ROTC Week 7to11

Lesson Proper for Week 7
FOLLOWERSHIP 2
The Ten Rules of Good Followership
1. Do Not Blame the Boss. Do not blame your boss for an unpopular decision or policy your Job is to support,
not undermine. It is insidiously easy to blame an unpopular policy or decision on your superior. “I know this is a
dumb idea and a pain for everyone, but that is what the boss wants, sorry.”
2. Do Not Fight the Boss. Fight with your boss if necessary, but do it in private. Avoid embarrassing situations
and never reveal to others what was discussed. Chronologically, this Military Science 2 Followership 2
rule should come first, but I felt the above principle so important it deserved priority. Before the decision is
made, however, you will generally have the opportunity to express your opinion to the boss. Speak honestly
and frankly. Do not be a yes man. There is always a tendency to tell the boss what you think he or she wants to
hear. Resist the temptation.
3. Use Initiative. Use initiative make the decision and then run it past the boss. No one likes to work for a
micro-manager. We all believe we are smart enough and mature enough to get the job done without someone
hovering around and providing detailed guidance. There is another side to that coin. One reason commander
become micro-managers because they see their subordinates standing by and waiting for specific instructions.
4. Accept Responsibility. Accept responsibility whenever offered. When I was in basic training, an instructor
gave me what he thought was sage and sane advice do not volunteer for anything. It took me several years to
realize his suggestion was worthless. The military or any top-flight organization cannot work effectively or
continue to grow and evolve unless it is composed of risktakers willing to assume responsibility. This can be
difficult because no one wishes to risk failure or embarrassment.
5. Tell the Truth and Do Not Quibble. Your boss will be giving advice up the chain of command based on what
you say. Mighty oaks from little acorns grow. The same could be the law for major miscalculations that were
based on minor indiscretions.
6. Do Your Homework. Give your boss all the information needed to make a decision. Anticipate possible
questions. Being a good staff officer is harder than it looks; do your homework. When given a problem to solve
by the boss, you must become an expert on the subject before you attempt to propose a course of action.
7. Suggest implementation. When making recommendations, remember who will probably have to implement them.
This means you must know your own strengths and limitations. Once you have finished studying the problem in depth
and are about to make a recommendation you want the boss to ratify.
8. Keep the Boss Informed. Keep the boss informed of what is going on in the unit. People will be reluctant to
tell him or her problem and successes. You should do it for them and assure boss about yours.
9. Fix Problems as They Occur. If you see a problem, fix it. Do not worry about who gets the blame, or praise. Army
Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall commented that there was no limit to the amount of good people that could
accomplish as long as they did not cart who received the credit.
10. Put in an Honest Day's Work. Put in more than an honest day's work, but never forget the needs of your
family. If they are unhappy, you will be too, and your job performance will suffer accordingly.
FOLLOWERS MAKE GOOD LEADERS GOOD
What makes a good follower?

The single most important characteristic may well be a willingness to tell the truth. In a world of growing
complexity, leaders are increasingly dependent on their subordinates for good information; whether the
leaders want to hear it or not. Followers who tell the truth and leaders who listen to it are an unbeatable
combination.
Like good leaders, good followers understand the importance of speaking out. More important, they do it.
The good follower may indeed have to put his or her job on the line in the course of speaking up. But consider
the price he or she pays for silence. What job is worth the enormous psychic cost of following a leader who
values loyalty in the narrowest' sense? Perhaps the ultimate irony is that the follower who is willing to speak out
shows precisely the kind of initiative that leadership is made of.

Military History Evolution
Military History
Military of Ancient Rome
The military of ancient Rome, according to Titus Livius, one of the more illustrious historians of Rome over the
centuries, was a key element in the rise of Rome over “above seven hundred years”[1] from a small settlement
in Latium to the capital of an empire governing a wide region around the shores of the Mediterranean, or, as
the Romans themselves said, ‘’mare nostrum’’, “our sea". Livy asserts:
”... if any people ought to be allowed to consecrate their origins and refer them to a divine source, so great is the
military glory of the Roman People that when they profess that their Father and the Father of their Founder was none
other than Mars, the nations of the earth may well submit to this also with as good a grace as they submit to Rome's
dominion.”
Titus Flavius Josephus, a contemporary historian, sometime high-ranking officer in the Roman army, and
commander of the rebels in the Jewish revolt describes the Roman people as if they were "born readily
armed."[2] At the time of the two historians, Roman society had already evolved an effective military and had
used it to defend itself against the Etruscans, the Italics, the Greeks, the Gauls, the maritime empire of
Carthage, and the Macedonian kingdoms. In each war, it acquired more territory until, when the civil war ended
the Roman Republic, nothing was left for the first emperor, Augustus, to do except declare it an empire and
defend it.
The role and structure of the military were then altered during the empire. It became less Roman. The
duties of border protection and territorial administration being more and more taken by foreign mercenaries
officered by Romans. When they divided at last into warring factions the empire fell, unable to keep out
invading armies.
During the Roman Republic, the function of the military was defined as service to the ‘’Senatus Populusque
Romanus’’ - an agency designated by 'SPQR' on public inscriptions. Its main body was the senate, which met in a
building still extant in the forum of Rome. Its decrees were handed off to the two chief officers of the state, the
consuls. They could levy from the citizens whatever military force they judged was necessary to execute such
decree. This conscription was executed through a draft of male citizens assembled by age class. The officers of
the legion were tasked with selecting men for the ranks. The will of the SPQR was binding on the consuls and
the men, with the death penalty often assigned for disobedience or failure. The men were under a rigorous
code, known now for its punitive crucifixion.
The military's campaign history stretched over 1300 years and saw Roman armies campaigning as far east
as Parthia (modern-day Iran), as far south as Africa (modern-day Tunisia) and Aegyptus (modern-day Egypt) and
as far north as Britannia (modern-day England, south Scotland, and Wales). The makeup of the Roman military
changed substantially over its history, from its early history as an unsalaried citizen militia to a later
professional force, the Imperial Roman army. The equipment used by the military altered greatly in type over
time, though there were very few technological improvements in weapons manufacture, in common with the
rest of the classical world. For much of its history, the vast majority of Rome's forces were maintained at or
beyond the limits of its territory, to either expand Rome's domain or protect its existing borders. Expansions
were infrequent, as the emperors, adopting a strategy of fixed lines of defense, had determined to maintain
existing borders. For that purpose, they constructed extensive walls and created permanent stations that
became cities.
Military subculture: The British historian Peter Heather describes Roman military culture as being "just
like the Marines, but much nastier". The army did not provide much social mobility, and it also took quite
some time to complete one's service. The pay was not the best for the time but could be remedied by advance
in rank, loot from wars, and additional pay from emperors. Also, the army did provide a guaranteed supply of
food (many times soldiers had to pay for food and supplies), doctors, and stability. In the legions of the
Republic, discipline was fierce and training harsh, all intended to instill a group cohesion or esprit de corps that
could bind the men together into effective fighting units. Unlike opponents such as the Gauls, who were fierce
individual warriors, Roman military training concentrated on instilling teamwork and maintaining a level head
over individual bravery − troops were to maintain exact formations in battle and "despise wild swinging blows"
in favor of sheltering behind one's shield and delivering efficient stabs when an opponent made himself
vulnerable.
Capabilities: The military capability of Rome – its preparedness or readiness – was always primarily based
upon the maintenance of an active fighting force acting either at or beyond its military frontiers, something that
historian Luttwak refers to as a "thin linear perimeter. This is best illustrated by showing the dispositions of the
Roman legions, the backbone of the Roman army. (see right). Because of these deployments, the Roman
military kept a central strategic reserve after the Social War. Such reserves were only re-established during the
late Empire when the army was split into a border defense force and mobile response field units.
The Empire's system of building an extensive and well-maintained road network, as well as its absolute
command of the Mediterranean for much of its history, enabled a primitive form of rapid reaction, also
stressed in modern military doctrine, although because there was no real strategic reserve, this often entailed
the raising of fresh troops or the withdrawing of troops from other parts of the border. However, border troops
were usually very capable of handling enemies before they could penetrate far into the Roman hinterland.
The Roman military had an extensive logistical supply chain. There was no specialized branch of the military
devoted to logistics and transportation, although this was to a great extent carried out by the Roman Navy due
to the ease and low costs of transporting goods via sea and river compared to overland. There is archaeological
evidence that Roman armies campaigning in Germania were supplied by a logistical supply chain beginning in
Italy and Gaul, then transported by sea to the northern coast of Germania, and finally penetrating Germania via
barges on inland waterways. Forces were routinely supplied via fixed supply chains, and although Roman
armies in enemy territory would often supplement or replace this by foraging for food or purchasing food
locally, this was often insufficient for their needs: Heather states that a single legion would have required 13.5
tons of food per month, and that it would have proved impossible to source this locally.
The Roman military readily adopted types of arms and armor that were effectively used against them by their
enemies. Initially, Roman troops were armed after Greek and Etruscan models, using large oval shields and
long pikes. On encountering the Celts, they adopted much Celtic equipment and again later adopted items such
as the "gladius" from Iberian peoples. Later in Rome's history, it adopted practices such as arming its cavalry
with bows in the Parthian style and even experimented briefly with niche weaponry such as elephants and
camel-troops. Besides personal weaponry, the Roman military adopted team weaponry such as the ballista and
developed a naval weapon known as the Corvus weapon Corvus, a spiked plank used for affixing and boarding
enemy ships.
THE CRUSADES: CONSEQUENCES & EFFECTS
The crusades of the 11th to 15th century CE have become one of the defining events of the Middle Ages in both
Europe and the Middle East. The campaigns brought significant consequences wherever they occurred but also
pushed changes within the states that organized and fought them. Even when the crusades had ended, their
influence continued through literature and other cultural means and, resurrected as an idea in more modern
times, they continue today to color international relations.
Many exaggerated claims have been made concerning the effects and consequences of the crusades on life in
the Middle Ages and later. There were, undoubtedly, momentous changes in life, politics and religion from the
11th to 14th centuries CE, but it is perhaps prudent to heed the words of historian and acclaimed Crusades
expert T. Asbridge:
The precise role of the Crusades remains debatable. Any attempt to pinpoint the effect of this movement is
fraught with difficulty, because it demands the tracing and isolation of one single thread within the weave of
history - and the hypothetical reconstruction of the world, were that strand to be removed. Some impacts are
relatively clear, but many observations must, perforce, be confined to broad generalizations.
The impact of the Crusades may thus be summarized in general terms as:
ü an increased presence of Christians in the Levant during the Middle Ages.
ü the development of military orders.
ü a polarization of the East and West based on religious differences.
ü the specific application of religious goals to warfare in the Levant, Iberian Peninsula, and Baltic region, in
particular.
ü the increased role and prestige of the popes and the Catholic Church in secular affairs.
ü the souring of relations between the West and the Byzantine Empire leading, ultimately, to the latter’s
destruction.
ü an increase in the power of the royal houses of Europe.
ü a stronger collective cultural identity in Europe.
ü an increase in xenophobia and intolerance between Christians and Muslims, and between Christians and
Jews, heretics and pagans.
ü an increase in international trade and exchange of ideas and technology.
ü an increase in the power of such Italian states as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.
ü the appropriation of many Christian relics to Europe.
ü the use of a religious historical precedent to justify colonialism, warfare and terrorism.
Middle East & Muslim World
The immediate geopolitical results of the crusades were the recapture of Jerusalem on 15 July 1099 CE, but to
ensure the Holy City stayed in Christian hands it was necessary that various western settlements were
established in the Levant (collectively known as the Latin East, the Crusader States or Outremer). For their
defense, a steady supply of new crusaders would be needed in the coming decades and military orders of
professional knights were created there such as the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller. These, in turn,
inspired the formation of chivalric orders like the Order of the Garter in England (founded 1348 CE) which
advocated the benefits of crusading on their members.
The Spread of The Crusades
The crusader movement spread to Spain where, in the 11th-13th century CE, attacks were made against the
Muslim Moors there, the so-called Reconquista (Reconquest). Prussia and the Baltic (the Northern Crusades),
North Africa, and Poland, amongst many other places, would also witness crusading armies from the 12th up to
the 15th century CE as the crusading ideal, despite the dubious military successes, continued to appeal to
leaders, soldiers, and ordinary people in the West. Finally, the crusades as an idea would have reached just
about everyone in Europe by the 14th century CE, and the majority of people would have sat through at least
one sermon preaching their merits and heard the need for recruitment and material support. Indeed, very few
people’s pockets would have remained untouched by the state and church taxes which were regularly imposed
to pay for the crusades.
Byzantine Empire
The crusades caused a rupture in western-Byzantine relations. First, there was the Byzantine’s horror at unruly
groups of warriors causing havoc in their territory. Outbreaks of fighting between crusaders and Byzantine
forces were common, and the mistrust and suspicion of their intentions grew. It was a troublesome
relationship that only got worse, with accusations of neither party trying very hard to defend the interests of
the other. The situation culminated in the shocking sacking of Constantinople on 1204 CE during the Fourth
Crusade, which also saw the appropriation of art and religious relics by European powers. The Empire became
so debilitated it could offer little resistance to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE.
Europe
The power of the royal houses of Europe and the centralization of government increased thanks to an increase
in taxes, the acquisition of wealth in the Middle East, and the imposition of tariffs on trade. The death of many
nobles during crusades and the fact that many mortgaged their land to the crown in order to pay for their
campaigns and those of their followers also increased royal power. There was a decline in the system of
feudalism, too, as many nobles sold their lands to fund their travels, freeing their serfs in the process. Trade
between east and west greatly increased. More exotic goods entered Europe than ever before, such as spices.
Trade between East and West greatly increased. More exotic goods entered Europe than ever before, such as
spices (especially pepper and cinnamon), sugar, dates, pistachio nuts, watermelons, and lemons. Cotton cloth,
Persian carpets, and eastern clothing came, too. The Italian states of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa grew rich through
their control of the Middle East and Byzantine trade routes, which was in addition to the money they raked in
from transporting crusader armies and their supplies. This was happening anyway, but the crusades probably
accelerated the process of international trade across the Mediterranean.
Travel became more common, initially in the form of pilgrimage to the Holy Land and there also developed a
thirst to read about such journeys which were widely published. The age of exploration had begun and would
lead to the discovery of the New World where the concept of a crusade against non-believers was once more
applied.
Into the Modern Era
The crusades cast a very long shadow indeed, with works of art, literature and even wars endlessly recalling the
imagery, ideals, successes and disasters of the holy wars into the 21st century CE. There was a process of hero-
worship, even in medieval times, of such figures as Saladin and Richard the Lionhearted who were praised not
only for their military skills but, above all, for their chivalry. Following the Reformation, the opposite happened
and the crusades were brushed under the historical carpet as a brutal and undesirable aspect of our past that
was best forgotten.
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were wars which were fought during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte over France. They
started after the French Revolution ended and Napoleon Bonaparte became powerful in France in November
1799. War began between the United Kingdom and France in 1803. This happened when the Treaty of Amiens
ended in 1802.
These wars changed European military systems. Cannons became lighter and moved faster. Armies were much
larger, yet had better food and supplies. They were very big and destructive, mainly because of compulsory
conscription. The French became powerful very fast, and conquered most of Europe. The French then lost
quickly. The French invasion of Russia failed. The Napoleonic Wars ended with the Second Treaty of Paris on 20
November 1815. This was just after the Battle of Waterloo, a big battle that Napoleon lost. Napoleon's empire
lost the wars. The Bourbon Dynasty ruled France again.
Some people call the time between April 20 1792 and November 20 1815 "the Great French War". On one side
was the First Empire of France, Kingdom of Italy, and others. On the other side was Great Britain, Prussia,
Austria, Russia, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Sicily, and others.
1805-1812: Napoleonic Conquest of Europe
On 18 May 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of the French at Notre Dame de Paris. The
following year, the Third Coalition started. In response, Napoleon crowned himself King of Italy. The Austrian
Emperor, Franz I, angrily declared war on Napoleon, beginning the War of the Third Coalition. The British
destroyed the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in October. In December the Austrians and the Russians
allied, and fought the French at the Battle of Austerlitz. The Russo-Austrian army suffered a devastating defeat
and had to sign a treaty with Napoleon.
In 1806, the War of the Fourth Coalition started. The Kingdom of Prussia declared war on France first but was
crushed by Napoleon's troops at the Battle of Jena. Napoleon captured Berlin before the Russians could help. In
1807, Napoleon defeated the Russian army at the Battle of Friedland, ending the Fourth Coalition.
In 1809, the War of the Fifth Coalition began when Austria declared war on Napoleon. In the early phases of the
war, the Austrians had advantage of the war, but later the French captured Vienna, ending the Fifth Coalition. At
the height of his power in 1810, Napoleon had controlled France, Spain, northern Italy, Germany, all the way to
Russia. In 1808, the Peninsular War began when Napoleon crowned his brother Joseph Bonaparte as King of
Spain and fought British, Spanish, and Portuguese troops. In 1809, the Finnish War began between Russia and
Sweden when Sweden and Portugal did make peace with France. This led to the annexation of Finland by
Russia and decisive failure for Sweden. In 1811, France and Russia made disagreements again and Napoleon
allied with Prussia and Austria and invaded Russia.
1812: Invasion of Russia/The War of 1812
Napoleon staged a French invasion of Russia in 1812 just as the United States and Britain started the War of
1812. It was in Russia that Napoleon was first checked in his conquest of Europe, at the huge Battle of
Borodino. However, the Russians had to retreat and abandon the capital, Moscow, to the advancing French
troops. Napoleon found Moscow empty and burning. The cold winter along with starvation from scorched earth
tactics devastated Napoleon's army.
Napoleon's weakened ''Grande Armee'' had to retreat to Paris through the Russian freezing winter, but was
finally defeated by the Russians. Prussia and Austria declared war after Napoleon's failure, beginning the War
of the Sixth Coalition. In the latter 19th century, Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace and Peter Ilyich
Tchaikovsky's music piece 1812 Overture depicted the Patriotic war and celebrated the resistance and
liberation of Russia.
SUN TZU
Sun Tzu (Chinese: 孫子; pinyin: Sūnzǐ) was a Chinese general, military strategist, writer and philosopher who
lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China. Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of
War, an influential work of military strategy that has affected both Western and East Asian philosophy and
military thinking. His works focus much more on alternatives to battle, such as stratagem, delay, the use of
spies and alternatives to war itself, the making and keeping of alliances, the uses of deceit and a willingness to
submit, at least temporarily, to more powerful foes.[3] Sun Tzu is revered in Chinese and East Asian culture as a
legendary historical and military figure. His birth name was Sun Wu (Chinese: 孫武) and he was known outside
of his family by his courtesy name Changqing (Chinese: 長卿). The name Sun Tzu by which he is best known in
the Western World is an honorific which means "Master Sun".
Sun Tzu's historicity is uncertain. The Han dynasty historian Sima Qian and other traditional Chinese historians
placed him as a minister to King Helü of Wu and dated his lifetime to 544–496 BC. Modern scholars accepting
his historicity place the extant text of The Art of War in the later Warring States period based on its style of
composition and its descriptions of warfare.[4] Traditional accounts state that the general's descendant Sun Bin
wrote a treatise on military tactics, also titled The Art of War. Since Sun Wu and Sun Bin were referred to as Sun
Tzu in classical Chinese texts, some historians believed them identical, prior to the rediscovery of Sun Bin's
treatise in 1972.
Sun Tzu's work has been praised and employed in East Asian warfare since its composition. During the
twentieth century, The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society as well. It
continues to influence many competitive endeavors in the world, including culture, politics, business and
sports, as well as modern warfare.
The Art of War
The Art of War is traditionally ascribed to Sun Tzu. It presents a philosophy of war for managing conflicts and
winning battles. It is accepted as a masterpiece on strategy and has been frequently cited and referred to by
generals and theorists since it was first published, translated, and distributed internationally.
Sun Tzu's The Art of War uses language that may be unusual in a Western text on warfare and strategy.For e
xample, the eleventh chapter states that a leader must be "serene and inscrutable" and capable of
comprehending "unfathomable plans". The text contains many similar remarks that have long confused
Western readers lacking an awareness of the East Asian context. The meanings of such statements are clearer
when interpreted in the context of Taoist thought and practice. Sun Tzu viewed the ideal general as an
enlightened Taoist master, which has led to The Art of War being considered a prime example of Taoist
strategy.
American Civil War
American Civil War, also called War Between the States, four-year war (1861–65) between the United States and
11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.
Prelude to War
The secession of the Southern states (in chronological order, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) in 1860–61 and the ensuing
outbreak of armed hostilities were the culmination of decades of growing sectional friction over slavery.
Between 1815 and 1861 the economy of the Northern states was rapidly modernizing and diversifying.
Although agriculture—mostly smaller farms that relied on free labour—remained the dominant sector in the
North, industrialization had taken root there. Moreover, Northerners had invested heavily in an expansive and
varied transportation system that included canals, roads, steamboats, and railroads; in financial industries such
as banking and insurance; and in a large communications network that featured inexpensive, widely available
newspapers, magazines, and books, along with the telegraph.
World War I
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and lasted until 1918. During
the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought
against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (the Allied
Powers). Thanks to new military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, World War I saw
unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction. By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers claimed
victory, more than 16 million people—soldiers and civilians alike—were dead.
World War I Begins
Convinced that Austria-Hungary was readying for war, the Serbian government ordered the Serbian army to
mobilize and appealed to Russia for assistance. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the
tenuous peace between Europe’s great powers quickly collapsed.
Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and
Germany, and World War I had begun.
Legacy of World War I
World War I brought about massive social upheaval, as millions of women entered the workforce to support
men who went to war and to replace those who never came back. The first global war also helped to spread
one of the world’s deadliest global pandemics, the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918, which killed an estimated 20 to
50 million people.
World War II
The instability created in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) set the stage for another international
conflict–World War II–which broke out two decades later and would prove even more devastating. Rising to
power in an economically and politically unstable Germany, Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party,
rearmed the nation and signed strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitions of world
domination. Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on
Germany, marking the beginning of World War II. Over the next six years, the conflict would take more lives and
destroy more land and property around the globe than any previous war. Among the estimated 45-60 million
people killed were 6 million Jews murdered in Nazi concentration camps as part of Hitler’s diabolical “Final
Solution,” now known as the Holocaust.
The legacy of the war would include the spread of communism from the Soviet Union into eastern Europe as
well as its eventual triumph in China, and the global shift in power from Europe to two rival superpowers–the
United States and the Soviet Union–that would soon face off against each other in the Cold War.

Basic Military Correspondence
Classification of Correspondence
(whether military or non-military)
1. Formal: Letter and indorsement
2. Informal:df, rs, radio message
3. Miscellaneous:
conference minutes
briefing notes / kits
after conference report

memorandum
References
1. afpm 12-2
2. hpa staff hand book
3. communicative skills handbook
4. ghq & hpa memorandum
scope
1. subject to letter
2. disposition form / sdf
3. memorandum
on the body of correspondence:
- Effective army writing transmits a clear message in a single rapid reading and its generally - free of errors
in grammar, mechanics and word usages
- “Good army writing is concise, organized and right to the point. “
7 Rules of the Army Writing Style
1. Put the main point up-front (b-l-u-f)

2. Write short pharagraphs.
3. Write short papers. (1 to 2 pages long)
4. Prefer active sentence
5. Use mostly short, conversational words.
6. Write short sentence. (average of 15 words)
7. Be correct, credible and complete.
The 15 – 15 – 1 – 2 rule
• writing should not have more than 15 percent long words.
• Your sentences should average around 15 words in length.
• Paragraph should not be more than 1-inch deep.
• Paper should not be over 2 pages long.
Disposition form (df)
* used for correspondence between elements of an organization.
* an action paper used to originate an action or obtain comments, coordination, or other action.
* usually pre-printed data.
General Rules
a. the office symbols identifies the specific originating office.
b. the date is the day the df is signed.

c. the subject is typed with the first letter of each word capitalized.
state the subject in concise terms.
d. within hpa, the df is addressed to another staff only but never to the commanding general. use
“multiple” or “in turn” addressee when there is more than one addressee. use abbreviated designations of
addressee and originator unless abbreviations risk misunderstanding. use “attn” to identify the
intended action officer within the organization.
e. The actual writer must be identified by name. cite the typist’s initial and the telephone
number of the writer.
f. Organize the substance or body of the df in number paragraphs, lettered subparagraphs, etc. if
the df consist of only one (1) paragraph, do not number it.
g. Margins are governed by the printed lines on the form.
h. The commander may authorized others to sign the df for him. when someone signs for the
commander, the authority line will be used to indicate that the df expresses the will of the commander.
i. The number of enclosures will always be stated. when they are not fully identified in the
body, give a brief description of each. if the enclosures are fully identified, use the symbol “as” to indicate “as
stated”.
j. the basic message is “cmt 1”. succeeding entries are consecutively numbered “comments”
beginning with “cmt 2”. when succeeding comments can be stated in full on the same page, place them
immediately following the preceding comment. if the entire comment will not fit, begin it on a separate blank
page. when a comment consists of only one paragraph, it is not numbered.
summary disposition form (sdf)
* a staff paper used to secure commanders’ approval of recommended actions.
paragraphs of sdf
1. references – to established the background

2. purpose – to state the purpose
3. discussion – to discuss the relevant issues
4. recommendations – to recommend the action necessary

Army Role in Disaster Management
TYPES OF HAZARDS AND DISASTERS
1. Natural.
A. Typhoon. Typhoons are annual occurrences and the most frequent cause of disaster in the Philippines and
have a severe impact on large parts of the country.
B. Storm surge. An atmospheric disturbance manifested in strong winds accompanied by rain and often by
thunder and lightning. Storm surges often accompanied by typhoons sometimes cause severe damage to
coastal areas.
C. Flood. Is the overflowing by excessive water onto an area which is normally dry. It is estimated that 47 % of
the average annual rainfall is due to typhoons. There are strong indications that the flood risk has increased
significantly due to deforestation. Flooding severely disrupts the economic and social activities of the people.
D. Volcanic Eruption. Is the process wherein molten rock materials (magma) are emitted or ejected in the
form of flowing masses and stream from a crater vent fissure. Volcanic eruption usually results to the
displacement and evacuation of people living within the danger areas around the erupting volcano. It also
causes disruption in economic and social activities of the people and the loss of lives and destruction of
properties.
E. Earthquake are ground vibrations caused by volcanic activity. These occur without notice. Earthquakes
usually trigger landslides. Strong earthquakes may result to severe destruction of properties, infrastructures,
economic facilities and vital utilities.
F. Tsunami. Tsunamis are very large ocean waves caused by underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption and
are sometimes loosely called “tidal waves”. Tsunamis have affected Philippine coastal areas up to four meters
above sea level.
G. Landslide. It is the dislodging and falling of a mass of land and rocks. Landslides are mostly triggered by
excessive rainfall as in the Southern Leyte tragedy in February 2006 or by earthquakes as what happened in
Baguio City in July 1990.
H. Drought. It is a long period without rainfall. Drought which is becoming common in the Philippines brings
damage to crops which lead to economic losses and disaster declarations.
2. Man-made Disasters
A. Fire. Rapid and persistent chemical reaction involving the combination of combustible material and
oxygen that releases heat and light. Uncontrolled fire results to destruction of properties and severe physical
and psychological injuries or even resulting to loss of lives. Fire is caused by various origins ranging from faulty
electrical wirings, overloading of electrical equipment, negligent and irresponsible use of heat emitting devices,
to arson.
B. Conflagration. It is a large disastrous fire involving numerous buildings/houses or structures.
C. Maritime Disasters. These are ill-fated events that occur at high seas causing excessive damages, injuries
and loss of lives.
D. Land and Air Accidents. These are unplanned or unforeseen events or circumstances that may occur either
on air or on land resulting mostly from ignorance or carelessness.
E. Oil Spill. Fallout of oil or similar substance from a container resulting to environmental hazards. Oil spill
usually occurs at the sea and is caused by the mishandling of vessels containing the substance or from sea
mishaps or accidents as what had happened in Guimaras on 11 August 2006.
F. Civil Strife. Social unrest with violent activities, destruction of properties, and chaos resulting to injuries.
G. Pollution. The contamination of water, soil, or atmosphere by the discharge of noxious substances
especially gaseous, chemical or organic wastes. Pollution causes hazards to the environment and health.
H. Red Tide. Presence of toxic chemicals or pollutants in coastal waters that extremely affects natural
resources resulting to food poisoning and deaths.

ARMY’S ROLE IN THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Based on the Calamities and Disaster Preparedness Plan, the Armed Forces of the Philippines is tasked to
establish communication linkages and make these available for disaster operations; assist the PNP in providing
security coverage in disaster areas; assist in the reconstruction of damaged national and local roads, bridges,
structures and facilities; assist in providing transportation facilities for the rapid movement of rescue relief
supplies and personnel; evacuation of victims; and to organize reaction teams in all military installations
Development. During the development stage, Army units participate in capability building and organizational
development activities. Army units in the field of engineering, medical services, communication and information
technology may be tapped to provide inputs in policy making and long term development planning.
Prevention. In the prevention stage, the Philippine Army supports the efforts of the government for disaster
prevention. Army units may participate in identifying and implementing engineering interventions. Engineering
units may be tapped to conduct mapping and related studies as well as the construction of protective facilities
depending on the capacity of the concerned government entity. The Philippine Army also participates in
security operations to prevent high profile terrorist attacks that may result to disasters.
Mitigation. During mitigation stage, Army units play an important role in supporting government’s efforts in
disaster mitigation. The Army engineers in support role may be tapped by disaster coordinating councils to
assist in the structural disaster mitigation activities such as de-silting of river systems or repair of public
structures that pose hazards to citizens.
Preparedness. In the same manner as in mitigation, the Army plays a vital role for disaster preparedness. Army
units participate in joint disaster preparedness planning together with the member agencies and the disaster
coordinating council to come up with a sound plan to cope with effects of disasters.
The following stages in preparedness segment are elucidated to identify actions that the Army shall undertake:
A. Threat. As part of preparedness, Army units shall identify hazards, critical areas, and effects of these
hazards.
B. Warning. During the warning stage, Army units shall closely monitor warnings or signals announced by
appropriate government agencies and be ready to execute measures relative to the warning
C. Precaution. Utilizing available capabilities, Army units shall assist the local disaster coordinating council in
the conduct of evacuation.
D. Disaster Impact. At the impact of disaster, and when situation permits, Army units shall initiate immediate
response during the critical moments to those affected primarily to save lives.
E. Recovery. The recovery segment may take three stages –restoration, rehabilitation and reconstruction. At
all stages, the Army’s role is to support the government’s efforts to restore public utilities, rehabilitate affected
communities and reconstruct vital infrastructures.
COMMAND AND CONTROL PROCESS
1. Commander. The officer assigned overall responsibility for disaster operations.
2. Command Staff Officers. Provide specific support to the Commander with functions that are not directly
involved in service delivery.
a. Public Information Officer. The single media point of contact.
b. Safety Officer. Responsible for identifying safety issues and fixing them.
c. Liaison Officer. Point of contact for agency-to-agency issues.
3. General Staff. Provides the management of the delivery of emergency response services.

a. Administration. Accounts for and manages the costs generated by ongoing operations
b. Operations. Plans and executes Incident Action Plan.
c. Logistics. Provides the support necessary to carry out the plan.
4. Fire Services. The Philippine Army has a very limited firefighting capability especially on its lower unit levels.
Only HPA and the Inf Div thru their PEDs have fire trucks.
5. Engineering. The PA Engineer units can construct and rehabilitate roads and bridges, buildings and related
facilities.
ENGINEER UNIT FOUND IN THE PRESENT ARMY ORGANIZATIONS
a. HPA level - Eng Bn (S) and PED
b. Inf Div Level – PED
c. Engr Bde Level- 3 Egnr Construction Bns & 1 Engr
Spt Bn
d. Other PA Major Units- respective PEDs
6. Waterborne Rescue. These are units of the Army which have limited water rescue capability. Mentioned
below are the units which have the watercraft and underwater equipment:
a. DEAR Coy
b. RCDGs
7. Nuclear, Biological, Chemical. At present, the Philippine Army has no NBC capability in all its units.
8. Canine. On a limited scale, the Army is capable of tracking victims of disaster with the use of the Army
Canine Coy.
9. Medical Services. The Army has medical units spread throughout the archipelago.
a. HPA level - FBGH
b. Inf Div Level - ASH, Medical Coy
c. Other PA Major Units - Medical Platoon
d. Bde/Regiment Level - Medical Platoon
e. Bn Level - Medical Section
10. Communications. The Philippine Army communications capabilities can establish communication linkages
and make these available for disaster operations. The communication component can provide and maintain
continuous and reliable communications and adequate warning system throughout the impending and existing
disaster and calamities.
All units of the Philippine Army have their own signal equipment per TOE. following units below or may be
integrated with other agencies with communication capabilities:
a. HPA level - Signal Group
b. Inf Div Level - Signal Battalion
c. Other PA Major Units - Signal Platoon
d. Bde/Bn Level - Signal Pltn

11. Transport. The Philippine Army provides transport services utilizing organic vehicles of its units. Vehicles of
other units may be pooled into one to expand capabilities and maximize results. This can be obtained from any
of the following units:
a. HPA level - ASCOM, SEB, HHSG
b. Inf Div Level - FSSU, SSBn
c. Other PA Major Units - SS Coy/Trans Pltn
d. Bde/Reg/Bn Level - Transportation Pltn
12. Public Information. PA PI component is to provide information updates on disaster situation and actions
being undertaken. It is necessary in order to synchronize actions, avoid confusion and prevent further damage.
a. HPA level - OACPA, CAG
b. Other Major Units - OG7s
c. Inf Div Level - Div OG7/CMOU
d. Bde/Reg/Bn Level - Bde S7 Sec
13. Security. The Philippine Army in all its unit levels has the capability to provide for its own security. Security
assistance may be provided to the local police unit as necessary. Reservists may be utilized to provide
additional security in any occasion that there would be lack of disaster management groups.

Basic Life Support
First Steps in First Aid
Objective:
• Apply the PROPER INITIAL GENERAL APPROACH to providing care to the injured
Steps in First Aid
1. Scene size-up
- Survey the scene (Paramount is the safety of the first aider) - Move patient to safest area - Check for the
consciousness of the patient (Introduce yourself to gain patient and By- standers’ trust). - Call for help (Ex: Mr Red ,
kindly call for an ambulance then come back to me)
2. Primary Assessment (CAB)
- Circulation - Airway - Breathing

-Skin-color: reddish? - Able to speak / cry = open - Check for signs of breathing
whitish? bluish? airway (NOT > THAN10 SECONDS!)
- clammy? sweaty? very dry? - Note quality of speaking / • Feel the flow of air
- Pulse - at the side of the base crying against your cheek
of the thumb
- Open the airway (Module 2) • Hear the flow of air

-Remove obstructions • See the chest rise and fall

3. History
• Chief complaint • Allergies

• History of the chief complaint • Medical history and medications
• Pain assessment • Next of kin
• Onset
4. Secondary Assessment
- To monitor victim’s condition; identify specific injuries
• Head and neck • Shoulders, chest and back

• Sunken areas • Examine collar bone area
• Blood or fluid on the surface • Push down shoulders
• Blood or fluid coming out of ears • Evenness of rib cage structure
• Confused? Difficulty speaking? Difficulty • Movement during breathing
walking?
• Wounds
• Sides, back of neck
• Pain
• Painful, tender or deformed à immobilize
• Feel along the spine, ribcage

• Arms and hands • Abdomen

• Deformities • Evenness
• Pain • “Board-like” feeling
• Pain

- Hips · Legs and Feet

• Compress gently •
• If pain on compression à DO NOT rock! • Feel for deformity or pain
• If no pain on compression à push down gently in • Shortening, rotation
a rocking motion
• Normal, painless movement of
each foot
• Obvious injuries

Head and Neck Problems
FAINTING
Fainting A person may feel these before fainting

· not enough blood supply to the - desire to vomit
brain à loss of consciousness
- giddiness
Causes
- excessive sweating
- low blood sugar
- dim vision
- anemia
- rapid heartbeat; palpitations
- eating disorders

- conditions which cause rapid blood loss
What to do for fainting
- abnormal heart rhythm
- If person is breathing: lay him down,
- heart attack elevate legs
- stroke - Loosen constrictive clothing
- head injury - Don’t get the person up too quickly
- heat stroke - If still unconscious within 1 minute: call
for emergency help
- heat exhaustion
- Make sure airway is clear; watch out for
- sudden change in body position
vomiting
- side effect of medicine
- Treat injuries from fall, if any
- alcohol intoxication
- DO NOT pour water over victim’s face
- anxiety; sudden emotional stress, fright
- DO NOT give any liquids unless victim is
- being in hot, humid environment awake
- standing for a long time
- extreme pain

Dizziness
Dizziness What to do for dizziness

- feeling of unsteadiness; spinning - Drink plenty of water; have regular
sensation
- meals; get enough rest
- vertigo: feeling of motion when there is
- Stand up slowly
no actual motion
- Reassure the anxious dizzy person
- lightheadedness: feeling of about to faint

When to seek medical care
Causes of Dizziness
- severe dizziness; new instances of
- high blood pressure
dizziness
- low blood pressure
- dizziness without a clear, certain cause
- irregular heart rhythm
- worsening or new symptoms
- diseased heart muscle
dizziness followed by loss of consciousness
- stroke
- inability to walk straight; falling
- headache
- dizziness associated with weakness of an
- migraine arm or leg, slurred speech
- low oxygen in blood
- low blood sugar
- dehydration
- anemia
- hyperventilation

Convulsions - infections of brain or spinal cord

- seizures - stroke
- uncontrolled, rapid shaking - poisoning; drug overdose
- muscles contract and relax repeatedly - drug use, withdrawal
- low blood sugar
Causes of convulsions - heat stroke
- Epilepsy - high fever
- head injury
Cont. Convulsions
Cont. Convulsions: what to do
How to recognize convulsions - Clear the area of any bystanders
- may have an aura - Support the head and neck
- no warning signs - After the convulsion, roll the person to
his side
- rigid; shaking vigorously, uncontrollably
with upward rolling of eyes; drooling - If with fever: give sponge bath
- unresponsive; staring blankly - Be comforting, gentle, reassuring
- lasts several minutes - Stay with person until help arrives
- victim may not remember
Convulsions: what NOT to do
Convulsions: what to do - DO NOT hold down the convulsing
person
- Place the person in a safe environment
- DO NOT place anything in the mouth
- Call for medical assistance immediately
- DO NOT try to make the person stop
- Provide adequate breathing space
convulsing

- DO NOT give anything by mouth until
he/she is fully awake and alert
Headache
Headache Types of headache

- most common pain complaint - vascular: pain on one or both sides of
head; with stomach upset, difficulty seeing
- may indicate an underlying disorder
- muscular: tension; with tightening of face

and neck muscles
Causes of Headache
- inflammatory: sinus infection
- tension

- stress

- straining the eyes

- sinus infection

- dehydration

- ice cream

- withdrawal from caffeine / drugs
- brain tumors

Cont. Headache
When to seek medical help
What to do for headache - If headache persists
- Most headaches are treated with - Headache with stiff neck, vomiting
painkillers (paracetamol, aspirin, NSAIDs)
- Headache with numbness and weakness
- For tension headache: cool shower
- of arms or legs and difficulty speaking
- Have person rest in a cool, dark room
- Headache after head injury
- Apply cool compress on painful area

- Massage the scalp

- Massage the person’s neck and back
Nose bleeding
Nosebleed: general causes First aid for nosebleed (If caused by skull
fracture)
- injury / trauma
- DO NOT stop the bleeding
- disease / medical conditions
- Cover nose with loose, dry sterile dressing
- environmental temperature
- Call for emergency medical assistance
- changes in altitude

What to do for nosebleed (If not from skull
Nosebleed: specific causes
fracture)
- nose-picking
- Calm the victim; have him sit with head
- facial trauma tilted forward
- high blood pressure - DO NOT tilt head backward
- infections (e.g., dengue) - Pinch victim’s nose; have him breathe
through mouth
- vitamin deficiency
- Apply ice pack on nose bridge, forehead
- use of medications
- Don’t let victim rub, blow or pick nose
- bleeding problems after bleeding stops
- Persistent bleeding: bring victim to
hospital
Foreign object in nose
Foreign object in nose Foreign object in nose: what to do
- may be present in child’s nose without any - Have victim blow out of nose gently
adult being aware
- If object is clearly visible, try to grasp it
- may dislodge into the mouth à swallowed with tweezers
- may be inhaled à block air flow - DO NOT probe the nose with cotton
swab or other tools

- DO NOT make the victim inhale deeply
Foreign object in nose: symptoms
- DO NOT try to remove the object if it is
- difficulty breathing in affected nostril
not visible or easily grasped
- feeling of something inside nose

- irritation, pain in nose
- foul-smelling or bloody nasal discharge
- Object cannot be removed; only part of
the object was removed
- The object poses an immediate danger
- Person has a nosebleed that cannot be
stopped
Foreign object in ear
Foreign object in ear Foreign object in ear: symptoms

- common among toddlers - ear pain
- mostly in ear canal - decrease in hearing
- irritation to ear canal à desire to vomit
Usual foreign objects in ear - bleeding
- food material - insects: buzzing in the ear
- beads
- small toys Foreign object in ear: what to do
- corn, seeds - If object is clearly visible and easily
removed, carefully remove it with tweezers
- insects
- DO NOT poke into the ear
- hardened earwax may cause similar
symptoms

Cont. Foreign object in ear: what to do
Cont. Foreign object in ear - For urgent removal: button battery, bean
Foreign object in ear: what to do (DO NOT lubricate with water!)
- DO NOT try to remove the object by force
- Insect: put a few drops of baby oil in the When to seek medical help
ear; have the person tilt and gently shake his
- Object cannot be removed; only part of the
head
object was removed
- (DO NOT use this method of there is pain
- Severe ear pain
or bleeding, or if there is a hole in the eardrum)
- Pain, hearing loss and discomfort
continues after object is removed
Eye injuries
Eye injuries Cont. What to do with objects in the eye

- Include cuts, scratches, objects in the eye, - To look under the upper lid, place a
burns, chemical exposure, and blunt injuries to cotton-tipped swab on the outside of the upper
the eye or eyelid lid and gently flip the lid over the cotton swab.
- Can lead to vision loss if left untreated
What to do with foreign body in the eye
What to do with objects in the eye - If the object is on an eyelid,
- Often clear itself of tiny objects through · Try to gently flush it out with water.
blinking and tearing
· If that does not work, try touching a
- Do not to rub the eye. second cotton-tipped swab to the object to
remove it.
- Wash your hands before examining it.
- If the object is on the eye,
- Examine the eye in a well-lighted area.
· Try gently rinsing the eye with water
- Have the person look up and down, then
from side to side. · DO NOT touch the eye itself with the
cotton swab.

What to do with objects in the eye
What to do with foreign body embedded in
- If you can't find the object, grasp the
the eye
lower eyelid and gently pull down on it to look
under the lower eyelid. - Leave the object in place.
- DO NOT try to remove the object. DO
NOT touch it or apply any pressure to it.

- Calm and reassure the person.

Cont. Eye injuries
What to do for a person with eye cuts,

What to do with foreign body embedded in scratches or blows
the eye
- If the eyeball has been injured, get medical
- Wash your hands. help immediately.
- Bandage both eyes. - Gently apply cold compresses to reduce
swelling and help stop any bleeding. DO NOT
- Get medical help immediately.
apply pressure to control bleeding.

- If blood is pooling in the eye, cover both
What to do for a person with eye injury due of the person's eyes with a clean cloth or sterile
to chemicals dressing, and get medical help.
- Flush the injured eye with cool tap water
immediately.
- Turn the person's head so the injured eye
- Scratch, cut, or something has penetrated
is down and to the side. Hold the eyelid open,
the eyeball
allow running water for 15 minutes.
- Chemical gets into the eye
- If both eyes are affected, or if the
chemicals are on other parts of the body, have - The eye is painful and red
the person take a shower.
- Nausea or headache occur with the eye
- After following the above instructions, pain
seek medical help immediately.
- Change in vision (such as blurred or
double vision)
- Uncontrollable bleeding
Fever
Objective: Cont. Fever

- Identify various causes of fever low-grade fever 37.8-38.9°C
- Provide appropriate first aid for persons mild to moderate fever 39-39.9°C
with fever
high fever ≥40°C
- Recognize when to seek emergency help
for persons with fever
Causes of fever
Fever - hot weather
- higher-than-normal body temperature - childhood immunization
- slightly elevated body temperature in - infections
children, infants = serious illness
- spending too much time under the sun
- allergy to medication or food
Cont. Fever When to seek medical help
- Baby < 3 mos: rectal temperature ≥ 38°C
Taking the temperature rectally - Baby < 2 y.o. with fever > 1 day
- Use lubricant - Child ≥ 2 y.o. with fever > 3 days
- Lay the child on his stomach - Adult with temperature > 39.4°C
- Insert bulb ½ to 1 inch - Adult with fever > 3 days
- Hold for 1 minute
- Do not let go of the thermometer while it When to seek emergency help
is in the rectum
- severe headache

- sore throat
Taking the temperature
- unusual skin rash
- orally: under the tongue
- unusual eye sensitivity to bright light
- axillary: under the arm
- stiff neck; neck pain when head bent
forward
What to do for fever - confusion
- Monitor temperature - persistent vomiting
- Remove excess clothing; DO NOT wrap - difficulty breathing
in blankets
- chest pain
- Keep person in cool place
- extreme listlessness or irritability
- Give sponge bath
- abdominal pain or pain when urinating
- Give plenty of fluids
- Give prescribed doses of paracetamol; DO
NOT give aspirin
Poisoning
Objectives: Cont. Objectives

- Identify various forms of poisons - Administer first aid to persons injured by
these poisons
· ingested poisons

· inhaled poisons
Poison
· absorbed poisons
- any substance that causes illness or death
- Detect the signs and symptoms of
when it enters the body or comes in contact
poisoning by
with the surface of the skin
· ingested poisons
· inhaled poisons
· absorbed poisons
Cont. Poisoning
Cont. Ingested poisons: what to do
How do poisons enter the body? - DO NOT make victim vomit
- Ingested poisons - DO NOT give anything by mouth
· overdose of alcohol - Save poison container, plants, material
vomited
· overdose of medicines
- Contact poison control center
· insecticides, pesticides
- Bring victim to hospital
· kerosene

· denatured alcohol
Alcohol intoxication
· acids
- when a person takes in more alcohol than
· toxins from poisonous plants
his body can tolerate
· contaminated food or water
- à decreased physical and mental abilities

- odor of alcohol on victim’s breath,
Ingested poisons: signs & symptoms clothing
- abdominal pain, cramping - sleepiness, confusion
- desire to vomit; actual vomiting - poor balance, coordination
- diarrhea - numbness
- burns, odors, stains around and in victim’s - slurred speech
mouth
- desire to vomit; actual vomiting
- drowsiness; loss of consciousness
- convulsions
- container of poison near victim

If victim is intoxicated and responsive
Ingested poisons: what to do
- Look for injuries
- Know the following information
- Protect the intoxicated person from
- WHO is the victim? age? size / weight? injuring himself
- WHAT was swallowed? HOW much? - Protect yourself
- HOW did it happen? - If the intoxicated person becomes violent:
leave, call for police & medical assistance
- WHEN did it happen? - Keep at a safe distance until help arrives
- If responsive: observe
- If unresponsive: check airway &
breathing; place in side-lying position

If victim is intoxicated and unresponsive
Cont. Inhaled poisons: what to do
- Seek medical assistance immediately
- Take victim to hospital
- Make sure airway is clear & victim is

breathing
Absorbed poisons
- Place victim in side-lying position
- enter the body by passing through
- If there are signs of injury: assume spine
unbroken skin
injury

- Regulate victim’s body heat
Examples
- DO NOT give anything by mouth
- household cleaning fluids
- agricultural chemicals, pesticides
Inhaled poisons
- industrial products
- breathed into the body
- creams, ointments
- smoke, fumes from chemicals
- secretions of poisonous plants
- carbon monoxide

Absorbed poisons: signs & symptoms
Inhaled poisons: signs & symptoms
- skin redness, rash, or blisters
- difficulty of breathing
- hot, dry skin, lips
- chest pain
- burns
- cough
- itching, skin irritation
- hoarseness
- liquid or powder on skin
- burning sensation in throat
- blurring of vision
- bluish discoloration of skin, lips, walls of
mouth - dizziness, headache, seizures
- dizziness - unresponsiveness
- headache
- seizures Absorbed poisons: what to do
- unresponsiveness - Remove victim’s clothing
- DO NOT wipe the poison to remove it
Inhaled poisons: what to do · liquid: blot it off victim’s skin
- Immediately remove victim from toxic · powder: brush it off victim’s skin
environment
- Wash exposed area with running water;
- Keep airway open; make sure victim is ask victim to bathe
breathing fresh air
- Monitor the victim’s condition
- Bring victim to the hospital

Animal Bites and Stings
Objectives: Cont. Spider bite; scorpion sting

- Detect the signs and symptoms of - bite mark or sting present
· insect bites and stings - pain
· spider bites and scorpion stings - swelling
· marine life stings - desire to vomit, with or without actual
vomiting
· snakebite
- difficulty breathing or swallowing
· land animal bites

- Provide appropriate first aid for victims of
these animal bites / stings What to do when bitten/stung?
- Wash wound with soap and water
Insect bites and stings - Antiseptic may used
- cause pain, swelling, allergic reaction - Apply cold compress
- can lead to serious illness or death - Bring victim to hospital / poison control
center immediately

Insect bites / stings: signs & symptoms
Marine life stings
- stinger present
- marine animals attack only when provoked
- pain
- very painful wounds
- swelling
- may cause severe allergic reaction
- itchiness
-
- rash
Marine life stings: signs & symptoms
- redness - strong, sharp, stinging, radiating pain
- hives or wheal - skin redness, rash, blisters
- allergic reaction - bleeding (stingray sting)
- burn
Insect bites / stings: what to do - itching, skin irritation
- Remove stinger by gently scraping the - desire to vomit, actual vomiting,
skin numbness, muscle spasm, lymph node swelling,
low blood pressure, headache
- DO NOT pinch the stinger
- severe reactions à paralysis, coma, death
Snakebite
- Cover the wound
- Can be Venomous or Non-Venomous
- Apply cold compress

- Watch for signs of allergic reaction
Snakebite: what to do

- Clean the area of the bite with soap and
Spider bite; scorpion sting
water
- cause pain, swelling, allergic reaction,
- Apply pressure bandage and splint
infection
- Make the victim lie down quietly and
- can cause paralysis and death
comfortably
Cont. Animal Bites and Stings
- Keep victim calm; do not allow
Jellyfish stings: what to do unnecessary movements
- Remove victim’s clothing - Bring victim to hospital / animal bite
center immediately
- Rinse affected area in vinegar for 15-20
minutes
- DO NOT use fresh water, ice or hot water Snakebite: what NOT to do
- DO NOT rub the area - DO NOT suck the wound to remove the
venom
- Remove, but DO NOT touch the tentacles
- DO NOT apply a tourniquet
- Give oral pain relievers
- DO NOT apply a cold compress
- Monitor victim’s condition
- DO NOT incise the bitten area

Stingray / sea urchin stings: what to do
- Irrigate / immerse affected area with hot
water for at least 20 minutes
- Cover the wound
- Bring victim to hospital or poison control
center immediately
Snakebite: poisonous vs. non-poisonous
Cont. Animal Bites and Stings Land animal bites: what to do

Land animal bites
- Cause direct damage to skin and soft - Wash bitten area with soap and water for
tissues 30 minutes; DO NOT scrub
- Cause infections - Control bleeding
· tetanus - Cover wound with sterile or clean
dressing
· rabies
- Bring victim to hospital/animal bite
· various fevers
center immediately

Allergies
Objectives: Allergic reaction: signs & symptoms
- Recognize causes of allergic reactions - sneezing
- Detect signs and symptoms of allergic - itchy, runny nose à irritating, persistent
reactions cough
- Provide appropriate first aid for persons - itchy, tingling, or burning flushing of the
suffering from allergic reactions skin
- swelling of face, neck, hands, feet and / or
tongue
Allergic reaction
- tightness in chest or throat
- over-reaction of protective mechanisms to
substances that are normally harmless - skin hives
- can be mild or life-threatening - hoarseness
- wheezing; asthma
Triggers of allergic reactions - rapid, labored, noisy breathing
- insect bites, stings - fast pulse
- medications - shock à pale skin, dizziness
- plants - loss of consciousness
- food
- chemicals What to do for allergic reaction
- REMOVE THE POTENTIAL SOURCE
of the allergic reaction

- ASSIST THE PERSON IN TAKING

ANTI-ALLERGY medications

Cont. What to do for allergic reaction
Cont. What to do for allergic reaction
- CALL FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL
- Have the patient rest calmly
ASSISTANCE, especially if
- Assess CABs, treat correspondingly
· medications do not give relief
- Provide fresh air
· breathing is difficult
- Help patient lie down
· widespread rash
- Loosen tight clothing
· chest tightness

· patient collapses or loses consciousness
Heat Stroke and Other Heat-related Problems
Objectives Heat cramps
- Determine if a person is suffering from the - painful tightening of muscles after
following heat-related emergencies by prolonged use
detecting their respective signs and symptoms
- heavy sweating à electrolyte
· heat cramps imbalance à tightening
· heat exhaustion
· heat stroke What to do for heat cramps
- Administer first aid to persons suffering - Move victim to cooler environment
from these heat-related emergencies
- Have him rest, drink plenty of cool fluids

- Stretch tight muscles
Who are prone to heat-related problems?
- Loosen tight clothing
- children
- Persistent cramps à bring victim to
- elderly hospital
- people with heart disease
- people with diabetes Heat exhaustion
- people suffering from dehydration - most common heat-related emergency
- obese persons - heat exposure à heavy sweating à water
loss, electrolyte imbalance
- people with limited mobility
- worsened by stress and fatigue

Cont. Heat Stroke and Other Heat-related
Problems
Heat stroke: signs
Heat exhaustion: signs & symptoms - striking change in behavior à loss of
consciousness
- excessive sweating
- skin is flushed, hot, dry
- pale, moist, cool skin
- rapid, weak pulse and breathing
- dry tongue, thirst

- dizziness, faintness
What to do for heat stroke
- irritability
- Call of emergency medical assistance
- confusion
immediately
- weakness
- Move victim to coolest possible place
- nausea (with or without vomiting) - Remove as much of victim’s clothing as
possible
- headache
- Place victim in comfortable position
- rapid pulse
- Apply cool packs to neck, groin, armpits
- normal or slightly high body temperature
- Cover victim with cold, wet towels or

sheets
What to do for heat exhaustion
- Spray victim with cool water and fan
- Move victim to coolest possible place quickly
- Remove victim’s clothing - Bring victim to the hospital as fast as
possible
- Have victim lie down, elevate legs

- Place wet cloths on skin
Sunburn
- If awake: give cool fluids to drink
- due to too much sun exposure
- DO NOT give caffeinated, alcoholic
drinks - pain, redness, blistering
- DO NOT force victim to drink - can cause headache, nausea, fatigue
- Unresolved symptoms à bring victim to
hospital
What to do for sunburn

- Give cool bath or shower
Heat stroke
- Apply moisturizing lotion, leave blisters
- most serious heat-related illness intact
- loss of consciousness - Give pain relievers, Wear loose clothing,
drink plenty of fluids
- can lead to death if untreated
- DO NOT apply petroleum jelly, butter, oil
or other home remedies.

ROTC Week 7to11

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ROTC Week 7to11

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Lesson Proper for Week 7

The Ten Rules of Good Followership

FOLLOWERS MAKE GOOD LEADERS GOOD

What makes a good follower?

Lesson Proper for Week 8

Military of Ancient Rome

THE CRUSADES: CONSEQUENCES & EFFECTS

ü the development of military orders.

ü a polarization of the East and West based on religious differences.

ü an increase in the power of the royal houses of Europe.

ü a stronger collective cultural identity in Europe.

ü an increase in international trade and exchange of ideas and technology.

ü the appropriation of many Christian relics to Europe.

Middle East & Muslim World

The Spread of The Crusades

Into the Modern Era

1805-1812: Napoleonic Conquest of Europe

1812: Invasion of Russia/The War of 1812

The Art of War

American Civil War

World War I Begins

Legacy of World War I

Lesson Proper for Week 9

(whether military or non-military)

1. Formal: Letter and indorsement

2. Informal:df, rs, radio message

3. Miscellaneous:

conference minutes

briefing notes / kits

after conference report

2. disposition form / sdf

on the body of correspondence:

- “Good army writing is concise, organized and right to the point. “

7 Rules of the Army Writing Style

1. Put the main point up-front (b-l-u-f)

• writing should not have more than 15 percent long words.

• Your sentences should average around 15 words in length.

• Paragraph should not be more than 1-inch deep.

• Paper should not be over 2 pages long.

Disposition form (df)

* used for correspondence between elements of an organization.

* usually pre-printed data.

a. the office symbols identifies the specific originating office.

b. the date is the day the df is signed.

state the subject in concise terms.

summary disposition form (sdf)

1. references – to established the background

Lesson Proper for Week 10

TYPES OF HAZARDS AND DISASTERS

2. Man-made Disasters

B. Conflagration. It is a large disastrous fire involving numerous buildings/houses or structures.

COMMAND AND CONTROL PROCESS

1. Commander. The officer assigned overall responsibility for disaster operations.

a. Public Information Officer. The single media point of contact.

c. Liaison Officer. Point of contact for agency-to-agency issues.

3. General Staff. Provides the management of the delivery of emergency response services.

b. Operations. Plans and executes Incident Action Plan.

ENGINEER UNIT FOUND IN THE PRESENT ARMY ORGANIZATIONS