 78.9 99.3 693.9 4.7 758.1
3 8.8 75.2 104.9 457.0 4.7 657.4
3 8.4 79.4 94.6 603.1 4.7 611.0
4 10.0 74.8 54.5 476.4 5.0 663.4(A)
4 6.7 75.4 18.3 739.2 5.1 244.5(A)
4 9.8 76.0 12.5 513 5.3 319.0
5 8.2 78.3 99.6 713.8 4.7 906.6
5 8.6 76.1 105.4 473.1 4.7 860.7
5 9.0 77.3 77.4 533.1 5.1 750.8
8 9.6 74.8 54.5 476.4 5.0 1,273.2(A)
8 9.3 75.5 13.2 523.2 5.6 531.8(A)
10 8.4 77.2 102.5 593.4 4.7 1,279.8
1 6.2 78.5 20.5 985.5 5.0 204.9
continued...
065004-3
Experimental Database Used for Artificial Neural Network
Training Model11
Exp.
Time T RH SO2 Prec. m
(years) (°C) (%) (µg/m3) (mm) pH (g/m2)
1 7.2 79.2 24.5 678.6 5.0 154.7
1 5.4 77.3 28.8 735.6 5.1 206.8
1 7.0 77.0 19.7 850.8 3.9 224.0
(B)
1 7.0 76.6 24.7 682.8 4.9
1 6.6 73.3 18.0 873.6 4.6 153.0
1 7.3 74.4 11.4 970.8 4.6 148.0
1 7.4 75.0 8.3 800.4 5.5 140.9(A)
(B)
1 6.3 83.9 8.5 940.8 5.5
2 5.8 78.5 21.6 934.3 5.0 257.2
2 6.8 78.2 23.3 750.1 5.0 252.9
2 5.7 76.1 27.4 848.4 5.1 334.9
2 6.9 77.3 14.6 819.6 5.0 334.1(A)
3 5.7 78.4 21.3 964.4 5.0 314.9
3 6.4 78.9 23.3 742.8 5.0 323.5
3 5.6 76.4 27.1 848.4 5.1 380.3
4 6.7 77.1 18.0 771.6 4.9 344.7(A)
4 7.5 77.4 8.2 812.4 5.5 554.4(A)
5 5.9 78.9 22.5 930.7 5.0 442.7
5 6.1 78.2 25.0 776.1 5.0 471.6
8 6.9 75.0 17.1 797.8 4.0 (B)
8 7.0 76.0 8.2 836.4 5.3 122.4(A)
10 6.0 78.5 23.8 853.4 5.0 580.1
20 6.6 75.9 14.4 818.4 5.0 896.8(A)
25 6.6 76.9 15.2 819.6 5.1 896.8(A)
(A)
Value from “online” prediction (climatic and pollution variables
from this row were unknown for training and testing process).
(B)
Prediction not possible.
sion phenomena. Since ANN models do not need any
mathematical functions but “learn” from the complex
interaction of variables from a database, it should be
considered a strong tool for capturing the well-known
nonlinear relations between corrosion rate and some
of the most significant climatic and pollution vari-
ables. Setting up a suitable neural network model
consisted of the following steps:
—Climatic and pollution parameters are cho­-
sen, which differ for different metals because
of strong or weak sensitivity on specific
pollutants.
—Measured output parameters are selected from
the real exposure of samples related to corro-
sion rates.
—Suitable software is chosen so modeling is as
accurate as possible.
The input and output layers are set by the num-
ber of climatic and pollution variables (six) and the
number of variables to be predicted (one). The number
of hidden neurons needs to be established before the
ANN model architecture is completed. We have tested
networks with 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 neurons in
the hidden layer. The learning process used the stan-
dard backpropagation algorithm as the optimization
procedure. The best set of weights was selected as the
one with the lowest possible mean square error and
relative good performance on the validation data test.
CORROSION—JUNE 2011