GOOD

AFTERNOON
CLASS!
 CELLS
-is the smallest unit of a living thing
•-is the basic building block of all
organisms.
•A living thing can be composed of
either one cell or many cells.
•TYPES OF CELLS
•- prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Cells can be highly specialized with
specific functions and characteristics.
How were cells discovered?

The
microscope
led to the
discovery of
cells
 CELL THEORY
•1. ROBERT HOOKE-
•-an English scientist
that used a compound
microscope to examine thin
slices of cork,
• the tough outer
bark of a tree.
•-he coined the term “cell”.
• When he
discovered the
cork had holes in it,
he named the
holes cells
• He thought the
cork holes looked
like empty rooms
2. Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek- -one of
the first people to
describe living cells when
he observed single-celled
organisms (“
animalcules”) swimming
in a drop of pond water.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Was the first person
to describe living cells
in 1670’s
• He looked at a drop of
pond water under a
microscope
• To his surprise, he
found that a drop of
water was full of living
things
• He observed
unicellular organisms
 Where do cells come from?
• In 1850’s, the answer to the question was
answered
•People studying all types of living cells
observed the same thing-that cells divide
•Using a microscope, it was evident where
cells come from, life comes from life ,or one
cell comes from another cell.
•These observations and evidence were
gathered and summarized into the cell
theory
I. Cell Theory
➢ Matthias Schleiden
➢Theodor Schwann
➢Rudolf Virchow
A. All organisms are composed of one or
more cells
B. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
things
C. All cells come from existing cells
Cell
 Eukaryotic Cell
Structures & Organelles
1. Nucleus 8. Vacuoles
2. Ribosomes 9. Endoplasmic
3. Cell membrane Reticulum (E.R.)
4. Cell wall 10. Mitochondria
5. Cytoplasm 11. Lysosomes
6. Chloroplast 12. Centriole
7. Golgi Apparatus
Animal vs. Plant Cells
1. Nucleus- Contains the cell’s DNA &
is the control center of the cell

The nucleus is like the

principal of a school,
because the nucleus
controls the cell like the
principal controls the
school.
The Nucleus
Nucleus
-Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores
-Contains the genetic information (DNA) which exists as
chromatin in a non-dividing cell
-Controls all cell activities

Nucleolus
-In the center of the nucleus
-Produces the ribosomes
.Chromosome
-are thread-like systematized structures
that are made up of a combination
of DNA and protein.
-responsible for making the organisms
what they are by helping a cell to grow,
expand and reproduce.
Nucleoplasm (karyolymph)
-the colloidal solution enclosed by the
nuclear membrane, more viscous
than cytoplasm.
Animal vs. Plant Cells
 Ribosomes

-site of protein
synthesis

-links amino acids

together to form
proteins
2. Ribosome- The site where
amino acids are hooked
together to make proteins.

Ribosome are like a

factory, because
ribosomes make
proteins like
factories make
different products.
Animal vs. Plant Cells
3. Cell Membrane- Controls the
movement of nutrients into the cell
and waste products out of the cell
The cell membrane is like
a security guard,
because the cell
membrane controls
what goes in and out of
a cell like a security
guard controls who goes
in and out of the gate.
 Cell Membrane

• The thin layer of

protein and fat that
surrounds the cell.
The cell membrane
is semi permeable,
allowing some
substances to pass
into the cell and
blocking others.
 4. Cell Wall -Supports and protects
the cell while still letting materials
pass through it.
The cell wall is like a
bullet proof vest,
because a cell wall
protects the cell like a
bullet proof vest
protects its user.
Animal vs. Plant Cells
 5. Cytoplasm -is the fluid-like
material inside the cell that
contains all of the cell’s organelles
The cytoplasm is like a jello
salad because the
cytoplasm surrounds and
suspends the cell’s
organelles like the jello
surrounds and suspends
the fruit in the jello salad.
Animal vs. Plant Cells
 6. Chloroplast- Converts the sun’s
energy into high – energy sugars
through process of photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts are like solar

panels because
chloroplasts convert the
sun’s energy into energy
that can be used by cells
like solar panels convert
the sun’s energy into
energy that can be used
by a house.
Figure 4.16
Animal vs. Plant Cells
 7. Golgi Apparatus- site where proteins
are further processed for shipment out
of the cell.
The Golgi Apparatus is like
a UPS truck because the
golgi apparatus packages
and ships proteins where
they are needed like a
UPS truck packages and
ships items where they
are needed.
Animal vs. Plant Cells
8. Vacuoles- Store water, nutrients and
even wastes.

A vacuole is like a thermos

because a vacuole stores
water and nutrients until it
is needed like a thermos
stores water food until it
is needed.
Animal vs. Plant Cells
 9. Endoplasmic Reticulum- System of tubes
through the cytoplasm that allow proteins &
other materials to pass from one place to
another.

The endoplasmic reticulum

is like the highway
system because the cell
uses the endoplasmic
reticulum to move
material throughout the
cell like people use
highways to move
throughout the country.
Rough ER
-has ribosomes which give
it its "rough" appearance
-functions in protein
synthesis

Smooth ER
-mostly contains enzymes
that function in lipid
synthesis)
Animal vs. Plant Cells
10. Mitochondria- “powerhouse of
the cell”
- supplies energy to the cells
(ATP)
Mitochondria are like the
human digestive system
because the digestive
system breaks down food
to supply the body with
energy like the
mitochondria breaks
down food to supply the
cell with energy.
Mitochondria
Animal vs. Plant Cells
11. Lysosome - digests wastes, worn
out cell parts, and foreign invaders

Lysosomes are like

trash cans because
lysosomes get rid of
unwanted things
inside the cell like
trashcans are used to
get rid of unwanted
things inside a house.
 Lysosomes

-digests and recycles old cell parts,

sometimes bacteria

-contain high levels of enzymes

Animal vs. Plant Cells
Centrioles
- used during cell division to move
and separate chromosomes

- only found in animal cells

Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

CELL PARTS Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cells

Cells Plant Animal
Ribosomes Present Present Present
Endoplasmic Absent Present Present
Reticulum
Golgi Bodies Absent Present Present
Lysosomes Absent Absent Present
Vacuoles Absent Present Present
Mitochondrion Absent Present Present
Chloroplast Absent Present Absent
Cytoskeleton Absent Present Present
Cell Membrane Present Present Present
Cell Wall Present Present Absent
Nucleus Absent Present Present
Chromosomes Present Present Present
Centriole Absent Absent Present
Cell Structure Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Size Smaller Larger
(1-10 mm in diameter) (10-100 mm in
diameter)
Nuclear Absent Present
envelope
Cell wall Made up of Made up of
peptidoglycan when cellulose when
present present
Membrane- Absent Present
bound
organelles
Nuclear Single loop of circular Double-stranded
material DNA DNA arranged
into
chromosomes
Ribosomes Small Large

Cytoskeleton Absent Present

Mitochondria Absent Present

Chlorophyll Not found in Found in

chloroplasts chloroplast
when present

Reproduction Asexual Sexual and

asexual
CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURES Composition / Functions
Description
Cell wall Contains cellulose Support and
(Plant cell only) fibrils protection
Cell membrane or Phospholipids Passage of
Plasma membrane bilayer with molecules in and
embedded out of cell
proteins
Nucleus Nuclear envelope Cellular
surrounding the reproduction and
nucleoplasm, control of protein
chromosomes, synthesis
and nucleoli.
Nucleolus Concentrated Ribosome formation
area of chromatin,
RNA, and proteins
Ribosome Protein and RNA Protein synthesis
in 2 subunits

Endoplasmic Membranous Synthesis of protein

Reticulum flattened and other
channels and substances and
tubular canals transport by vesicle
formation
Rough With ribosomes Transport and
Endoplasmic protein synthesis
Reticulum
Smooth Without Transport by
Endoplasmic ribosomes vesicles formation
Reticulum and lipid synthesis
in some cells
 ANNOUNCEMENT
• Hey guys!
• I am proud of you all that you have
finished reading this!

• Now I am extremely excited and

extremely happy to inform you that we
will have an extremely long quiz about the
following topics!

1. Introduction to Biochemistry
2. Cell and Cell Organelles
 NO EXCUSES!
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May
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