Foundation Engineering 1

Example (1): For the steel pipe pile shown in the

3m
W.T.
figure, estimate the ultimate carrying capacity in
(tension and compression). The pile will filled

5m
with concrete. O.D. = 45.72 cm, wall thickness =
ϕ = 20 ᵒ
0.792 cm, pipe weight = 0.861 kN/m. Use Clayey sand c = 25 kPa

10 m
γ = 19 kN/m3
Meyerhof’s method in estimating the point
bearing capacity and the API method in ϕ = 35 ᵒ
Dense sand γt = 19.6 kN/m3

10 m
estimating the adhesion factor.

Solution
( i ) Point bearing capacity
Qb = Ab . ̅. ́
̅ = (19 ‒ 9.8) × 10 + (19.6 ‒ 9.8) × 10 = 190 kPa

Ab = = 0.164 m2

From Fig. (8.7); For ϕ = 35ᵒ , R2 = = 10

R1 = = = 21.87 > R2

From Fig. (8.7); for ϕ ˃ 30ᵒ , and = 21.87  ́ 150

Qb = 0.164 × 190 × 150 = 4674 kN

Since, ˃ ; then

Qb Ab (50 tan ϕ ). ́
0.164 (50 tan 35) × 150 = 861.3 kN
Limiting value controls;
⸫ Qb = 861.3 kN

( ii ) Skin friction capacity;

 For the first soil layer (top);
Qs1 = As1 . fs1
fs1 = α1 . c1 + k1 . ̅ . tanδ1 ≤ 100 kPa
Foundation Engineering 2

From Table (8.3); for steel pile and clayey sand soil; k1 = 0.5 and δ1 = 20
̅ = (19 ‒ 9.8) × 5 = 46 kPa
From Fig. (8.9); for c1 = 25 kPa ; α1 = 1.0
fs1 = 1.0 × 25 + 0.5 × 46 × tan 20 = 33.37 kPa < 100 kPA o.k.
As1 = π × 0.4572 × 10 = 14.363 m2
Qs1 = 14.363 × 33.37 = 479.3 kN
 For the second soil layer (bottom)
Qs2 = As2 . fs2
fs2 = α2 . c2 + k2 . ̅ . tanδ2 ≤ 100 kPa
For sand; α2 . c2 = 0
From table (8.3); For steel pile and dense sand, k2 = 1 , and δ2 = 20
̅ = (19 ‒ 9.8) × 10 + (19.6 ‒ 9.8) × 5 = 141 kPa
fs2 = 1 × 141 × tan 20 = 51.3 kPa < 100 kPa O.k.
As2 = π × 0.4572 × 10 = 14.363 m2
Qs2 = 14.363 × 51.3 = 736.8 kN
Qs = Qs1 + Qs2 = 479.3 + 736.8 = 1216.1 kN
Qu = Qb + Qs = 861.3 + 1216.1 = 2077.4 kN

Tu = W + Qs
W = Wsteel + Wconc.
Wsteel = 28 × 0.861 = 24.108 kN

I.D. = 0.4572 ‒ 2 × 0.00792 = 0.44136 m

Wconc. = [28 × × (0.44136)2 ] × 24 = 102.812 kN

W = 24.108 + 102.812 = 126.92 kN

Tu = 126.92 + 1216.1 = 1343.02 kN

Foundation Engineering 3
Qu

Example (2): For the soil condition shown,

Sand
estimate the pile length required to carry an ϕ = 30 ᵒ

10 m
ultimate load Qu = 5000 kN. γ = 17.5 kN/m3
ks = 0.7

Sand
ϕ = 35 ᵒ

L
γ = 19.5 kN/m3

20 m
ks = 1.0
Concrete pile
(0.4 m × 0.4 m)

Solution
( i ) Point bearing capacity
Qb = Ab ( ̅. ́ ) ≤ Ab (11000) kN
Assume the limiting value controls;
Qb = Ab (11000) = (0.4)2 × 11000 = 1760 kN

( ii ) Skin friction capacity

 For the first layer;
Qs1 = As1 . fs1
fs1 = α1 . c1 + k1 . ̅ . tanδ1 ≤ 100 kPa
For sand; α1 . c1 = 0
̅ = 17.5 × 5 = 87.5 kPa
fs1 = 0.7 × 87.5 × tan (0.75 × 30) = 25.4 kPa < 100 kPa o.k.
Qs1 = (4 ×0.4 × 10) × 25.4 = 406.4 kN

 For the second soil layer

Qs2 = As2 . fs2
fs2 = k2 . ̅ . tanδ2 ≤ 100 kPa
̅ = 17.5 × 10 + × 19.5 = 175 + 9.75 L
fs2 = 1 × (175 + 9.75 L) × tan (0.75 × 35) = 86.3 + 4.8 L
Assume the limiting value controls for fs2 (fs2 = 100 kPa)
Foundation Engineering 4

Qs2 = (4 ×0.4 × L) × 100 = 160 L kN

But; Qu = Qb + Qs1 + Qs2 = 5000 kN
Or Qs2 = 5000  1760  406.4 = 2833.6 kN
2833.6 = 160 L  L = 17.71 m
⸫ The total length = 27.71 m

Check for the assumptions;

( 1 ) Check ̅. ́ ;

From Fig. (8.5) ; = = 69.3 < 70

ϕ = 35 ᵒ  ́ = 45

̅. ́ = (10 × 17.5 + 17.71 ×19.5) × 45 = 23415.5 kPa ˃ 11000 kPa o.k.

( 2 ) Check fs2 ;
fs2 = 86.3 + 4.8 L = 86.3 + 4.8 × 17.71 = 171.3 kPa ˃ 100 kPa o.k.
Foundation Engineering 5

+ 110

N.C.clay
Example (3-H.W.): Find the Allowable cu = 70 kPa W.T. +108
axial load for the driven pile shown taking γt = 17 kN/m3
α=1
Fs = 2.0. The elevation of W.T. ranged
between the two levels (105-108) during + 102
the year.
O. C. clay. γt = 20 kN/m3
Pile diameter = 0.5 m α = 0.45
cu = 180 kPa + 98
Pile length = 20 m
Deep sandy layer 𝑁́𝑞 = 23.18
γt = 19 kN/m3 ks = 1.5
 = 32ᵒ tan δ = 0.5

Solution
( i ) Point bearing capacity
Qb = Ab ( ̅. ́ ) ≤ Ab (11000) kN
̅ = 17 × 2 + (17 ‒ 9.8) × 6 + (20 ‒ 9.8) × 4 + (19 ‒ 9.8) × 8 = 191.6 kPa
̅. ́ = 191.6 × 23.18 = 4441.3 kPa < 11000 kPa o.k.

Qb = (0.5)2 × 4441.3 = 872.0 kN

( ii ) Skin friction capacity;

 For the first layer;
Qs1 = As1 . fs1
fs1 = α1 . c1 = 1 × 70 = 70.0 kPa ≤ 100 kPa
Qs1 = (π ×0.5 × 8) × 70 = 879.6 kN

 For the second layer;

Qs2 = As2 . fs2
fs2 = α2 . c2 = 0.45 × 180 = 81 kPa ≤ 100 kPa
Qs2 = (π ×0.5 × 4) × 81 = 508.9 kN
Foundation Engineering 6

 For the third layer;

Qs3 = As3 . fs3
fs3 = k3 . ̅ . tanδ3 ≤ 100 kPa
̅ = 17 × 2 + (17 ‒ 9.8) × 6 + (20 ‒ 9.8) × 4 + (19 ‒ 9.8) × 4 = 154.8 kPa
fs3 = 1.5 × 154.8 × 0.5 = 116.1 kPa > 100 kPa
⸫ fs3 = 100 kPa
Qs3 = (π ×0.5 × 8) × 100 = 1256.6 kN

Qu = Qb + Qs1 + Qs2 + Qs3 = 872 + 879.6 + 508.9 + 1256.6 = 3517.1 kN

Qa = = = 1758.6 kN
Foundation Engineering 7

Example (4-HW): For the driven pile shown in the W.T.

figure, determine:
a- The length of pile for allowable net pullout
resistance (Ta)net = 160kN with a safety factor Soft clay

10 m
c = 20 kPa
Fs = 2.7 . 𝛾 = 8.8 kN/m3
b- The allowable compressive load for the same
value of safety factor. Stiff clay

L
c = 80 kPa
Solution
𝛾 = 9.8 kN/m3
( a ) Tu = Wp + Qs
0.3 m × 0.3 m
(Tu)net = Qs

(Ta)net = = = 160 kN
Qs = 2.7 × 160 = 432 kN
Qs = Qs1 + Qs2
 For the first layer (Soft clay)
Qs1 = As1 . fs1
α1 = 1 (soft clay)
fs1 = 1 × 20 = 20 kPa ≤ 100 kPa
Qs1 = (0.3 × 4 × 10) × 20 = 240 kN
⸫ Qs2 = Qs ‒ Qs1 = 432 ‒ 240 = 192 kN

 For the second layer (Stiff clay)

Qs2 = As2 . fs2
fs2 = α2 . c2
From Table (8.2, case 2), assume 8 < PR ≤ 20 ;
⸫ α2 = 0.4
fs2 = 0.4 × 80 = 32 kPa ≤ 100 kPa
Qs2 = (0.3 × 4 × L) × 32 = 192 kN  L = 5.0 m

Check for PR;

PR = = = 16.67 < 20 ok
Total pile length = 10 + 5 = 15m
Foundation Engineering 8

( b ) Qu = Qb + Qs
Qb = Ab ( c ́ + ̅. ́ )

For clayey soils, Ø = 0, hence, ́ = 9 ( = 16.67 > 5 ok )

Qb = (0.3)2 × (80 × 9) = 64.8 kN

Qu = Qb + Qs = 64.8 + 432 = 496.8 kN

Qa = = = 184.0 kN

Example (5): Estimate the allowable carrying capacity of a concrete pile for the
following data;
L = 18 m , Wp = 3.5 kN/m , pile cap wt. = 7.6 kN
Double acting hammer; Wr = 60 kN , s = 0.5m/25 blows
Eh = 33.14 kN.m

Solution

S= = 20 mm/blow

Wp = 3.5 × 18 + 7.6 = 70.6 kN

a. ENR formula

Pu = = = 245 kN

b. BBC formula

= = 1.18 > 1.0 ok

Pu = = = 211.8 kN
√ √